Carbonation Kinetics of Ca(OH)2 Under Conditions of Entrained Reactors to Capture CO2

The use of Ca(OH)₂ as a CO₂ sorbent instead of CaO in calcium looping systems has the advantage of a much faster reaction rate of carbonation and a larger conversion degree to CaCO₃. This work investigates the carbonation kinetics of fine Ca(OH)₂ particles (<10 μm) in a range of reaction conditions (i.e., 350–650 °C and CO₂ concentrations up to 25%_v) that could be of interest for applications where a short contact time is expected between the solids and the gases (i.e., entrained bed carbonator reactors). For this purpose, experiments in a drop tube reactor with short reaction times (i.e., below 6 s) have been carried out. High carbonation conversions up to 0.7 have been measured under these conditions, supporting the viability of using entrained carbonator reactors. The experimental results have been fitted to a shirking core model, and the corresponding kinetic parameters for the carbonation reaction have been determined.

Recommendations for use of antigenic tests in the diagnosis of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection in the second pandemic wave: attitude in different clinical settings

The high transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 before and shortly after the onset of symptoms suggests that only diagnosing and isolating symptomatic patients may not be sufficient to interrupt the spread of infection; therefore, public health measures such as personal distancing are also necessary. Additionally, it will be important to detect the newly infected individuals who remain asymptomatic, which may account for 50% or more of the cases. Molecular techniques are the "gold standard" for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, the massive use of these techniques has generated some problems. On the one hand, the scarcity of resources (analyzers, fungibles and reagents), and on the other the delay in the notification of results. These two facts translate into a lag in the application of isolation measures among cases and contacts, which favors the spread of the infection. Antigen detection tests are also direct diagnostic methods, with the advantage of obtaining the result in a few minutes and at the very "pointof-care". Furthermore, the simplicity and low cost of these tests allow them to be repeated on successive days in certain clinical settings. The sensitivity of antigen tests is generally lower than that of nucleic acid tests, although their specificity is comparable. Antigenic tests have been shown to be more valid in the days around the onset of symptoms, when the viral load in the nasopharynx is higher. Having a rapid and real-time viral detection assay such as the antigen test has been shown to be more useful to control the spread of the infection than more sensitive tests, but with greater cost and response time, such as in case of molecular tests. The main health institutions such as the WHO, the CDC and the Ministry of Health of the Government of Spain propose the use of antigenic tests in a wide variety of strategies to respond to the pandemic. This document aims to support physicians involved in the care of patients with suspected SC2 infection, in the context of a growing incidence in Spain since September 2020, which already represents the second pandemic wave of COVID-19.

New CO2 capture process for hydrogen production combining Ca and Cu chemical loops

This paper presents a new solids looping process for capturing CO2 while generating hydrogen and/or electricity from natural gas. The process is based on the sorption enhanced reforming of CH4, employing CaO as a high temperature CO2 sorbent, combined with a second chemical loop of CuO/Cu. The exothermic reduction of CuO with CH4 is used to obtain the heat necessary for the decomposition of the CaCO3 formed in the reforming step. The main part of the process is completed by the oxidation of Cu to CuO, which is carried out with air diluted with a product gas recycle of this reactor at sufficiently low temperatures and high pressures to avoid the decomposition of a substantial fraction of CaCO3.