Reliability assessment of new radiographic scales to evaluate radiolucency and bony in-between fin growth of partially cemented all-polyethylene glenoid components

BACKGROUND

Current methods available for assessment of radiolucency and in-between fin (IBF) growth of a glenoid component have not undergone interobserver reliability testing for an all-polyethylene fluted central peg (FCP) glenoid. The purpose of this study was to evaluate anteroposterior radiographs of an FCP glenoid component at ≥48 months comparing commonly used scales to a new method adapted to the FCP. Our hypothesis was that the new method would result in acceptable intra- and interobserver agreement and a more accurate description of radiographic findings.

METHODS

We reviewed ≥48-month follow-up radiographs of patients treated with a primary aTSA using an FCP glenoid. Eighty-three patients were included in the review. Radiographs were evaluated by 5 reviewers using novel IBF radiodensity and radiolucency assessments and the Wirth and Lazarus methods. To assess intraobserver reliability, a subset of 40 images was reviewed. Kappa statistics were calculated to determine intra- and interobserver reliability; correlations were assessed using Pearson correlation.

RESULTS

Interobserver agreement (κ score) was as follows: IBF 0.71, radiolucency 0.68, Wirth 0.48, and Lazarus 0.22. Intraobserver agreement ranges were as follows: IBF radiodensity 0.36-0.67, radiolucency 0.55-0.62, Wirth 0.11-0.73, and Lazarus 0.04-0.46. Correlation analysis revealed the following: IBF to Wirth r = 0.93, radiolucency to Lazarus r = 0.92 (P value <.001 for all).

CONCLUSION

This study introduces a radiographic assessment method developed specifically for an FCP glenoid component. Results show high interobserver and acceptable intraobserver reliability for the method presented in this study. The new scales provide a more accurate description of radiographic findings, helping to identify glenoid components that may be at risk for loosening.

Combination of meta-analysis of QTL and GWAS to uncover the genetic architecture of seed yield and seed yield components in common bean

Increasing seed yield in common bean could help to improve food security and reduce malnutrition globally due to the high nutritional quality of this crop. However, the complex genetic architecture and prevalent genotype by environment interactions for seed yield makes increasing genetic gains challenging. The aim of this study was to identify the most consistent genomic regions related with seed yield components and phenology reported in the last 20 years in common bean. A meta-analysis of quantitative trait locus (QTL) for seed yield components and phenology (MQTL-YC) was performed for 394 QTL reported in 21 independent studies under sufficient water and drought conditions. In total, 58 MQTL-YC over different genetic backgrounds and environments were identified, reducing threefold on average the confidence interval (CI) compared with the CI for the initial QTL. Furthermore, 40 MQTL-YC identified were co-located with 210 SNP peak positions reported via genome-wide association (GWAS), guiding the identification of candidate genes. Comparative genomics among these MQTL-YC with MQTL-YC reported in soybean and pea allowed the identification of 14 orthologous MQTL-YC shared across species. The integration of MQTL-YC, GWAS, and comparative genomics used in this study is useful to uncover and refine the most consistent genomic regions related with seed yield components for their use in plant breeding.

Identifying Paucisymptomatic or Asymptomatic and Unrecognized Ebola Virus Disease Among Close Contacts Based on Exposure Risk Assessments and Screening Algorithms

BACKGROUND

There is limited evidence to evaluate screening algorithms with rapid antigen testing and exposure assessments as identification strategies for paucisymptomatic or asymptomatic Ebola virus (EBOV) infection and unrecognized EBOV disease (EVD).

METHODS

We used serostatus and self-reported postexposure symptoms from a cohort study to classify contact-participants as having no infection, paucisymptomatic or asymptomatic infection, or unrecognized EVD. Exposure risk was categorized as low, intermediate, or high. We created hypothetical scenarios to evaluate the World Health Organization (WHO) case definition with or without rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) or exposure assessments.

RESULTS

This analysis included 990 EVD survivors and 1909 contacts, of whom 115 (6%) had paucisymptomatic or asymptomatic EBOV infection, 107 (6%) had unrecognized EVD, and 1687 (88%) were uninfected. High-risk exposures were drivers of unrecognized EVD (adjusted odds ratio, 3.5 [95% confidence interval, 2.4-4.9]). To identify contacts with unrecognized EVD who test negative by the WHO case definition, the sensitivity was 96% with RDT (95% confidence interval, 91%-99%), 87% with high-risk exposure (82%-92%), and 97% with intermediate- to high-risk exposures (93%-99%). The proportion of false-positives was 2% with RDT and 53%-93% with intermediate- and/or high-risk exposures.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated the utility and trade-offs of sequential screening algorithms with RDT or exposure risk assessments as identification strategies for contacts with unrecognized EVD.

Elbow hemiarthroplasty for intra-articular distal humerus fractures: results and technique

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to report results of elbow hemiarthroplasty for comminuted, intra-articular distal humerus fractures in low-demand elderly female patients.

Methods

This is a retrospective case series of eight patients who underwent elbow hemiarthroplasty for comminuted, intra-articular distal humerus fractures between 2015 and 2019. Patients were considered for the procedure if the humeral fractures were deemed nonreconstructable by open reduction internal fixation. Patients were excluded if the extensor mechanism was not intact, evidence of significant ulnohumeral osteoarthritis, or a fracture to the proximal radius or ulna. A "triceps-on" approach was used in all cases. Appropriate sizing of the spool and length of the implant were determined by intraoperative fluoroscopy. Both ulnar collateral ligament and the lateral ulnar collateral ligaments were repaired through the central spool after final placement of the implant. Postoperative radiographs, clinical data, and the Mayo Elbow Performance Score were used to assess elbow pain and function.

Results

Seven patients were included in final analysis. One patient was excluded from final analysis after sustaining a ground-level elbow dislocation at 13 weeks postoperatively, which subsequently revised to total elbow arthroplasty. The average age at the final follow-up was 72.1 years and duration of follow-up was 29.9 months (range 11.4-58.8 months). Average elbow range of motion was 21° ± 15° extension, 135° ± 9° flexion, 87° ± 5° pronation and 84° ± 8° supination. The average Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 88.3 (range 85-95; or "good" to "excellent") at the final follow-up. Postoperative ulnar neuropathy was reported by one patient at the first postoperative visit. This was followed up clinically and evaluation at 24 months revealed mild residual sensory deficits and adequate strength and motor function.

Conclusion

Elbow hemiarthroplasty using the humeral component of the total elbow arthroplasty is an option for treatment of isolated, comminuted distal humerus fractures in select patient populations. The ideal candidates are elderly, low-demand, and able to adhere to postoperative activity and weight-bearing restrictions. Overall patient satisfaction with off-label use of humeral component of commercially available total elbow implants in the United States is promising, yet development of a more anatomic spool is warranted to further optimize outcomes intraoperatively. Some advantages of elbow hemiarthroplasty are a less-demanding operation and avoids complications associated with linked design including polyethylene wear, periprosthetic fracture, or implant loosening. Limitations of this study include small sample size and retrospective nature of the study.

Histologic Analysis of Porcine Dermal Graft Augmentation in Treatment of Rotator Cuff Tears

BACKGROUND

Biologic augmentation via extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds has been utilized to address rotator cuff tears with poor-quality tissue.

PURPOSE

To evaluate the cellular changes in graft explants taken from patients treated with porcine dermal grafts for rotator cuff tears.

STUDY DESIGN

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

METHODS

Four graft biopsy specimens were obtained from patients treated with porcine dermal grafts in an interposition technique for rotator cuff tears and compared with a nonimplanted graft and a normal rotator cuff specimen. Biopsy of the graft site was performed at 18 days, 3 months, 7 months, and 10.5 months after implantation. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to evaluate for cellular and vascular changes. Picrosirius red (PSR) stain with 90° polarized light was performed to evaluate collagen fibril size and orientation. All biopsy specimens were analyzed by a pathologist.

RESULTS

There was evidence of progressive remodeling of the porcine dermal grafts. The most mature grafts demonstrated vessel infiltration and extensive remodeling without evidence of inflammation, foreign body reaction, or tissue rejection. PSR demonstrated increased organization of collagen domains, resembling normal tendon by 10.5 months postoperatively.

CONCLUSION

This series suggests that ECM grafts may serve as an effective scaffold for host cell infiltration, collagen reorganization, and vascularization as a result of histologic changes demonstrated with retrieval of specimens from patients with rotator cuff tears that were augmented with porcine dermal grafts.

Reliability of the modified Walch classification for advanced glenohumeral osteoarthritis using 3-dimensional computed tomography analysis: a study of the ASES B2 Glenoid Multicenter Research Group

BACKGROUND

Variations in glenoid morphology affect surgical treatment and outcome of advanced glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to assess the inter- and intraobserver reliability of the modified Walch classification using 3-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) imaging in a multicenter research group.

METHODS

Deidentified preoperative CTs of patients with primary glenohumeral OA undergoing anatomic or reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) were reviewed with 3D imaging software by 23 experienced shoulder surgeons across 19 institutions. CTs were separated into 2 groups for review: group 1 (96 cases involving all modified Walch classification categories evaluated by 12 readers) and group 2 (98 cases involving posterior glenoid deformity categories [B2, B3, C1, C2] evaluated by 11 readers other than the first 12). Each case group was reviewed by the same set of readers 4 different times (with and without the glenoid vault model present), blindly and in random order. Inter- and intraobserver reliabilities were calculated to assess agreement (slight, fair, moderate, substantial, almost perfect) within groups and by modified Walch classification categories.

RESULTS

Interobserver reliability showed fair to moderate agreement for both groups. Group 1 had a kappa of 0.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38, 0.48) with the glenoid vault model absent and 0.41 (95% CI: 0.37, 0.46) with it present. Group 2 had a kappa of 0.38 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.43) with the glenoid vault model absent and 0.37 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.43) with it present. Intraobserver reliability showed substantial agreement for group 1 with (0.63, range 0.47-0.71) and without (0.61, range 0.52-0.69) the glenoid vault model present. For group 2, intraobserver reliability showed moderate agreement with the glenoid vault model absent (0.51, range 0.30-0.72), which improved to substantial agreement with the glenoid vault model present (0.61, range 0.34-0.87).

DISCUSSION

Inter- and intraobserver reliability of the modified Walch classification were fair to moderate and moderate to substantial, respectively, using standardized 3D CT imaging analysis in a large multicenter study. The findings potentially suggest that cases with a spectrum of posterior glenoid bone loss and/or dysplasia can be harder to distinguish by modified Walch type because of a lack of defined thresholds, and the glenoid vault model may be beneficial in determining Walch type in certain scenarios. The ability to reproducibly separate patients into groups based on preoperative pathology, including Walch type, is important for future studies to accurately evaluate postoperative outcomes in TSA patient cohorts.

QTL mapping of post-processing color retention in two black bean populations

KEY MESSAGE

Several QTL governing color retention in processed black beans were identified by traditional and novel phenotyping methods applied to two black bean mapping populations. When black beans are hydrothermally processed prior to consumption, water-soluble anthocyanins are released from the seed coat, resulting in an undesirable faded brown color in the cooked product. The aim of this research was to develop mapping populations with different genetic sources of color retention in order to identify regions of the bean genome associated with canning quality traits. Two half-sibling black bean recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations segregating for post-processing color retention were developed. These RIL populations were phenotyped for canning quality traits over two years and genotyped using the BARCBean6k_3 BeadChip. In addition to traditional phenotyping by trained panelists, cooked beans were also phenotyped using a novel digital image analysis pipeline. Measurements of post-processing seed coat color from both phenotyping methods were compared, and the digital image analysis was shown to outperform the trained panelists. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for post-processing color retention were detected on six chromosomes, with QTL on Pv08 and Pv11 consistently detected across phenotyping methods, populations, and years. Color retention QTL on Pv08 explained up to 32% of phenotypic variation but were significant over a large physical interval due to low SNP marker coverage. However, color retention QTL on Pv11 also explained a substantial amount of phenotypic variation (r2 ≈ 25%) and mapped to a small genomic region near 52.5 Mbp. The QTL and methods described in this study will be useful for dry bean breeders and food scientists to produce high quality black beans that meet consumer needs.

Distal clavicle autograft augmentation for glenoid bone loss in revision shoulder arthroplasty: results and technique

BACKGROUND

Structural bone graft for reconstruction of glenoid bone stock is often necessary in the setting of revision shoulder arthroplasty. This study introduces a new structural autograft technique using the distal clavicle for treatment of glenoid bone loss in the setting of revision shoulder arthroplasty.

METHODS

This is a retrospective, single-surgeon study of patients with significant glenoid bone loss requiring revision shoulder arthroplasty with autologous distal clavicle bone grafting to the glenoid. Twenty patients with failed shoulder arthroplasty who underwent revisions of their glenoid components between 2015 and 2019 were retrospectively identified. Sixteen patients were available with follow-up of greater than 1 year. Patient records and radiographs were reviewed for intraoperative and postoperative complications. Preoperative and postoperative function were evaluated by physical examination and patient-reported outcome surveys.

RESULTS

There were no observed intraoperative complications relating to the distal clavicle autograft harvest or placement. There were no iatrogenic nerve injuries or intraoperative instability. One of the 16 patients developed postoperative loosening and subsequent failure of the glenoid baseplate, requiring revision. One additional patient demonstrated increased elevation of the coracoclavicular interval postoperatively, likely related to the distal clavicle autograft harvest. At a mean follow-up of 25 months, 15 of 16 glenoid implants remained well fixed (93.4%), with no evidence of infection, or impingement demonstrated radiographically or clinically. Average patient age was 69 years at the time of surgery. Forward elevation improved from 76° to 123° at final follow-up (P = .0002). The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Standardized Shoulder Assessment Form score improved from an average of 35.8 to 67.8 at mean follow-up (P = .001). The visual analog scale score improved from an average of 5.9 to 2 at mean follow-up, though not statistically significant (P = .068). There was no significant change in external rotation following surgery (P = .319).

CONCLUSION

Osteolysis and bone loss of the glenoid poses a challenging problem in revision shoulder arthroplasty. Distal clavicle autograft augmentation is a viable and reproducible technique to manage structural glenoid defects.

Induction of competent cells for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated stable transformation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Stable transformation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has been successful, to date, only using biolistic-mediated transformation and shoot regeneration from meristem-containing embryo axes. In this study, using precultured embryo axes, and optimal co-cultivation conditions resulted in a successful transformation of the common bean cultivar Olathe using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105. Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis was attained through the preculture of embryo axes for 12 weeks using induced competent cells for A. tumefaciens-mediated gene delivery. Using A. tumefaciens at a low optical density (OD) of 0.1 at a wavelength of 600 nm for infection and 4-day co-cultivation, compared to OD₆₀₀ of 0.5, increased the survival rate of the inoculated explants from 23% to 45%. Selection using 0.5 mg L^-1 glufosinate (GS) was effective to identify transformed cells when the bialaphos resistance (bar) gene under the constitutive 35S promoter was used as a selectable marker. After an 18-week selection period, 1.5% -2.5% inoculated explants, in three experiments with a total of 600 explants, produced GS-resistant plants through somatic embryogenesis. The expression of bar was confirmed in first- and second-generation seedlings of the two lines through reverse polymerase chain reaction. Presence of the bar gene was verified through genome sequencing of two selected transgenic lines. The induction of regenerable, competent cells is key for the successful transformation, and the protocols described may be useful for future transformation of additional Phaseolus germplasm.

On-farm multi-location evaluation of genotype by environment interactions for seed yield and cooking time in common bean

Common bean variety choice by farmers in Uganda is driven by seed yield plus end-use quality traits like market class and cooking time. Limited genotype by environment information is available for traits valued by consumers. This research evaluated yield, seed size, hydration properties, and cooking time of 15 common bean genotypes within market classes recognized by consumers along with three farmers’ checks at nine on-farm locations in Uganda for two seasons. Yield ranged from 71 to 3,216 kg ha⁻¹ and was largely controlled by location (21.5% of Total Sums of Squares [TSS]), plus the interaction between location and season (48.6% of TSS). Cooking time varied from 19 to 271 minutes with the genotypes Cebo Cela and Ervilha consistently cooking fastest in 24 and 27 minutes respectively. Comparatively, the local checks (NABE-4, NABE-15, and Masindi yellow) took 35 to 45 minutes to cook. Cooking time was largely controlled by genotype (40.6% of TSS). A GGE biplot analysis uncovered the presence of two mega-environments for yield and one mega-environment for cooking time. Identification of mega-environments for these traits will help expedite common bean breeding, evaluation, and variety selection through reduction of number of test environments needed for phenotype evaluations. The high yielding and fast cooking genotypes from this study can be targeted as parental materials to improve existing common bean germplasm for these important traits.

Baking performance of 25 edible dry bean powders: Correlation between cookie quality and rapid test indices

This study was designed to evaluate the baking performances of 25 edible dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties and to investigate correlations among cookie features and rapid test indices (i.e., water and lactic acid retention capacities, oil binding capacity and Rapid Visco Analyzer indices). Two bean powder particle sizes (≤0.5 mm, ≤1.0 mm) were investigated. Cookies were evaluated in terms of nutritional, geometrical and textural properties. Bean powders doubled the amount of cookie protein and increased cookie resistant starch content. Baking potential varied according to bean genotype and powder particle size: coarse powders resulted in larger (+26%) and thinner (-19%) cookies characterized by easier breaking texture (fracture strengths of 41-157 vs. 48-226 kPa for fine powders). Water retention and oil binding capacities and pasting properties significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with cookie features. In conclusion, these accumulated findings can be used in designing value-added traditional and gluten-free cookies.

Identification of quantitative trait loci for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in common bean

QTL were identified for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in common bean. These QTL were detected in both greenhouse and field studies, and many overlapped with previously reported QTL in diverse mapping populations. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) productivity can be improved through the genetic enhancement of its symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) capacity. This study was aimed at understanding the genetic architecture of SNF through QTL analysis of a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population contrasting for SNF potential. The mapping population consisted of 188 F_4:5 RILs derived from a cross of Solwezi and AO-1012-29-3-3A that were evaluated for SNF in the greenhouse and field in Zambia. The population was genotyped with 5398 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. QTL for shoot biomass, nitrogen percentage in shoot biomass, nitrogen percentage in seed, total nitrogen derived from atmosphere (Ndfa) and percentage of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) were identified. Three QTL for %Ndfa were identified on chromosomes Pv01, Pv04 and Pv09. Five QTL for Ndfa were identified on Pv04, Pv06, Pv07, Pv09 and Pv11. The QTL Ndfa9.1^SA identified in the current study overlapped with a previously reported QTL for SNF. A major QTL Ndfa7.1^{DB, SA} (R² = 14.9%) was consistently identified in two greenhouse studies and overlapped with previously reported QTL. The QTL Ndfa4.2^SA identified from the greenhouse experiment is novel and overlapped with the QTL %NB4.3^SA, %NS4.2^SA and %Ndfa4.2^SA from the field experiment. These QTL identified in both greenhouse and field experiments, which overlap with previously reported QTL, could potentially be deployed by marker-assisted breeding to accelerate development of bean cultivars with enhanced SNF.

3-D Pose Estimation of Articulated Instruments in Robotic Minimally Invasive Surgery

Estimating the 3-D pose of instruments is an important part of robotic minimally invasive surgery for automation of basic procedures as well as providing safety features, such as virtual fixtures. Image-based methods of 3-D pose estimation provide a non-invasive low cost solution compared with methods that incorporate external tracking systems. In this paper, we extend our recent work in estimating rigid 3-D pose with silhouette and optical flow-based features to incorporate the articulated degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) of robotic instruments within a gradient-based optimization framework. Validation of the technique is provided with a calibrated ex-vivo study from the da Vinci Research Kit (DVRK) robotic system, where we perform quantitative analysis on the errors each DOF of our tracker. Additionally, we perform several detailed comparisons with recently published techniques that combine visual methods with kinematic data acquired from the joint encoders. Our experiments demonstrate that our method is competitively accurate while relying solely on image data.

Prediction of canned black bean texture (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from intact dry seeds using visible/near infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging data

BACKGROUND

Texture is a major quality parameter for the acceptability of canned whole beans. Prior knowledge of this quality trait before processing would be useful to guide variety development by bean breeders and optimize handling protocols by processors. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the predictive power of visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (visible/NIRS, 400-2498 nm) and hyperspectral imaging (HYPERS, 400-1000 nm) techniques for predicting texture of canned black beans from intact dry seeds. Black beans were grown in Michigan (USA) over three field seasons. The samples exhibited phenotypic variability for canned bean texture due to genetic variability and processing practice. Spectral preprocessing methods (i.e. smoothing, first and second derivatives, continuous wavelet transform, and two-band ratios), coupled with a feature selection method, were tested for optimizing the prediction accuracy in both techniques based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) models.

RESULTS

Visible/NIRS and HYPERS were effective in predicting texture of canned beans using intact dry seeds, as indicated by their correlation coefficients for prediction (R_pred ) and standard errors of prediction (SEP). Visible/NIRS was superior (R_pred = 0.546-0.923, SEP = 7.5-1.9 kg 100 g^-1 ) to HYPERS (R_pred = 0.401-0.883, SEP = 7.6-2.4 kg 100 g^-1 ), which is likely due to the wider wavelength range collected in visible/NIRS. However, a significant improvement was reached in both techniques when the two-band ratios preprocessing method was applied to the data, reducing SEP by at least 10.4% and 16.2% for visible/NIRS and HYPERS, respectively. Moreover, results from using the combination of the three-season data sets based on the two-band ratios showed that visible/NIRS (R_pred = 0.886, SEP = 4.0 kg 100 g^-1 ) and HYPERS (R_pred = 0.844, SEP = 4.6 kg 100 g^-1 ) models were consistently successful in predicting texture over a wide range of measurements.

CONCLUSION

Visible/NIRS and HYPERS have great potential for predicting the texture of canned beans; the robustness of the models is impacted by genotypic diversity, planting year and phenotypic variability for canned bean texture used for model building, and hence, robust models can be built based on data sets with high phenotypic diversity in textural properties, and periodically maintained and updated with new data. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Pathogenicity and Virulence of Soilborne Oomycetes on Phaseolus vulgaris

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a globally important leguminous food crop. Yields can be reduced by high incidence of soilborne oomycetes that cause seedling disease. Breeders have attempted to develop Pythium root rot-resistant bean varieties; however, relationships between dry bean and most soilborne oomycete species remain uncharacterized. Oomycete species (n = 28), including Pythium spp. and Phytopythium spp., were tested in a growth chamber seedling assay at 20°C and an in vitro seed assay at 20°C and 26°C to evaluate their pathogenicity and virulence on 'Red Hawk' dark red kidney bean and 'Zorro' black bean. Root size or disease severity was significantly impacted by 14 oomycete species, though results varied by bean variety, temperature, and assay. Of these 14 pathogenic oomycete species, 11 species exhibited significant differences in DSI due to temperature on at least one bean variety. Pythium aphanidermatum, P. myriotylum, P. ultimum, P. ultimum var. sporangiiferium, and P. ultimum var. ultimum were the most virulent species in both assays, causing seed rot and pre-emergence damping-off of dry bean. Oomycete species were clustered into three groups based on symptom development: seed rot pathogens, root rot pathogens, or nonpathogens. Intraspecific variability in virulence was observed for eight of the 14 pathogenic oomycete species. Improved understanding of Pythium and Phytopythium interactions with dry bean may enable breeders and pathologists to more effectively evaluate strategies for oomycete seedling disease management.

Genome-wide Association Analysis for Drought Tolerance and Associated Traits in Common Bean

A genome-wide association study explored the genetic basis of variation for drought tolerance and related traits in a Middle American diversity panel comprising 96 common bean ( L.) genotypes. The panel was grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data were used to explore the genetic diversity and ancestry of the panel. Varying levels of admixtures and distinctly divergent individuals were observed. Estimations of genome-wide heterozygosity revealed that, on average, greater diversity is present in individuals with Mesoamerica (3.8%) ancestry, followed by admixed individuals (2.3%). The race Durango had the lowest level of heterozygosity (1.4%). We report 27 significant marker-trait associations based on best linear unbiased predictors. These associations include seven markers for shoot biomass at harvest under irrigation and five markers under rainfed conditions on () chromosome 11, two markers for shoot biomass at flowering under irrigation on 02 and 08, two markers for seed size under irrigated and rainfed conditions on 09, seven markers for lodging score under irrigation on 02 and 07, one marker for leaf elongation rate on 03 and one for wilting score on 11. Positional candidate genes, including on 11, associated with wilting, were identified. The SNP ss715639327 marker was located in the exon region of the gene, which codes for an aquaporin associated with water movement in beans. Significant quantitative trait loci identified in this study could be used in marker-assisted breeding to accelerate genetic improvement of drought tolerance in common bean.

Transcriptome analysis of two recombinant inbred lines of common bean contrasting for symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) fixes atmospheric nitrogen (N2) through symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) at levels lower than other grain legume crops. An understanding of the genes and molecular mechanisms underlying SNF will enable more effective strategies for the genetic improvement of SNF traits in common bean. In this study, transcriptome profiling was used to identify genes and molecular mechanisms underlying SNF differences between two common bean recombinant inbred lines that differed in their N-fixing abilities. Differential gene expression and functional enrichment analyses were performed on leaves, nodules and roots of the two lines when grown under N-fixing and non-fixing conditions. Receptor kinases, transmembrane transporters, and transcription factors were among the differentially expressed genes identified under N-fixing conditions, but not under non-fixing conditions. Genes up-regulated in the stronger nitrogen fixer, SA36, included those involved in molecular functions such as purine nucleoside binding, oxidoreductase and transmembrane receptor activities in nodules, and transport activity in roots. Transcription factors identified in this study are candidates for future work aimed at understanding the functional role of these genes in SNF. Information generated in this study will support the development of gene-based markers to accelerate genetic improvement of SNF in common bean.

Transcriptome Profiling of the Phaseolus vulgaris - Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Pathosystem

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) anthracnose caused by the hemi-biotrophic pathogen Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a major factor limiting production worldwide. Although sources of resistance have been identified and characterized, the early molecular events in the host-pathogen interface have not been investigated. In the current study, we conducted a comprehensive transcriptome analysis using Illumina sequencing of two near isogenic lines (NILs) differing for the presence of the Co-1 gene on chromosome Pv01 during a time course following infection with race 73 of C. lindemuthianum. From this, we identified 3,250 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within and between the NILs over the time course of infection. During the biotrophic phase the majority of DEGs were up regulated in the susceptible NIL, whereas more DEGs were up-regulated in the resistant NIL during the necrotrophic phase. Various defense related genes, such as those encoding PR proteins, peroxidases, lipoxygenases were up regulated in the resistant NIL. Conversely, genes encoding sugar transporters were up-regulated in the susceptible NIL during the later stages of infection. Additionally, numerous transcription factors (TFs) and candidate genes within the vicinity of the Co-1 locus were differentially expressed, suggesting a global reprogramming of gene expression in and around the Co-1 locus. Through this analysis, we reduced the previous number of candidate genes reported at the Co-1 locus from eight to three. These results suggest the dynamic nature of P. vulgaris-C. lindemuthianum interaction at the transcriptomic level and reflect the role of both pathogen and effector triggered immunity on changes in plant gene expression.

Reporting the News from the World's Rooftop

Modeled partly after Weaver and Wilhoit's study of the American journalist, this study provides a profile of Nepalese journalists at an interesting time in Nepal's history, when democracy has been restored and media freedom has been prevalent for almost a decade. The profile covers demographic, work-related and attitudinal variables from a convenience sample of 132 journalists in Kathmandu and Pokhara representing all the major newspapers and radio stations and the government television station. The questionnaire was borrowed from an earlier study carried out in post-independence Tanzania because of its fit to Nepal's media context. A quantitative analysis of the roles the journalists perceived for themselves revealed four factors: development journalism (positive coverage of leaders, country, events); citizen education (inform and educate public on political matters); public advocate (investigate leaders and give voice to people); and culture (entertain, provide cultural fare). Another interpretation of development journalism (focus on development projects and welfare of diverse oppressed groups) emerged as a role in answers to an open-ended question about other functions of the press. As Nepalese society is in transition from a monarchy with a government-controlled press that defined a role for the media in national development to a multi-party democracy with a free press, its journalists are balancing the roles that they have been socialized in with those of a free press.

Radiographic evaluation of short-stem press-fit total shoulder arthroplasty: short-term follow-up

BACKGROUND

Humeral loosening is an uncommon etiology for revision shoulder arthroplasty. We aimed to evaluate the radiographic and clinical outcomes of a short-stem press-fit humeral component after primary total shoulder arthroplasty.

METHODS

We reviewed our patient database, from January 2008 to December 2011, for primary total shoulder arthroplasties performed with a short-stem press-fit humeral component. Radiographs and clinical outcomes were evaluated in the immediate postoperative period and at the most recent follow-up, with at least 24 months of data for all patients.

RESULTS

There were 73 shoulders that met our inclusion criteria, but 4 underwent revision before 2 years' follow-up. Only 1 of these 4 was revised for aseptic humeral loosening. Sixty-nine shoulders had at least 24 months of radiographic follow-up, and 62 had radiographic and clinical follow-up. Of the 69 shoulders, 5 underwent revision for humeral loosening: 1 for aseptic loosening and 4 for infection. Two other shoulders with humeral loosening were asymptomatic, and the patients refused revision surgery. The overall revision rate for humeral loosening was 8.2% (6 of 73 shoulders). Radiolucent zones of any size were seen in 71.0%, with 8.7% of these shoulders identified as having humeral stems at risk of future loosening. Significant improvements were made in most of the measured clinical outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

A high percentage of radiolucency was seen around the short-stem press-fit humeral components evaluated in this study at short-term follow-up. The overall rates of loosening and revision for the humeral implant examined in this study are higher than those noted in other recent studies evaluating press-fit stems. The cause of radiolucency and humeral loosening for this implant is not fully understood.

Genome-Wide Association Study of Anthracnose Resistance in Andean Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Anthracnose is a seed-borne disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, and the pathogen is cosmopolitan in distribution. The objectives of this study were to identify new sources of anthracnose resistance in a diverse panel of 230 Andean beans comprised of multiple seed types and market classes from the Americas, Africa, and Europe, and explore the genetic basis of this resistance using genome-wide association mapping analysis (GWAS). Twenty-eight of the 230 lines tested were resistant to six out of the eight races screened, but only one cultivar Uyole98 was resistant to all eight races (7, 39, 55, 65, 73, 109, 2047, and 3481) included in the study. Outputs from the GWAS indicated major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance on chromosomes, Pv01, Pv02, and Pv04 and two minor QTL on Pv10 and Pv11. Candidate genes associated with the significant SNPs were detected on all five chromosomes. An independent QTL study was conducted to confirm the physical location of the Co-1 locus identified on Pv01 in an F4:6 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. Resistance was determined to be conditioned by the single dominant gene Co-1 that mapped between 50.16 and 50.30 Mb on Pv01, and an InDel marker (NDSU_IND_1_50.2219) tightly linked to the gene was developed. The information reported will provide breeders with new and diverse sources of resistance and genomic regions to target in the development of anthracnose resistance in Andean beans.

Effects of extrusion cooking on the chemical composition and functional properties of dry common bean powders

The impact of extrusion cooking on the chemical composition and functional properties of bean powders from four common bean varieties was investigated. The raw bean powders were extruded under eight different conditions, and the extrudates were then dried and ground (particle size⩽0.5mm). Compared with corresponding non-extruded (raw) bean powders (particle size⩽0.5mm), the extrusion treatments did not substantially change the protein and starch contents of the bean powders and showed inconsistent effects on the sucrose, raffinose and stachyose contents. The extrusion cooking did cause complete starch gelatinization and protein denaturation of the bean powders and thus changed their pasting properties and solvent-retention capacities. The starch digestibilities of the cooked non-extruded and cooked extruded bean powders were comparable. The extruded bean powders displayed functional properties similar to those of two commercial bean powders.

Candidate Gene Identification with SNP Marker-Based Fine Mapping of Anthracnose Resistance Gene Co-4 in Common Bean

Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, is an important fungal disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Alleles at the Co-4 locus confer resistance to a number of races of C. lindemuthianum. A population of 94 F4:5 recombinant inbred lines of a cross between resistant black bean genotype B09197 and susceptible navy bean cultivar Nautica was used to identify markers associated with resistance in bean chromosome 8 (Pv08) where Co-4 is localized. Three SCAR markers with known linkage to Co-4 and a panel of single nucleotide markers were used for genotyping. A refined physical region on Pv08 with significant association with anthracnose resistance identified by markers was used in BLAST searches with the genomic sequence of common bean accession G19833. Thirty two unique annotated candidate genes were identified that spanned a physical region of 936.46 kb. A majority of the annotated genes identified had functional similarity to leucine rich repeats/receptor like kinase domains. Three annotated genes had similarity to 1, 3-β-glucanase domains. There were sequence similarities between some of the annotated genes found in the study and the genes associated with phosphoinositide-specific phosphilipases C associated with Co-x and the COK-4 loci found in previous studies. It is possible that the Co-4 locus is structured as a group of genes with functional domains dominated by protein tyrosine kinase along with leucine rich repeats/nucleotide binding site, phosphilipases C as well as β-glucanases.

Genome-wide association analysis of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in common bean

Significant SNPs and candidate genes for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) and related traits were identified on Pv03, Pv07 and Pv09 chromosomes of common bean. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to explore the genetic basis of variation for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) and related traits in the Andean Diversity Panel (ADP) comprising 259 common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes. The ADP was evaluated for SNF and related traits in both greenhouse and field experiments. After accounting for population structure and cryptic relatedness, significant SNPs were identified on chromosomes Pv03, Pv07 and Pv09 for nitrogen derived from atmosphere (Ndfa) in the shoot at flowering, and for Ndfa in seed. The SNPs for Ndfa in shoot and Ndfa in seed co-localized on Pv03 and Pv09. Two genes Phvul.007G050500 and Phvul.009G136200 that code for leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLK) were identified as candidate genes for Ndfa. LRR-RLK genes play a key role in signal transduction required for nodule formation. Significant SNPs identified in this study could potentially be used in marker-assisted breeding to accelerate genetic improvement of common bean for SNF.

Genome-Wide Association Study of Agronomic Traits in Common Bean

A genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a global Andean diversity panel (ADP) of 237 genotypes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was conducted to gain insight into the genetic architecture of phenology, biomass, yield components, and seed yield traits. The panel was evaluated for 2 yr in field trials in Michigan and genotyped with 5398 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. After correcting for population structure and cryptic relatedness, significant SNP markers associated with several agronomic traits were identified. Positional candidate genes, including Phvul.001G221100 on P. vulgaris (Pv) chromosome 01, associated with days to flowering and maturity were identified. Significant SNPs for seed yield were identified on Pv03 and Pv09 and colocalized with quantitative trait loci (QTL) for yield from previous studies conducted in several environments and contrasting genetic backgrounds. The majority of germplasm carrying the alleles with positive effects on seed yield was of African origin and largely underutilized in US breeding programs. The study provided insights into the genetic architecture of agronomic traits in Andean beans.

A reference genome for common bean and genome-wide analysis of dual domestications

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important grain legume for human consumption and has a role in sustainable agriculture owing to its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. We assembled 473 Mb of the 587-Mb genome and genetically anchored 98% of this sequence in 11 chromosome-scale pseudomolecules. We compared the genome for the common bean against the soybean genome to find changes in soybean resulting from polyploidy. Using resequencing of 60 wild individuals and 100 landraces from the genetically differentiated Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools, we confirmed 2 independent domestications from genetic pools that diverged before human colonization. Less than 10% of the 74 Mb of sequence putatively involved in domestication was shared by the two domestication events. We identified a set of genes linked with increased leaf and seed size and combined these results with quantitative trait locus data from Mesoamerican cultivars. Genes affected by domestication may be useful for genomics-enabled crop improvement.

Optimization of the racking hitch knot: how many half hitches and which suture material provide the greatest security?

BACKGROUND

Reliable methods of fixation of soft tissue and bone are of utmost importance in reconstructive shoulder surgery and in many orthopaedic applications. Current methods of securing lesser tuberosity osteotomies performed during shoulder arthroplasty and tuberosity fixation performed during repair of proximal humeral fractures often rely on alternating half hitches or surgeon's knots regardless of the suture configuration used passing through the tissue (eg, Mason-Allen, Krackow). The racking hitch knot in contrast to half hitches allows sequential tightening, even under tension, with minimal risk of knot slippage or premature locking. These knot characteristics allow the surgeon to stepwise improve their reduction before committing and locking a construct, preventing hanging knots or under-tensioned repairs. However, little data exist to support the use the racking hitch knot to guide decision making regarding how to back up the knot or to explain the effect of suture material on security and strength.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES

The objectives of our study were (1) to identify the optimal number of half hitches necessary to maintain knot security for a single knot; (2) to evaluate if a difference exists in the relative behavior of racking hitch knots when tied using different suture materials; and (3) to define the biomechanical differences between the racking hitch and two other knot configurations commonly used in shoulder surgery (Weston and square knots).

METHODS

Using an Instron device we tested the effect of adding supplemental half hitches (from one to four) to the racking hitch. Additionally, a selection of commercially available braided nonabsorbable polyethylene sutures and different knot configurations (racking hitch, Weston knot, and square knot) also were tested. Data were compared using ANOVA.

RESULTS

Increasing the number of half hitches improved knot performance in peak load testing and cyclic testing, revealing a significant difference between the racking hitch supplemented with one and four half hitches (199.2 N versus 428.8 N, p < 0.05). Force Fiber™ #2 (359.6 N) and FiberWire(®) #2 (302 N) showed increased loads to failure compared with Ethibond Excel™ #2 or Force Fiber™ #3/4, whereas Ethibond Excel™ had the least amount of slippage during cyclic testing (0.09 mm). The racking hitch knot had considerably higher loads to failure (359.6 N) than the Weston (145.2 N) or square (77 N) knots.

CONCLUSIONS

The racking hitch knot exhibited significantly higher loads to failure and comparable knot slippage (elongation during cyclic testing) when compared with other commonly used knots. According to the biomechanical data, the addition of four half hitches to supplement the racking hitch and the choice of FiberWire(®) #2 or Force Fiber™ #2 suture resulted in increased knot security.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

This knot adds a tool to the arsenal for surgeons best suited for repairs requiring a high degree of knot security and reliable tissue tensioning.

Robot-assisted management of Zinner's syndrome: report of seminal vesicle sparing technique and review of literature

The range of urological procedures performed with robotic assistance has widened with increasing experience with the da Vinci robotic system. We describe the use of the da Vinci SI Surgical System for excision of a seminal vesicle cyst in a patient who had associated ipsilateral renal agenesis (Zinner's syndrome). The robotic platform afforded a minimally invasive procedure with precise dissection and no collateral damage to neighbouring vital anatomy.

Clinical results of revision shoulder arthroplasty using the reverse prosthesis

BACKGROUND

Success of revision shoulder arthroplasty using an unconstrained prosthesis depends on an intact rotator cuff and satisfactory bone quantity. However, the reverse shoulder arthroplasty can stabilize a glenohumeral joint even in patients with rotator cuff deficiency and bone deficits, resulting in improved outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty shoulders in 28 patients with a failed arthroplasty were investigated consecutively between 2005 and 2008. All shoulders had significant rotator cuff deficiency without glenoid bone loss. Revision arthroplasty using the reverse prosthesis was performed with a minimum of 2 years of follow-up. Concomitant glenoid reconstructions with tricortical iliac crest bone grafting were necessary in 12 shoulders.

RESULTS

The average adjusted Constant score improved from 24% to 65% and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score improved from 55 to 72 (P < .0001). Average active forward flexion increased from 42° to 106° (P < .0001). The average ASES pain score improved from 6.6 to 1.6 (P < .0001). The overall complication rate was 50%, and 7 patients (23%) required reoperation. Overall, 24 of 30 shoulders (80%) were very satisfied or satisfied.

CONCLUSION

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty can be an efficacious salvage procedure in the management of failed arthroplasty due to rotator cuff-related instability or bone defects, or both. Structural bone grafting on the glenoid side is successful at managing large defects, producing similar or better clinical outcomes compared with patients without bone loss. Although the operation is associated with a considerable complication rate, 80% of patients were satisfied with the results of the procedure, and 29 of 30 shoulders had a stable prosthesis.

Diagnosis of prostate cancer by detection of minichromosome maintenance 5 protein in urine sediments

Background:

The accuracy of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in prostate cancer detection is constrained by low sensitivity and specificity. Dysregulated expression of minichromosome maintenance (Mcm) 2–7 proteins is an early event in epithelial multistep carcinogenesis and thus MCM proteins represent powerful cancer diagnostic markers. In this study we investigate Mcm5 as a urinary biomarker for prostate cancer detection.

Methods:

Urine was obtained from 88 men with prostate cancer and from two control groups negative for malignancy. A strictly normal cohort included 28 men with complete, normal investigations, no urinary calculi and serum PSA <2 ng ml^–1. An expanded control cohort comprised 331 men with a benign final diagnosis, regardless of PSA level. Urine was collected before and after prostate massage in the cancer patient cohort. An immunofluorometric assay was used to measure Mcm5 levels in urine sediments.

Results:

The Mcm5 test detected prostate cancer with 82% sensitivity (confidence interval (CI)= 72–89%) and with a specificity ranging from 73 (CI=68–78%) to 93% (CI=76–99%). Prostate massage led to increased Mcm5 signals compared with pre-massage samples (median 3440 (interquartile range (IQR) 2280 to 5220) vs 2360 (IQR <1800 to 4360); P=0.009), and was associated with significantly increased diagnostic sensitivity (82 vs 60% P=0.012).

Conclusions:

Urinary Mcm5 detection seems to be a simple, accurate and noninvasive method for identifying patients with prostate cancer. Large-scale prospective trials are now required to evaluate this test in diagnosis and screening.

UHRF1 is a novel molecular marker for diagnosis and the prognosis of bladder cancer

BACKGROUND

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urinary system. Early diagnosis of this tumour and estimation of risk of future progression after initial transuretherial resection have a significant impact on prognosis. Although there are several molecular markers for the diagnosis and prognosis for this tumour, their accuracy is not ideal. Previous reports have shown that UHRF1 (ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring-finger domains 1) is essential for cellular proliferation. In this study, we examined whether UHRF1 can be a novel molecular marker of bladder cancer.

METHODS

We performed real-time TaqMan quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry to examine expression levels of UHRF1 in bladder and kidney cancers.

RESULTS

Significant overexpression of UHRF1 was observed in bladder cancer. The overexpression was correlated with the stage and grade of the cancer. Although UHRF1 expression in muscle-invasive cancer was greater than in non-invasive (pTa) or superficially invasive (pT1) cancers, UHRF1 could still be detected by immunohistochemistry in these early-stage cancers. Overexpression of UHRF1 in bladder cancer was associated with increased risk of progression after transurethral resection. High expression of UHRF1 in kidney cancer was also observed. But the increased levels of UHRF1 in kidney cancer were less significant compared with those in bladder cancer.

CONCLUSION

Our result indicates that an immunohistochemistry-based UHRF1 detection in urine sediment or surgical specimens can be a sensitive and cancer-specific diagnostic and/or prognosis method, and may greatly improve the current diagnosis based on cytology.

Iron and zinc bioavailabilities to pigs from red and white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are similar

Common beans contain relatively high concentrations of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) but are also high in polyphenols and phytates, factors that may inhibit Fe and Zn absorption. In vitro (Caco-2 cells) and in vivo (pigs) models were used to compare Fe and Zn bioavailabilities between red and white beans, which differ in polyphenol content. Bean/maize diets containing 37% of either white or red cooked beans were formulated. Fe uptake by Caco-2 cells was 14-fold higher from the white bean diet compared to the red bean diet. The diets were fed to anemic piglets (n = 10) for 35 days. On experiment days 7 and 21, pigs were given meals containing beans intrinsically labeled with stable isotopes of Fe and Zn ((58)Fe, (70)Zn), followed by intravenous (iv) injections of (54)Fe and (67)Zn, to assess Fe and Zn absorption. Isotope ratios determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in whole blood and plasma samples were used to calculate iron and zinc absorption, respectively. On day 35, animals were killed and duodenal sections were collected for DMT1 gene expression analysis. Fe absorption was 14 and 16% from the first labeled meal and 9 and 10.5% from the second labeled meal for the white and red beans, respectively (P > 0.05). Zn absorption was 28 and 23% from the first meal (P > 0.05) and 31 and 29% from the second meal (P > 0.05) for the white and red beans, respectively. DMT1 gene expression did not differ between treatments. It was concluded that bean color does not affect Fe or Zn bioavailability in vivo and that beans are a good source of bioavailable Fe and Zn.

Optimizing glenosphere position and fixation in reverse shoulder arthroplasty, Part One: The twelve-mm rule

The Aequalis Reversed Shoulder Prosthesis (Tornier, Inc., Edina, MN) is a successful treatment option for older, low-demand patients with rotator cuff arthropathy. Scapular notching is the most common radiographic complication and is associated with poorer intermediate-term clinical outcomes. Aligning the lower border of the glenosphere baseplate with the inferior glenoid rim has been recommended to reduce this complication, but guidelines for achieving this positioning are currently lacking. The purpose of this study is to develop a rule of thumb that will facilitate proper glenosphere component positioning intraoperatively. Utilizing a computed tomography-templating protocol, we found that the ideal location of the drill hole for the baseplate post was 11.5 +/- 1.0 mm above the inferior glenoid rim. On the basis of measurements from 10 implanted cadaveric specimens, we concluded that drilling the baseplate posthole 12 mm above the inferior glenoid rim-the 12-mm rule-will result in excellent glenosphere position in most cases.

Optimizing glenosphere position and fixation in reverse shoulder arthroplasty, Part Two: The three-column concept

Scapular geometry is complex, and a screw-placement technique for optimizing glenoid component fixation with an Aequalis Reversed Shoulder Prosthesis (Tornier, Inc., Edina, MN) has not yet been described. Ten cadaveric human scapulae were implanted with 2 types of reverse arthroplasty baseplates, 1 with fixed-angle locking screw holes and 1 with multidirectional locking screw holes. Optimal screw placement was defined as that which maximized screw length, accomplished far cortical fixation, and attained screw purchase in good bone stock. An anterior cruciate ligament drill guide was used to find the ideal trajectory for each screw. Trajectory angles of the screws relative to the face of the baseplate are presented for what we believe is best possible fixation. Awareness of the 3 major columns of scapular bone (the base of coracoid, the spine, and the pillar) and utilization of a baseplate with variable-angle locking screws will allow optimal initial fixation of the glenosphere.

Mitogenic growth signalling, DNA replication licensing, and survival are linked in prostate cancer

Activation of mitogen/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase kinase 5/extracellular signal-regulated kinase-5 (MEK5/ERK5) growth signalling is coupled to increased cell proliferation in prostate cancer (PCa). Dysregulation of the DNA replication licensing pathway, a critical step in growth control downstream of transduction signalling pathways, is associated with development of PCa. In this study we have investigated linkages between the MEK5/ERK5 pathway and DNA replication licensing during prostate carcinogenesis. The effects of increased MEK5/ERK5 signalling on the expression of replication licensing factors Mcm2 and geminin and the proliferation marker Ki67 were studied in an ecdysone-inducible system expressing a constitutively activated mutant of MEK5 in EcR293 cells and in stable ERK5 over-expressing PC3 clones. In parallel, expression of these biomarkers in PCa biopsy specimens (n=58) was studied and compared to clinicopathological parameters. In both in vitro systems induction of MEK5 expression resulted in increased levels of phosphorylated ERK5 and Mcm2, geminin and Ki67 proteins. In PCa specimens average Mcm2 expression was greater than Ki67 and geminin expression (median labelling index (LI) 36.7, 18.1, and 3.4% respectively), consistent with their differential expression according to growth status (P<0.0001). Mcm2, geminin and Ki67 expression were significantly associated with Gleason grade (P=0.0002, P=0.0003, P=0.004); however there was no link with T or M stage. There was a significant relationship between increasing ERK5 expression and increasing Mcm2 (P=0.003) and Ki67 (P=0.009) expression, with non-significant trends seen with increasing MEK5 expression. There were significant associations between Gleason grade and the number of cells traversing G1 phase (Ki67_LI-geminin_LI; (P=0.001)), with high ERK5 levels associated with both an increase in replication licensed but non-cycling cells (Mcm2_LI-Ki67_LI; (P=0.01)) and accelerated cell cycle progression (geminin_LI/Ki67_LI; (P= 0.005)), all indicative of a shift towards increasing proliferative potential. While Mcm2 and Ki67 were both prognostic factors on univariate analysis, only Mcm2 remained an independent prognostic marker on multivariate analysis. Taken together, our data show that induction of MEK5/ERK5 signalling is linked to activation of the DNA replication licensing pathway in PCa, and that the strong prognostic value of MCM proteins may result from their function as relay stations coupling growth regulatory pathways to genome duplication.

Comprehensive profiling and localisation of the matrix metalloproteinases in urothelial carcinoma

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases which break down the extracellular matrix and regulate cytokine and growth factor activity. Several MMPs have been implicated in the promotion of invasion and metastasis in a broad range of tumours including urothelial carcinoma. In this study, RNA from 132 normal bladder and urothelial carcinoma specimens was profiled for each of the 24 human MMPs, the four endogenous tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) and several key growth factors and their receptors using quantitative real time RT–PCR. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) of RNA from 22 tumour and 11 normal frozen sections was performed allowing accurate RNA extraction from either stromal or epithelial compartments. This study confirms the over expression in bladder tumour tissue of well-documented MMPs and highlights a range of MMPs which have not previously been implicated in the development of urothelial cancer. In summary, MMP-2, MT1-MMP and the previously unreported MMP-28 were very highly expressed in tumour samples while MMPs 1, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19 and 23 were highly expressed. There was a significant positive correlation between transcript expression and tumour grade for MMPs 1, 2, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 28 (P<0.001). At the same confidence interval, TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 also correlated with increasing tumour grade. LCM revealed that most highly expressed MMPs are located primarily within the stromal compartment except MMP-13 which localised to the epithelial compartment. This work forms the basis for further functional studies, which will help to confirm the MMPs as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in early bladder cancer.

Haemodynamic changes induced by hyperbaric bupivacaine during lateral decubitus or supine spinal anaesthesia

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Hypotension, the commonest side-effect of spinal anaesthesia, results from sympathetic denervation. This study compared patient positioning (supine vs. decubitus) on haemodynamic variables during spinal anaesthesia.

METHODS

After intravenous crystalloid preloading with 5 mL kg(-1), hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% 2.5 mL was injected intrathecally at the L2-3 or L3-4 interspace. Patients were then randomly assigned to be positioned immediately supine and horizontal for 30 min (Group SUP, n = 12), or remained in the lateral decubitus position (fractured hip dependent) for 30 min (Group LAT, n = 14). Systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and loss of sensation of pinprick sensation were recorded prior to induction of spinal anaesthesia (baseline) and at 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after intrathecal injection.

RESULTS

In Group SUP, the percent maximum systolic blood pressure (36 +/- 13%) and percent maximum mean arterial pressure decreases (27 +/- 13%) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than in Group LAT (30 +/- 8% and 23 +/- 11%, respectively). Additionally, there was a borderline significant delay in the time to maximum systolic blood pressure decrease in Group LAT (38 +/- 30 min) when compared with Group SUP (20 +/- 17 min, P = 0.06), while the total dose of ephedrine required in the SUP group (30 mg) was greater than that required in the LAT group (15 mg, P = 0.05). In Group LAT patients, the mean level of denervation on the operative side extended 2 dermatomes more cephalad than in Group SUP.

CONCLUSIONS

Lateral positioning for spinal anaesthesia delays the onset of hypotension, while requiring smaller total doses of vasoconstrictors for blood pressure maintenance.

Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition: a potential mechanism for increasing the efficacy of bacillus calmette-guerin immunotherapy for bladder cancer

PURPOSE

Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy is the principal treatment for high risk, noninvasive urothelial carcinoma and carcinoma in situ of the bladder. However, up to 40% of patients fail to respond to this treatment. In this study the potential for inhibition of PGE2 production by BCG treated dendritic cells (DCs) was studied in the context of preferential polarization of the immune response toward a cancer clearing T-helper type 1 immune response.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Murine bone marrow derived DCs were cultured with interleukin (IL)-4 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. After 7 days the cells were stimulated with BCG. Cell surface expression of co-stimulatory molecules and phagocytic ability were measured by flow cytometry analysis to verify cell activation. The production of IL-10 and IL-12 was measured after DC stimulation with BCG in the presence of IL-10, prostaglandin E2(Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, Michigan), antiIL-10 antibody (Insight Biotechnology, Wembley, United Kingdom), NS-398 and indomethacin (Sigma, Poole, United Kingdom).

RESULTS

Prostaglandin E2 stimulated a dose dependent increase in the levels of IL-10 produced by BCG activated DCs (p <0.01). IL-10 significantly decreased IL-12 production (p <0.001), while IL-10 blockade significantly increased IL-12 levels (p <0.05). The COX-2 selective inhibitor NS-398 caused a dose dependent increase in the concentration of IL-12 produced by BCG activated DCs (p <0.01). This effect was also seen with the partially selective COX-1 inhibitor indomethacin (p <0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The inhibition of PGE2 synthesis by COX inhibition favored the production of IL-12 by BCG activated DC. This potentially will result in the generation of a T-helper type 1, polarized T-cell response that may improve the efficacy of BCG therapy.

Disintegration of an absorbable rotator cuff anchor six weeks after implantation

Rotator cuff failure by suture-bone or suture anchor pull-out, suture breakage, knot slippage, and tendon pull-out are well described. I report a case of early disintegration of a bioabsorbable suture anchor. A 77-year-old woman underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. On suspecting failure, the repair was repeated 40 days later. Arthroscopy revealed disintegration of the suture loop from the anchor. Open rotator cuff repair was then performed with transosseous suture and metallic anchors.

Downregulation of Bcl-2 sensitises interferon-resistant renal cancer cells to Fas

Interferon α (IFNα) is used to treat patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) despite limited clinical benefit. IFNα can induce Fas receptor-mediated apoptosis by direct activation of pro-caspase-8 followed by activation of caspase-3. Alternative, indirect activation of caspase-3 via mitochondrial release of cytochrome c can occur and may explain the rescue from Fas-activated cell death by the antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family. In this study, we examined G3139, a novel antisense compound targeting Bcl-2, in combination with IFNα. Human RCC lines (SK-RC-44 and SK-RC-07) were treated with IFNα, G3139 or a combination of the two. Fas-mediated cytotoxicity was induced by anti-Fas mAb, CH11. An analysis of Bcl-2, Fas and the cleavage of PARP was performed. IFNα induced Fas and Bcl-2 in SK-RC-44 and SK-RC-07. IFNα sensitised SK-RC-44 to anti-Fas and induced PARP cleavage confirming that IFNα has a cytotoxic effect on RCC lines by induction of the Fas antigen. Cytotoxicity was not evident in SK-RC-07 cells treated with IFNα. G3139 induced a specific downregulation of Bcl-2 in SK-RC-07 cells, which were then sensitised to anti-Fas after treatment with IFNα. Taken together, these results suggest that Fas-dependent pathways as well as alternative pathways, which can be inhibited by Bcl-2, exist in renal cell carcinoma. G3139 in combination with IFNα is a potential therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

The anthracnose resistance locus Co-4 of common bean is located on chromosome 3 and contains putative disease resistance-related genes

The broadest based resistance to anthracnose of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is conferred by the Co-4 locus. We sequenced a bacterial artificial chromosome clone harboring part of the Co-4 locus of the bean genotype Sprite and assembled a single contig of 106.5 kb for functional annotation. This region contained five copies of the COK-4 gene that encodes for a serine threonine kinase protein previously mapped to the Co-4 locus and 19 novel genes with no similarity to any previously identified genes of common bean. Several putative genes of the Co-4 locus seemed to be expressed as they matched perfectly with bean expressed sequence tags. The expression of the COK-4 genes was assessed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, and a single 850-bp cDNA fragment was sequenced and compared with the genomic sequences of the COK-4 homologs. Although the COK-4 cDNA was isolated from a different bean cultivar, it showed high similarity (95%) to the exons of genes BA17 and BA21, suggesting that they were expressed. In a phylogenetic tree including all currently available Pto-like sequences from Phaseolus species, the COK-4 homologs formed a single cluster with the Pto gene, whereas two sequences from P. coccineus and all sequences of P. vulgaris formed two closely related clusters. The Co-4 locus was physically mapped to the short arm of bean chromosome 3, which corresponds to linkage group B8. This study represents a first step in gaining an understanding of the genomic organization of an anthracnose resistance locus of common bean and provides molecular data for comparative analysis with other plant species.