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Unravelling the Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Social Defeat Stress on Use of Drugs of Abuse. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 54:153-180. [PMID: 34628585 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system provides the first line of the organism's defenses, working to maintain homeostasis against external threats and respond also to internal danger signals. There is much evidence to suggest that modifications of inflammatory parameters are related to vulnerability to develop mental illnesses, such as depression, autism, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders. In addition, not only are inflammatory parameters related to these disorders, but stress also induces the activation of the immune system, as recent preclinical research demonstrates. Social stress activates the immune response in the central nervous system through a number of mechanisms; for example, by promoting microglial stimulation, modifying peripheral and brain cytokine levels, and altering the blood brain barrier, which allows monocytes to traffic into the brain. In this chapter, we will first deal with the most important short- and long-term consequences of social defeat (SD) stress on the neuroinflammatory response. SD experiences (brief episodes of social confrontations during adolescence and adulthood) induce functional modifications in the brain, which are accompanied by an increase in proinflammatory markers. Most importantly, inflammatory mechanisms play a significant role in mediating the process of adaptation in the face of adversity (resilience vs susceptibility), allowing us to understand individual differences in stress responses. Secondly, we will address the role of the immune system in the vulnerability and enhanced sensitivity to drugs of abuse after social stress. We will explore in depth the effects seen in the inflammatory system in response to social stress and how they enhance the rewarding effects of drugs such as alcohol or cocaine. To conclude, we will consider pharmacological and environmental interventions that seek to influence the inflammatory response to social stress and diminish increased drug intake, as well as the translational potential and future directions of this exciting new field of research.
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Targeting Alzheimer's disease with multimodal polypeptide-based nanoconjugates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/13/eabf9180. [PMID: 33771874 PMCID: PMC7997513 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf9180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, remains incurable mainly due to our failings in the search for effective pharmacological strategies. Here, we describe the development of targeted multimodal polypeptide-based nanoconjugates as potential AD treatments. Treatment with polypeptide nanoconjugates bearing propargylamine moieties and bisdemethoxycurcumin or genistein afforded neuroprotection and displayed neurotrophic effects, as evidenced by an increase in dendritic density of pyramidal neurons in organotypic hippocampal culture. The additional conjugation of the Angiopep-2 targeting moiety enhanced nanoconjugate passage through the blood-brain barrier and modulated brain distribution with nanoconjugate accumulation in neurogenic areas, including the olfactory bulb. Nanoconjugate treatment effectively reduced neurotoxic β amyloid aggregate levels and rescued impairments to olfactory memory and object recognition in APP/PS1 transgenic AD model mice. Overall, this study provides a description of a targeted multimodal polyglutamate-based nanoconjugate with neuroprotective and neurotrophic potential for AD treatment.
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Oxytocin reverses ethanol consumption and neuroinflammation induced by social defeat in male mice. Horm Behav 2021; 127:104875. [PMID: 33069753 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OXT) modulates social interactions, attenuates stressful responses and can decrease drug-seeking and taking behaviors. In previous studies, we observed that social defeat (SD) induced a long-lasting increase in ethanol intake and neuroinflammation in male mice. We also know that OXT blocks the increase in cocaine reward induced by SD. Therefore, in the present study we aimed to evaluate the effect of 1 mg/kg of OXT administered 30 min before each episode of SD on ethanol consumption and the neuroinflammatory response in adult male mice. Three weeks after the last SD, mice underwent oral ethanol self-administration (SA) procedure, and striatal levels of the two chemokines CX3CL1 and CXCL12 were measured after the last SD and at the end of the ethanol SA. OXT administration blocked the increase in voluntary ethanol consumption observed in defeated mice, although it did not affect motivation for ethanol. An increase in the striatal levels of CX3CL1 and CXCL12 was observed in defeated animals immediately after the last defeat and after the ethanol SA. However, defeated mice treated with OXT did not show this increase in the neuroinflammatory response. In conclusion, OXT treatment can be a powerful therapeutic target to reduce the negative effects of social stress on ethanol consumption and the neuroinflammatory process.
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Voluntary wheel running protects against the increase in ethanol consumption induced by social stress in mice. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 212:108004. [PMID: 32408137 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that exposure to social defeat (SD), a model of social stress, produces a long-term increase in the consumption of ethanol, most likely through an increase in the neuroinflammation response. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether exposure to physical activity in the form of voluntary wheel running (VWR) could block the increase in ethanol consumption and the neuroinflammatory response induced by social stress. Mice were exposed to either 4 sessions of repeated social defeat (RSD) or a non-stressful experience. During the whole procedure, half of the mice were exposed to controlled physical activity, being allowed 1 h access to a low-profile running wheel three times a week. Three weeks after the last RSD, animals started the oral self-administration (SA) of ethanol (6% EtOH) procedure. Biological samples were taken 4 h after the first and the fourth RSD, 3 weeks after the last RSD, and after the SA procedure. Brain tissue (striatum) was used to determine protein levels of the chemokines fractalkine (CX3CL1) and SDF-1 (CXCL12). RSD induced an increase in ethanol consumption and caused greater motivation to obtain ethanol. The striatal levels of CX3CL1 and CXCL12 were also increased after the last RSD. VWR was able to reverse the increase in ethanol intake induced by social stress and the neuroinflammatory response. In conclusion, our results suggest that VWR could be a promising tool to prevent and reduce the detrimental effects induced by social stress.
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Role ofNMDAandAMPAglutamatergic receptors in the effects of social defeat on the rewarding properties ofMDMAin mice. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2623-2634. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Baseline prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex predicts the sensitivity to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine in male and female mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2651-2663. [PMID: 29955900 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex is a model of pre-attentional inhibitory function. The dopamine baseline in the nucleus accumbens plays a key role in PPI regulation as well as in the rewarding effects of cocaine. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive ability of PPI to identify the more vulnerable mice of both sexes to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine. METHODS Male and female OF1 mice were first tested in the PPI paradigm to classify them as high or low PPI. Afterwards, they were evaluated in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm induced by cocaine (1, 6 and 12 mg/kg). Moreover, the D1R and D2R protein expressions in the striatum of high and low PPI animals were analysed by Western blot. RESULTS Only high-PPI mice acquired CPP induced by low doses of cocaine (1 and 6 mg/kg), while the low-PPI mice needed a higher dose of cocaine (12 mg/kg) to acquire the CPP, but once mice were conditioned, males did not extinguish the conditioned preference and females reinstated the preference with lower doses of cocaine than their control counterparts. Low-PPI animals, especially females, showed higher basal levels of D2R than those with a higher PPI. CONCLUSIONS Low-PPI mice presented a lower sensitivity to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine, but once they were conditioned with a higher dose, they displayed a stronger, perseverant conditioned preference. The predictive capacity of PPI to detect the more vulnerable mice to the conditioned effects of cocaine is discussed.
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Role of nitric oxide pathway in the conditioned rewarding effects of MDMA in mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 330:75-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Cognitive and behavioural effects induced by social stress plus MDMA administration in mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 319:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Topiramate increases the rewarding properties of cocaine in young-adult mice limiting its clinical usefulness. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3849-3859. [PMID: 27596289 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Topiramate is an anticonvulsant drug which has been evaluated as a therapeutic option for the treatment of cocaine addiction during the last decade. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of topiramate on the reinforcing actions of cocaine. To this aim, the topiramate-mediated regulation of acquisition and extinction phases of the cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) was assessed in young-adult mice using three experimental designs. METHODS Topiramate (50 mg/kg, p.o.) was given as follows: (1) during cocaine (1 and 25 mg/kg, i.p.) conditioning sessions (4 days) and cocaine (25 mg/kg) post-conditioning session; (2) 2 weeks before and during cocaine conditioning (25 mg/kg); and (3) during extinction of CPP induced by cocaine (25 mg/kg). In the first experimental design, changes in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) gene expressions were measured in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). RESULTS Topiramate significantly increased cocaine-induced CPP and delayed or failed to produce extinction after the first cocaine reinstatement extinction in the first and second experiments. Furthermore, treatment with topiramate after place conditioning blocked the extinction of cocaine-induced CPP. TH and DAT gene expression in the VTA was significantly lower both with topiramate alone and in combination with cocaine compared with animals receiving only cocaine. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that topiramate increases the rewarding properties of cocaine, at least in part, by regulating dopaminergic signaling in the mesolimbic circuit. Consequently, the results of this study do not support the use of topiramate for the treatment of problems related to cocaine dependence. HIGHLIGHTS • Topiramate increases the rewarding properties of cocaine in CPP • Topiramate alters dopaminergic signaling in the mesolimbic circuit • Topiramate delays the extinction of cocaine-induced CPP • TH and DAT gene expression in the VTA decreases with topiramate and/or with cocaine • Results show that it should limit the use of topiramate in cocaine-dependent subjects.
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`Up-regulation of histone acetylation induced by social defeat mediates the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 70:39-48. [PMID: 27180319 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Social defeat (SD) induces a long-lasting increase in the rewarding effects of psychostimulants measured using the self-administration and conditioned place procedures (CPP). However, little is known about the epigenetic changes induced by social stress and about their role in the increased response to the rewarding effects of psychostimulants. Considering that histone acetylation regulates transcriptional activity and contributes to drug-induced behavioral changes, we addressed the hypothesis that SD induces transcriptional changes by histone modifications associated with the acquisition of place conditioning. After a fourth defeat, H3(K9) acetylation was decreased in the hippocampus, while there was an increase of HAT and a decrease of HDAC levels in the cortex. Three weeks after the last defeat, mice displayed an increase in histone H4(K12) acetylation and an upregulation of histone acetyl transferase (HAT) activity in the hippocampus. In addition, H3(K4)me3, which is closely associated with transcriptional initiation, was also augmented in the hippocampus three weeks after the last defeat. Inhibition of HAT by curcumin (100mg/kg) before each SD blocked the increase in the conditioned reinforcing effects of 1mg/kg of cocaine, while inhibition of HDAC by valproic acid (500mg/kg) before social stress potentiated cocaine-induced CPP. Preference was reinstated when animals received a priming dose of 0.5mg/kg of cocaine, an effect that was absent in untreated defeated mice. These results suggest that the experience of SD induces chromatin remodeling, alters histone acetylation and methylation, and modifies the effects of cocaine on place conditioning. They also point to epigenetic mechanisms as potential avenues leading to new treatments for the long-term effects of social stress on drug addiction.
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Effects of Cannabinoid Exposure during Adolescence on the Conditioned Rewarding Effects of WIN 55212-2 and Cocaine in Mice: Influence of the Novelty-Seeking Trait. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:6481862. [PMID: 26881125 PMCID: PMC4736006 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6481862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent exposure to cannabinoids enhances the behavioural effects of cocaine, and high novelty-seeking trait predicts greater sensitivity to the conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by this drug. Our aim was to evaluate the influence of novelty-seeking on the effects of adolescent cannabinoid exposure. Adolescent male mice were classified as high or low novelty seekers (HNS and LNS) in the hole-board test. First, we evaluated the CPP induced by the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55212-2 (0.05 and 0.075 mg/kg, i.p.) in HNS and LNS mice. Then, HNS and LNS mice were pretreated i.p. with vehicle, WIN 55212-2 (0.1 mg/kg), or cannabinoid antagonist rimonabant (1 mg/kg) and were subsequently conditioned with WIN 55212-2 (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.) or cocaine (1 or 6 mg/kg, i.p.). Only HNS mice conditioned with the 0.075 mg/kg dose acquired CPP with WIN 55212-2. Adolescent exposure to this cannabinoid agonist increased the rewarding effects of 1 mg/kg of cocaine in both HNS and LNS mice, and in HNS mice it also increased the reinstating effect of a low dose of cocaine. Our results endorse a role for individual differences such as a higher propensity for sensation-seeking in the development of addiction.
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Long-term effects of repeated social stress on the conditioned place preference induced by MDMA in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 63:98-109. [PMID: 26093344 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that social defeat stress increases the rewarding effects of psychostimulant drugs such as cocaine and amphetamine. In the present study we evaluated the long-term effects of repeated social defeat (RSD) on the rewarding effects of ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) hydrochloride in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Adolescent and young adult mice were exposed to four episodes of social defeat (on PND 29-40 and PND 47-56, respectively) and were conditioned three weeks later with 1.25 or 10mg/kg i.p. of MDMA (experiment 1). The long-term effects of RSD on anxiety, social behavior and cognitive processes were also evaluated in adult mice (experiment 2). RSD during adolescence enhanced vulnerability to priming-induced reinstatement in animals conditioned with 1.25mg/kg of MDMA and increased the duration of the CPP induced by the 10mg/kg of MDMA. The latter effect was also observed after RSD in young adult mice, as well as an increase in anxiety-like behavior, an alteration in social interaction (reduction in attack and increase in avoidance/flee and defensive/submissive behaviors) and an impairment of maze learning. These results support the idea that RSD stress increases the rewarding effects of MDMA and induces long-term alterations in anxiety, learning and social behavior in adult mice. Thus, exposure to stress may increase the vulnerability of individuals to developing MDMA dependence, which is a factor to be taken into account in relation to the prevention and treatment of this disorder.
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P-69TLR4 ELIMINATION PREVENTS LONG-LASTING ETHANOL EFFECTS ON COCAINE-INDUCED CONDITIONED PLACE PREFERENCE IN ADOLESCENT MICE. Alcohol Alcohol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv080.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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P-70REPEATED SOCIAL STRESS REVERSED ETHANOL-INDUCED CONDITIONED PLACE AVERSION IN MALE MICE. Alcohol Alcohol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv080.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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SY07-2ACTIVATION OF TLR4 RESPONSE TRIGGERS LONG-TERM SYNAPTIC, MYELIN AND COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTIONS AND CAUSES EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN BRAIN OF ADOLESCENT MICE WITH INTERMITTENT ETHANOL TREATMENT. Alcohol Alcohol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv076.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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P-71ADOLESCENT ETHANOL EXPOSURE INDUCES LONG-TERM MEMORY DEFICITS AND POTENTIATES THE MEMORY IMPAIRMENT INDUCED BY COCAINE WITHDRAWAL IN ADULT MICE. Alcohol Alcohol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv080.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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SY29-3SOCIAL DEFEAT IN ADOLESCENT MICE INCREASES VULNERABILITY TO ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION. Alcohol Alcohol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv076.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cocaine enhances the conditioned rewarding effects of MDMA in adolescent mice. Brain Res Bull 2015; 113:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Neurochemical Substrates of MDMA Reward: Effects of the Inhibition of Serotonin Reuptake on the Acquisition and Reinstatement of MDMA-induced CPP. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:7050-64. [DOI: 10.2174/138161281940131209143632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Effects of risperidone on the acquisition and reinstatement of the conditioned place preference induced by MDMA. Brain Res Bull 2013; 98:36-43. [PMID: 23892054 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Some users of 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) abuse this drug and/or become concerned about their use. These individuals would benefit greatly from the development of pharmacological strategies to reduce MDMA consumption. We have previously observed that antipsychotics block acquisition and expression of the conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by MDMA, though they do not modify priming-induced reinstatement of MDMA-induced CPP after extinction. In the present study we have evaluated the capacity of the mixed serotonin (5-HT2A)/dopamine (DA D2) antagonist risperidone to block acquisition and reinstatement of MDMA induced-CPP. Adolescent male mice conditioned with 10mg/kg of MDMA were treated with 0.1 or 0.3mg/kg of risperidone during acquisition of conditioning (experiment 1) or before the reinstatement test (experiment 2). Risperidone was devoid of motivational effects in the CPP paradigm, but the higher dose blocked acquisition of the MDMA-induced CPP. This behavioural effect was accompanied by an increase in the level of dopamine transporters in the striatum. However, risperidone had no effects on reinstatement of the CPP induced by a priming of MDMA. Our results suggest that risperidone induces the same effects as other antipsychotics, in which case its efficacy for treating MDMA abuse is limited.
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Age- and sex-related differences in the acquisition and reinstatement of ethanol CPP in mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2011; 34:108-15. [PMID: 21843635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many people begin to experiment with alcohol during adolescence, an important developmental period during which sex differences in the effects of ethanol appear. In the present study we evaluated the effect of ethanol (0, 0.625, 1.25 or 2.5 g/kg) on the acquisition of a conditioned place preference (CPP) in early and late adolescent male and female mice. In addition, we assessed the capacity of ethanol to induce reinstatement of the CPP after its extinction. CPP was induced in early and late adolescent females with 2.5 g/kg, and in early adolescent males with 1.25 or 2.5 g/kg of ethanol. No CPP was observed in late adolescent males. Priming with ethanol reinstated the CPP induced by the highest dose in early adolescent male and early and late adolescent female mice. Our data suggest that early adolescents of both sex and late adolescent females are particularly vulnerable to the effects of ethanol.
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Effect of adolescent exposure to MDMA and cocaine on acquisition and reinstatement of morphine-induce CPP. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:701-9. [PMID: 18164530 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that an elevated percentage of ecstasy users also consume cocaine. Recently, it has been reported that a high frequency of heroin smokers first consumed heroin under the effects of ecstasy with the hope of reducing the stimulant effects of the latter drug. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of exposure to MDMA and cocaine during adolescence on morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and reinstatement in adulthood. In the first experiment, adolescent mice were exposed to six injections of MDMA and three weeks later their response to the reinforcing properties of 40 mg/kg of morphine was evaluated using the CPP paradigm. All the treatment groups developed the same magnitude of morphine-induced preference and, after CPP was extinguished, it was restored in all the groups with a priming dose of 10 mg/kg of morphine. Only mice that had been treated with 10 or 20 mg/kg of MDMA had their morphine-induced preference reinstated after receiving only 5 mg/kg of morphine. In the second experiment, adolescent mice were similarly treated with six administrations of cocaine (25 mg/kg) or cocaine plus MDMA (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg), and their response to morphine-induce CPP was evaluated three weeks later. Similarly to the first experiment, all the groups developed a preference for the morphine-paired compartment, but this preference was not reinstated with a priming dose of 10 mg/kg of morphine following extinction, as was the case among the control animals. These results lead us to hypothesize that periadolescent MDMA exposure alters responsiveness to the rewarding properties of morphine, highlighting MDMA as a gateway drug whose use may increase the likelihood of dependence on other drugs.
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Effect of memantine and CNQX in the acquisition, expression and reinstatement of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31:932-9. [PMID: 17395352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the effect of memantine, a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonist and CNQX, an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)/kainate receptor antagonist on the rewarding effects of cocaine in mice, using the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Cocaine-induced CPP was studied pairing this drug with different memantine or CNQX doses during either the acquisition or the expression phase of the procedure. Once CPP was established, and the preference extinguished, reinstatement was induced by a priming dose of cocaine. Both antagonists, which in themselves do not present motivational actions on the preference shown by the animals, abolished the acquisition and expression of the cocaine-induced CPP. Neither of the antagonists precipitated reinstatement of the preference induced by cocaine but memantine blocked the cocaine-primed reinstatement. Our results suggest that cocaine-induced CPP and reinstatement is largely dependent on glutamate neurotransmission, and confer a putative role for memantine among the tools useful for cocaine management and treatment.
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Social stress is as effective as physical stress in reinstating morphine-induced place preference in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 185:459-70. [PMID: 16555060 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0345-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Relapse to drug-seeking in abstinent heroin addicts and reinstatement in experimental animals are observed when exposed to drug-associated stimuli or cues, the drug itself, and stressful events. It has been shown that footshock-induced stress increases the rewarding effects of opiates, delays extinction, and induces the reinstatement of drug-seeking. However, the effects of social stress on the reinstatement of opiate-seeking after extinction has not been studied. OBJECTIVES The role of physical (restraint and tail pinch) and social (social defeat) stressors on the reinstatement of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was evaluated. METHODS Adult male OF1 mice were conditioned with 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg of morphine or saline. Only morphine-conditioned animals acquired CPP. All mice underwent extinction sessions until the CPP was extinguished. Then, the effects of physical or social stress on the reinstatement of CPP were evaluated. Morphine- and saline-conditioned animals were exposed to the respective stressor or control stress condition immediately or 15 min before reinstatement tests. In experiment 1, animals underwent restraint for 15 min. In experiment 2, animals were exposed to tail pinch or placed in a cage without any manipulation for 15 min. In experiment 3, animals performed an agonistic encounter with an isolated or anosmic mouse or were placed in a cage without any social contact or manipulation. RESULTS Restraint, tail pinch, and social defeat in an agonistic encounter with an isolated mouse produce the reinstatement of CPP in morphine-conditioned animals. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that social stress is as effective as physical stress in reinstating morphine-seeking.
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Abstract
The cross-reinstatement by psychostimulants of a conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by morphine was evaluated in mice. In Experiment 1, we examined the effects of a single dose of cocaine and amphetamine on a previously extinguished morphine CPP. After acquisition of CPP induced by morphine (40 mg/kg), animals underwent daily extinction sessions of 15 min duration until the CPP was extinguished. Subsequently, animals received a non-contingent injection of cocaine (25 mg/kg) or amphetamine (4 mg/kg), which produced the reinstatement of the extinguished morphine-induced CPP. In Experiment 2, we evaluated the reinstating effects of several priming doses of cocaine (Experiment 2A) or amphetamine (Experiment 2B). As in the first experiment, after conditioning with morphine (40 mg/kg), mice underwent daily 15 min extinction sessions. When the preference was no longer evident, we tested the effects of cocaine (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg) and amphetamine (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg) on the reinstatement of CPP. Doses from 12.5 mg/kg of cocaine upward and doses from 1 mg/kg of amphetamine upward effectively reinstated CPP. Our results demonstrate cross-reinstatement with psychostimulants and opiates, suggesting that in abstinent individuals, drug exposure can produce craving for the previously abused drug and relapse.
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Long-lasting rewarding effects of morphine induced by drug primings. Brain Res 2005; 1050:53-63. [PMID: 15967418 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the persistence of the rewarding effects of morphine, the acquisition, maintenance, extinction and reinstatement of a conditioned place preference (CPP) was assessed in OF1 mice. In Experiment 1, the persistence of morphine-induced CPP was evaluated weekly. Mice showed CPP after four sessions of conditioning with 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg of morphine, which lasted 0, 1, 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. In Experiment 2, after four sessions of conditioning with 40 mg/kg of morphine, the effects of four schedules of extinction differing in the time interval (2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks) between sessions were evaluated. CPP was no longer evident after 8 weeks for the groups examined each 2 or 8 weeks and after 12 weeks for the groups examined each 4 and 6 weeks. After extinction, the reinstating effects of a priming dose of 20 mg/kg of morphine were demonstrated. This procedure of extinction/reinstatement was repeated with a decreasing priming dose of morphine (10, 5, 2.5 and 1.25 mg/kg) until a noneffective dose was found. These results show that morphine-induced CPP is very persistent over time, suggesting that drug exposure induces long-lasting changes in the brain, which supports the idea that drug addiction must be considered as a chronic, lifelong disorder.
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Prenatal cocaine exposure alters spontaneous and cocaine-induced motor and social behaviors. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2005; 27:449-57. [PMID: 15939204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2005.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of cocaine in pregnant women could affect emotional behaviors in their descendents. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on spontaneous and cocaine-induced motor and social behaviors in mice. Three kinds of prenatal treatment were used: non-treated animals; mice treated daily with physiological saline during the last week of pregnancy; and finally, those treated with cocaine (25 mg/kg) during the same period. Behavioral studies took place on adult males, which were housed in two different conditions: grouped (non-aggressive), or isolated (aggressive). Cocaine-pretreated animals exhibited slight differences in spontaneous motor activity, but alterations in their social relationship with conspecifics were presented, with decreases in isolated but increases in grouped mice. The cocaine challenge increased aggression specifically in grouped prenatally cocaine-treated mice, but increases in motor activity or avoidance and flee behavior were presented in those animals pretreated with either saline or cocaine. Isolated saline-or cocaine-treated animals exhibited greater concentrations of DA and DOPAC than those grouped. A decrease in 5-HIAA concentrations was presented in pretreated animals, irrespective of their housing conditions. In conclusion, cocaine administration during pregnancy induces long lasting effects on the offspring, for both behavioral abnormalities and cocaine response, which last to adult life.
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NMDA glutamate but not dopamine antagonists blocks drug-induced reinstatement of morphine place preference. Brain Res Bull 2005; 64:493-503. [PMID: 15639545 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dopaminergic and glutamatergic antagonists on the drug-induced reinstatement of a previously extinguished morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) in mice were evaluated. Following extinction of a place preference induced by morphine (40 mg/kg), a non-contingent injection of the dopaminergic antagonists SCH 23390 (0.125, 0.5 mg/kg), raclopride (0.3, 1.2 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.1, 0.2 mg/kg) and the dopamine (DA) release inhibitor CGS 10746B (1, 10 mg/kg) or glutamatergic NMDA antagonists memantine (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) and MK-801 (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mg/kg) alone or with 10 mg/kg morphine was given. Neither the dopaminergic nor the glutamatergic antagonists alone reinstated the place preference. Dopamine antagonists failed to block the morphine-induced reinstatement of place preference while memantine and MK-801 blocked it with intermediate and high doses. These results suggest that drug-induced reinstatement of place preference may be largely independent of dopamine and more closely related to glutamatergic neurotransmission.
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Social behavioural profile of cocaine in isolated and grouped male mice. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 76:115-23. [PMID: 15488335 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2003] [Revised: 04/13/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies concerning the relationship between cocaine and aggression in humans as well as in animals have discrepant outcomes. Increases, decreases, or no changes, have been reported after single or chronic cocaine administration in animal models. To clarify, at least in part, the complex behavioural actions of cocaine, the present study evaluated cocaine effects on social behaviours of mice exposed to different situations (isolated or group housed) using confrontations between two male mice in a neutral area. Different doses of cocaine (6, 25 and 50 mg/kg) were administered in a single or binge pattern (three doses in 24 h) and the behavioural test was performed 20 min after the last injection. No increases in aggression were observed in any situation tested. Instead, cocaine at the two higher doses employed (either in single or binge administration), decreased aggressive behaviours in isolated mice, with no changes being observed in grouped animals. In both types of animals, cocaine increased defensive elements (avoidance/flee) and abolishes social contacts. In conclusion, cocaine presents an anti-aggressive action and may be interpreted as having an anxiogenic-like effect.
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Abstract
To construct a model of relapse of drug abuse in mice, the induction, we evaluated the extinction and reinstatement of morphine-induced place preference. In Experiment 1, we examined the effects of morphine (0, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Mice showed CPP with 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg. In Experiment 2, we evaluated the effects of two different extinction procedures. After conditioning with 40 mg/kg of morphine, the mice underwent daily extinction sessions of 60 or 15 min of duration. CPP was extinguished after seven and nine sessions, respectively. In Experiment 3, we tested the reinstating effects of several priming doses of morphine. Mice were conditioned with 40 mg/kg of morphine and underwent the daily 15 min extinction sessions until CPP was no longer evident. Then, the effects of morphine (0, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg, i.p.) were evaluated. CPP was reinstated by doses from 5 mg/kg upward. The results show that morphine priming injections are effective in reactivating opiate-seeking behavior in mice, and thus, the CPP paradigm might be useful to investigate the mechanisms underlying relapse of drug abuse.
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Memantine presents different effects from MK-801 in motivational and physical signs of morphine withdrawal. Behav Brain Res 2003; 144:25-35. [PMID: 12946592 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive changes in neural systems due to chronic opiate exposure are related to the neural plasticity phenomenon, NMDA receptors being implicated in these processes, e.g. tolerance, dependence or withdrawal. In this work, we investigated the effect of two non-competitive NMDA antagonists, memantine and MK-801, in motivational (Conditioned Place Aversion paradigm, CPA) and physical aspects of morphine withdrawal. After the induction of morphine dependence, animals in which the CPA was studied, received memantine (5 and 10 mg/kg) or MK-801 (0.3-0.006 mg/kg) either during the acquisition (conditioning) or expression (test) phase of this procedure. Both drugs were capable of inhibiting conditioned aversion when administered in any phase. In a second experiment, the effects of these drugs were evaluated in the intensity of the physical signs of withdrawal, only memantine administration being efficient. In addition to these studies, the intensity of morphine dependence was investigated under the blockade of NMDA receptors, i.e. morphine was co-administered with memantine or MK-801. These animals did not develop CPA and present less intensity in the physical signs of morphine withdrawal. Our results support the idea that NMDA receptors are involved in the behavioural changes and therefore in the neural adaptations produced by repeated morphine administration.
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Abstract
There are several reports suggesting that gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) influences the endogenous opioid system. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of GHB on motor and social activities and to examine its influence on morphine's actions on these behaviours. In a first experiment, several doses of GHB were studied but only the highest (200 and 400 mg/kg) produced a decrease in spontaneous motor activity measured in an actimeter cage. When hyperactivity induced by injecting 50 mg/kg of morphine was evaluated, all the GHB doses efficiently counteracted this morphine action. Using the paradigm of isolation-induced aggression, administration of 200 mg/kg of GHB significantly decreased threat and attack without impairing motor activity and, in addition, increased time spent in social contact. GHB increased morphine's suppression of threat or nonsocial exploratory behaviours. In conclusion, the interaction between GHB and the opioid systems was confirmed, with the drug having an additive effect on morphine-affected social behaviours but counteracting morphine-induced increases in motor activity.
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Abstract
Environment previously paired with morphine withdrawal leads to conditioned physical signs of withdrawal, this effect being modulated by additional exposition to morphine administration. In this study, the putative role of dopamine in conditioned withdrawal signs is evaluated by administering the dopamine release inhibitor CGS 10746B prior to suffering two naloxone-induced withdrawals in a distinctive environment associated or not with morphine administration. The results show that dopamine seems to be necessary for the development of conditioned somatic signs of morphine withdrawal, as animals which received CGS 10746B do not present paw tremor or body shakes when they are placed in the environment paired with two previously induced withdrawals. On the other hand, the conditioned decrease in aggression is not affected by the dopamine release inhibitor. Taken together, our results confirm a critical role for dopamine in the processes of conditioning to the aversive physical signs of withdrawal.
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Abstract
The action of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blocker memantine (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) was evaluated during social encounters in mice. Although a dose-dependent increase in locomotion was observed, only with the highest dose did it reach statistical significance. Aggressive behavior was decreased with 20 and 40 mg/kg of memantine, social contacts being increased only with 20 mg/kg. Subsequently, the effect of these memantine doses on the antiaggressive actions of morphine (10 mg/kg) was evaluated. None of the doses affected the antiaggressive action of morphine. As memantine administration produced an antiaggressive effect only at doses that affected locomotion, it is unlikely that the glutamatergic system mediates the antiaggressive actions of morphine.
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Abstract
The effects of CGS 10746B, a dopamine release inhibitor, on spontaneous locomotor activity, morphine-induced hyperactivity, acquisition of conditioned place paradigm and morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) was evaluated in male mice. In experiment 1, animals treated with CGS 10746B (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 32 mg/kg), morphine (40 mg/kg) or morphine (40 mg/kg) plus CGS 10746B (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 32 mg/kg) were placed in an actimeter during a period of 90 min. In experiment 2, animals treated with CGS 10746B (0.5, 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg), morphine (40 mg/kg) or morphine (40 mg/kg) plus CGS 10746B (0.5, 1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) were conditioned following a procedure unbiased in terms of initial spontaneous preference. In experiment 1, it was found that a decrease in spontaneous locomotor activity was produced between 0 and 45 min after administration of 24 and 32 mg/kg of CGS 10746B. In contrast, morphine induced hyperactivity between 45 and 90 min after administration. CGS 10746B reduced morphine-induced hyperactivity with doses of 2 mg/kg and higher. In experiment 2, CGS 10746B did not produce any effect on place conditioning but blocked morphine-induced CPP with doses from 1 mg/kg upwards. Our results confirm that an intact dopamine neurotransmission is critical for the manifestation of the motor and place preference conditioning effects of morphine.
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38
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Abstract
Many reports have demonstrated that there is a development of tolerance to many effects produced by morphine. This study was conducted with the aim of determining whether the antiaggressive actions of morphine develop tolerance after chronic administration. Acute morphine administration produced antiaggressive effects which disappeared after chronic (7 days) treatment in isolated mice. An increase in non-social exploration was observed, representing morphine-induced hyperactivity, after acute treatment, which was not present after chronic administration. In conclusion, there is a development of tolerance to the antiaggressive and motor effects of morphine.
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Effects of dopamine antagonists with different receptor blockade profiles on morphine-induced place preference in male mice. Behav Brain Res 2001; 121:189-97. [PMID: 11275296 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dopamine (DA) antagonists with different selectivity for the DA receptors (SCH 23390, 0.5, 0.25, 0.125 mg/kg; haloperidol, 0.2, 0.1 mg/kg; raclopride, 1.2, 0.6, 0.3 mg/kg; risperidone, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1 mg/kg; U-99194A maleate, 40, 20 mg/kg; clozapine, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625 mg/kg) on the acquisition of place conditioning and morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) were explored in male mice. Morphine (40 mg/kg) produced CPP while SCH 23390, haloperidol and clozapine (highest dose) and risperidone (lowest dose) produced conditioned place aversion (CPA). Raclopride and U-99194A maleate did not produce CPP or CPA. Morphine-induced CPP was reversed by the administration of SCH 23390 and risperidone (all doses), haloperidol (highest dose) and raclopride and clozapine (intermediate and lowest doses). U-99194A maleate did not reverse morphine-induced CPP. These results suggest that the conditioned rewarding effects of morphine are mediated by the different subtypes of DA receptors.
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Naloxone-induced opiate withdrawal produces long-lasting and context-independent changes in aggressive and social behaviors of postdependent male mice. Behav Neurosci 2000. [PMID: 10832802 DOI: 10.1037//0735-7044.114.2.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether an environment associated with naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal affects aggressive or social behaviors in postdependent mice. Morphine-dependent or saline-treated mice received 3 naloxone injections in 1 of 2 different environments (A or B); 15 days afterward, when the mice were completely drug free, an aggression test was carried out in Environment A. All the mice suffering morphine withdrawal showed a significant increase in aggression, irrespective of the environment in which the withdrawal took place. In these conditions, the impact of morphine dependence and the 3 induced withdrawals was so profound that the environment could not be discriminative. In addition, modifications in the behavioral profile of postdependent mice that suffered only spontaneous withdrawal were long-lasting, with the mice carrying out more attacks during social investigation without presenting threat postures.
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Predicting how equipotent doses of chlorpromazine, haloperidol, sulpiride, raclopride and clozapine reduce locomotor activity in mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2000; 10:159-64. [PMID: 10793317 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(00)00070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Distinguishing the specific effects of neuroleptics on one particular behaviour from its non-specific effects on motility is not easy. In this study, the effects of five neuroleptics on spontaneous motor activity were compared and the ED(50) values of these drugs to impair activity were calculated. Male and female mice were evaluated in an actimeter or in a shuttle-box used as an open field after the administration of chlorpromazine (0.4, 1.2, 3.6 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.1, 0.3, 0.9 mg/kg), raclopride (0.1, 0.3, 0.9 mg/kg), sulpiride (10, 30, 90 mg/kg) and clozapine (0.4, 1.2, 3.6 mg/kg), and two automatic and two observational activity measures were obtained. A very high correlation between automatic and observational measures, absence of sex differences, and a dose-dependent decrease of activity were observed with every compound. The results allow us to make accurate comparisons between these drugs in their potency in reducing spontaneous motor activity.
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Lack of specific effects of selective D(1) and D(2) dopamine antagonists vs. risperidone on morphine-induced hyperactivity. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000; 66:189-97. [PMID: 10837860 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00207-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, three different dopamine antagonists were challenged in order to counteract hyperactivity induced by 50 mg/kg of morphine. A wide range of doses of morphine (50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, or 3.12 mg/kg) were evaluated on spontaneous locomotor activity. A significant increase was observed only with the two higher doses tested (25 and 50 mg/kg). No decrease was found with any of the doses used at any period of time. After analyzing doses of SCH 23390 (0.5, 0.1, and 0.05 mg/kg), raclopride (0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 mg/kg) and risperidone (0.1, 0.05, and 0.025 mg/kg) administered alone, only the 0.5 mg/kg dose of SCH 23390 decreased locomotor activity. The three compounds counteracted morphine-induced hyperactivity, but with SCH 23390 it was only achieved with the dose of 0.5 mg/kg, which also decreased spontaneous locomotor activity and induced catalepsy. On the other hand, raclopride and risperidone neutralized morphine-induced hyperactivity at doses that did not affect locomotor activity, although the former induced catalepsy when administered with morphine. It is concluded that although the blockade of D(1) and D(2) DA receptors decreases morphine-induced hyperactivity, this action is not specific, contrary to the action of risperidone, which counteracts this hyperactivity without any other motor effects.
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Different inhibition of conditioned avoidance response by clozapine and DA D1 and D2 antagonists in male mice. Behav Neurosci 2000; 114:389-400. [PMID: 10832799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of clozapine (2.5 and 5 mg/kg), SCH 23390 (0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg), and raclopride (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) on the acquisition and performance of a conditioned avoidance response (CAR) were studied in BALB/C mice. The high dose of clozapine decreased avoidances and crossings in acquisition and performance. SCH 23390 had no effect on acquisition, whereas a decrease of avoidances and crossings was produced by the high dose in performance. The high dose of raclopride decreased avoidances and crossings in acquisition but had no effects on performance. The results suggest that the mechanisms by which these drugs affect avoidance are not the same. This difference may reflect an action on different subtypes of DA receptors that produces different effects on motor behavior. It seems that in all cases where CAR is impaired, locomotor activity is also suppressed; therefore, a parsimonious interpretation is that the CAR procedure is sensitive to motor effects.
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Naloxone-induced opiate withdrawal produces long-lasting and context-independent changes in aggressive and social behaviors of postdependent male mice. Behav Neurosci 2000; 114:424-30. [PMID: 10832802 DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.114.2.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether an environment associated with naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal affects aggressive or social behaviors in postdependent mice. Morphine-dependent or saline-treated mice received 3 naloxone injections in 1 of 2 different environments (A or B); 15 days afterward, when the mice were completely drug free, an aggression test was carried out in Environment A. All the mice suffering morphine withdrawal showed a significant increase in aggression, irrespective of the environment in which the withdrawal took place. In these conditions, the impact of morphine dependence and the 3 induced withdrawals was so profound that the environment could not be discriminative. In addition, modifications in the behavioral profile of postdependent mice that suffered only spontaneous withdrawal were long-lasting, with the mice carrying out more attacks during social investigation without presenting threat postures.
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Chronic moderate hyperammonemia impairs active and passive avoidance behavior and conditional discrimination learning in rats. Exp Neurol 2000; 161:704-13. [PMID: 10686089 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1999.7299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral dysfunction associated with hepatic encephalopathy is generally considered to have hyperammonemia as one of its main causes. Hyperammonemia impairs the neuronal glutamate-nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway and the induction of NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. We studied the performance of pre/neonatally and postnatally exposed rats to hyperammonemia on active avoidance, passive avoidance, and conditional discrimination tasks. Pre/neonatal hyperammonemia slowed learning of active avoidance behaviors and impaired memory for the passive avoidance task while postnatal hyperammonemia impaired learning on the conditional discrimination task. Hyperammonemia thus may produce cognitive disturbances that relate to the effects of ammonia on the neuronal glutamate-nitric oxide-cyclic GMP pathway.
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Different inhibition of conditioned avoidance response by clozapine and DA D₁ and D₂ antagonists in male mice. Behav Neurosci 2000. [DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.114.2.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Long-term effects of postovulatory aging of mouse oocytes on offspring: a two-generational study. Biol Reprod 1999; 61:1347-55. [PMID: 10529284 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod61.5.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims of this study were to analyze the long-term effects of postovulatory aging of mouse oocytes on 1) reproductive traits of parental (F(0)) and first (F(1))-generation females (pregnancy rate, gestation length, litter size, perinatal death, and sex ratio of offspring) and 2) developmental and behavioral variables of F(1) and second-generation (F(2)) offspring (birth weight and weight gain during preweaning development, postnatal day of attainment of immediate righting, spontaneous motor activity, and passive and active conditioned learning ability). Hybrid (C57BL/6JIco x CBA/JIco) females were artificially inseminated at 13 h (control group) or 22 h (oocyte-aged group) after GnRH injection. Experimental (oocyte-aged group) F(0) females exhibited lower pregnancy rate, shortened gestation length, decreased litter size, higher perinatal death of their pups, and increased percentage of male offspring compared to control F(0) females. Postovulatory aging of oocytes was also associated with increased number of growth-retarded pups, delayed development of the righting reflex, and higher spontaneous motor activity and emotionality of F(1) offspring. Postovulatory aging of F(0) oocytes did not affect birth weight, weight gain during preweaning development, passive and active conditioned learning ability of F(1) offspring, or reproductive traits of F(1) females or developmental and behavior variables of F(2) offspring.
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Abstract
Dopamine seems to play a very important role in aggressive behavior observed in morphine withdrawal. The effect of SCH 23390 (0.5 mg/kg), raclopride (0.3 mg/kg), and haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) on morphine withdrawal-induced aggression has been studied in this work. Mice were rendered dependent by a daily injection of morphine (2.5 mg/kg) for 14 days. Three different experiments were carried out with the objective to evaluate the antiaggressive effect of the dopamine antagonists on: first, spontaneous morphine withdrawal; second, naloxone-induced withdrawal; and third, naloxone-induced withdrawal after previous administration of the neuroleptics. Thirty minutes after injection of the dopamine antagonists, experimental animals were confronted in a neutral area with anosmic, group-housed conspecifics (standard opponents), and aggression was evaluated by estimation of times allocated to 11 different behavioral categories. Morphine withdrawal produced an increase in aggressive behavior and a decrease in social and nonsocial behaviors. The three neuroleptics counteracted this aggression, but when SCH 23390 (selective D1 antagonist) and haloperidol (mixed D1/D2 antagonist) were administered in naloxone-induced withdrawal, the effect was greater in comparison to the spontaneous withdrawal. However, no changes were observed after raclopride administration (selective D2 antagonist). In conclusion, the alterations in the dopaminergic system produced by opiate withdrawal depend on the type of withdrawal produced, and this produces a change in the antiaggressive potency of the dopamine antagonists.
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The dopamine D3 antagonist U-99194A maleate increases social behaviors of isolation-induced aggressive male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999; 144:90-4. [PMID: 10379629 DOI: 10.1007/s002130050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Blockade of D1/D2 dopamine receptors produce an antiaggressive action commonly associated with an impairment of other motor behaviors. The D3 receptor seems to present opposite actions to the D1 and D2, since the blockade of this receptor produces stimulation of motor activity which has been associated with an increase in dopamine neurotransmission. OBJECTIVE In this work, the action of the dopamine D3 antagonist U-99194a maleate on locomotor activity and in a social interaction test in male mice was evaluated. METHODS Animals isolated during 30 days were treated with U-99194a maleate (20-40 mg/kg) or saline and locomotor activity was measured 20 min after drug administration. The behavioral interaction test was performed afterwards, between the experimental isolated animal and a standard opponent. RESULTS The higher dose used produces a significant decrease in spontaneous motor activity and presents an antiaggressive action without impairment of other behaviors, such as nonsocial exploration or immobility. At all doses tested, U-99194a maleate significantly increases social investigation. CONCLUSIONS Our results give support to the hypothesis that the D3 receptor could play a role in emotional behaviors.
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The effects of dopamine D2 and D3 antagonists on spontaneous motor activity and morphine-induced hyperactivity in male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999; 143:82-8. [PMID: 10227083 DOI: 10.1007/s002130050922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Dopaminergic neurotransmission, in particular the mesolimbic pathway, is involved in spontaneous locomotor activity and in morphine-induced hyperactivity, since the drugs acting on DA receptors can modify the action of morphine and this effect could be dependent on the type of DA receptor affected. OBJECTIVE In this study, the action of U-99194A maleate, haloperidol, sulpiride and morphine (5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg) on locomotor activity in male mice was evaluated. Likewise, the effects of these dopaminergic antagonists on morphine-induced hyperactivity were studied. METHODS Animals treated with U-99194A maleate (2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.075, 0.1 mg/kg), sulpiride (20, 40 mg/kg), or morphine (5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg), and animals treated with these neuroleptics plus morphine were tested in an actimetre at different time points. RESULTS It was found that an increase in locomotor activity was produced between 0 and 30 min after the administration of 20 mg/kg U-99194A maleate and between 30 and 60 min after the administration of 20 and 40 mg/kg morphine. This dose of U-99194A maleate and the high dose of sulpiride reverts the hyperactivity induced by 20 mg/kg morphine. Haloperidol reversed the hyperactivity induced by all doses of morphine. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm that the action of DA D2 and D3 receptors could be dependent on the dopaminergic state, in this case modified by the action of morphine.
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