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Matsumoto N, Douangngeun B, Theppangna W, Khounsy S, Phommachanh P, Toribio JA, Bush RD, Selleck PW, Gleeson LJ, Siengsanan-Lamont J, Blacksell SD. Utilising abattoir sero-surveillance for high-impact and zoonotic pig diseases in Lao PDR. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e40. [PMID: 36750223 PMCID: PMC10028928 DOI: 10.1017/s095026882300016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
National disease surveillance systems are essential to a healthy pig industry but can be costly and logistically complex. In 2019, Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) piloted an abattoir disease surveillance system to assess for the presence of high impact pig diseases (HIPDs) using serological methods. The Lao Department of Livestock and Fisheries (DLF) identified Classical Swine Fever (CSF), Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) and Brucella suis as HIPDs of interest for sero-surveillance purposes. Porcine serum samples (n = 597) were collected from six Lao abattoirs in March to December of 2019. Serological enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods were chosen for their high-throughput and relatively low-costs. The true seroprevalence for CSF and PRRS seropositivity were 68.7%, 95% CI (64.8-72.3) and 39.5%, 95% CI (35.7-43.5), respectively. The results demonstrated no evidence of Brucella spp. seroconversion. Lao breed pigs were less likely to be CSF seropositive (P < 0.05), whilst pigs slaughtered at <1 year of age were less likely to be PRRS seropositive (P < 0.01). The testing methods could not differentiate between seropositivity gained from vaccine or natural infection, and investigators were unable to obtain the vaccine status of the slaughtered pigs from the abattoirs. These results demonstrate that adequate sample sizes are possible from abattoir sero-surveillance and lifetime health traceability is necessary to understand HIPDs in Lao PDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Matsumoto
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Bounlom Douangngeun
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Souphanouvong Avenue, Sikhottabong District, PO. Box 6644, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Watthana Theppangna
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Souphanouvong Avenue, Sikhottabong District, PO. Box 6644, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Souphanouvong Avenue, Sikhottabong District, PO. Box 6644, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Phouvong Phommachanh
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Souphanouvong Avenue, Sikhottabong District, PO. Box 6644, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell D. Bush
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul W. Selleck
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Laurence J. Gleeson
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jarunee Siengsanan-Lamont
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
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Le TTH, Langley SJ, Dunham JG, Dang-Xuan S, Unger F, Ngo HHT, Nguyen-Thanh L, Nguyen-Viet H, Toribio JA. Food safety knowledge, needed and trusted information of pork consumers in different retail types in Northern Vietnam. Front Sustain Food Syst 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1063927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionFood safety is an important public health concern globally. Risk communication is one of crucial element to manage food safety. While current food safety studies have focused on contamination of hazards or risk factors, limited research exists on consumer concerns, knowledge and perception about the actual risk food poses to their health. This study aimed to assess and compare the knowledge and perceptions regarding food safety, and the information needed and trusted by pork consumers in Northern Vietnam.MethodsA total of 225 consumers recruited from three different market types: modern urban, traditional urban and traditional rural, were interviewed using a questionnaire between November to December 2019.ResultsThe majority of participants (81.8%) were female and consumers interviewed at modern urban retail were younger than those interviewed at traditional retail settings (p < 0.01). Sixty-five percent of participants across the three retail types agreed that microbes were the most common hazards which can make them sick, but the adverse health effect due to chemical hazards was ranked higher than that of biological hazards. Most participants often received food safety information that was about animal diseases (such as African swine fever most recently), chemical contamination and the unknown origin of food rather than about food poisoning and measures to prevent it. Food safety messages from television and professional experts were the most trusted sources and consumer preference was for information about the origin of food (traceability) and how to choose safe food. Participants were willing to receive food safety information daily to weekly. A lack of perception and awareness about animal welfare related to pig farming or slaughtering was reported by most respondents (84.3%).DiscussionThese findings provide insight on Vietnamese consumer knowledge gaps, information demand and communication channels for food safety, so that risk communicators and managers can implement better food safety awareness campaigns and communication to consumers.
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Burgess A, Toribio JA, Tiwari H, Vost M, Green A, Dhand N. Design and Evaluation of the Veterinary Epidemiology Teaching Skills (VETS) Workshop: Building Capacity in the Asia-Pacific Region. J Vet Med Educ 2022; 50:e20220075. [PMID: 36240385 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2022-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Building workforce capacity in epidemiology skills for veterinarians in the Asia-Pacific region is crucial to health security. However, successful implementation of these programs requires a supply of trained veterinary epidemiology teachers and mentors. We sought to design and evaluate delivery of a 4-day Veterinary Epidemiology Teaching Skills (VETS) workshop as part of a larger project to strengthen field veterinary epidemiology capacity. Thirty-five veterinarians were selected to participate in the 4-day VETS workshop, consisting of nine modules delivered synchronously online. Participants were formatively assessed and given feedback from peers and facilitators on all activities. Data were collected with pre- and post-course questionnaires. Numeric values were categorized to convert into an ordinal scale with four categories. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Thirty-four veterinary epidemiologists from eight countries of the Asia-Pacific completed the workshop. Participants felt able to achieve most key learning outcomes through provision of succinct literature, teaching frameworks, and active participation in small groups, with multiple opportunities to give and receive feedback. Although the online workshop provided flexibility, participants felt the addition of face-to-face sessions would enrich their experience. Additionally, protected time from work duties would have improved their ability to fully engage in the workshop. The VETS workshop granted an effective online framework for veterinary epidemiologists to develop and practice skills in teaching, facilitation, assessment, feedback, case-based learning, program evaluation, and mentorship. A challenge will be ensuring provision of local teaching and mentoring opportunities to reinforce learning outcomes and build workforce capacity.
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Mills K, Mohler VL, Toribio JA, House J. Future-proofing our Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree program: building student confidence in self and peer assessment. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1434. [PMID: 36006914 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.07.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Higgins D, Govendir M, Krockenberger M, Ward M, Toribio JA. Leading research for animal health, welfare, and biosecurity. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:ajvr.22.07.0116. [PMID: 35947682 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.07.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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Lam S, Nguyen HTT, Tuan HNH, Nguyen LT, Nguyen-Viet H, Toribio JA, Thanh HLT, Pham-Van H, Grace D, Unger F. Unpacking the Theory Behind One Health Food Safety Programs: A Vietnam Case Study. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:763410. [PMID: 34926640 PMCID: PMC8672033 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.763410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many One Health programs are inherently complex, characterized by multiple perspectives from multiple sectors, delivery across various scales, and a focus on complex problems at the convergence of people, animals, and the environment. This complexity makes them difficult to conceptualize, requiring frameworks to organize the different program components. Evaluation frameworks that unpack the sequence of events linking program activities to outcomes (e.g., Theory of Change) and track outcomes (e.g., Outcome Mapping) show promise in supporting the development of One Health programs. While widely used in international development and health contexts, there has been little reflection on the use of Theory of Change and Outcome Mapping within One Health efforts. This paper reflects on the process of applying these frameworks to conceptualize a One Health food safety program in Vietnam. We find Theory of Change fostered the characterization of a change pathway toward safer pork, while Outcome Mapping kept us informed of where along the change pathway we were. One Health programs considering evaluation frameworks should adopt elements that make sense to them, be intentional about co-designing the evaluation, and view evaluation as a process, not a product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Lam
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Hai Ngo Hoang Tuan
- Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luong Thanh Nguyen
- Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Hung Pham-Van
- Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Delia Grace
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fred Unger
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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MacPhillamy I, Olmo L, Young J, Nampanya S, Suon S, Khounsy S, Windsor P, Toribio JA, Bush R. Changes in farmer animal health and biosecurity knowledge, attitudes and practices: Insights from Cambodia and Laos. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e517-e531. [PMID: 34558209 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Livestock agriculture in Cambodia and Laos is severely affected by endemic and exotic transboundary animal diseases, impacting household livelihoods and food and nutritional security. Collaborative animal health and biosecurity projects were conducted in each country between 2015 and 2019 aimed at increasing smallholder livestock production through mainly knowledge-based interventions in large ruminant disease prevention, nutrition, reproduction and marketing access. This study's objectives were to identify baseline animal health and biosecurity knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of farmers, and temporal changes in key attitudes and practices associated with improved knowledge. Data for each country were analysed separately, and a formal between-country comparison was avoided due to major implementation and management differences. Binomial logistic regression without random terms compared the overall knowledge scores between 2015 and 2018 in each country, and binomial logistic regression with random terms was used to investigate possible associations between animal health and biosecurity knowledge scores and attitudes and practices. In Cambodia, the average animal health and biosecurity knowledge score increased from 4.8 (±2.2)/17 in 2015 to 13.0 (±2.8)/17 in 2018 (p < .0001). In Laos, the average scores improved from 7.2 (±2.5)/12 in 2015 to 7.9 (±2.9)/12 in 2018 (p = .0003). Clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease were accurately reported by 100% of Cambodian and 88% of Lao project farmers, and overall, attitudes and practices improved in both countries over the study period. The belief that vaccination can improve livestock value was associated with increasing knowledge in both countries (Cambodia: OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.24-1.68, p < .0001; Laos: OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.16-1.75, p = .0006) as was the use of the services of village para-veterinarians if they had better training (Cambodia: OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.20-2.58, p = .004; Laos: OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.19-3.41, p = .009). However, the source of livestock information (District veterinary officials) was the only practice associated with knowledge in both Cambodia and Laos. The influence of resource scarcity on farmer decision making and knowledge measures was considered of particular relevance to the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel MacPhillamy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Luisa Olmo
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Young
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sonevilay Nampanya
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Vientiane, Lao PDR, Thailand
| | - Sothoeun Suon
- General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Syseng Khounsy
- Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Vientiane, Lao PDR, Thailand
| | - Peter Windsor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Russell Bush
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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Mathews KO, Phalen D, Norris JM, Stenos J, Toribio JA, Wood N, Graves S, Sheehy PA, Nguyen C, Bosward KL. Serological Evidence of Exposure to Spotted Fever Group and Typhus Group Rickettsiae in Australian Wildlife Rehabilitators. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060745. [PMID: 34204809 PMCID: PMC8231516 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickettsioses are arthropod-borne zoonotic diseases, several of which occur in Australia. This study aimed to assess the exposure levels and risk factors for Rickettsia spp. among Australian wildlife rehabilitators (AWRs) using serology, PCR and a questionnaire. Antibody titres against Spotted Fever Group (SFG), Typhus Group (TG) and Scrub Typhus Group (STG) antigens were determined using an immunofluorescence assay. PCR targeting the gltA gene was performed on DNA extracts from whole blood and serum. Logistic regression was used to identify risk factors associated with seropositivity. Of the 27 (22.1%; 27/122) seropositive participants all were seropositive for SFG, with 5/27 (4.1%) also positive for TG. Of the 27 positive sera, 14.8% (4/27) were further classified as exposure to R. australis, 3.7% (1/27) to R. honei, 3.7% (1/27) to R. felis and 77.8% (21/27) were classified as ‘indeterminate’—most of which (85.7%; 18/21) were indeterminate R. australis/R. honei exposures. Rickettsia DNA was not detected in whole blood or serum. Rehabilitators were more likely to be seropositive if more than one household member rehabilitated wildlife, were older than 50 years or had occupational animal contact. These findings suggest that AWRs are at increased risk of contracting Rickettsia-related illnesses, however the source of the increased seropositivity remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen O. Mathews
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (D.P.); (J.M.N.); (J.-A.T.); (P.A.S.)
- Correspondence: (K.O.M.); (K.L.B.)
| | - David Phalen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (D.P.); (J.M.N.); (J.-A.T.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Jacqueline M. Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (D.P.); (J.M.N.); (J.-A.T.); (P.A.S.)
| | - John Stenos
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (J.S.); (S.G.); (C.N.)
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (D.P.); (J.M.N.); (J.-A.T.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Nicholas Wood
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia;
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Stephen Graves
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (J.S.); (S.G.); (C.N.)
| | - Paul A. Sheehy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (D.P.); (J.M.N.); (J.-A.T.); (P.A.S.)
| | - Chelsea Nguyen
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; (J.S.); (S.G.); (C.N.)
| | - Katrina L. Bosward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (D.P.); (J.M.N.); (J.-A.T.); (P.A.S.)
- Correspondence: (K.O.M.); (K.L.B.)
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Mathews KO, Toribio JA, Norris JM, Phalen D, Wood N, Graves SR, Sheehy PA, Bosward KL. Coxiella burnetii seroprevalence and Q fever in Australian wildlife rehabilitators. One Health 2021; 12:100197. [PMID: 33319024 PMCID: PMC7725937 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is the causative bacterium of the zoonotic disease Q fever, which is recognised as a public health concern globally. Macropods have been suggested as a potential source of C. burnetii infection for humans. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of C. burnetii exposure in a cohort of Australian wildlife rehabilitators (AWRs) and assess Q fever disease and vaccination status within this population. Blood samples were collected from adult participants attending the Australian Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference in Sydney in July 2018. Participants completed a questionnaire at the time of blood collection. Antibody titres (IgG, IgA and IgM) against phase I and phase II C. burnetii antigens as determined by immunofluorescence assay, revealed that of the unvaccinated participants, 6.1% (9/147) had evidence of exposure to C. burnetii. Of the total participants, 8.1% (13/160) had received Q fever vaccination, four of whom remained seropositive at the time of blood collection. Participants reporting occupational contact with ruminants, were eight times more likely to have been vaccinated against Q fever, than those reporting no occupational animal contact (OR 8.1; 95% CI 1.85-45.08). Three AWRs (2%) reported having had medically diagnosed Q fever, two of whom remained seropositive at the time of blood collection. Despite the lack of association between macropod contacts and C. burnetii seropositivity in this cohort, these findings suggest that AWRs are approximately twice as likely to be exposed to C. burnetii, compared with the general Australian population. This provides support for the recommendation of Q fever vaccination for this potentially 'at-risk' population. The role of macropods in human Q fever disease remains unclear, and further research into C. burnetii infection in macropods including: infection rate and transmission cycles between vectors, macropods as reservoirs, other animals and humans is required.
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Key Words
- Australia, wildlife rehabilitators
- Australian Statistical Geography Standard, ASGS
- Australian Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference, AWRC
- Australian wildlife rehabilitators, AWRs
- Coxiella burnetii
- Indirect immunofluorescence assay, IFA
- Macropods, kangaroos
- Personal protection equipment, PPE
- Q fever
- Q fever disease status, QFDS
- Q fever disease, QFD
- Q fever serostatus, QFSS
- Q fever vaccination status, QFVS
- Q fever vaccination, QFV
- Seroprevalence
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen O. Mathews
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M. Norris
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - David Phalen
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Wood
- The University of Sydney, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen R. Graves
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, University Hospital Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Paul A. Sheehy
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Katrina L. Bosward
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
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MacPhillamy I, Young J, Earp F, Khounsy S, Windsor P, Toribio JA, Bush R. Foot-and-mouth disease seroprevalence and reporting behaviours in nine northern provinces in Lao PDR: The current situation and challenges for control. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:645-659. [PMID: 33559340 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), is one of the most important of global livestock diseases, impacting even-toed ungulates and distributed mostly in less developed countries that are home to 75% of the human population. A progressive control pathway for FMD (PCP-FMD) was developed to assist countries to better manage FMD risks and progress towards control and eradication. This requires evidence of current FMD seroprevalence to enable the informed risk assessment and the disease control planning required to progress along the initial stages of the PCP-FMD. Despite Laos being an active member of the South East Asia and China FMD campaign, these data have been challenging to obtain. To address this gap, a cross-sectional seroprevalence study in nine northern Lao provinces was conducted in early 2019. The study sampled 602 large ruminants and 19 goats from 30 villages. Overall, the large ruminant seroprevalence was 43.7% (95% CI 39.7-47.8), and 90% of sampled villages had at least one seropositive animal. Large ruminants suspected of having had clinical FMD in their lifetime were found to have an increased risk of being seropositive (odds ratio 1.96, 95% CI 1.06-3.65, p = .03). An examination of current reporting behaviours of farmers, village veterinary workers and district and provincial officials found that individuals were using their discretion as to whether disease events required reporting along the chain of command. This, plus the lack of a computerized reporting system, contributed to a loss of historical data, potentially compromising progression on the PCP-FMD. Laos requires ongoing support from donor agencies to improve the current animal disease surveillance system and implement effective FMD control strategies that can enable progress on the PCP-FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel MacPhillamy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - James Young
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Francesca Earp
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Peter Windsor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell Bush
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Mitchell MEV, Alders R, Unger F, Nguyen-Viet H, Le TTH, Toribio JA. The challenges of investigating antimicrobial resistance in Vietnam - what benefits does a One Health approach offer the animal and human health sectors? BMC Public Health 2020; 20:213. [PMID: 32046713 PMCID: PMC7014660 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The One Health concept promotes the enhancement of human, animal and ecosystem health through multi-sectorial governance support and policies to combat health security threats. In Vietnam, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animal and human health settings poses a significant threat, but one that could be minimised by adopting a One Health approach to AMR surveillance. To advance understanding of the willingness and abilities of the human and animal health sectors to undertake investigations of AMR with a One Health approach, we explored the perceptions and experiences of those tasked with investigating AMR in Vietnam, and the benefits a multi-sectorial approach offers. METHODS This study used qualitative methodology to provide key informants' perspectives from the animal and human health sectors. Two scenarios of food-borne AMR bacteria found within the pork value chain were used as case studies to investigate challenges and opportunities for improving collaboration across different stakeholders and to understand benefits offered by a One Health approach surveillance system. Fifteen semi-structured interviews with 11 participants from the animal and six from the human health sectors at the central level in Hanoi and the provincial level in Thai Nguyen were conducted. RESULTS Eight themes emerged from the transcripts of the interviews. From the participants perspectives on the benefits of a One Health approach: (1) Communication and multi-sectorial collaboration; (2) Building comprehensive knowledge; (3) Improving likelihood of success. Five themes emerged from participants views of the challenges to investigate AMR: (4) Diagnostic capacity; (5) Availability and access to antibiotics (6) Tracing ability within the Vietnamese food chain; (7) Personal benefits and (8) Managing the system. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that there is potential to strengthen multi-sectorial collaboration between the animal and human health sectors by building upon existing informal networks. Based on these results, we recommend an inclusive approach to multi-sectorial communication supported by government network activities to facilitate partnerships and create cross-disciplinary awareness and participation. The themes relating to diagnostic capacity show that both sectors are facing challenges to undertake investigations in AMR. Our results indicate that the need to strengthen the animal health sector is more pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa E V Mitchell
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 298 Kim Ma, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Robyn Alders
- Centre on Global Health Security, Chatham House, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, UK
- Development Policy Centre, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Kyeema Foundation, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, USA
| | - Fred Unger
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 298 Kim Ma, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 298 Kim Ma, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trang Thi Huyen Le
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), 298 Kim Ma, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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MacPhillamy I, Young J, Siek S, Bun C, Suon S, Toribio JA, Windsor P, Bush R. Improving Village Animal Health Worker participation in national disease surveillance systems: A case study from Cambodia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:967-978. [PMID: 31758845 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Para-veterinary systems have arisen in numerous developing countries to address the low capacity of national veterinary services in meeting livestock health demands of mainly smallholder farmers. In Cambodia, the village animal health worker (VAHW) system was established in the early 1990s, involving short training programmes to equip VAHWs to provide basic animal health services for smallholder farmers, particularly the vaccination of cattle for haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS). However, there are increasing expectations that VAHWs provide village level disease surveillance information to the national veterinary services, despite their low-level disease diagnostic skills. To identify opportunities to improve the disease reporting system in Cambodia, a closed-ended cross-sectional study of VAHWs (n = 80) from two provinces was conducted in 2015, examining their contact frequency with district and provincial animal health authorities. Ordinal logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with increased frequency of VAHW contact with the district animal health authorities responsible for national disease reporting. Positive associations between income generated from VAHW activities (p = .01) and the frequency of visiting farmers (p < .0001), with more frequent contacts with district animal health authorities, were identified. High levels of inappropriate use of antibiotics, with almost 90% of VAHW reporting they use antibiotics to treat FMD-affected animals, were reported. Although further research to increase the rates of reporting at the smallholder farmer and VAHW levels is required, increased emphasis on complying with the World Organisation for Animal Health's competency guidelines for veterinary paraprofessionals may be required if they are expected to contribute to national animal disease surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel MacPhillamy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - James Young
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Sophary Siek
- General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chan Bun
- General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sothoeun Suon
- General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Windsor
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell Bush
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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Arsyad DS, Nasir S, Arundhana AI, Phan-Thien KY, Toribio JA, McMahon P, Guest DI, Walton M. A one health exploration of the reasons for low cocoa productivity in West Sulawesi. One Health 2019; 8:100107. [PMID: 31890845 PMCID: PMC6931222 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted an interdisciplinary One Health study of potential links between agricultural, health and associated livelihood factors on the livelihoods of smallholder cocoa-growing families in West Sulawesi. Our 2017 survey of 509 cocoa smallholder family members in 120 households in Polewali-Mandar District, West Sulawesi, Indonesia showed that farmers face many challenges to improving their livelihoods, including land management, agricultural practices, nutrition and human health, animal health, aging and demographic changes. Price fluctuations, limited access to capital and poor health deterred farmers from applying agricultural inputs and resulted in levels of low cocoa production (275 kg/annum per household). While market demand for live goats in the region is substantial and expected to increase, uptake of mixed farming with goats by smallholders was low. However, most households kept chickens. Bank accounts were held by 31% of households. Inadequate sanitation and unsafe water were reported in >50% households. Anthropometric measures showed that 42% of children under five years were significantly stunted and 32% of women were overweight. Joint, back pain and blurry vision were reported by 30% of adult respondents. High blood pressure contributed to complications in 20% of pregnancies. Primary health care provided by district health services mainly focuses on maternal and child health, leaving chronic health problems such as Type 2 diabetes, cataracts, arthritis and mental illness under-diagnosed, and if diagnosed, with inadequate treatment. Availability of food was a source of worry for 58% of households with 63% reporting limited food variety. Dietary diversity was low with an average of four out of ten food categories consumed in each household. Positive correlations were recorded for household cocoa productivity, land size, dietary diversity and perceptions that food availability and variety was sufficient. The results showed that an integrated One Health approach provides deep understanding of priority areas for improving livelihoods. A household survey of a cocoa-dependent community in Sulawesi indicated low productivity, incomes and uptake of mixed farming. Results showed variable health services, chronic health conditions and childhood stunting. Dietary diversity and perceptions of food availability were low. The interdependency of problems facing smallholders supports an integrated (One Health) approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Sidik Arsyad
- Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Sudirman Nasir
- Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | - Kim-Yen Phan-Thien
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Peter McMahon
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| | - David I. Guest
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Merrilyn Walton
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
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Steele SG, Toribio JA, Booy R, Mor SM. What makes an effective One Health clinical practitioner? Opinions of Australian One Health experts. One Health 2019; 8:100108. [PMID: 31720358 PMCID: PMC6838466 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite agreement that One Health practices facilitate effective management of zoonoses, the pathways to a coordinated and collaborative approach by general medical practitioners (GPs) and veterinarians are hampered by limited understanding of how this can be practically incorporated in routine clinical settings. Data collected during a Delphi survey of Australian One Health ‘experts’ was used to explore opinions and insights into desired knowledge, attitudes and practices of effective One Health clinical practitioners. Five categories were identified as essential for GPs and veterinarians, namely: accurate baseline knowledge of specific zoonoses; a ‘big picture’ understanding of zoonoses; understanding of professional roles within the One Health paradigm; understanding one's own professional limitations; and collaboration and referral improve outcomes. An outline of the roles and responsibilities of GPs and veterinarians as effective One Health clinicians was determined based on the opinions of the expert panel. Educational interventions that foster interprofessional communication and collaboration will be necessary to successfully bring about the cultural change required to achieve effective One Health practice in Australia, and thus expedite improved human, animal and environmental health outcomes. Experts identified five essential categories required by general medical practitioners and veterinarians. Cross professional collaboration was seen as a hallmark of effective One Health practice. Specific roles were identified for GPs and veterinarians with regard to zoonoses management Significant cultural change is required to successfully facilitate effective One Health practice at a clinical level
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Steele
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Veterinary Science, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Veterinary Science, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Robert Booy
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, NSW 2006, Australia.,National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Siobhan M Mor
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Veterinary Science, NSW 2006, Australia.,University of Liverpool, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Merseyside L3 5RF, United Kingdom
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15
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Barnes B, Scott A, Hernandez-Jover M, Toribio JA, Moloney B, Glass K. Modelling high pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in the commercial poultry industry. Theor Popul Biol 2019; 126:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Toribio JA, Markham R, Carter L, Law A, Alders R, Dibley M, Walton M, Shuttleworth L, Guest D. Research for development to improve health outcomes from agriculture for rural communities: what is needed? Food Secur 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-018-0787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Scott AB, Toribio JA, Singh M, Groves P, Barnes B, Glass K, Moloney B, Black A, Hernandez-Jover M. Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Exposure Risk Assessment in Australian Commercial Chicken Farms. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:68. [PMID: 29755987 PMCID: PMC5932326 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the pathways of exposure to low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus among Australian commercial chicken farms and estimated the likelihood of this exposure occurring using scenario trees and a stochastic modeling approach following the World Organization for Animal Health methodology for risk assessment. Input values for the models were sourced from scientific literature and an on-farm survey conducted during 2015 and 2016 among Australian commercial chicken farms located in New South Wales and Queensland. Outputs from the models revealed that the probability of a first LPAI virus exposure to a chicken in an Australian commercial chicken farms from one wild bird at any point in time is extremely low. A comparative assessment revealed that across the five farm types (non-free-range meat chicken, free-range meat chicken, cage layer, barn layer, and free range layer farms), free-range layer farms had the highest probability of exposure (7.5 × 10-4; 5% and 95%, 5.7 × 10-4-0.001). The results indicate that the presence of a large number of wild birds on farm is required for exposure to occur across all farm types. The median probability of direct exposure was highest in free-range farm types (5.6 × 10-4 and 1.6 × 10-4 for free-range layer and free-range meat chicken farms, respectively) and indirect exposure was highest in non-free-range farm types (2.7 × 10-4, 2.0 × 10-4, and 1.9 × 10-4 for non-free-range meat chicken, cage layer, and barn layer farms, respectively). The probability of exposure was found to be lowest in summer for all farm types. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the proportion of waterfowl among wild birds on the farm, the presence of waterfowl in the range and feed storage areas, and the prevalence of LPAI in wild birds are the most influential parameters for the probability of Australian commercial chicken farms being exposed to avian influenza (AI) virus. These results highlight the importance of ensuring good biosecurity on farms to minimize the risk of exposure to AI virus and the importance of continuous surveillance of LPAI prevalence including subtypes in wild bird populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bullanday Scott
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mini Singh
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Groves
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Belinda Barnes
- Quantitative Sciences, Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kathryn Glass
- College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Barbara Moloney
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda Black
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW, Australia
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University and New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Scott AB, Singh M, Groves P, Hernandez-Jover M, Barnes B, Glass K, Moloney B, Black A, Toribio JA. Biosecurity practices on Australian commercial layer and meat chicken farms: Performance and perceptions of farmers. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195582. [PMID: 29668707 PMCID: PMC5906091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the level of adoption of biosecurity practices performed on Australian commercial chicken meat and layer farms and farmer-perceived importance of these practices. On-farm interviews were conducted on 25 free range layer farms, nine cage layer farms, nine barn layer farms, six free range meat chicken farms and 15 barn meat chicken farms in the Sydney basin bioregion and South East Queensland. There was a high level of treatment of drinking water across all farm types; town water was the most common source. In general, meat chicken farms had a higher level of adoption of biosecurity practices than layer farms. Cage layer farms had the shortest median distance between sheds (7.75m) and between sheds and waterbodies (30m). Equipment sharing between sheds was performed on 43% of free range meat chicken farms compared to 92% of free range layer farms. There was little disinfection of this shared equipment across all farm types. Footbaths and visitor recording books were used by the majority of farms for all farm types except cage layer farms (25%). Wild birds in sheds were most commonly reported in free range meat chicken farms (73%). Dogs and cats were kept across all farm types, from 56% of barn layer farms to 89% of cage layer farms, and they had access to the sheds in the majority (67%) of cage layer farms and on the range in some free range layer farms (44%). Most biosecurity practices were rated on average as ‘very important’ by farmers. A logistic regression analysis revealed that for most biosecurity practices, performing a practice was significantly associated with higher perceived farmer importance of that biosecurity practice. These findings help identify farm types and certain biosecurity practices with low adoption levels. This information can aid decision-making on efforts used to improve adoption levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Barbara Moloney
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda Black
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Sydney, Australia
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Scott AB, Singh M, Toribio JA, Hernandez-Jover M, Barnes B, Glass K, Moloney B, Lee A, Groves P. Correction: Comparisons of management practices and farm design on Australian commercial layer and meat chicken farms: Cage, barn and free range. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194086. [PMID: 29505606 PMCID: PMC5837182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188505.].
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Scott AB, Singh M, Toribio JA, Hernandez-Jover M, Barnes B, Glass K, Moloney B, Lee A, Groves P. Comparisons of management practices and farm design on Australian commercial layer and meat chicken farms: Cage, barn and free range. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188505. [PMID: 29166389 PMCID: PMC5699831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few published studies describing the unique management practices, farm design and housing characteristics of commercial meat chicken and layer farms in Australia. In particular, there has been a large expansion of free range poultry production in Australia in recent years, but limited information about this enterprise exists. This study aimed to describe features of Australian commercial chicken farms, with particular interest in free range farms, by conducting on-farm interviews of 25 free range layer farms, nine cage layer farms, nine barn layer farms, six free range meat chicken farms and 15 barn meat chicken farms in the Sydney basin bioregion and South East Queensland. Comparisons between the different enterprises (cage, barn and free range) were explored, including stocking densities, depopulation procedures, environmental control methods and sources of information for farmers. Additional information collected for free range farms include range size, range characteristics and range access. The median number of chickens per shed was greatest in free range meat chicken farms (31,058), followed by barn meat chicken (20,817), free range layer (10,713), barn layer (9,300) and cage layer farms (9,000). Sheds had cooling pads and tunnel ventilation in just over half of both barn and free range meat chicken farms (53%, n = 8) and was least common in free range layer farms (16%, n = 4). Range access in free range meat chicken farms was from sunrise to dark in the majority (93%, n = 14) of free range meat chicken farms. Over half of free range layer farms (56%, n = 14) granted range access at a set time each morning; most commonly between 9:00 to 10.00am (86%, n = 12), and chickens were placed back inside sheds when it was dusk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bullanday Scott
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Mini Singh
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Charles Sturt University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Belinda Barnes
- Quantitative Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kathryn Glass
- College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Amanda Lee
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter Groves
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Kimaro EG, Mor SM, Gwakisa P, Toribio JA. Seasonal occurrence of Theileria parva infection and management practices amongst Maasai pastoralist communities in Monduli District, Northern Tanzania. Vet Parasitol 2017; 246:43-52. [PMID: 28969779 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Theileria parva causes an economically devastating tick-borne disease called East Coast fever (ECF), which affects cattle in central, eastern and southern Africa. Determination of seasonal infection rates for T. parva is crucial for epidemiological understanding and for strengthening ECF management practices. However, this information is lacking for most pastoralist areas with high livestock density, such as the Monduli District in the Maasai steppe, northern Tanzania. A cross-sectional study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of T. parva in wet and dry seasons, and to assess understanding of management practices associated with T. parva amongst pastoralists' cattle. A total of 960 cattle owned by 130 pastoralists were randomly selected from ten study villages in each season and blood samples analysed for T. parva prevalence using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Seroprevalence for T. parva in the wet season was assessed using an enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Information on relevant management practices was gathered using a standardized questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between T. parva parasitaemia and animal, farm and village-level factors. The prevalence of T. parva parasitaemia was 15.9% (95% CI=0.13-0.19) and 31.6% (95% CI=0.28-0.36) in wet and dry seasons, respectively. All cattle were sero-positive. T. parva parasitaemia was significantly associated with age of the animal, sampling season, and study village. All 130 cattle owners interviewed (100%) reported that they could easily recognise ECF and the vast majority (97.7%) identified swollen lymph nodes as the most prominent sign. At least 70% reported to understand the involvement of R. appendiculatus in ECF transmission. The use of both commercial drugs and herbal medicines for ECF treatment was reported by 54.6% of cattle owners. Among commercial drugs reported, the most commonly used was alamycin 300mg/ml (oxytetracycline dehydrates). Tick control by hand spraying was reported by the majority (90.8%) of cattle owners and less than half (45.4%) reported to vaccinate their cattle. This research provides evidence of widespread T. parva infection across Monduli District, and baseline information on seasonal occurrence. This information can assist the planning of more appropriate control strategies in pastoralist communities both now and into the future as predicted climatic changes progress in the region and potentially influence ECF occurrence and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther G Kimaro
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Australia; Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control Division, P.o Box 3420, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Siobhan M Mor
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Gwakisa
- Department of Microbiology, Parasitology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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Peel AJ, Field HE, Reid PA, Plowright RK, Broder CC, Skerratt LF, Hayman DTS, Restif O, Taylor M, Martin G, Crameri G, Smith I, Baker M, Marsh GA, Barr J, Breed AC, Wood JLN, Dhand N, Toribio JA, Cunningham AA, Fulton I, Bryden WL, Secombe C, Wang LF. The equine Hendra virus vaccine remains a highly effective preventative measure against infection in horses and humans: 'The imperative to develop a human vaccine for the Hendra virus in Australia'. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:31658. [PMID: 27151273 PMCID: PMC4858501 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.31658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Peel
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Peter A Reid
- Australian Veterinary Association Representative, Queensland Government Hendra virus Interagency Technical Working Group, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - David T S Hayman
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Restif
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerardo Martin
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Gary Crameri
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ina Smith
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Baker
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn A Marsh
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer Barr
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew C Breed
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - James L N Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Navneet Dhand
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, NW1 4RY London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Fulton
- President Equine Veterinarians Australia, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Wayne L Bryden
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Cristy Secombe
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Millar J, Abdurrahman M, Toribio JA, Ambarawati A, Yusuf RP, Suadnya W. Informal inter-island poultry movement in Indonesia: does it pose a risk to HPAI H5N1 transmission? Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1261-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mustiana A, Toribio JA, Abdurrahman M, Suadnya IW, Hernandez-Jover M, Putra AAG, Ward MP. Owned and unowned dog population estimation, dog management and dog bites to inform rabies prevention and response on Lombok Island, Indonesia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124092. [PMID: 25932916 PMCID: PMC4416720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Indonesia has been rabies-infected since at least the 1880s, some islands remain rabies-free, such as Lombok. However, due to its adjacency to rabies-infected islands such as Bali and Flores, there is considerable risk of a rabies incursion. As part of a rabies risk assessment project, surveys were conducted to estimate the size of the dog population and to describe dog management practices of households belonging to different ethnic groups. A photographic-recapture method was employed and the number of unowned dogs was estimated. A total of 400 dog owning households were interviewed, 300 at an urban site and 100 at a rural site. The majority of the interviewed households belonged to the Balinese ethnic group. Owned dogs were more likely male, and non-pedigree or local breed. These households kept their dogs either fully restricted, semi-free roaming or free-roaming but full restriction was reported only at the urban site. Dog bite cases were reported to be higher at the urban site, and commonly affected children/young adults to 20 years old and males. A higher number of unowned dogs was observed at the urban site than at the rural site. Data generated within these surveys can inform rabies risk assessment models to quantify the probability of rabies being released into Lombok and resulting in the infection of the local dog population. The information gained is critical for efforts to educate dog owners about rabies, as a component of preparedness to prevent the establishment of rabies should an incursion occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mustiana
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Muktasam Abdurrahman
- Research Center for Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram, Lombok, Indonesia
| | - I. Wayan Suadnya
- Research Center for Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram, Lombok, Indonesia
| | - Marta Hernandez-Jover
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Anak Agung Gde Putra
- Disease Investigation Centre Denpasar, Ministry of Agriculture, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Camden, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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hunter C, Birden H, Toribio JA, Booy R, Abdurrahman M, Ambarawati A, Adiputra IN. Community preparedness for highly pathogenic Avian influenza on Bali and Lombok, Indonesia. Rural Remote Health 2014. [DOI: 10.22605/rrh2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Bush RD, Windsor PA, Toribio JA, Webster SR. Financial modelling of the potential cost of ovine Johne's disease and the benefit of vaccinating sheep flocks in southern New South Wales. Aust Vet J 2008; 86:398-403. [PMID: 18826512 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an enterprise gross margin (GM) model that predicts the on-farm financial impact of ovine Johne's disease (OJD) for various sheep enterprises in Australia. In addition, to estimate the benefits and costs of control through the use of the Gudair vaccination, including a breakeven point. DESIGN AND POPULATION Data for the model was gained from an observational study conducted over a 3-year period from 2002 to 2004 using sheep from 12 OJD-infected flocks from southern New South Wales. Flocks ranged between 3500 and 20,000 sheep, with owner estimates of 5% or greater OJD mortality at the start of the study. PROCEDURE A GM model was developed to predict the on-farm financial impact of OJD for various sheep enterprises in Australia, comparing non-infected, infected (status quo) and infected (vaccination) disease scenarios. RESULTS Vaccination breakeven points are achieved within 2 to 3 years for breeding enterprises if OJD mortalities are high, rising towards 7 years for a Merino ewe enterprise if OJD mortalities are low. CONCLUSION The GM model demonstrates the returns to investment of vaccination for Australian sheep producers with OJD-infected flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Bush
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, PMB 3, Camden, NSW, Australia.
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Schembri N, Sithole F, Toribio JA, Hernández-Jover M, Holyoake PK. Lifetime traceability of weaner pigs in concrete-based and deep-litter production systems in Australia1,2. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:3123-30. [PMID: 17686903 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A field study was conducted on a 2,300-sow piggery in southwestern New South Wales, Australia, over a 17-wk period (from weaning at 4 wk of age) to assess the suitability for lifetime traceability of weaners of 4 identification devices: 1) full duplex ear tag (FDX, Allflex), 2) half duplex ear tag designed for cattle (HDX, Leadertronic), 3) conventional ear tag (Leader), and 4) ear tattoo (Ketchum ear tattoo 101). Visual readability, retention rate, electronic failures, and adverse side effects were assessed at 8 wk after application at both sites and before slaughter at 14 or 17 wk after application at site A and site B, respectively. A total of 394 weaner pigs were randomly assigned after weaning to 6 treatment groups and reared either in small groups in intensive, indoor, concrete-based pens (n = 224; site A) or in a large group on deep litter (n = 170; site B). Visual readability was similar for all ear tag types before slaughter (P > 0.05); however, visual readability of the ear tattoo was lower (P < 0.05), with between 78.2 and 60.0% illegible due to ink fading. Few tags were lost in the 8-wk period after application; however, tag loss increased for each tag device after this period and varied with housing system. Conventional tag loss was greater among pigs housed at site A (29.0%) than in pigs housed at site B (4.9%) in the 6- to 9-wk period before slaughter. The overall readability of FDX and HDX tags did not differ (P > 0.05) between sites; however, overall readability of FDX tags at 98.4% was better (P < 0.05) than 71.8% for HDX tags. Tag costs ranged from $0.73 for the conventional ear tag to $2.42 for the HDX ear tag. The identification devices did not induce production-limiting adverse effects after they were applied. Under conditions of this study, FDX electronic ear tags were the most efficacious for lifetime identification of weaner pigs on-farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schembri
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess Australia's capability to trace pig movements in the event of an exotic disease outbreak by highlighting the commonalities and inconsistencies between the various state and territory legislations in defining how pig producers are located; their pigs are identified; and whether movement records are required post-farm gate. PROCEDURE A review of the identification and traceability legislation applicable to pigs in Australia was undertaken over a 6 month period. The appropriate legislative Acts and Regulations were downloaded from the Australasian Legal Information Institute internet site (http://www.austlii.edu.au/) and reviewed. RESULTS The Australian pig industry currently uses the branding method (tattooing) to identify pigs for sale or slaughter, with each state responsible for its own pig identification and movement control systems. Areas of concern identified included inconsistencies with the minimum weight or age of pigs that require identification; discrepancies between methods of tattoo registration and shortfalls in documentation for recording pig movements. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the flaws in Australia's current state legislative Acts and Regulations for identifying pigs and tracking their movements, which compromise the ability of jurisdictions to meet the endorsed National Performance Standards. Improvements in these areas will enhance security to the pig and other livestock industries in the event of future exotic disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schembri
- University of Sydney, 45 Werombi Rd, Camden NSW 2570, Australia.
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