1
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Finkel EA, Chang YT, Dasgupta R, Lubin EE, Xu D, Minamisawa G, Chang AJ, Cohen JY, O'Connor DH. Tactile processing in mouse cortex depends on action context. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113991. [PMID: 38573855 PMCID: PMC11097894 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The brain receives constant tactile input, but only a subset guides ongoing behavior. Actions associated with tactile stimuli thus endow them with behavioral relevance. It remains unclear how the relevance of tactile stimuli affects processing in the somatosensory (S1) cortex. We developed a cross-modal selection task in which head-fixed mice switched between responding to tactile stimuli in the presence of visual distractors or to visual stimuli in the presence of tactile distractors using licking movements to the left or right side in different blocks of trials. S1 spiking encoded tactile stimuli, licking actions, and direction of licking in response to tactile but not visual stimuli. Bidirectional optogenetic manipulations showed that sensory-motor activity in S1 guided behavior when touch but not vision was relevant. Our results show that S1 activity and its impact on behavior depend on the actions associated with a tactile stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Finkel
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Yi-Ting Chang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Rajan Dasgupta
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Emily E Lubin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Duo Xu
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Genki Minamisawa
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Anna J Chang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Daniel H O'Connor
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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2
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Megemont M, Tortorelli LS, McBurney-Lin J, Cohen JY, O'Connor DH, Yang H. Simultaneous recordings of pupil size variation and locus coeruleus activity in mice. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102785. [PMID: 38127625 PMCID: PMC10772391 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An extensive literature describes how pupil size reflects neuromodulatory activity, including the noradrenergic system. Here, we present a protocol for the simultaneous recording of optogenetically identified locus coeruleus (LC) units and pupil diameter in mice under different conditions. We describe steps for building an optrode, performing surgery to implant the optrode and headpost, searching for opto-tagged LC units, and performing dual LC-pupil recording. We then detail procedures for data processing and analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Megemont et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Megemont
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Lucas S Tortorelli
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jim McBurney-Lin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience & Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Daniel H O'Connor
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience & Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Hongdian Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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3
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Liu Q, Bell BJ, Kim DW, Lee SS, Keles MF, Liu Q, Blum ID, Wang AA, Blank EJ, Xiong J, Bedont JL, Chang AJ, Issa H, Cohen JY, Blackshaw S, Wu MN. A clock-dependent brake for rhythmic arousal in the dorsomedial hypothalamus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6381. [PMID: 37821426 PMCID: PMC10567910 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks generate rhythms of arousal, but the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unclear. In Drosophila, the clock output molecule WIDE AWAKE (WAKE) labels rhythmic neural networks and cyclically regulates sleep and arousal. Here, we show, in a male mouse model, that mWAKE/ANKFN1 labels a subpopulation of dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) neurons involved in rhythmic arousal and acts in the DMH to reduce arousal at night. In vivo Ca2+ imaging reveals elevated DMHmWAKE activity during wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, while patch-clamp recordings show that DMHmWAKE neurons fire more frequently at night. Chemogenetic manipulations demonstrate that DMHmWAKE neurons are necessary and sufficient for arousal. Single-cell profiling coupled with optogenetic activation experiments suggest that GABAergic DMHmWAKE neurons promote arousal. Surprisingly, our data suggest that mWAKE acts as a clock-dependent brake on arousal during the night, when mice are normally active. mWAKE levels peak at night under clock control, and loss of mWAKE leads to hyperarousal and greater DMHmWAKE neuronal excitability specifically at night. These results suggest that the clock does not solely promote arousal during an animal's active period, but instead uses opposing processes to produce appropriate levels of arousal in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bell
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mehmet F Keles
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Qili Liu
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Ian D Blum
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Annette A Wang
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Elijah J Blank
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jiali Xiong
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joseph L Bedont
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Anna J Chang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Habon Issa
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | | | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mark N Wu
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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4
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Woo JH, Aguirre CG, Bari BA, Tsutsui KI, Grabenhorst F, Cohen JY, Schultz W, Izquierdo A, Soltani A. Mechanisms of adjustments to different types of uncertainty in the reward environment across mice and monkeys. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2023; 23:600-619. [PMID: 36823249 PMCID: PMC10444905 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite being unpredictable and uncertain, reward environments often exhibit certain regularities, and animals navigating these environments try to detect and utilize such regularities to adapt their behavior. However, successful learning requires that animals also adjust to uncertainty associated with those regularities. Here, we analyzed choice data from two comparable dynamic foraging tasks in mice and monkeys to investigate mechanisms underlying adjustments to different types of uncertainty. In these tasks, animals selected between two choice options that delivered reward probabilistically, while baseline reward probabilities changed after a variable number (block) of trials without any cues to the animals. To measure adjustments in behavior, we applied multiple metrics based on information theory that quantify consistency in behavior, and fit choice data using reinforcement learning models. We found that in both species, learning and choice were affected by uncertainty about reward outcomes (in terms of determining the better option) and by expectation about when the environment may change. However, these effects were mediated through different mechanisms. First, more uncertainty about the better option resulted in slower learning and forgetting in mice, whereas it had no significant effect in monkeys. Second, expectation of block switches accompanied slower learning, faster forgetting, and increased stochasticity in choice in mice, whereas it only reduced learning rates in monkeys. Overall, while demonstrating the usefulness of metrics based on information theory in examining adaptive behavior, our study provides evidence for multiple types of adjustments in learning and choice behavior according to uncertainty in the reward environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Woo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Claudia G Aguirre
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bilal A Bari
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fabian Grabenhorst
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wolfram Schultz
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alicia Izquierdo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alireza Soltani
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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5
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Woo JH, Aguirre CG, Bari BA, Tsutsui KI, Grabenhorst F, Cohen JY, Schultz W, Izquierdo A, Soltani A. Correction to: Mechanisms of adjustments to different types of uncertainty in the reward environment across mice and monkeys. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2023:10.3758/s13415-023-01089-1. [PMID: 36991300 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Woo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Claudia G Aguirre
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bilal A Bari
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fabian Grabenhorst
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wolfram Schultz
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alicia Izquierdo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alireza Soltani
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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6
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Balci F, Ben Hamed S, Boraud T, Bouret S, Brochier T, Brun C, Cohen JY, Coutureau E, Deffains M, Doyère V, Gregoriou GG, Heimel JA, Kilavik BE, Lee D, Leuthardt EC, Mainen ZF, Mathis M, Monosov IE, Naudé J, Orsborn AL, Padoa-Schioppa C, Procyk E, Sabatini B, Sallet J, Sandi C, Schall JD, Soltani A, Svoboda K, Wilson CRE, Zimmermann J. A response to claims of emergent intelligence and sentience in a dish. Neuron 2023; 111:604-605. [PMID: 36863319 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuat Balci
- University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, 50 Sifton Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M5, Canada
| | - Suliann Ben Hamed
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR5229 CNRS Université de Lyon, 67 Boulevard Pinel, 69675 Bron Cedex, France
| | - Thomas Boraud
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, IMN Clinique, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sébastien Bouret
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Brochier
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), UMR 7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Cédric Brun
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; University Bordeaux Montaigne, Philosophy Department, 33607 Pessac, France
| | | | | | - Marc Deffains
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Valérie Doyère
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR9197, 91400 Saclay, France
| | - Georgia G Gregoriou
- University of Crete, Faculty of Medicine and Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Heraklion 70013, Greece
| | | | - Bjørg Elisabeth Kilavik
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), UMR 7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Daeyeol Lee
- Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric C Leuthardt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Mackenzie Mathis
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Brain Mind Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilya E Monosov
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Jérémie Naudé
- IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Amy L Orsborn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Camillo Padoa-Schioppa
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emmanuel Procyk
- University Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France.
| | - Bernardo Sabatini
- HHMI, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jérôme Sallet
- University Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Carmen Sandi
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Brain Mind Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey D Schall
- Visual Neurophysiology Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alireza Soltani
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth University, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Charles R E Wilson
- University Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Jan Zimmermann
- University of Minnesota, Department of Neuroscience, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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7
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Hong SZ, Mesik L, Grossman CD, Cohen JY, Lee B, Severin D, Lee HK, Hell JW, Kirkwood A. Author Correction: Norepinephrine potentiates and serotonin depresses visual cortical responses by transforming eligibility traces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4034. [PMID: 35821244 PMCID: PMC9276783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Su Z Hong
- Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Lukas Mesik
- Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Cooper D Grossman
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Daniel Severin
- Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Hey-Kyoung Lee
- Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alfredo Kirkwood
- Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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8
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Hong SZ, Mesik L, Grossman CD, Cohen JY, Lee B, Severin D, Lee HK, Hell JW, Kirkwood A. Norepinephrine potentiates and serotonin depresses visual cortical responses by transforming eligibility traces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3202. [PMID: 35680879 PMCID: PMC9184610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinforcement allows organisms to learn which stimuli predict subsequent biological relevance. Hebbian mechanisms of synaptic plasticity are insufficient to account for reinforced learning because neuromodulators signaling biological relevance are delayed with respect to the neural activity associated with the stimulus. A theoretical solution is the concept of eligibility traces (eTraces), silent synaptic processes elicited by activity which upon arrival of a neuromodulator are converted into a lasting change in synaptic strength. Previously we demonstrated in visual cortical slices the Hebbian induction of eTraces and their conversion into LTP and LTD by the retroactive action of norepinephrine and serotonin Here we show in vivo in mouse V1 that the induction of eTraces and their conversion to LTP/D by norepinephrine and serotonin respectively potentiates and depresses visual responses. We also show that the integrity of this process is crucial for ocular dominance plasticity, a canonical model of experience-dependent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Z Hong
- Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Lukas Mesik
- Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Cooper D Grossman
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Daniel Severin
- Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Hey-Kyoung Lee
- Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Johannes W Hell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alfredo Kirkwood
- Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Nervous systems evolved to effectively navigate the dynamics of the environment to achieve their goals. One framework used to study this fundamental problem arose in the study of learning and decision-making. In this framework, the demands of effective behavior require slow dynamics-on the scale of seconds to minutes-of networks of neurons. Here, we review the phenomena and mechanisms involved. Using vignettes from a few species and areas of the nervous system, we view neuromodulators as key substrates for temporal scaling of neuronal dynamics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 45 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper D Grossman
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, and Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, and Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;
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10
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Grossman CD, Bari BA, Cohen JY. Serotonin neurons modulate learning rate through uncertainty. Curr Biol 2022; 32:586-599.e7. [PMID: 34936883 PMCID: PMC8825708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulating how fast to learn is critical for flexible behavior. Learning about the consequences of actions should be slow in stable environments, but accelerate when that environment changes. Recognizing stability and detecting change are difficult in environments with noisy relationships between actions and outcomes. Under these conditions, theories propose that uncertainty can be used to modulate learning rates ("meta-learning"). We show that mice behaving in a dynamic foraging task exhibit choice behavior that varied as a function of two forms of uncertainty estimated from a meta-learning model. The activity of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons tracked both types of uncertainty in the foraging task as well as in a dynamic Pavlovian task. Reversible inhibition of serotonin neurons in the foraging task reproduced changes in learning predicted by a simulated lesion of meta-learning in the model. We thus provide a quantitative link between serotonin neuron activity, learning, and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper D Grossman
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bilal A Bari
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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11
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Trepka E, Spitmaan M, Bari BA, Costa VD, Cohen JY, Soltani A. Entropy-based metrics for predicting choice behavior based on local response to reward. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6567. [PMID: 34772943 PMCID: PMC8590026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26784-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, behavioral scientists have used the matching law to quantify how animals distribute their choices between multiple options in response to reinforcement they receive. More recently, many reinforcement learning (RL) models have been developed to explain choice by integrating reward feedback over time. Despite reasonable success of RL models in capturing choice on a trial-by-trial basis, these models cannot capture variability in matching behavior. To address this, we developed metrics based on information theory and applied them to choice data from dynamic learning tasks in mice and monkeys. We found that a single entropy-based metric can explain 50% and 41% of variance in matching in mice and monkeys, respectively. We then used limitations of existing RL models in capturing entropy-based metrics to construct more accurate models of choice. Together, our entropy-based metrics provide a model-free tool to predict adaptive choice behavior and reveal underlying neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Trepka
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Mehran Spitmaan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Bilal A Bari
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Brain Science Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vincent D Costa
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Brain Science Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alireza Soltani
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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Lucantonio F, Kim E, Su Z, Chang AJ, Bari BA, Cohen JY. Aversive stimuli bias corticothalamic responses to motivationally significant cues. eLife 2021; 10:57634. [PMID: 34738905 PMCID: PMC8570692 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Making predictions about future rewards or punishments is fundamental to adaptive behavior. These processes are influenced by prior experience. For example, prior exposure to aversive stimuli or stressors changes behavioral responses to negative- and positive-value predictive cues. Here, we demonstrate a role for medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) neurons projecting to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT; mPFC→PVT) in this process. We found that a history of aversive stimuli negatively biased behavioral responses to motivationally relevant cues in mice and that this negative bias was associated with hyperactivity in mPFC→PVT neurons during exposure to those cues. Furthermore, artificially mimicking this hyperactive response with selective optogenetic excitation of the same pathway recapitulated the negative behavioral bias induced by aversive stimuli, whereas optogenetic inactivation of mPFC→PVT neurons prevented the development of the negative bias. Together, our results highlight how information flow within the mPFC→PVT circuit is critical for making predictions about motivationally-relevant outcomes as a function of prior experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Lucantonio
- The Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- The Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Zhixiao Su
- The Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Anna J Chang
- The Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Bilal A Bari
- The Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- The Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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Bari BA, Moerke MJ, Jedema HP, Effinger DP, Cohen JY, Bradberry CW. Reinforcement learning modeling reveals a reward-history-dependent strategy underlying reversal learning in squirrel monkeys. Behav Neurosci 2021; 136:46-60. [PMID: 34570556 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Insight into psychiatric disease and development of therapeutics relies on behavioral tasks that study similar cognitive constructs in multiple species. The reversal learning task is one popular paradigm that probes flexible behavior, aberrations of which are thought to be important in a number of disease states. Despite widespread use, there is a need for a high-throughput primate model that can bridge the genetic, anatomic, and behavioral gap between rodents and humans. Here, we trained squirrel monkeys, a promising preclinical model, on an image-guided deterministic reversal learning task. We found that squirrel monkeys exhibited two key hallmarks of behavior found in other species: integration of reward history over many trials and a side-specific bias. We adapted a reinforcement learning model and demonstrated that it could simulate squirrel monkey-like behavior, capture training-related trajectories, and provide insight into the strategies animals employed. These results validate squirrel monkeys as a model in which to study behavioral flexibility. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Kim E, Bari BA, Cohen JY. Subthreshold basis for reward-predictive persistent activity in mouse prefrontal cortex. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109082. [PMID: 33951442 PMCID: PMC8167820 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems maintain information internally using persistent activity changes. The mechanisms by which this activity arises are incompletely understood. We study prefrontal cortex (PFC) in mice performing behaviors in which stimuli predicted rewards at different delays with different probabilities. We measure membrane potential (Vm) from pyramidal neurons across layers. Reward-predictive persistent firing increases arise due to sustained increases in mean and variance of Vm and are terminated by reward or via centrally generated mechanisms based on reward expectation. Other neurons show persistent decreases in firing rates, maintained by persistent hyperpolarization that is robust to intracellular perturbation. Persistent activity is layer (L)- and cell-type-specific. Neurons with persistent depolarization are primarily located in upper L5, whereas those with persistent hyperpolarization are mostly found in lower L5. L2/3 neurons do not show persistent activity. Thus, reward-predictive persistent activity in PFC is spatially organized and conveys information about internal state via synaptic mechanisms. Kim et al. show sustained changes in membrane potential and firing rates in mouse frontal cortex leading up to an expected reward. These dynamics rely on underlying changes in mean and variance, directly testing prior theoretical studies. Neurons showing increased and decreased activity changes are located in different cortical layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Kim
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bilal A Bari
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Ashana AO, Ajiboye RM, Sheppard WL, Ishmael CR, Cohen JY, Beckett JS, Holly LT. Spinal Cord Drift Following Laminoplasty Versus Laminectomy and Fusion for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy. Int J Spine Surg 2021; 15:205-212. [PMID: 33900976 DOI: 10.14444/8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical laminoplasty and laminectomy and fusion (LF) are posterior-based surgical techniques for the surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). Interestingly, the comparative amount of spinal cord drift obtained from these procedures has not been extensively described. The purpose of this study is to compare spinal cord drift between cervical laminoplasty and LF in patients with CSM. METHODS The laminoplasty group consisted of 22 patients, and the LF group consisted of 44 patients. Preoperative and postoperative alignment was measured using the Cobb angle (C2-C7). Spinal cord position was measured on axial T2-magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine preoperatively and postoperatively. Spinal cord drift was quantified by subtracting preoperative values from postoperative values. Functional improvement was assessed using the modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) score. RESULTS Mean spinal cord drift was higher following LF compared to laminoplasty (2.70 vs 1.71 mm, P < .01). Using logistic regression analysis, there was no correlation between sagittal alignment and spinal cord drift. Both groups showed an improvement in mJOA scores postoperatively compared to their preoperative values (laminoplasty, +2.0, P = .012; LF, +2.4, P < .01). However, there was no difference in mJOA score improvement postoperatively between both groups (P = .482). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that patients who had LF for CSM achieved more spinal cord drift postoperatively compared to those who had laminoplasty. However, the increased drift did not translate into superior functional outcome as measured by the mJOA score. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Spinal cord drift following LF may differ from laminoplasty in patients undergoing surgery for CSM. This finding should be considered when assessing CSM patients for surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedayo O Ashana
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Remi M Ajiboye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - William L Sheppard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chad R Ishmael
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joel S Beckett
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Langston T Holly
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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16
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Yang H, Bari BA, Cohen JY, O'Connor DH. Locus coeruleus spiking differently correlates with S1 cortex activity and pupil diameter in a tactile detection task. eLife 2021; 10:64327. [PMID: 33721552 PMCID: PMC7963470 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the relationships between activity in the locus coeruleus (LC), activity in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), and pupil diameter in mice performing a tactile detection task. While LC spiking consistently preceded S1 membrane potential depolarization and pupil dilation, the correlation between S1 and pupil was more heterogeneous. Furthermore, the relationships between LC, S1, and pupil varied on timescales of sub-seconds to seconds within trials. Our data suggest that pupil diameter can be dissociated from LC spiking and cannot be used as a stationary index of LC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongdian Yang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, United States
| | - Bilal A Bari
- Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, and Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, and Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Daniel H O'Connor
- Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, and Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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Abstract
Dynamic decision making requires an intact medial frontal cortex. Recent work has combined theory and single-neuron measurements in frontal cortex to advance models of decision making. We review behavioral tasks that have been used to study dynamic decision making and algorithmic models of these tasks using reinforcement learning theory. We discuss studies linking neurophysiology and quantitative decision variables. We conclude with hypotheses about the role of other cortical and subcortical structures in dynamic decision making, including ascending neuromodulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal A Bari
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Bari BA, Grossman CD, Lubin EE, Rajagopalan AE, Cressy JI, Cohen JY. Stable Representations of Decision Variables for Flexible Behavior. Neuron 2019; 103:922-933.e7. [PMID: 31280924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Decisions occur in dynamic environments. In the framework of reinforcement learning, the probability of performing an action is influenced by decision variables. Discrepancies between predicted and obtained rewards (reward prediction errors) update these variables, but they are otherwise stable between decisions. Although reward prediction errors have been mapped to midbrain dopamine neurons, it is unclear how the brain represents decision variables themselves. We trained mice on a dynamic foraging task in which they chose between alternatives that delivered reward with changing probabilities. Neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex, including projections to the dorsomedial striatum, maintained persistent firing rate changes over long timescales. These changes stably represented relative action values (to bias choices) and total action values (to bias response times) with slow decay. In contrast, decision variables were weakly represented in the anterolateral motor cortex, a region necessary for generating choices. Thus, we define a stable neural mechanism to drive flexible behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal A Bari
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Cooper D Grossman
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily E Lubin
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Adithya E Rajagopalan
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jianna I Cressy
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Abstract
Despite its importance in regulating emotion and mental wellbeing, the complex structure and function of the serotonergic system present formidable challenges toward understanding its mechanisms. In this paper, we review studies investigating the interactions between serotonergic and related brain systems and their behavior at multiple scales, with a focus on biologically-based computational modeling. We first discuss serotonergic intracellular signaling and neuronal excitability, followed by neuronal circuit and systems levels. At each level of organization, we will discuss the experimental work accompanied by related computational modeling work. We then suggest that a multiscale modeling approach that integrates the various levels of neurobiological organization could potentially transform the way we understand the complex functions associated with serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- KongFatt Wong-Lin
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, School of Computing and Intelligent Systems, University of Ulster, Magee Campus, Derry~Londonderry, UK
| | - Da-Hui Wang
- School of Systems Science, and National Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, and Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kae Nakamura
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Abstract
Optogenetic stimulation of serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe causes mice to move more slowly without causing any apparent motor deficits or anxiety-like effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshige Uchida
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Solomon H Snyder Department of Neuroscience and the Brain Science Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
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21
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Tian J, Huang R, Cohen JY, Osakada F, Kobak D, Machens CK, Callaway EM, Uchida N, Watabe-Uchida M. Distributed and Mixed Information in Monosynaptic Inputs to Dopamine Neurons. Neuron 2016; 91:1374-1389. [PMID: 27618675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine neurons encode the difference between actual and predicted reward, or reward prediction error (RPE). Although many models have been proposed to account for this computation, it has been difficult to test these models experimentally. Here we established an awake electrophysiological recording system, combined with rabies virus and optogenetic cell-type identification, to characterize the firing patterns of monosynaptic inputs to dopamine neurons while mice performed classical conditioning tasks. We found that each variable required to compute RPE, including actual and predicted reward, was distributed in input neurons in multiple brain areas. Further, many input neurons across brain areas signaled combinations of these variables. These results demonstrate that even simple arithmetic computations such as RPE are not localized in specific brain areas but, rather, distributed across multiple nodes in a brain-wide network. Our systematic method to examine both activity and connectivity revealed unexpected redundancy for a simple computation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Tian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ryan Huang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Dmitry Kobak
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Christian K Machens
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Edward M Callaway
- Systems Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Naoshige Uchida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Mitsuko Watabe-Uchida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Serotonin's function in the brain is unclear. One challenge in testing the numerous hypotheses about serotonin's function has been observing the activity of identified serotonergic neurons in animals engaged in behavioral tasks. We recorded the activity of dorsal raphe neurons while mice experienced a task in which rewards and punishments varied across blocks of trials. We ‘tagged’ serotonergic neurons with the light-sensitive protein channelrhodopsin-2 and identified them based on their responses to light. We found three main features of serotonergic neuron activity: (1) a large fraction of serotonergic neurons modulated their tonic firing rates over the course of minutes during reward vs punishment blocks; (2) most were phasically excited by punishments; and (3) a subset was phasically excited by reward-predicting cues. By contrast, dopaminergic neurons did not show firing rate changes across blocks of trials. These results suggest that serotonergic neurons signal information about reward and punishment on multiple timescales. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06346.001 Rewards and punishments can both encourage animals to change their immediate behavior and influence their mood over a longer term, particularly when given repeatedly. A region of the brain that increases its activity in response to rewards and punishments also contains many neurons that communicate with each other by releasing a chemical called serotonin. This chemical is commonly thought to produce feelings of happiness; however, it remains unclear exactly how these particular ‘serotonergic’ neurons help to process rewards and punishments. The ideal way to work out the role that a type of neuron plays in a behavior is to measure its electrical activity as the behavior is being performed. However, it is difficult to distinguish the activity of serotonergic neurons from the activity of the non-serotonergic neurons around them. To overcome this problem, Cohen et al. used viruses to force serotonergic neurons to make a type of ion channel that produces electrical currents in response to light. Shining light on these neurons via optical fibers and then measuring the neurons' responses helped to develop criteria that can identify which responses are generated by the serotonergic neurons. Cohen et al. then recorded the activity of serotonergic neurons in thirsty mice as they experienced a series of rewards (for example, a drop of water) or punishments (such as a puff of air to the eye). Each reward or punishment was preceded by a distinct odor, so that the mice learned to anticipate what was coming. These experiments revealed that serotonergic neurons respond to rewards and punishments by changing two aspects of their electrical activity: by producing short bursts of high activity, and by altering their baseline activity. Some of the serotonergic neurons fired rapidly in response to punishments, but not rewards; others fired rapidly when the mice detected a scent that meant that a reward was about to be given. The average level of reward or punishment the mice received also affected the baseline activity of many of the serotonergic neurons; this effect lasted for several minutes. Overall, Cohen et al. suggest that serotonergic neurons can affect how mice respond to rewards or punishments in both the short and long term. Future experiments should aim to understand the diversity of the signals that Cohen et al. observed, and to determine how these signals are used to drive behavior. Ultimately, understanding how neural circuits made up of different types of cells work may aid in understanding the neural basis of behavior. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06346.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Mackenzie W Amoroso
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Naoshige Uchida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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Ogawa SK, Cohen JY, Hwang D, Uchida N, Watabe-Uchida M. Organization of monosynaptic inputs to the serotonin and dopamine neuromodulatory systems. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1105-18. [PMID: 25108805 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin and dopamine are major neuromodulators. Here, we used a modified rabies virus to identify monosynaptic inputs to serotonin neurons in the dorsal and median raphe (DR and MR). We found that inputs to DR and MR serotonin neurons are spatially shifted in the forebrain, and MR serotonin neurons receive inputs from more medial structures. Then, we compared these data with inputs to dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). We found that DR serotonin neurons receive inputs from a remarkably similar set of areas as VTA dopamine neurons apart from the striatum, which preferentially targets dopamine neurons. Our results suggest three major input streams: a medial stream regulates MR serotonin neurons, an intermediate stream regulates DR serotonin and VTA dopamine neurons, and a lateral stream regulates SNc dopamine neurons. These results provide fundamental organizational principles of afferent control for serotonin and dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachie K Ogawa
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Dabin Hwang
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Naoshige Uchida
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mitsuko Watabe-Uchida
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Purcell BA, Heitz RP, Cohen JY, Schall JD. Response variability of frontal eye field neurons modulates with sensory input and saccade preparation but not visual search salience. J Neurophysiol 2012; 108:2737-50. [PMID: 22956785 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00613.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Discharge rate modulation of frontal eye field (FEF) neurons has been identified with a representation of visual search salience (physical conspicuity and behavioral relevance) and saccade preparation. We tested whether salience or saccade preparation are evident in the trial-to-trial variability of discharge rate. We quantified response variability via the Fano factor in FEF neurons recorded in monkeys performing efficient and inefficient visual search tasks. Response variability declined following stimulus presentation in most neurons, but despite clear discharge rate modulation, variability did not change with target salience. Instead, we found that response variability was modulated by stimulus luminance and the number of items in the visual field independently of attentional demands. Response variability declined to a minimum before saccade initiation, and presaccadic response variability was directionally tuned. In addition, response variability was correlated with the response time of memory-guided saccades. These results indicate that the trial-by-trial response variability of FEF neurons reflects saccade preparation and the strength of sensory input, but not visual search salience or attentional allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden A Purcell
- Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240-7817, USA
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Wang AY, Cohen JY. EMBO Conference Series on the Assembly and Function of Neuronal Circuits. Neural Syst Circ 2011; 1:15. [PMID: 22329922 PMCID: PMC3278469 DOI: 10.1186/2042-1001-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Stochastic accumulator models account for response time in perceptual decision-making tasks by assuming that perceptual evidence accumulates to a threshold. The present investigation mapped the firing rate of frontal eye field (FEF) visual neurons onto perceptual evidence and the firing rate of FEF movement neurons onto evidence accumulation to test alternative models of how evidence is combined in the accumulation process. The models were evaluated on their ability to predict both response time distributions and movement neuron activity observed in monkeys performing a visual search task. Models that assume gating of perceptual evidence to the accumulating units provide the best account of both behavioral and neural data. These results identify discrete stages of processing with anatomically distinct neural populations and rule out several alternative architectures. The results also illustrate the use of neurophysiological data as a model selection tool and establish a novel framework to bridge computational and neural levels of explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden A Purcell
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37240-7817, USA
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28
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Purcell BA, Heitz RP, Cohen JY, Schall JD, Logan GD, Palmeri TJ. “Neurally constrained modeling of perceptual decision making”: Correction. Psychol Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1037/a0021906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Heitz RP, Cohen JY, Woodman GF, Schall JD. Neural correlates of correct and errant attentional selection revealed through N2pc and frontal eye field activity. J Neurophysiol 2010; 104:2433-41. [PMID: 20810692 PMCID: PMC2997024 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00604.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the physiological basis of errors of visual search. Previous research has shown that search errors occur when visual neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF) treat distractors as if they were targets. We replicated this finding during an inefficient form search and extended it by measuring simultaneously a macaque homologue of an event-related potential indexing the allocation of covert attention known as the m-N2pc. Based on recent work, we expected errors of selection in FEF to propagate to areas of extrastriate cortex responsible for allocating attention and implicated in the generation of the m-N2pc. Consistent with this prediction, we discovered that when FEF neurons selected a distractor instead of the search target, the m-N2pc shifted in the same, incorrect direction prior to the erroneous saccade. This suggests that such errors are due to a systematic misorienting of attention from the initial stages of visual processing. Our analyses also revealed distinct neural correlates of false alarms and guesses. These results demonstrate that errant gaze shifts during visual search arise from errant attentional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Heitz
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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Cohen JY, Heitz RP, Schall JD, Woodman GF. On the origin of event-related potentials indexing covert attentional selection during visual search. J Neurophysiol 2009; 102:2375-86. [PMID: 19675287 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00680.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite nearly a century of electrophysiological studies recording extracranially from humans and intracranially from monkeys, the neural generators of nearly all human event-related potentials (ERPs) have not been definitively localized. We recorded an attention-related ERP component, known as the N2pc, simultaneously with intracranial spikes and local field potentials (LFPs) in macaques to test the hypothesis that an attentional-control structure, the frontal eye field (FEF), contributed to the generation of the macaque homologue of the N2pc (m-N2pc). While macaques performed a difficult visual search task, the search target was selected earliest by spikes from single FEF neurons, later by FEF LFPs, and latest by the m-N2pc. This neurochronometric comparison provides an empirical bridge connecting macaque and human experiments and a step toward localizing the neural generator of this important attention-related ERP component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, USA
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Ciarleglio CM, Gamble KL, Axley JC, Strauss BR, Cohen JY, Colwell CS, McMahon DG. Population encoding by circadian clock neurons organizes circadian behavior. J Neurosci 2009; 29:1670-6. [PMID: 19211874 PMCID: PMC2670758 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3801-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian circadian rhythms are orchestrated by the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The SCN are composed of circadian clock neurons, but the mechanisms by which these populations of neuronal oscillators encode rhythmic behavior are incompletely understood. We have used ex vivo real-time gene expression imaging of the neural correlates of circadian behavior, combined with genetic disruption of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, a key SCN signaling molecule, to examine the neural basis of circadian organization in the SCN. We show that the coherence and timing of clock neuron rhythms are correlated with the coherence and timing of behavioral rhythms within individual mice and that the degree of disruption of SCN neuronal organization correlates with the degree of behavioral disruption within individuals. Our results suggest that the SCN encode circadian phase as a temporal population vector of its constituent neurons; such that as the neuronal population becomes desynchronized, phase information becomes ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Ciarleglio
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, and
| | - Karen L. Gamble
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, and
| | - John C. Axley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, and
| | - Benjamin R. Strauss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, and
| | - Jeremiah Y. Cohen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - Christopher S. Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024
| | - Douglas G. McMahon
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, and
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Cohen JY, Heitz RP, Woodman GF, Schall JD. Neural basis of the set-size effect in frontal eye field: timing of attention during visual search. J Neurophysiol 2009; 101:1699-704. [PMID: 19176607 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00035.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual search for a target object among distractors often takes longer when more distractors are present. To understand the neural basis of this capacity limitation, we recorded activity from visually responsive neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF) of macaque monkeys searching for a target among distractors defined by form (randomly oriented T or L). To test the hypothesis that the delay of response time with increasing number of distractors originates in the delay of attention allocation by FEF neurons, we manipulated the number of distractors presented with the search target. When monkeys were presented with more distractors, visual target selection was delayed and neuronal activity was reduced in proportion to longer response time. These findings indicate that the time taken by FEF neurons to select the target contributes to the variation in visual search efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Vanderbilt University, Wilson Hall, 111 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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Cohen JY, Pouget P, Heitz RP, Woodman GF, Schall JD. Biophysical support for functionally distinct cell types in the frontal eye field. J Neurophysiol 2008; 101:912-6. [PMID: 19052112 DOI: 10.1152/jn.90272.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have described different functional cell types in the frontal eye field (FEF), but the reliability of the distinction between these types has been uncertain. Studies in other brain areas have described specific differences in the width of action potentials recorded from different cell types. To substantiate the functionally defined cell types encountered in FEF, we measured the width of spikes of visual, movement, and visuomovement types of FEF neurons in macaque monkeys. We show that visuomovement neurons had the thinnest spikes, consistent with a role in local processing. Movement neurons had the widest spikes, consistent with their role in sending eye movement commands to subcortical structures such as the superior colliculus. Visual neurons had wider spikes than visuomovement neurons, consistent with their role in receiving projections from occipital and parietal cortex. These results show how structure and function of FEF can be linked to guide inferences about neuronal architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Center, Vanderbilt University, 111 21st Ave. South, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
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Cohen JY, Pouget P, Woodman GF, Subraveti CR, Schall JD, Rossi AF. Difficulty of visual search modulates neuronal interactions and response variability in the frontal eye field. J Neurophysiol 2007; 98:2580-7. [PMID: 17855586 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00522.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The frontal eye field (FEF) is involved in selecting visual targets for eye movements. To understand how populations of FEF neurons interact during target selection, we recorded activity from multiple neurons simultaneously while macaques performed two versions of a visual search task. We used a multivariate analysis in a point process statistical framework to estimate the instantaneous firing rate and compare interactions among neurons between tasks. We found that FEF neurons were engaged in more interactions during easier visual search tasks compared with harder search tasks. In particular, eye movement-related neurons were involved in more interactions than visual-related neurons. In addition, our analysis revealed a decrease in the variability of spiking activity in the FEF beginning approximately 100 ms before saccade onset. The minimum in response variability occurred approximately 20 ms earlier for the easier search task compared with the harder one. This difference is positively correlated with the difference in saccade reaction times for the two tasks. These findings show that a multivariate analysis can provide a measure of neuronal interactions and characterize the spiking activity of FEF neurons in the context of a population of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Y Cohen
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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Abstract
The Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS), also called poikiloderma congenitale is a rare autosomal recessive disease first described in 1868. This syndrome includes most frequently seen skin lesions (atrophy, telangiectases, pigmentation), cataracts and bone defects (dysostosis, dysplasia). Some authors describe an association with malignancy. We report three cases of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome associated with osteosarcoma. After cutaneous epithelioma, osteosarcoma is the most frequent malignancy. Thus, patients with RTS need a careful survey. The treatment did not differ from sporadic osteosarcoma. Chemosensitivity and toxicity are also not different.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cumin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospital, Nantes, France
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Avet-Loiseau H, Mechinaud-Lacroix F, Cohen JY, Harousseau JL. Probable disseminated cerebral aspergillosis: recovery with medical treatment. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol (1978) 1994; 36:419-22. [PMID: 7753612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral aspergillosis has a very poor prognosis. When this complication occurs in the immunocompromised host, evolution is virtually fatal in all cases despite surgical and medical treatment. We describe in this report the case of a child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia who developed pulmonary aspergillosis, and subsequent cerebral dissemination during therapeutic induction. Due to multifocal cerebral lesions, surgery was impossible. The patient was administered long term treatment including amphotericin B, flucytosine and itraconazole for 9 months, during which time a neutropenic period occurred with reactivation of cerebral mycotic lesions, in spite of modification of antileukaemic therapy. Seven years later, he nevertheless remains in complete remission without any neurological sequelae. Thus cerebral aspergillosis requires early diagnosis and can be treated using a strong combination of antimycotic drugs (amphotericin B, flucytosine and itraconazole) on a long term basis, even when aspergillomas cannot be removed surgically. Antileukaemic therapy must be concomitantly adapted to avoid or limit neutropenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Avet-Loiseau
- Unité d'Hémato-Oncologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital de la Mère et de l'Enfant, CHU de Nantes, France
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de Cornulier M, David A, Cohen JY. [Precocious puberty revealing Bourneville tuberous sclerosis]. Arch Fr Pediatr 1993; 50:421-3. [PMID: 8239896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign tumors are seen in tuberous sclerosis. They are found in many organs, and the precocious puberty due to hypothalamic hamartoma and tuberous sclerosis has been reported. However, precocious puberty exceptionally reveals the tuberous sclerosis. CASE REPORT A 2 month-old boy was admitted because of the fortuitous discovery of polycystic renal disease. Precocious puberty developed at 13 months with enlargement of the penis and testes, appearance of pubic hair, acne and deepening of the voice. Linear growth was recently accelerated and the bone maturation was advanced. Plasma testosterone was elevated (460 ng/100 ml) and LH-RH injection induced rapid rises in plasma LH (2.6 to 28 mUl/ml) and FSH (2 to 8 mUl/ml). Brain imaging techniques (CT scan and NMR) showed a hypothalamic hamartoma and periventricular calcified lesions. Examination with the Wood lamp identified two white leaf macules in the dorsal area. Administration of an analogue of LH-RH effectively reduced the manifestations of precocious puberty. CONCLUSION Tuberous sclerosis is exceptionally revealed by precocious puberty. The association of polycystic disease and precocious puberty has never before been reported in tuberous sclerosis.
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Plattner V, Heloury Y, Cohen JY, Nomballais MF, Rogez JM, Leborgne J, Robert R. Anatomical study of five prenataly diagnosed sternopagus twins. Surg Radiol Anat 1993; 15:35-9. [PMID: 8488433 DOI: 10.1007/bf01629859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Among conjoined twins (1 out 50000 births), thoracopagus occurs most frequently and is generally lethal. Our anatomical study of five sets of sternopagus twins (3 female, 2 male) was performed to determine the ability of prenatal sonography to detect these anomalies. Autopsy in four cases revealed identical malformations: common sternum, single malformed heart, joined hepatic parenchyma, and a common small bowel leading to a cystic dilatation situated on the ileal segment at the end of the superior mesenteric artery. The diagnosis of conjoined twins was made in all cases by prenatal sonography at the mean time of 24.6 gestation weeks (range 19-34). The malformations detected by prenatal sonography were a single cardiac mass (all cases), joined hepatic parenchymas (3 cases), and an ileal cystic dilatation (1 case). Pregnancy was terminated in four cases. In one case cesarean delivery was performed, and the infants died 48 hours later. Prenatal sonography currently seems to be the best examination for diagnosis of sternopagus twins and the detection of lethal malformations thus allowing interruption of pregnancy.
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Cohen JY, Nouel JF, Havet T. [Rapid magnetic resonance imaging. Applications in pediatrics]. Rev Prat 1993; 43:192-4. [PMID: 8502938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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41
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Plattner V, Leborgne J, Heloury Y, Cohen JY, Rogez JM, Lehur PA, Robert R. MRI evaluation of the levator ani muscle: anatomic correlations and practical applications. Surg Radiol Anat 1991; 13:129-31. [PMID: 1925914 DOI: 10.1007/bf01623886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study of serial anatomic sections in the transverse, frontal and sagittal planes with corresponding MRI sections of the pelvis allowed the authors to define the most suitable sectional planes and MRI modes for a morphologic study of the levator ani muscle. This study shows the value of MRI examination in the assessment of anorectal malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Plattner
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie, UFR de Medecine, Nantes, France
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Heloury Y, Plattner V, Cohen JY, David A, Quéré MP, Le Neel JC. [Torsion of normal adnexa in children]. Arch Fr Pediatr 1990; 47:13-5. [PMID: 2181957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Seven cases of torsion of normal uterine adnexa are reported in children aged 4 to 15 years. In one case diagnosis was made by ultrasonography, allowing conservative treatment under coelioscopy. In the 6 other cases the necrosis of the ovary required its excision. The torsion concerned the ovary and uterine tube in 6 cases and the uterine tube alone in one. In 2 cases, the apparently healthy contralateral ovary was enlarged. From this series, the authors review the clinical and ultrasonographic features of the torsion of normal uterine adnexa. Ultrasonography should be performed in emergency as the conservation of the ovary depends on the precocity of diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Heloury
- Service de Chirurgie Infantile, P.M.E., Nantes
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Harousseau JL, Mechinaud F, Rialland X, Milpied N, Nomballais F, Cohen JY, Cuillière JC, Legent F. [Role of chemotherapy in the treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma in children. Apropos of 3 case reports]. Ann Pediatr (Paris) 1988; 35:383-6. [PMID: 3046463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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44
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Heloury Y, Gunness T, Cohen JY, Quere MP, Meignier M, Le Neel JC. [Observations on a series of 118 cases of acute intestinal invagination]. Ann Pediatr (Paris) 1988; 35:377-81. [PMID: 3046462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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45
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Dagorne M, Pinard O, Menier Y, Cohen JY. [Peripharyngeal abscess in children. Apropos of 7 cases]. Ann Pediatr (Paris) 1988; 35:389-95. [PMID: 3415156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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46
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Ghidalia S, Cohen JY, Quéré MP, Delumeau J, Crochet D, Petitier H. [Lateral tracheal indentation or compression by the brachiocephalic arterial trunk in children]. J Radiol 1988; 69:205-9. [PMID: 3292760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Three cases of compression of the right wall of the trachea by buckling of the innominate artery in childhood are described. A coarctation of the thoracic aorta is associated in two cases, and a left cervical aortic arch in the third one. In one case, a severe tracheomalacia occurs following the surgical repair of the associated coarctation. This lateral indentation of the trachea is suggestive of right aortic arch but the absence of posterior oesophageal indentation excludes the diagnosis. Angiography is helpful and echography is unable to demonstrate the vascular origin of the tracheal compression. The authors analyse the correct diagnostic approach, emphasize the risk of tracheomalacia and the high rate of associated cardio-vascular malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghidalia
- Service de Radiologie Thoracique, CHRU de Nantes
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47
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Melon V, Cohen JY, Michaud JL, de Lajartre AY, Germaud P. [Segmental bronchial atresia, diagnostic problems. Apropos of 2 cases]. Ann Pediatr (Paris) 1987; 34:323-6. [PMID: 3605978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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48
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David A, Melon V, Cohen JY. [Iconographic rubric. Pulmonary aspergilloma]. Arch Fr Pediatr 1986; 43:641-2. [PMID: 3813788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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49
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Lopes P, Talmant C, Cohen JY, Mouzard A, Nomballais MF, Boiffard JP, Lerat MF. [Prenatal diagnosis of pulmonary hypoplasia camptodactyly syndrome. Hypothesis concerning the origin of hydramnios]. J Genet Hum 1985; 33:347-55. [PMID: 3903053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Camptodactyly and pulmonary hypoplasia syndrome was described for the first time in 1974. Today 15 cases have been found. None were subject to a prenatal diagnosis as any ultrasonography. The case we observe is a 27 years old woman, third gestation, showing a polyhydramnios at 25 weeks of gestation. The ultrasonographic examination showed deformation with a rounded abdomen, a narrow thoracic frame slightly concave, no gastric picture and hands in constant flexion. After elimination of the V.A.T.E.R.' syndrome the camptodactyly's syndrome with pulmonary hypoplasia was proposed. Because of the lethal character of this syndrome, the abortion was realised. The photos of the fetus were the same as the ultrasonographic pictures during the prenatal diagnosis. The absence of intrinsic (paralysis) or extrinsic (compression) movements of the fetus is very important in the genesis of "deformations". The severity of the deformities depends on the importance of akinesia.
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Stalder JF, David A, Cohen JY, Barriere H. [Dermatomyositis in children. Use of colchicine in outbreaks of calcinosis]. Presse Med 1984; 13:441. [PMID: 6230618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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