Evaluation of colposuspension for treatment of incontinence in spayed female dogs

OBJECTIVE

To determine the long-term effects of colposuspension in spayed female dogs with urinary incontinence and identify preoperative anatomic or urodynamic measurements associated with a successful outcome.

DESIGN

Prospective study.

ANIMALS

23 client-owned spayed female dogs with urinary incontinence.

PROCEDURE

Prior to surgery, a history was obtained, and a physical examination, CBC, serum biochemical analyses, urinalysis, bacterial culture of a urine sample, vaginourethrocystography, urethral pressure profilometry, and leak point pressure test were performed. Colposuspension was performed, and preoperative tests were repeated 2 months after surgery. Clients were interviewed 2 weeks, 1 month, and 1 year after surgery.

RESULTS

22 dogs were followed up for 1 year. Twelve had complete urinary control 2 months after surgery, and 3 had complete urinary control 1 year after surgery. Dogs with normal urinary control at 2 months had an increased leak point pressure (LPP), compared with preoperative measurements, and their LPP was the same as normal dogs. Eight dogs had complete urinary control, and 9 were considered greatly improved 1 year after surgery when medical treatment was added to the effect of colposuspension. Client satisfaction was high, with 19 of 22 (86%) owners being pleased with their decision to have surgery performed. The only predictors of complete urinary control 2 months after surgery were a more caudal position of the external urethral opening in relation to the pubis on preoperative radiographs and a longer overall urethral length.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Colposuspension alone will result in complete urinary control in few dogs with urinary incontinence but may improve urinary control sufficiently that owners will be pleased. Preoperative vaginourethrocystography may be helpful in predicting response to surgery, and the LPP test correlates with improved urinary control.

Results of cystometry and urethral pressure profilometry in dogs sedated with medetomidine or xylazine

OBJECTIVE

To compare effects of medetomidine and xylazine hydrochloride on results of cystometry and micturition reflexes in healthy dogs and results of urethral pressure profilometry (UPP) in sedated and conscious dogs.

ANIMALS

20 dogs.

PROCEDURES

Urodynamic testing was performed 6 times in each dog (3 times after administration of xylazine [1 mg/kg of body weight, IV] and 3 times after administration of medetomidine (30 microg/kg, IM). Before each episode of sedation, UPP was performed. Heart and respiratory rates and indirect blood pressures were recorded prior to and 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after injection of sedative. Cystometry measurements included threshold volume, threshold pressure, and tonus limb. The UPP measurements included maximal urethral closure pressure (MUCP), functional profile length, and, in male dogs, plateau pressure.

RESULTS

Mean MUCP was decreased markedly in xylazine- and medetomidine-sedated dogs. Xylazine and medetomidine also decreased plateau pressure in male dogs. The MUCP measurements were consistent among days for conscious and xylazine-sedated dogs but were inconsistent for medetomidine-sedated female dogs. The proportion of valid cystometry measurements was greater for xylazine (39 of 60) than for medetomidine (27 of 60). Cystometry was considered invalid when bladder pressure reached 30 cm H2O without initiation of a micturition reflex.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Medetomidine and xylazine have similar effects on measurement of UPP and cystometry. Medetomidine was less consistent among days for UPP in female dogs and produced fewer valid cystometry tests, compared with xylazine. For urodynamic evaluations, medetomidine administered IM cannot be substituted for xylazine administered IV.

Effects of enalapril versus placebo as a treatment for canine idiopathic glomerulonephritis

A blinded, multicenter, prospective clinical trial assessed the effects of enalapril (EN) versus standard care in dogs with naturally occurring, idiopathic glomerulonephritis (GN). Twenty-nine adult dogs with membranous (n = 16) and membranoproliferative (n = 13) GN were studied. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either EN (0.5 mg/kg PO q12-24h; n = 16) or placebo (n = 14) for 6 months (1 dog was treated first with the placebo and then with EN). All dogs were treated with low-dose aspirin (0.5-5 mg/kg PO q12-24h) and fed a commercial diet. At baseline, serum creatinine (SrCr), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and glomerular histologic grade were not different between groups, but the urine protein/creatinine ratio (UP/C) was greater in the EN group compared with the placebo group (8.7 +/- 4.4 versus 4.7 +/- 2.3). After 6 months of treatment, the change in UP/C from baseline was significantly different between groups (EN = -4.2 +/- 1.4 versus 1.9 +/- 0.9 in the placebo group). When data were adjusted for changes in SrCr (SrCr X UP/C) a similar significant reduction was noted ( 2.2 +/- 15.2 versus 8.4 +/- 10.1). The change in SBP after 6 months of treatment also was significantly different between groups (EN = -12.8 +/- 27.3 versus 5.9 +/- 21.5 mm Hg in the placebo group). Response to treatment was categorized as improvement (assigned a value of 2), no progression (assigned a value of 1), and progression (assigned a value of 0). Response was significantly better in the EN group (1.4 +/- 0.8) compared with the placebo group (0.3 +/- 0.5). These results suggest that EN treatment is beneficial in dogs with naturally occurring idiopathic GN.

Effects of an extract of Serenoa repens on dogs with hyperplasia of the prostate gland

OBJECTIVE

To determine effects of an extract of Serenoa repens on dogs with prostatic hyperplasia.

ANIMALS

20 mature male dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

PROCEDURE

Dogs were assigned to 3 comparable groups on the basis of prostatic volume per kg of body weight and degree of prostatic hyperplasia determined histologically. Dogs in 2 groups were treated for 91 days (8 received 500 mg, PO, q 8 h [1,500 mg/d], and 6 received 100 mg, PO, q 8 h [300 mg/d]). The control group of 6 dogs did not receive medication. Effects of treatment on prostatic volume, prostatic weight, prostatic histologic characteristics, radiographic and ultrasonographic assessment of prostatic size, results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and urinalysis, serum testosterone concentration, and semen characteristics were determined. At the termination of the study, all dogs were euthanatized, and necropsies were performed. Investigators conducting tests and interpreting results were not aware of treatment group of each dog.

RESULTS

Treatment did not affect prostatic weight, prostatic volume, or prostatic histologic scores, libido, semen characteristics, radiographs of the caudal portion of the abdomen, prostatic ultrasonographs, or serum testosterone concentrations. Results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses or urinalysis, and body weights did not change during treatment.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Treatment with an extract of S repens for 91 days did not significantly affect the prostate gland of dogs. Adverse effects were not evident. Although products containing extracts of S repens are widely advertised for men with prostatic hyperplasia, beneficial or harmful effects of this plant extract were not found in dogs with prostatic hyperplasia.

Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in early renal insufficiency in dogs

Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) alters the course of experimental kidney disease in dogs. In particular, supplementation with omega-6 PUFAs hastens the decline of kidney function, and omega-3 PUFAs are renoprotective. We investigated the early stages of renal insufficiency to determine whether PUFA supplementation altered the magnitude of hypercholesterolemia or glomerular hemodynamics. Two months after 11/12 nephrectomy, dogs were randomly divided into three groups of 6 animals each. Each group of dogs was then fed a low-fat basal diet supplemented with one of three sources of lipid to achieve a final concentration of 15% added fat. Fat sources were rich in omega-3 PUFAs (menhaden fish oil, group FO), omega-6 PUFAs (safflower oil, group SO), or saturated fatty acids (beef tallow, group C). Early in renal insufficiency, before significant kidney damage, group FO had a lower (P<.05) serum cholesterol concentration and tended to have a lower urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) excretion than group C. In contrast, group SO had a higher mean glomerular capillary pressure (P<.05) and more glomerular enlargement (P<.05) and tended to have higher eicosanoid excretion rates than group C. These differences in lipid metabolism, glomerular hypertension and hypertrophy, and urinary eicosanoid metabolism could explain, in part, the beneficial effects of omega-3 PUFAs and the detrimental effects of omega-6 PUFAs when administered on a long-term basis in this model of renal insufficiency.

Progression of chronic renal disease in the dog

Progressive loss of nephron function may be caused by persistence of factors that initiated renal disease. However, newer studies suggest that nephron damage is self-perpetuating once renal mass is reduced to some critical level. Original theories on mechanisms of self-perpetuated nephron injury focused on intraglomerular hypertension and glomerular hypertrophy, but several other factors have now been incriminated, including tubulointerstitial responses, proteinuria, and oxidative stress. Studies of dogs with surgically reduced renal mass (remnant kidney model of chronic renal disease) have allowed investigation of the self-progression theory in this species. Use of this model eliminates pre-existing renal disease as a confounding factor. Data from these studies indicate that self-perpetuated renal injury is initiated when mild azotemia is induced (plasma creatinine concentration = 2 to 4 mg/dL). Thus, with naturally occurring renal disease(s), it is likely that self-perpetuated nephron damage is occurring before or at the time when most cases of chronic renal disease are diagnosed. In dogs with remnant kidneys, loss of renal function often occurs at a linear rate over time, but non-linear patterns are common as well. The reciprocal of plasma creatinine concentration, which has been used to monitor rate of progression, is only a fair marker of renal function when compared to GFR. Thus, clinical results from creatinine measurements on cases of naturally occurring disease should not be interpreted too stringently. In remnant kidney dogs, the magnitude of proteinuria (UPC ratio) was not predictive of the rate in decline of GFR, casting doubt on importance of proteinuria in causing progression of renal disease. However, progressive increases in UPC may be a marker of an accelerated rate of renal injury. Self-perpetuation of renal injury in dogs could be the sole mechanism by which naturally occurring renal diseases progress. When more information is available on the rate of progression of naturally occurring diseases, it may become apparent whether factors initially inciting renal damage have an additive effect on rate of progression.

Hypercalcemia and calcium oxalate urolithiasis in cats: a report of five cases

Five cats that presented for signs of lower urinary tract disease (i.e., pollakiuria and hematuria) secondary to a calcium oxalate urolithiasis are presented. On evaluation, all five cats had elevations of both serum ionized as well as total serum calcium. The hypercalcemia resolved after discontinuation of urinary acidifying therapy or a dietary change, or both.

Stress leak point pressures and urethral pressure profile tests in clinically normal female dogs

OBJECTIVE

To develop a stress leak point pressure (LPP) test for dogs, determine LPP for continent female dogs, and determine urethral pressure profile (UPP) values for nonanesthetized, continent female dogs.

ANIMALS

22 continent female dogs weighing from 21 to 29 kg.

PROCEDURE

A standard UPP test and a modification of the LPP test used in women were performed on all dogs. On 3 occasions, dogs underwent UPP testing while awake. They then were anesthetized with propofol, and LPP was measured at bladder volumes of 75, 100, and 150 ml. For LPP tests, abdominal pressure was applied by inflating a human blood pressure cuff placed around the dog's abdomen. LPP were recorded through a urethral catheter (bladder LPP) and a rectal balloon catheter (abdominal LPP).

RESULTS

Mean +/- SD and median maximal urethral closure pressure was 110.1+/-20.2 and 109.0 cm water, respectively. Mean bladder LPP for the 75, 100, and 150 ml bladder volumes was 172.4 cm water. Significant differences among LPP for the 3 bladder volumes were not detected.

CONCLUSIONS

Stress LPP can be recorded in female dogs.

Interventional nutrition for renal disease

Interventional nutrition plays a central role in the management of renal diseases in veterinary medicine. Most of the clinically observable abnormalities produced by the disruption of renal function are influenced by dietary intake of calories, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, protein, or acid load. Further, the kidney is susceptible to self-perpetuating injury, an inherent property of this organ, and the extent of this injury can be modified by adjustments in dietary intake of phosphorus and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The response of each animal with renal insufficiency to the disease and to nutritional intervention varies dramatically, and individualized therapy is required; the only constant nutritional characteristic of renal insufficiency is inappetance and loss of body weight. Successful interventional nutrition must take all of these principles into account.

Beneficial effects of chronic administration of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs with renal insufficiency

Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) alters the course of experimental renal disease in rats. However, chronic renal disease in other laboratory animals and in human beings frequently responds differently to experimental manipulations. We investigated the effects of variations in dietary PUFA composition on the chronic course of induced renal disease in dogs. Two months after 15/16 nephrectomy, dogs were randomly divided into three groups of seven animals each. For the next 20 months, each group of dogs was fed a low-fat basal diet supplemented with one of three sources of lipid to achieve a final concentration of 15% added fat. Fat sources provided omega-3 PUFA (menhaden fish oil, group FO), omega-6 PUFA (safflower oil, group SO), or saturated fatty acids (beef tallow, group BT). Throughout the dietary trial, the magnitude of proteinuria and the plasma concentrations of creatinine, cholesterol, and triglyceride were lower in group FO. The mean overall glomerular filtration rate was 0.89+/-0.18 ml/min per kilogram of body weight in group SO, a value that was significantly less (p < 0.05) than the corresponding values for groups BT and FO (1.21+/-0.18 and 1.43+/-0.20 ml/min/kg, respectively). Renal interstitial fibrosis also was significantly elevated in group SO. The extents of mesangial matrix expansion, glomerulosclerosis, and renal interstitial cellular infiltrate were similar in groups BT and SO, but lower (p < 0.05) in group FO. We conclude that supplementation with omega-6 PUFA enhanced renal injury; supplementation with omega-3 PUFA was renoprotective.

Reliability of using random urine samples for "spot" determination of fractional excretion of electrolytes in cats

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether the "spot" method of determining fractional excretion (FE) of electrolytes in cats is accurate.

ANIMALS

5 clinically normal young adult female cats.

PROCEDURE

Cats were acclimated to metabolism cages, and 2 consecutive 72-hour collections of urine were made to determine FE of total calcium, potassium, total magnesium, sodium, and phosphorus by conventional methods, using endogenous creatinine clearance as an estimate of glomerular filtration rate. During collections, small samples of urine were obtained by cystocentesis at 8 AM, 3 PM, and 9 PM for determination of FE of the electrolytes by use of the "spot" method.

RESULTS

Values from "spot" determinations were highly variable, compared with 72-hour values, with a high percentage falling outside the range of mean +/- 2 SD for 72-hour FE values.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The "spot" method for determining FE is not precise, and if used, caution and judgement should be exercised in interpretation of the results.

Use of partial prostatectomy for treatment of prostatic abscesses and cysts in dogs

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether dogs had prostatic disease, urinary incontinence, or urinary tract infection 1 year after partial prostatectomy to treat prostatic abscesses and cysts.

DESIGN

Prospective study.

ANIMALS

20 male dogs with prostatic abscesses or cysts. Fifteen dogs had evidence of urinary tract infection. Only 8 dogs urinated normally; the remainder dribbled, had obstructions, or required medical treatment.

PROCEDURE

Partial prostatectomy was performed on each dog. Sexually intact dogs (n = 12) also were castrated.

RESULTS

None of the dogs had return of prostatic cystic enlargement or clinical signs of prostatic disease during the first year after surgery. Two dogs were euthanatized within 1 year after surgery, with 1 dog having prostatic enlargement and adenocarcinoma and 1 dog having unrelated lymphosarcoma. Fifteen dogs were continent. The remaining 5 dogs urinated normally but had intermittent and minor incontinence. Eleven dogs had no signs of infection 1 year after surgery, 5 had pyuria or positive urine bacteriologic culture results, 2 did not have urinalysis performed, and 2 were euthanatized.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Dogs with severe prostatic abscesses or cysts and infections can be successfully treated by partial prostatectomy with an ultrasonic surgical aspirator and castration, resulting in long-term disease resolution. Although most dogs with severe prostatic disease do not urinate normally before surgery, nearly all dogs resume normal micturition after partial prostatectomy. Postoperative results of partial prostatectomy appear to be better than those of previous drainage techniques for treatment of prostatic cavitary disease.

Pathophysiology and management of progressive renal disease

Recently, the hypothesis that all renal diseases are inherently progressive and self-perpetuating has focused attention on adaptive changes in renal structure and function that occur whenever renal function is reduced. These glomerular adaptations to renal disease include increases in filtration rate, capillary pressure and size, and are referred to as glomerular hyperfiltration, glomerular hypertension and glomerular hypertrophy, respectively. Extrarenal changes, such as dietary phosphate excess, systemic hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, acidosis and hyperparathyroidism occur in animals with renal disease and may be contributors to progression of renal disease. Emphasis in the management of companion animals with renal disease has shifted to identifying, understanding and controlling those processes that play a role in the progression from early to end-stage renal failure. Advances made by veterinary nephrologists in the past 15 years permit resolution of old controversies, formulation of new hypotheses and discussion of unresolved issues about the nature of progressive renal disease in dogs and cats.

Does modifying dietary lipids influence the progression of renal failure?

Recent studies have identified important effects of dietary fatty acid composition in animals with chronic renal disease, particularly in dogs. The theoretic basis for these effects provides a rationale for the use of diets enriched with omega-3 (but not omega-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids. A therapeutic trial with a diet enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids should be considered as a maneuver designed to slow the rate of progression of chronic renal disease in dogs.

Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia

Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia refers to failure of the urethral sphincter to relax during detrusor contraction. The cause is a central nervous system lesion located between the brain stem micturition center and the sacral spinal cord. This is an extremely rare condition in cats. It may be confused with a failure of urethral relaxation due to local urethral causes such as inflammation or edema. This article reviews detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia to allow the reader to distinguish this rare condition from more common conditions that prevent bladder emptying.

Pathophysiology of urethral obstruction

Obstructive uropathy refers to abnormalities in structure or function of the urinary tract caused by impairment of normal flow of urine, and the resulting local and systemic effects of that impairment. Clinic consequences of obstructive uropathy are associated with abnormalities in fluid balance, electrolyte metabolism, acid-base balance, and retention of metabolic wastes. These consequences are partly due to build up of intravesical, ureteral, and renal pressure, influx of leukocytes into renal parenchyma resulting in release of cytokines, and alterations in intravascular hemodynamics. This article discusses pathophysiologic mechanisms and consequences of obstructive uropathy in cats.

Relationship of lower urinary tract signs to seropositivity for feline immunodeficiency virus in cats

A group of 41 cats with signs of lower urinary tract disease was compared to a group of 41 cats without any history of disease for prevalence of seropositivity for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The group of healthy cats was similar in age and gender to the group of cats with signs of lower urinary tract disease. Three of the cats with lower urinary tract disease and one control cat were seropositive for FIV. This difference was not statistically significant. The most common cause of lower urinary tract signs was idiopathic. Only 7 cats had urinary tract infection, most associated with perineal urethrostomy or catheterization. Six of the cats with bacterial urinary tract infections were FIV negative.

Hypoadrenocorticism in a family of leonbergers

Hypoadrenocorticism was diagnosed in four related leonbergers. Two of the four dogs also had low-resting serum thyroxine (T4) levels and signs consistent with hypothyroidism. The familial association of the affected dogs and the presence of coexisting thyroid dysfunction are similar to what is seen in human type II polyglandular autoimmune syndrome.

The effects of cyclosporine versus standard care in dogs with naturally occurring glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a leading cause of chronic renal failure in dogs. However, little is known about the efficacy of available treatment options for GN in this species. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cyclosporine (Cy) administration on the outcome of naturally occurring GN in dogs. Thirteen dogs from 4 institutions were included in the study. Randomization of dogs into placebo-versus Cy-treated groups was stratified according to initial morphological diagnosis and contributing institution. Seven and 6 dogs were assigned to be given placebo or Cy, respectively. The initial Cy dose of 10 mg/kg every 24 hours was adjusted to maintain 24-hour trough, whole blood Cy concentrations between 250 and 400 ng/mL. There were no statistically significant differences between placebo- and Cy-treated groups with respect to serum total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen and creatinine, and plasma protein concentrations; platelet count; urine protein-creatinine ratio; endogenous creatinine clearance; 24-hour urine protein concentrations; or 24-hour urine protein-endogenous creatinine clearance ratio. However, PCV was significantly lower in the Cy-treated group. Decreased appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, involuntary shaking, and thrombocytopenia were noted in both treatment groups; however, clinical signs in Cy-treated dogs subjectively were more severe. One Cy-treated dog developed gingival hyperplasia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of aging and dietary protein intake on uninephrectomized geriatric dogs

Thirty-one clinically normal Cocker Spaniels, Miniature Schnauzers, and Doberman Pinschers (28 female, 3 male) 7 to 8 years old were uninephrectomized (month -2) to increase the risk of renal damage associated with reduction of renal mass. Two diets, differing principally in protein concentration, were used to test the hypothesis that high dietary protein intake causes renal damage in aging dogs. For 2 months after uninephrectomy, all dogs were fed diet A (18% protein). After glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured (month 0), 16 dogs were assigned to group A and were fed diet A for an additional 48 months. The other 15 dogs were assigned to group B, and were fed diet B (34% protein) for the subsequent 48 months. At 6-month intervals, GFR and urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UP/C) were determined. At 48 months, terminal studies were done, survivors were euthanatized, and tissues were examined. Of 16 dogs in group A, 10 survived, compared with 13 of 15 in group B. Among survivors, a significant difference in GFR was not found between groups A and B, and decrease in GFR was not evident with time in either group. At 48 months, oral administration of casein caused minor acute effects on GFR and renal plasma flow in dogs of groups A and B. The UP/C values increased significantly (P = 0.001) from baseline values, but the increase was not progressive. The UP/C values were not affected by diet. Some dogs in both groups developed UP/C > 1.0.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of parathyroid hormone depletion in dogs with induced renal failure

Six parathyroidectomized (PTX) and 6 control dogs had renal mass reduced by 15/16, and were studied for effects of parathyroid hormone depletion on progression of renal failure. All PTX dogs and 4 of 6 control dogs survived until necropsy after 32 weeks. Plasma parathyroid hormone concentration was undetectable in PTX dogs throughout the study, but was greater than normal in control dogs. Serum inorganic phosphate (P) concentration was increased in PTX dogs (6.8 +/- 0.1 mg/dl) and in control dogs (7.5 +/- 0.2), but did not differ significantly (P = 0.254) between groups. Ionized blood calcium values (Ca2+) were significantly (P = 0.014) lower in PTX dogs (1.31 +/- 0.01 mmol/L) than in control dogs (1.36 +/- 0.00 mmol/L), but were more variable in PTX dogs. Values in PTX dogs were not significantly different from those in control dogs for glomerular filtration rate (P = 0.914), plasma creatinine concentration (P = 0.903), and urine protein to creatinine ratio (P = 0.756) determined at intervals during the study. Terminal glucose tolerance and plasma insulin concentrations, P tolerance, and renal P excretion did not differ between groups. Histologic comparison of kidneys removed during reduction of renal mass with kidneys removed at necropsy revealed development of lesions in both groups of dogs, and no protective effect from parathyroidectomy. Mineral analysis of aorta, brain, heart, lungs, and skeletal muscle obtained at necropsy revealed no significant difference between PTX and control groups. Renal cortical calcium concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in kidneys obtained at necropsy then in kidneys obtained during nephrectomy, but PTX did not protect renal cortex from calcium deposition.

Intracapsular subtotal prostatectomy in normal dogs: use of an ultrasonic surgical aspirator

In an attempt to reduce postoperative incontinence associated with excisional prostatectomy and the recurrence of prostatic disease after less radical surgeries, a new technique for subtotal prostatectomy was developed using an ultrasonic surgical aspirator. During laparotomy, a longitudinal incision was made in the ventral surface of each lobe of the prostate gland. Biopsies for histology and culture were taken. Through the ventral incisions, the ultrasonic surgical aspirator was used to resect approximately 85% of the glandular tissue from inside the capsule. The ultrasonic surgical aspirator allowed resection of the glandular tissue without damaging the vessels, nerves, and connective tissue stroma. The ventral portion of the capsule was excised. The dorsal portions of the capsule were apposed on the ventral midline by suturing their ventral margins to form a periurethral cuff. As preclinical research, seven intact male dogs were evaluated by physical examination, complete blood cell count, serum urea nitrogen, urinalyses, and urethral pressure profile (UPP) with urethral electromyograms (EMGs). The dogs underwent subtotal prostatectomy and castration. All dogs were continent after surgery. UPPs and EMGs at 1 and 2 months after surgery were no different than before surgery. This contrasts to our previous studies in which excisional prostatectomy reduced maximal urethral closure pressure (MUCP) in dogs without prostatic disease. The use of the ultrasonic surgical aspirator for intracapsular subtotal prostatectomy facilitated removal of glandular tissue with decreased hemorrhage and provided preservation of the prostatic urethra, nerves, and vessels involved in maintaining urinary continence.

Endogenous creatinine clearance measurement of glomerular filtration rate in dogs

Renal clearance procedures were performed on adult mixed-breed dogs with a wide range of renal function. Endogenous creatinine clearance was computed after analyzing plasma and urine for creatinine by use of 2 methods, PAP and kinetic Jaffe. For 20-minute clearance procedures, [14C]inulin clearance was measured simultaneously with endogenous creatinine clearance. For 111 twenty-minute clearance procedures performed on 24 dogs, [14C]inulin clearance was highly correlated with creatinine clearance for both methods of creatinine analysis (R2 = 0.979 for [14C]inulin-PAP; R2 = 0.943 for [14C]inulin-Jaffe). The absolute values for PAP and [14C]inulin clearance were nearly the same (PAP-to-[14C]inulin clearance ratio = 1.03 +/- 0.08), but those for Jaffe clearance were substantially less than those for [14C]inulin clearance (Jaffe-to-[14C]inulin clearance ratio = 0.88 +/- 0.10). The Jaffe-to-[14C]inulin clearance ratio was inversely correlated with degree of renal function (R2 = 0.464), whereas the PAP-to-[14C]inulin clearance ratio was not correlated with degree of renal function (R2 = 0.060). Thus, Jaffe-determined creatinine clearance varied, in relation to [14C]inulin clearance, depending on degree of renal function. In 4 clinically normal dogs, 20-minute and 24-hour sample collections analyzed by use of the PAP method gave clearance values significantly greater, for both periods, than did Jaffe analyses. The PAP-determined creatinine clearance values were less than, but not significantly different from 20-minute exogenous creatinine clearance values determined 10 days after 24-hour collections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of dietary phosphorus and protein in dogs with chronic renal failure

Four diets were formulated to contain: 16% protein and 0.4% phosphorus--diet 1; 16% protein and 1.4% phosphorus--diet 2; 32% protein and 0.4% phosphorus--diet 3; and 32% protein and 1.4% phosphorus--diet 4. Forty-eight dogs were fed diet 1 for 3 months after surgical reduction of renal mass, then were allotted to 4 groups of 12 dogs each, with equal mean values for glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Dog of groups 1-4 were fed diets 1-4, respectively, for 24 months. Data collected from the dogs during and at termination of the study were analyzed statistically for effects of dietary protein, phosphorus (P), time, and interactions between these factors. During the 24 months of study, 24 dogs developed uremia and were euthanatized for necropsy. Necropsy also was performed on the remaining 24 dogs after they were euthanatized at the end of the study. Dog survival was significantly enhanced by 0.4% P diets (vs 1.4% P diets), but survival was not significantly influenced by amount of dietary protein. The 0.4% P diets (vs 1.4% P diets) significantly increased the period that GFR remained stable before it decreased, but dietary protein did not have significant effect. Significant blood biochemical changes attributed to P, protein, and time were identified during the study. Terminally, plasma parathyroid hormone concentration was significantly increased from prediet values in all groups of dogs. Urine protein excretion was not significantly affected by dietary amount of either protein or P, when measured by either timed urine collection or urine protein-to-creatinine ratio.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of therapy on susceptibility to urinary tract infection in male cats with indwelling urethral catheters

Indwelling urinary catheters with a closed urine collection system were maintained in 30 male cats for 3 days after induction of irritant cystitis. All cats received subcutaneous fluids during the 3 days the catheters were in place. The effects of four different treatment regimens on urinary tract infection rates, incidence of urethral obstruction, and development of urinary tract lesions over a 10-day period were compared with results in a nontreated group. Treatments were 1) amoxicillin for 5 days PO; 2) prednisolone for 5 days PO; 3) both amoxicillin and prednisolone for 5 days PO; and 4) dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for 3 days intravesicularly. Euthanasia was done before the end of the 10-day experimental period if the cats had two bouts of urethral obstruction or if the cats became uremic for causes unrelated to urethral obstruction. Seven cats were euthanatized before the conclusion of the experiment. These cats had been treated with prednisolone, prednisolone and amoxicillin, or DMSO. All cats that received amoxicillin alone or no therapy survived the 10-day period. Mortality was due to repeated urethral obstruction or to uremia associated with pyelonephritis or papillitis. Urinary tract infection rate was similar in all groups. The group treated with prednisolone alone had the highest incidence of renal infection. Inflammatory lesions in the lower urinary tract were similar in all groups. In conclusion, persistent urinary tract infection often develops in cats with cystitis after indwelling urethral catheterization even when closed systems of urine drainage are used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of phosphorus/calcium-restricted and phosphorus/calcium-replete 32% protein diets in dogs with chronic renal failure

Twenty-four dogs with induced, severe chronic renal failure were allotted to 2 groups of 12 each. Group-A dogs were fed a 0.4% phosphorus (P)/0.6% calcium, 32% protein diet, and group-B dogs were fed a 1.4% P/1.9% calcium, 32% protein diet. Dogs were studied over 24 months to determine clinical status, survival, blood biochemical alterations, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urinary excretion of P and protein, renal morphologic changes, and renal tissue concentrations of calcium, P, and magnesium. Group-A dogs developed statistically significant differences from group-B dogs in several blood biochemical values (PCV and total solids, calcium, P, potassium, sodium, chloride, total CO2 (TCO2), anion gap, and parathyroid hormone concentrations) and in urinary P excretion. Mean (+/- SEM) GFR values in group-A and group-B dogs were nearly identical when diets were initiated (group A = 0.73 +/- 0.05 ml/min/kg of body weight; group B = 0.72 +/- 0.08 ml/min/kg), but significantly (P = 0.0346) lower GFR developed in group-B than in group-A dogs over time. At 24 months, GFR in survivors was 0.83 +/- 0.08 and 0.63 +/- 0.15 ml/min/kg for dogs of groups A and B, respectively. Other measurements favored the hypothesis that P/calcium restriction was beneficial, but values failed to reach statistical significance. Survival was greater at 24 months in group-A than in group-B (7 vs 5) dogs, and renal tissue concentrations of calcium and P were higher in group-B than in group-A dogs. Differences were not detected between groups in urinary excretion of protein and in the type or severity of renal lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of castration on chronic bacterial prostatitis in dogs

An Escherichia coli bacterial prostatitis was experimentally induced in dogs to determine the effect of castration on chronic bacterial prostatitis. Two weeks after instillation of bacteria directly into the prostate gland, 17 of 22 adult mixed-breed male dogs had positive urine or prostatic fluid cultures or both. Seven of the 17 dogs were randomly chosen to be castrated, and 10 of the 17 served as sham-operated controls. At weekly intervals, urine was obtained from 17 dogs for aerobic microbiologic culturing. At each week, dogs with no bacterial growth in the cultured urine had prostatic fluid collected for aerobic microbiologic culture. Dogs with negative urine, prostatic fluid, and prostatic tissue needle biopsy culture results at week 7 were euthanatized. For remaining dogs, weekly cultures were continued until the dogs were euthanatized at week 12. None of the 7 castrated dogs and 6 of the 10 dogs subject to sham operation had prostatic infection at the time of necropsy. The castrated dogs had a mean infection duration of 4.2 weeks, which was statistically shorter than the 9.5-week mean duration of infection in the sham-operated controls. Cultures of prostatic tissue obtained immediately after euthanasia correlated 100% with urine and prostatic fluid cultures taken before euthanasia. All of the 6 dogs with positive prostatic cultures at termination had moderate to marked lymphoplasmacytic chronic prostatitis. The 11 dogs that were not infected at the end of the study had normal to moderate lymphoplasmacytic chronic prostatitis on histologic examination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of bacterial infection and castration on prostatic tissue zinc concentration in dogs

An Escherichia coli bacterial prostatitis was experimentally induced to determine the effect of bacterial infection on prostatic tissue zinc concentrations in castrated and gonadally intact male dogs. Five of the 22 mixed-breed dogs (group 1) had no culture evidence of infection 2 weeks after the instillation of bacteria into the prostate gland. The remaining 17 infected dogs were allotted to 2 groups; 1 group of dogs was subjected to castration (group CA, 7 dogs), and the other group of dogs was subjected to sham operation (group SO, 10 days). The groups were divided into groups of dogs with prostatic infection at necropsy (groups CA-I and SO-I), and those dogs without prostatic infection at necropsy (groups CA-N and SO-N). Urine, prostatic fluid, and prostatic tissue (week 0, 7, +/- 12) specimens were obtained for bacteriologic culturing to determine whether prostatic infection was present. Prostatic tissue was obtained at necropsy (week less than 6, 7, or 12) for analysis of zinc concentration by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The logarithmic mean prostatic tissue zinc concentrations were compared between groups. Group CA had a significantly lower prostatic zinc concentration than all other groups. Zinc concentrations were not statistically different between any of the other groups. Castration did decrease the prostatic tissue concentration of zinc, a known natural antibacterial factor. However, resistance to infection and resolution of infection were not correlated with prostatic tissue zinc concentrations in this experimental model.

Exogenous creatinine clearance as a measure of glomerular filtration rate in dogs with reduced renal mass

Renal mass was surgically reduced in 78 dogs by uninephrectomy or by combined renal infarction and uninephrectomy. Renal clearance of inulin and renal clearance of exogenous creatinine were determined simultaneously, and the creatinine to inulin clearance (C/I) ratio was calculated. Clearance procedures were performed 2 to 3 months after reduction of renal mass, and were repeated at intervals thereafter. Overall, the C/I ratio was 1.008 +/- 0.007 for 192 determinations, with a highly significant correlation (R2 = 0.994, P less than 0.0001) between creatinine clearance and inulin clearance. There was no significant effect of gender of dogs, time after partial renal ablation, or dietary protein intake on C/I ratios. Degree of renal ablation did not affect C/I ratios. The results indicated that exogenous creatinine clearance is a valid measure of glomerular filtration rate in both male and female dogs with reduced renal mass.

Beneficial effects of dietary mineral restriction in dogs with marked reduction of functional renal mass

Although studies in partially nephrectomized rats have identified a progressive nephropathy that is altered by dietary restriction of phosphorus intake, the response of dogs to similar perturbations has not been established. Functional renal mass was reduced by 15/16 in dogs to determine its long-term effects on renal function and to evaluate the effects of two levels of dietary mineral (calcium and phosphorus) intake (0.44% phosphorus/0.57% calcium versus 1.50% phosphorus/1.91% calcium). Following a 3-month stabilization period, dogs were fed either the lower mineral diet (group 1, N = 12) or the higher mineral diet (group 2, N = 12) for 24 months. Loss of renal function with the passage of time was observed in 10 of 12 dogs maintained on the higher mineral diet, with an average decrease in exogenous creatinine clearance of 11.1 +/- 6.3%/month, leading to a survival rate of 33% in this group. Restriction of dietary mineral intake slowed (P less than 0.05) the rate of decline of exogenous creatinine clearance in group 1 to 2.6 +/- 1.1%/month and improved 24-month survival to 75% (P less than 0.01). Deterioration of renal function was associated with renal calcium accumulation and histologic evidence of nephrocalcinosis, tubular atrophy and dilatation, and interstitial fibrosis. These events were more readily apparent in female than in male dogs. A role for glomerulosclerosis was not apparent, and neither glomerular pathology nor glomerular volume was related to the observed decrements in renal function.

Suspected familial renal disease in chow chows

Renal disease was diagnosed in 6 young Chow Chows. Clinical abnormalities included vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Common abnormal laboratory findings were azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, nonregenerative anemia, and low urine specific gravity. All 6 dogs had similar microscopic renal lesions. characterized by interstitial fibrosis, a population of small glomeruli, and lack of inflammatory cells. A familial basis for the renal disease is suggested because of its development in 4 closely related dogs.

Determination of excretion of inulin, creatinine, sodium sulfanilate, and phenolsulfonphthalein to assess renal function in goats

Excretion of creatinine, sodium sulfanilate (SS), and phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) was studied in healthy goats. In conscious goats, mean (+/- SEM) inulin clearance was 2.26 +/- 0.08 ml/min/kg of body weight. Endogenous creatinine clearance, 1.97 +/- 0.09 ml/min/kg, underestimated inulin clearance (P less than 0.01), probably because of the presence of noncreatinine chromogens in caprine plasma. The estimated renal clearance of PSP was 6.88 +/- 0.39 ml/min/kg, whereas the estimated renal clearance of SS was 3.71 +/- 0.39 ml/min/kg. Both exceeded inulin clearance (P less than 0.01), confirming renal tubular secretion of both compounds. In 6 anesthetized goats, exogenous creatinine clearance and SS clearance exceeded inulin clearance (P less than 0.05). Results of stop-flow experiments documented secretion of creatinine and SS by the proximal portion of the caprine nephron. Plasma half-life of PSP in uninephrectomized goats exceeded that in intact goats (20.2 +/- 1.5 min vs 11.9 +/- 0.7 min; P less than 0.01). Similarly, plasma half-life of SS was greater in goats after uninephrectomy (58.2 +/- 6.2 min vs 30.4 +/- 1.2 min; P less than 0.01).

Glucose conservation by the kidney and effect of systemic glucose infusion on inulin clearance in female goats

In 6 female goats, the mean threshold for glucosuria was 159.5 +/- 4.3 mg/dl. During increasing filtered loads of glucose, renal reabsorption of glucose reached maximal capacity, which was not exceeded when plasma glucose concentration was increased further. Measured in 10 female goats, the transport maximum for glucose was 119.1 +/- 9.1 mg of glucose reabsorbed/min. During infusion of glucose, there was a significant (P less than 0.05) time-dependent reduction in inulin clearance indicating that IV glucose administration may be inappropriate in goats with compromised renal function.

Influence of dietary source of phosphorus on fecal and urinary excretion of phosphorus and other minerals by male cats

Twelve male cats were fed 2 diets that differed in the source of P. In diet 1 (1.4% P), 62.7% of P originated from poultry, meat, and fish meal, and the remainder from other organic ingredients of food. In diet 2 (1.6% P), 63.5% of P was derived from neutral monobasic/dibasic salts, and the remainder from other organic ingredients of the food. The P intake was nearly the same with both diets, but there was a significant (P less than 0.05) difference between diets in the percentage of ingested P that was excreted in the urine (14.7 +/- 5.3% for diet 1; 34.9 +/- 8.4% for diet 2), and in 6-day urinary P excretion (774 +/- 290 mg for diet 1; 2,004 +/- 556 mg for diet 2). The P concentrations in urine samples obtained by cystocentesis after cats ate were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher when cats were fed diet 2 than when those same cats were fed diet 1. Plasma P concentrations increased after ingestion of diet 2, but were unchanged after ingestion of diet 1. Seemingly, urinary excretion of P was markedly influenced by dietary composition. Diets with the same P content have potential for different biologic effects because of differences in availability of P.

Quantitative buffy coat analysis for hematologic measurements of canine, feline, and equine blood samples and for detection of microfilaremia in dogs

A quantitative buffy coat (QBC) analysis was evaluated for 175 canine, 125 feline, and 125 equine blood samples. The method used centrifuged whole blood and yielded rapid results expressed as respective band lengths for RBC, granulocytes, nongranulocytes, and platelets. Simple regression analysis of band lengths and reference laboratory methods yielded correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.72 to 0.99. The PCV, granulocyte count, and total WBC count, as determined by the 2 methods, correlated well (r greater than or equal to 0.93 in all cases). Platelet and nongranulocyte counts were less well correlated. The QBC system provided a means of performing rapid hematologic screening. The principal problem encountered was poor separation of the RBC-granulocyte interface in 17% of canine samples, which interfered with measurement of band lengths. Evaluation of the QBC tube for detection of Dirofilaria immitis microfilaremia revealed 100% sensitivity to counts as low as 160 microfilariae/ml of whole blood.

Effect of atropine on cystometry and urethral pressure profilometry in the dog

Effects of atropine on cystometry and urethral pressure profilometry were examined in 12 healthy young adult dogs by comparing recordings obtained after xylazine alone with those obtained after administration of xylazine and atropine. Significant differences (P greater than 0.05) were not found, indicating that atropine, when administered SC with xylazine, did not markedly affect cystometrographic results and urethral pressure profiles.

Recovery from severe hydroureter and hydronephrosis after ureteral anastomosis in a dog

Progressive hydroureter and hydronephrosis were diagnosed in a dog after anastomosis of a crushed ureter. Nephrectomy was averted when partial resolution was noticed one month after the ureteral repair. The appearance of the kidney and ureter was nearly normal several months later. Conservative management should be considered in cases of partial unilateral ureteral obstruction.

Urinary incontinence secondary to idiopathic detrusor instability: cystometrographic diagnosis and pharmacologic management in two dogs and a cat

Idiopathic detrusor instability was diagnosed as the cause of urinary incontinence in 2 dogs and a cat. The diagnosis was based on abnormal cystometrographic findings and by exclusion of other causes of detrusor hyperactivity. Anticholinergic or combined anticholinergic, antispasmodic, and local anesthetic treatment resolved the clinical signs in all 3 animals. Increased threshold volumes after treatment were documented by cystometrography in one dog and in the cat.

Urodynamic alterations after prostatectomy in dogs without clinical prostatic disease

Prostatectomy in dogs with clinical prostatic disease has been associated with a high incidence of urinary incontinence. In this study, urodynamic alterations after prostatectomy in 10 dogs without clinical prostatic disease were evaluated. Measurements of residual urine volume, simultaneous urethral pressure profilometry and electromyography, and carbon dioxide cystometry were made before and 14 and 20 weeks after prostatectomy. Voiding was observed daily for 20 weeks after prostatectomy. All dogs remained continent for 20 weeks after prostatectomy, and only minor urodynamic abnormalities were noted. Castration had no effect on urodynamic changes associated with prostatectomy. Prostatectomy produced minimal functional changes in dogs without clinical prostatic disease.

Efficacy of azathioprine versus cyclosporine on kidney graft survival in transfused and nontransfused unmatched mongrel dogs

Sixteen mongrel dogs had bilateral nephrectomy and received a renal allograft from an unmatched mongrel. One group of eight dogs was treated orally with azathioprine and prednisone; another group of eight dogs was treated orally with cyclosporine and prednisone. Four dogs of each group received four blood transfusions each prior to surgery. Mean survival time was nearly the same in the azathioprine-treated and the cyclosporine-treated dogs. Transfusions prolonged survival in the azathioprine-treated group but not in the cyclosporine-treated group. Retrospective measurement of whole blood trough cyclosporine concentrations indicated marked variation between dogs and in the same dog at different times. This variation may have influenced graft survival. Only one dog survived the 9-month period of observation, indicating that refinements of the techniques used in this study will be required for long-term survival of renal allografts in unrelated mongrel dogs.

Lesions in dogs following renal transplantation and immunosuppression

Renal allografts were transplanted into 20 dogs (12 beagles, eight mongrels) following a prescribed protocol for pre-transplantation blood transfusions and kidney exchange. Immunosuppressive therapy (azathioprine and prednisone) was modified as needed for each dog. Seven of the beagle dogs survived for 1 year and were then euthanized; all other dogs died or were euthanized prior to 1 year post-transplantation. Graft rejection and renal failure were the greatest causes of mortality. Renal lesions which contributed to the death of some animals included renal vein thrombosis, nephrosis, and pyelonephritis. Inflammation of the lower respiratory tract (bronchitis, pneumonia, and pleuritis) was a contributory cause of death in some dogs. Cystitis and ureteritis occurred in almost half of the dogs. Prostatitis was seen in six of the 16 male dogs. Adrenal cortical atrophy, parathyroid gland hyperplasia, and bone marrow hypocellularity were seen in a majority of the dogs which survived 1 year.

Ibuprofen toxicosis in a dog

Acute renal failure, vomiting, and melena developed in a 10-month-old dog after ingestion of ten 600-mg tablets of ibuprofen. After 5 days of IV fluid therapy, clinical signs resolved and azotemia decreased. With increased availability of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, similar complications may become more common in veterinary practice. If acute renal failure should develop, the prognosis for recovery is good, with rapid institution of appropriate therapy. However, renal dysfunction may not be completely reversed.

Food and water intake and urine composition in cats: influence of continuous versus periodic feeding

Twenty healthy, noncastrated, adult male cats had periodic (11 am to 12 am) or continuous (24 hours daily) access to food. With periodic feeding, cats ate less food, drank less water, and produced less urine than when food was available continuously. The composition of urine obtained by cystocentesis at 7:30 am, 3:30 pm, and 10 pm was influenced somewhat by feeding pattern. With periodic feeding, urine pH was lower at 7:30 am and higher at 3:30 pm than it was with continuous feeding. Most mineral concentrations and urine osmolality-specific gravity did not differ with the different feeding schedules. However, when periodic feeding was used, concentrations of magnesium and phosphorus in urine were as high or higher preprandially (7:30 am) than postprandially (3:30 pm). Frequency of urination per 24 hours was not influenced by the feeding schedule, but the time that urination occurred during the 24-hour period was somewhat different. An experimental, high magnesium diet fed to the cats for 200 days caused urethral obstruction in 7 of 10 cats fed periodically and in 7 of 10 cats fed continuously. Cats with obstruction had urinary mineral concentrations similar to concentrations in cats without obstruction, indicating that urinary mineral concentration may not be the only factor relevant to the process of obstruction. Necropsy findings and histologic evaluation of tissues from the cats indicated incidental lesions or abnormalities caused by urethral obstruction, but did not indicate anatomic abnormalities that would have predisposed the cats to obstruction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Canine prostatic diseases

Prostatic diseases such as benign hyperplasia, prostatic cysts, acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, prostatic abscessation, and prostatic neoplasia are discussed. Also discussed are diagnostic techniques such as prostatic palpation and massage, evaluation of semen and urethral discharge, and radiography.

Effect of induced prostatic infection on semen quality in the dog

Chronic Escherichia coli prostatitis was induced in 6 dogs, with 5 sham-operated dogs serving as controls. Semen volume and sperm motility, concentration, and appearance were measured 3 times (every other day) before surgery and 3 times during the 3rd and 5th week after surgery. When values for these collections were compared, using a 2-factor analysis of variance, no significant differences (P greater than 0.05) were found. However, the percentage of normal sperm decreased markedly (from 92% to 61% to 64%) in 2 infected dogs because of an increase in primary (from 6% to 32%) or secondary (from 2% to 28%) sperm abnormalities. Testes from both of these dogs were histologically normal.

Kidney graft survival in transfused and nontransfused sibling beagle dogs

In 6 pairs of sibling Beagle dogs, 1 kidney was exchanged between pairs, and contralateral nephrectomy was done. Previously, one dog of each pair was given blood transfusions from the donor of its allograft. All dogs were given azathioprine and prednisone postoperatively for immunosuppression. Four of 6 dogs given pretransplantation transfusions were healthy 1 year after surgical manipulation was done, and 2 died for reasons other than graft rejection. Of the 6 dogs that were not given pretransplantation transfusions, 3 were healthy after 1 years, but 2 were euthanatized because of graft rejection, and the last was euthanatized because of both graft rejection and intussusception. Other complications in these dogs were leukopenia (7 dogs), interdigital abscesses (2 dogs), urinary infection (3 dogs), and renal vein thrombosis (1 dog). Considering the lack of alternative methods for effective therapy for chronic renal failure in dogs, results of this study seem encouraging for selective use of renal transplantation, clinically. This study supports previous reports which indicated that pretransplantation transfusion enhanced graft survival in dogs.