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Quinn L, Whitfield J, Alpers MP, Campbell T, Hummerich H, Pomat W, Siba P, Koki G, Moltke I, Collinge J, Hellenthal G, Mead S. Population structure and migration in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea, a region impacted by the kuru epidemic. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:668-679. [PMID: 38508194 PMCID: PMC11023820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Populations of the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea (EHPNG, area 11,157 km2) lived in relative isolation from the rest of the world until the mid-20th century, and the region contains a wealth of linguistic and cultural diversity. Notably, several populations of EHPNG were devastated by an epidemic prion disease, kuru, which at its peak in the mid-twentieth century led to some villages being almost depleted of adult women. Until now, population genetic analyses to learn about genetic diversity, migration, admixture, and the impact of the kuru epidemic have been restricted to a small number of variants or samples. Here, we present a population genetic analysis of the region based on genome-wide genotype data of 943 individuals from 21 linguistic groups and 68 villages in EHPNG, including 34 villages in the South Fore linguistic group, the group most affected by kuru. We find a striking degree of genetic population structure in the relatively small region (average FST between linguistic groups 0.024). The genetic population structure correlates well with linguistic grouping, with some noticeable exceptions that reflect the clan system of community organization that has historically existed in EHPNG. We also detect the presence of migrant individuals within the EHPNG region and observe a significant excess of females among migrants compared to among non-migrants in areas of high kuru exposure (p = 0.0145, chi-squared test). This likely reflects the continued practice of patrilocality despite documented fears and strains placed on communities as a result of kuru and its associated skew in female incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Quinn
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, UK; The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jerome Whitfield
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, UK
| | - Michael P Alpers
- Health Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Tracy Campbell
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, UK
| | - Holger Hummerich
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, UK
| | - William Pomat
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Peter Siba
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - George Koki
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 60, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Ida Moltke
- The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, UK.
| | - Garrett Hellenthal
- University College London Genetics Institute, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, UK
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Merrick B, Noronha M, Batra R, Douthwaite S, Nebbia G, Snell L, Pickering S, Galao R, Whitfield J, Jahangeer A, Gunawardena R, Godfrey T, Laifa R, Webber K, Cliff P, Cunningham E, Neil S, Gettings H, Edgeworth J, Harrison H. Real-world deployment of lateral flow SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection in the emergency department to provide rapid, accurate and safe diagnosis of COVID-19. Infect Prev Pract 2021; 3:100186. [PMID: 34812417 PMCID: PMC8598289 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2021.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Point-of-care (POC) SARS-CoV-2 lateral-flow antigen detection (LFD) testing in the emergency department (ED) could inform rapid infection control decisions but requirements for safe deployment have not been fully defined. METHODS Review of LFD test results, laboratory and POC-RT-PCR results and ED-performance metrics during a two-week high SARS-CoV-2 prevalence period followed by several months of falling prevalence. AIM Determine whether LFD testing can be safely deployed in ED to provide an effective universal SARS-CoV-2 testing capability. FINDINGS 93% (345/371) of COVID-19 patients left ED with a virological diagnosis during the 2-week universal LFD evaluation period compared to 77% with targeted POC-RT-PCR deployment alone, on background of approximately one-third having an NHS Track and Trace RT-PCR test-result at presentation. LFD sensitivity and specificity was 70.7% and 99.1% respectively providing a PPV of 97.7% and NPV of 86.4% with disease prevalence of 34.7%. ED discharge-delays (breaches) attributable to COVID-19 fell to 33/3532 (0.94%) compared with the preceding POC-RT-PCR period (107/4114 (2.6%); p=<0.0001). Importantly, LFD testing identified 1 or 2 clinically-unsuspected COVID-19 patients/day. Three clinically-confirmed LFD false positive patients were appropriately triaged based on LFD action-card flowchart, and only 5 of 95 false-negative LFD results were inappropriately admitted to non-COVID-19 areas where no onward-transmission was identified. LFD testing was restricted to asymptomatic patients when disease prevalence fell below 5% and detected 1-3 cases/week. CONCLUSION Universal SARS-CoV-2 LFD testing can be safely and effectively deployed in ED alongside POC-RT-PCR testing during periods of high and low disease prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Merrick
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
- Directorate of Infection, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M. Noronha
- Emergency Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - R. Batra
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
- Directorate of Infection, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S. Douthwaite
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
- Directorate of Infection, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - G. Nebbia
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
- Directorate of Infection, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - L.B. Snell
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
- Directorate of Infection, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S. Pickering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - R.P. Galao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - J. Whitfield
- Guy's King's and Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - A. Jahangeer
- Guy's King's and Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - R. Gunawardena
- Guy's King's and Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, UK
| | - T. Godfrey
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - R. Laifa
- Emergency Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - S.J.D. Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - H. Gettings
- Emergency Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J.D. Edgeworth
- Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, UK
- Directorate of Infection, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - H.L. Harrison
- Emergency Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Jones E, Hummerich H, Viré E, Uphill J, Dimitriadis A, Speedy H, Campbell T, Norsworthy P, Quinn L, Whitfield J, Linehan J, Jaunmuktane Z, Brandner S, Jat P, Nihat A, How Mok T, Ahmed P, Collins S, Stehmann C, Sarros S, Kovacs GG, Geschwind MD, Golubjatnikov A, Frontzek K, Budka H, Aguzzi A, Karamujić-Čomić H, van der Lee SJ, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, van Duijn CM, Sikorska B, Golanska E, Liberski PP, Calero M, Calero O, Sanchez-Juan P, Salas A, Martinón-Torres F, Bouaziz-Amar E, Haïk S, Laplanche JL, Brandel JP, Amouyel P, Lambert JC, Parchi P, Bartoletti-Stella A, Capellari S, Poleggi A, Ladogana A, Pocchiari M, Aneli S, Matullo G, Knight R, Zafar S, Zerr I, Booth S, Coulthart MB, Jansen GH, Glisic K, Blevins J, Gambetti P, Safar J, Appleby B, Collinge J, Mead S. Identification of novel risk loci and causal insights for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:840-848. [PMID: 32949544 PMCID: PMC8220892 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30273-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human prion diseases are rare and usually rapidly fatal neurodegenerative disorders, the most common being sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). Variants in the PRNP gene that encodes prion protein are strong risk factors for sCJD but, although the condition has similar heritability to other neurodegenerative disorders, no other genetic risk loci have been confirmed. We aimed to discover new genetic risk factors for sCJD, and their causal mechanisms. METHODS We did a genome-wide association study of sCJD in European ancestry populations (patients diagnosed with probable or definite sCJD identified at national CJD referral centres) with a two-stage study design using genotyping arrays and exome sequencing. Conditional, transcriptional, and histological analyses of implicated genes and proteins in brain tissues, and tests of the effects of risk variants on clinical phenotypes, were done using deep longitudinal clinical cohort data. Control data from healthy individuals were obtained from publicly available datasets matched for country. FINDINGS Samples from 5208 cases were obtained between 1990 and 2014. We found 41 genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and independently replicated findings at three loci associated with sCJD risk; within PRNP (rs1799990; additive model odds ratio [OR] 1·23 [95% CI 1·17-1·30], p=2·68 × 10-15; heterozygous model p=1·01 × 10-135), STX6 (rs3747957; OR 1·16 [1·10-1·22], p=9·74 × 10-9), and GAL3ST1 (rs2267161; OR 1·18 [1·12-1·25], p=8·60 × 10-10). Follow-up analyses showed that associations at PRNP and GAL3ST1 are likely to be caused by common variants that alter the protein sequence, whereas risk variants in STX6 are associated with increased expression of the major transcripts in disease-relevant brain regions. INTERPRETATION We present, to our knowledge, the first evidence of statistically robust genetic associations in sporadic human prion disease that implicate intracellular trafficking and sphingolipid metabolism as molecular causal mechanisms. Risk SNPs in STX6 are shared with progressive supranuclear palsy, a neurodegenerative disease associated with misfolding of protein tau, indicating that sCJD might share the same causal mechanisms as prion-like disorders. FUNDING Medical Research Council and the UK National Institute of Health Research in part through the Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jones
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Holger Hummerich
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Viré
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - James Uphill
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Athanasios Dimitriadis
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Helen Speedy
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Tracy Campbell
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Penny Norsworthy
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Liam Quinn
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Jerome Whitfield
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline Linehan
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Division of Neuropathology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Parmjit Jat
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Akin Nihat
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK; National Prion Clinic, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tze How Mok
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK; National Prion Clinic, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Parvin Ahmed
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK
| | - Steven Collins
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christiane Stehmann
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shannon Sarros
- Australian National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Registry, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Laboratory Medicine Program, Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Geschwind
- University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aili Golubjatnikov
- University of California San Francisco Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karl Frontzek
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Budka
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sven J van der Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Beata Sikorska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Golanska
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Pawel P Liberski
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Miguel Calero
- Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC-CROSADIS) and Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), and Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Centre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Calero
- Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC-CROSADIS) and Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), and Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Centre, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pascual Sanchez-Juan
- Neurology Service, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, University of Cantabria, CIBERNED and IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Unidade de Xenética, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Galicia, Spain
| | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Translational Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Elodie Bouaziz-Amar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Haïk
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France; Cellule nationale de référence des maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Phillipe Brandel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France; Cellule nationale de référence des maladies de Creutzfeldt-Jakob, AP-HP, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Phillipe Amouyel
- INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE, Labex DISTALZ, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Charles Lambert
- INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167-RID-AGE, Labex DISTALZ, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Piero Parchi
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Sabina Capellari
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Poleggi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Serena Aneli
- Department of Medical Sciences, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Università degli studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Richard Knight
- National Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Research and Surveillance Unit, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Centre and National Reference Centre for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany; Biomedical Engineering and Sciences Department, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Centre and National Reference Centre for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Booth
- Prion Disease Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Michael B Coulthart
- Canadian Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance System, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gerard H Jansen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Katie Glisic
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Janis Blevins
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pierluigi Gambetti
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jiri Safar
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian Appleby
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - John Collinge
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK; National Prion Clinic, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Prion Diseases, London, UK; National Prion Clinic, University College London Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Alvis B, Hopper T, Polcz M, Hocking K, Whitfield J, Brophy C, Eagle S, Lindenfeld J. Non-Invasive Venous Waveform Analysis (NIVA) for Monitoring Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure Post-Orthotopic Heart Transplantation: A Proof of Concept Study. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Whitfield J, Ludzki A, Heigenhauser GJF, Senden JMG, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC, Spriet LL, Holloway GP. Beetroot juice supplementation reduces whole body oxygen consumption but does not improve indices of mitochondrial efficiency in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2015; 594:421-35. [PMID: 26457670 DOI: 10.1113/jp270844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Oral consumption of nitrate (NO3(-)) in beetroot juice has been shown to decrease the oxygen cost of submaximal exercise; however, the mechanism of action remains unresolved. We supplemented recreationally active males with beetroot juice to determine if this altered mitochondrial bioenergetics. Despite reduced submaximal exercise oxygen consumption, measures of mitochondrial coupling and respiratory efficiency were not altered in muscle. In contrast, rates of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) emission were increased in the absence of markers of lipid or protein oxidative damage. These results suggest that improvements in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism are not the cause of beetroot juice-mediated improvements in whole body oxygen consumption. ABSTRACT Ingestion of sodium nitrate (NO3(-)) simultaneously reduces whole body oxygen consumption (V̇O2) during submaximal exercise while improving mitochondrial efficiency, suggesting a causal link. Consumption of beetroot juice (BRJ) elicits similar decreases in V̇O2 but potential effects on the mitochondria remain unknown. Therefore we examined the effects of 7-day supplementation with BRJ (280 ml day(-1), ∼26 mmol NO3(-)) in young active males (n = 10) who had muscle biopsies taken before and after supplementation for assessments of mitochondrial bioenergetics. Subjects performed 20 min of cycling (10 min at 50% and 70% V̇O2 peak) 48 h before 'Pre' (baseline) and 'Post' (day 5 of supplementation) biopsies. Whole body V̇O2 decreased (P < 0.05) by ∼3% at 70% V̇O2 peak following supplementation. Mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized muscle fibres showed no change in leak respiration, the content of proteins associated with uncoupling (UCP3, ANT1, ANT2), maximal substrate-supported respiration, or ADP sensitivity (apparent Km). In addition, isolated subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria showed unaltered assessments of mitochondrial efficiency, including ADP consumed/oxygen consumed (P/O ratio), respiratory control ratios and membrane potential determined fluorometrically using Safranine-O. In contrast, rates of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) emission were increased following BRJ. Therefore, in contrast to sodium nitrate, BRJ supplementation does not alter key parameters of mitochondrial efficiency. This occurred despite a decrease in exercise V̇O2, suggesting that the ergogenic effects of BRJ ingestion are not due to a change in mitochondrial coupling or efficiency. It remains to be determined if increased mitochondrial H2O2 contributes to this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Whitfield
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - A Ludzki
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - G J F Heigenhauser
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5
| | - J M G Senden
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L B Verdijk
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L J C van Loon
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L L Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - G P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Ellis R, Osborne S, Whitfield J, Parmar P, Hing W. Examining the influence of seated spinal postures (slump versus upright) upon longitudinal sciatic nerve excursion during neural mobilisation exercises. Physiotherapy 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lukic A, Uphill J, Brown CA, Beck J, Poulter M, Campbell T, Adamson G, Hummerich H, Whitfield J, Ponto C, Zerr I, Lloyd SE, Collinge J, Mead S. Rare structural genetic variation in human prion diseases. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2004.e1-8. [PMID: 25726360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are a diverse group of neurodegenerative conditions, caused by the templated misfolding of prion protein. Aside from the strong genetic risk conferred by multiple variants of the prion protein gene (PRNP), several other variants have been suggested to confer risk in the most common type, sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) or in the acquired prion diseases. Large and rare copy number variants (CNVs) are known to confer risk in several related disorders including Alzheimer's disease (at APP), schizophrenia, epilepsy, mental retardation, and autism. Here, we report the first genome-wide analysis for CNV-associated risk using data derived from a recent international collaborative association study in sCJD (n = 1147 after quality control) and publicly available controls (n = 5427). We also investigated UK patients with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (n = 114) and elderly women from the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea who proved highly resistant to the epidemic prion disease kuru, who were compared with healthy young Fore population controls (n = 395). There were no statistically significant alterations in the burden of CNVs >100, >500, or >1000 kb, duplications, or deletions in any disease group or geographic region. After correction for multiple testing, no statistically significant associations were found. A UK blood service control sample showed a duplication CNV that overlapped PRNP, but these were not found in prion disease. Heterozygous deletions of a 3' region of the PARK2 gene were found in 3 sCJD patients and no controls (p = 0.001, uncorrected). A cell-based prion infection assay did not provide supportive evidence for a role for PARK2 in prion disease susceptibility. These data are consistent with a modest impact of CNVs on risk of late-onset neurologic conditions and suggest that, unlike APP, PRNP duplication is not a causal high-risk mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lukic
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - James Uphill
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Craig A Brown
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Beck
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mark Poulter
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tracy Campbell
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Gary Adamson
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Holger Hummerich
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jerome Whitfield
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Claudia Ponto
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenrative Diseases (DZNE), Gottingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenrative Diseases (DZNE), Gottingen, Germany
| | - Sarah E Lloyd
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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Herbst EAF, Paglialunga S, Gerling C, Whitfield J, Mukai K, Chabowski A, Heigenhauser GJF, Spriet LL, Holloway GP. Omega-3 supplementation alters mitochondrial membrane composition and respiration kinetics in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2014; 592:1341-52. [PMID: 24396061 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.267336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown increased incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into whole skeletal muscle following supplementation, although little has been done to investigate the potential impact on the fatty acid composition of mitochondrial membranes and the functional consequences on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Therefore, we supplemented young healthy male subjects (n = 18) with fish oils [2 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1 g docosahexanoic acid (DHA) per day] for 12 weeks and skeletal muscle biopsies were taken prior to (Pre) and following (Post) supplementation for the analysis of mitochondrial membrane phospholipid composition and various assessments of mitochondrial bioenergetics. Total EPA and DHA content in mitochondrial membranes increased (P < 0.05) ∼450 and ∼320%, respectively, and displaced some omega-6 species in several phospholipid populations. Mitochondrial respiration, determined in permeabilized muscle fibres, demonstrated no change in maximal substrate-supported respiration, or in the sensitivity (apparent Km) and maximal capacity for pyruvate-supported respiration. In contrast, mitochondrial responses during ADP titrations demonstrated an enhanced ADP sensitivity (decreased apparent Km) that was independent of the creatine kinase shuttle. As the content of ANT1, ANT2, and subunits of the electron transport chain were unaltered by supplementation, these data suggest that prolonged omega-3 intake improves ADP kinetics in human skeletal muscle mitochondria through alterations in membrane structure and/or post-translational modification of ATP synthase and ANT isoforms. Omega-3 supplementation also increased the capacity for mitochondrial reactive oxygen species emission without altering the content of oxidative products, suggesting the absence of oxidative damage. The current data strongly emphasize a role for omega-3s in reorganizing the composition of mitochondrial membranes while promoting improvements in ADP sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A F Herbst
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, 491 Gordon St., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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O'Donovan DS, MacFhearraigh S, Whitfield J, Swigart LB, Evan GI, Mc Gee MM. Sequential Cdk1 and Plk1 phosphorylation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B promotes mitotic cell death. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e468. [PMID: 23348582 PMCID: PMC3563996 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic cell death following prolonged arrest is an important death mechanism that is not completely understood. This study shows that Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) undergoes phosphorylation during mitotic arrest induced by microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) in chronic myeloid leukaemia cells. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) or polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) during mitosis prevents PTP1B phosphorylation, implicating these kinases in PTP1B phosphorylation. In support of this, Cdk1 and Plk1 co-immunoprecipitate with endogenous PTP1B from mitotic cells. In addition, active recombinant Cdk1-cyclin B1 directly phosphorylates PTP1B at serine 386 in a kinase assay. Recombinant Plk1 phosphorylates PTP1B on serine 286 and 393 in vitro, however, it requires a priming phosphorylation by Cdk1 at serine 386 highlighting a novel co-operation between Cdk1 and Plk1 in the regulation of PTP1B. Furthermore, overexpression of wild-type PTP1B induced mitotic cell death, which is potentiated by MTAs. Moreover, mutation of serine 286 abrogates the cell death induced by PTP1B, whereas mutation of serine 393 does not, highlighting the importance of serine 286 phosphorylation in the execution of mitotic cell death. Finally, phosphorylation on serine 286 enhanced PTP1B phosphatase activity. Collectively, these data reveal that PTP1B activity promotes mitotic cell death and is regulated by the co-operative action of Cdk1 and Plk1 during mitotic arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S O'Donovan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - S MacFhearraigh
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J Whitfield
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - L B Swigart
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - G I Evan
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - M M Mc Gee
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Mead S, Uphill J, Beck J, Poulter M, Campbell T, Lowe J, Adamson G, Hummerich H, Klopp N, Rückert IM, Wichmann HE, Azazi D, Plagnol V, Pako WH, Whitfield J, Alpers MP, Whittaker J, Balding DJ, Zerr I, Kretzschmar H, Collinge J. Genome-wide association study in multiple human prion diseases suggests genetic risk factors additional to PRNP. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:1897-906. [PMID: 22210626 PMCID: PMC3313791 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals caused by the misfolding and aggregation of prion protein (PrP). Mammalian prion diseases are under strong genetic control but few risk factors are known aside from the PrP gene locus (PRNP). No genome-wide association study (GWAS) has been done aside from a small sample of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). We conducted GWAS of sporadic CJD (sCJD), variant CJD (vCJD), iatrogenic CJD, inherited prion disease, kuru and resistance to kuru despite attendance at mortuary feasts. After quality control, we analysed 2000 samples and 6015 control individuals (provided by the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium and KORA-gen) for 491032-511862 SNPs in the European study. Association studies were done in each geographical and aetiological group followed by several combined analyses. The PRNP locus was highly associated with risk in all geographical and aetiological groups. This association was driven by the known coding variation at rs1799990 (PRNP codon 129). No non-PRNP loci achieved genome-wide significance in the meta-analysis of all human prion disease. SNPs at the ZBTB38-RASA2 locus were associated with CJD in the UK (rs295301, P = 3.13 × 10(-8); OR, 0.70) but these SNPs showed no replication evidence of association in German sCJD or in Papua New Guinea-based tests. A SNP in the CHN2 gene was associated with vCJD [P = 1.5 × 10(-7); odds ratio (OR), 2.36], but not in UK sCJD (P = 0.049; OR, 1.24), in German sCJD or in PNG groups. In the overall meta-analysis of CJD, 14 SNPs were associated (P < 10(-5); two at PRNP, three at ZBTB38-RASA2, nine at nine other independent non-PRNP loci), more than would be expected by chance. None of the loci recently identified as genome-wide significant in studies of other neurodegenerative diseases showed any clear evidence of association in prion diseases. Concerning common genetic variation, it is likely that the PRNP locus contains the only strong risk factors that act universally across human prion diseases. Our data are most consistent with several other risk loci of modest overall effects which will require further genetic association studies to provide definitive evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, LondonWC1N 3BG, UK
| | - James Uphill
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, LondonWC1N 3BG, UK
| | - John Beck
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, LondonWC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Mark Poulter
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, LondonWC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tracy Campbell
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, LondonWC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jessica Lowe
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, LondonWC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Gary Adamson
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, LondonWC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Holger Hummerich
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, LondonWC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Norman Klopp
- KORA-gen, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institute for Epidemiology, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ina-Maria Rückert
- KORA-gen, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institute for Epidemiology, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - H-Erich Wichmann
- KORA-gen, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institute for Epidemiology, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dhoyazan Azazi
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Genetics, University College London, Darwin Building Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Vincent Plagnol
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Genetics, University College London, Darwin Building Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Wandagi H. Pako
- Papua New Guinea (PNG) Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, EHP, Papua New Guinea
| | - Jerome Whitfield
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, LondonWC1N 3BG, UK
- Centre for International Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael P. Alpers
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, LondonWC1N 3BG, UK
- Papua New Guinea (PNG) Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, EHP, Papua New Guinea
- Centre for International Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - John Whittaker
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, UK
| | - David J. Balding
- Department of Statistics, Institute of Genetics, University College London, Darwin Building Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany and
| | - Hans Kretzschmar
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 23, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, LondonWC1N 3BG, UK
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Paczesny S, Braun T, Vander Lugt M, Harris A, Fiema B, Hernandez J, Choi S, Kitko C, Magenau J, Yanik G, Peres E, Pawarode A, Mineishi S, Whitfield J, Jones D, Couriel D, Pavan R, Hanash S, Ferrara J, Levine J. A Three Biomarker Panel at Days 7 and 14 Can Predict Development of Grade II-IV Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Choi S, Stiff P, Braun T, Ferrara J, Cooke K, Khaled Y, Kitko C, Lay-Luskin J, Mineishi S, Nickoloff B, Paczesny S, Pawarode A, Peres E, Reddy P, Richardson J, Rodriguez T, Smith S, Yanik G, Whitfield J, Levine J. TNF-Inhibition With Etanercept For GVHD Prevention In Alternative Donor HCT: Lower TNFR1 Levels Correlate With Better Outcomes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2009.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Mead S, Whitfield J, Poulter M, Shah P, Uphill J, Campbell T, Al-Dujaily H, Hummerich H, Beck J, Mein CA, Verzilli C, Whittaker J, Alpers MP, Collinge J. A novel protective prion protein variant that colocalizes with kuru exposure. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:2056-65. [PMID: 19923577 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0809716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kuru is a devastating epidemic prion disease that affected a highly restricted geographic area of the Papua New Guinea highlands; at its peak, it predominantly affected adult women and children of both sexes. Its incidence has steadily declined since the cessation of its route of transmission, endocannibalism. METHODS We performed genetic and selected clinical and genealogic assessments of more than 3000 persons from Eastern Highland populations, including 709 who participated in cannibalistic mortuary feasts, 152 of whom subsequently died of kuru. RESULTS Persons who were exposed to kuru and survived the epidemic in Papua New Guinea are predominantly heterozygotes at the known resistance factor at codon 129 of the prion protein gene (PRNP). We now report a novel PRNP variant--G127V--that was found exclusively in people who lived in the region in which kuru was prevalent and that was present in half of the otherwise susceptible women from the region of highest exposure who were homozygous for methionine at PRNP codon 129. Although this allele is common in the area with the highest incidence of kuru, it is not found in patients with kuru and in unexposed population groups worldwide. Genealogic analysis reveals a significantly lower incidence of kuru in pedigrees that harbor the protective allele than in geographically matched control families. CONCLUSIONS The 127V polymorphism is an acquired prion disease resistance factor selected during the kuru epidemic, rather than a pathogenic mutation that could have triggered the kuru epidemic. Variants at codons 127 and 129 of PRNP demonstrate the population genetic response to an epidemic of prion disease and represent a powerful episode of recent selection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mead
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, University College London Institute of Neurology, United Kingdom
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Dimitrievska S, Whitfield J, Hacking SA, Bureau MN. Novel carbon fiber composite for hip replacement with improvedin vitroandin vivoosseointegration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 91:37-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lloyd SE, Maytham EG, Pota H, Grizenkova J, Molou E, Uphill J, Hummerich H, Whitfield J, Alpers MP, Mead S, Collinge J. HECTD2 is associated with susceptibility to mouse and human prion disease. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000383. [PMID: 19214206 PMCID: PMC2633041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal transmissible neurodegenerative disorders, which include Scrapie, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), and kuru. They are characterised by a prolonged clinically silent incubation period, variation in which is determined by many factors, including genetic background. We have used a heterogeneous stock of mice to identify Hectd2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a quantitative trait gene for prion disease incubation time in mice. Further, we report an association between HECTD2 haplotypes and susceptibility to the acquired human prion diseases, vCJD and kuru. We report a genotype-associated differential expression of Hectd2 mRNA in mouse brains and human lymphocytes and a significant up-regulation of transcript in mice at the terminal stage of prion disease. Although the substrate of HECTD2 is unknown, these data highlight the importance of proteosome-directed protein degradation in neurodegeneration. This is the first demonstration of a mouse quantitative trait gene that also influences susceptibility to human prion diseases. Characterisation of such genes is key to understanding human risk and the molecular basis of incubation periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Lloyd
- MRC Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma G. Maytham
- MRC Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hirva Pota
- MRC Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Grizenkova
- MRC Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Molou
- MRC Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Uphill
- MRC Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Hummerich
- MRC Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Whitfield
- MRC Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Michael P. Alpers
- MRC Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for International Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Mead S, Poulter M, Uphill J, Beck J, Whitfield J, Webb TEF, Campbell T, Adamson G, Deriziotis P, Tabrizi SJ, Hummerich H, Verzilli C, Alpers MP, Whittaker JC, Collinge J. Genetic risk factors for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8:57-66. [PMID: 19081515 PMCID: PMC2643048 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70265-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Human and animal prion diseases are under genetic control, but apart from PRNP (the gene that encodes the prion protein), we understand little about human susceptibility to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions, the causal agent of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD). Methods We did a genome-wide association study of the risk of vCJD and tested for replication of our findings in samples from many categories of human prion disease (929 samples) and control samples from the UK and Papua New Guinea (4254 samples), including controls in the UK who were genotyped by the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. We also did follow-up analyses of the genetic control of the clinical phenotype of prion disease and analysed candidate gene expression in a mouse cellular model of prion infection. Findings The PRNP locus was strongly associated with risk across several markers and all categories of prion disease (best single SNP [single nucleotide polymorphism] association in vCJD p=2·5×10−17; best haplotypic association in vCJD p=1×10−24). Although the main contribution to disease risk was conferred by PRNP polymorphic codon 129, another nearby SNP conferred increased risk of vCJD. In addition to PRNP, one technically validated SNP association upstream of RARB (the gene that encodes retinoic acid receptor beta) had nominal genome-wide significance (p=1·9×10−7). A similar association was found in a small sample of patients with iatrogenic CJD (p=0·030) but not in patients with sporadic CJD (sCJD) or kuru. In cultured cells, retinoic acid regulates the expression of the prion protein. We found an association with acquired prion disease, including vCJD (p=5·6×10−5), kuru incubation time (p=0·017), and resistance to kuru (p=2·5×10−4), in a region upstream of STMN2 (the gene that encodes SCG10). The risk genotype was not associated with sCJD but conferred an earlier age of onset. Furthermore, expression of Stmn2 was reduced 30-fold post-infection in a mouse cellular model of prion disease. Interpretation The polymorphic codon 129 of PRNP was the main genetic risk factor for vCJD; however, additional candidate loci have been identified, which justifies functional analyses of these biological pathways in prion disease. Funding The UK Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mead
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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Paczesny S, Levine J, Hogan J, Crawford J, Braun T, Wang H, Faca V, Zhang Q, Pitteri S, Chin A, Choi S, Kitko C, Krijanovski O, Reddy P, Mineishi S, Whitfield J, Jones D, Hanash S, Ferrara J. Elafin is a Biomarker of Graft Versus Host Disease of the Skin. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Levine J, Adepoju L, Molitor M, McEwen E, Hutchinson R, Mody R, Mouro D, Whitfield J, Yanik G, Geiger J. A Pilot Study of Tumor Lysate-Pulsed Dendritic Cell Vaccine in Pediatric High-Risk Solid Tumor Patients Following HCT: Preliminary Results. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kitko C, Mineishi S, Braun T, Choi S, Jones D, Harris A, Khaled Y, Krijanovski O, Paczesny S, Peres E, Yanik G, Whitfield J, Ferrara J, Levine J. Day7 TNFR1 Levels Following Reduced Intensity Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HCT) Predict For Acute GVHD. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2008.12.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Collinge J, Whitfield J, McKintosh E, Frosh A, Mead S, Hill AF, Brandner S, Thomas D, Alpers MP. A clinical study of kuru patients with long incubation periods at the end of the epidemic in Papua New Guinea. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:3725-39. [PMID: 18849289 PMCID: PMC2581654 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kuru is so far the principal human epidemic prion disease. While its incidence has steadily declined since the cessation of its route of transmission, endocannibalism, in Papua New Guinea in the 1950s, the arrival of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD), also thought to be transmitted by dietary prion exposure, has given kuru a new global relevance. We investigated all suspected cases of kuru from July 1996 to June 2004 and identified 11 kuru patients. There were four females and seven males, with an age range of 46–63 years at the onset of disease, in marked contrast to the age and sex distribution when kuru was first investigated 50 years ago. We obtained detailed histories of residence and exposure to mortuary feasts and performed serial neurological examination and genetic studies where possible. All patients were born a significant period before the mortuary practice of transumption ceased and their estimated incubation periods in some cases exceeded 50 years. The principal clinical features of kuru in the studied patients showed the same progressive cerebellar syndrome that had been previously described. Two patients showed marked cognitive impairment well before preterminal stages, in contrast to earlier clinical descriptions. In these patients, the mean clinical duration of 17 months was longer than the overall average in kuru but similar to that previously reported for the same age group, and this may relate to the effects of both patient age and PRNP codon 129 genotype. Importantly, no evidence for lymphoreticular colonization with prions, seen uniformly in vCJD, was observed in a patient with kuru at tonsil biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Collinge
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK.
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Mead S, Whitfield J, Poulter M, Shah P, Uphill J, Beck J, Campbell T, Al-Dujaily H, Hummerich H, Alpers MP, Collinge J. Genetic susceptibility, evolution and the kuru epidemic. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:3741-6. [PMID: 18849290 PMCID: PMC2576515 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquired prion disease kuru was restricted to the Fore and neighbouring linguistic groups of the Papua New Guinea highlands and largely affected children and adult women. Oral history documents the onset of the epidemic in the early twentieth century, followed by a peak in the mid-twentieth century and subsequently a well-documented decline in frequency. In the context of these strong associations (gender, region and time), we have considered the genetic factors associated with susceptibility and resistance to kuru. Heterozygosity at codon 129 of the human prion protein gene (PRNP) is known to confer relative resistance to both sporadic and acquired prion diseases. In kuru, heterozygosity is associated with older patients and longer incubation times. Elderly survivors of the kuru epidemic, who had multiple exposures at mortuary feasts, are predominantly PRNP codon 129 heterozygotes and this group show marked Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium. The deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is most marked in elderly women, but is also significant in a slightly younger cohort of men, consistent with their exposure to kuru as boys. Young Fore and the elderly from populations with no history of kuru show Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. An increasing cline in 129V allele frequency centres on the kuru region, consistent with the effect of selection in elevating the frequency of resistant genotypes in the exposed population. The genetic data are thus strikingly correlated with exposure. Considering the strong coding sequence conservation of primate prion protein genes, the number of global coding polymorphisms in man is surprising. By intronic resequencing in a European population, we have shown that haplotype diversity at PRNP comprises two major and divergent clades associated with 129M and 129V. Kuru may have imposed the strongest episode of recent human balancing selection, which may not have been an isolated episode in human history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mead
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
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Brandner S, Whitfield J, Boone K, Puwa A, O'Malley C, Linehan JM, Joiner S, Scaravilli F, Calder I, P Alpers M, Wadsworth JDF, Collinge J. Central and peripheral pathology of kuru: pathological analysis of a recent case and comparison with other forms of human prion disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:3755-63. [PMID: 18849292 PMCID: PMC2581659 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While the neuropathology of kuru is well defined, there are few data concerning the distribution of disease-related prion protein in peripheral tissues. Here we report the investigation of brain and peripheral tissues from a kuru patient who died in 2003. Neuropathological findings were compared with those seen in classical (sporadic and iatrogenic) Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) and variant CJD (vCJD). The neuropathological findings of the kuru patient showed all the stereotypical changes that define kuru, with the occurrence of prominent PrP plaques throughout the brain. Lymphoreticular tissue showed no evidence of prion colonization, suggesting that the peripheral pathogenesis of kuru is similar to that seen in classical CJD rather than vCJD. These findings now strongly suggest that the characteristic peripheral pathogenesis of vCJD is determined by prion strain type alone rather than route of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Brandner
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
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Abstract
In the Hymenoptera, single locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD) describes a system where males develop either from unfertilized haploid eggs or from fertilized diploid eggs that are homozygous at a single polymorphic sex locus. Diploid males are often inviable or sterile, and are produced more frequently under inbreeding. Within families where sl-CSD has been demonstrated, we predict that sl-CSD should be more likely in species with solitary development than in species where siblings develop gregariously (and likely inbreed). We examine this prediction in the parasitoid wasp genus Cotesia, which contains both solitary and gregarious species. Previous studies have shown that sl-CSD is absent in two gregarious species of Cotesia, but present in one gregarious species. Here, we demonstrate CSD in the solitary Cotesia vestalis, using microsatellite markers. Diploid sons are produced by inbred, but not outbred, females. However, frequencies of diploid males were lower than expected under sl-CSD, suggesting that CSD in C. vestalis involves more than one locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G De Boer
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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Kitko C, Paczesny S, Yanik G, Braun T, Jones D, Whitfield J, Choi S, Hutchinson R, Ferrara J, Levine J. 5: Changes in TNFR1 ratios in the first week post-myeloablative allogeneic BMT correlate with GVHD, TRM and OS in children. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Kuru provides the principal experience of epidemic human prion disease. Its incidence has steadily fallen after the abrupt cessation of its route of transmission (endocannibalism) in Papua New Guinea in the 1950s. The onset of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), and the unknown prevalence of infection after the extensive dietary exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions in the UK, has led to renewed interest in kuru. We investigated possible incubation periods, pathogenesis, and genetic susceptibility factors in kuru patients in Papua New Guinea. METHODS We strengthened active kuru surveillance in 1996 with an expanded field team to investigate all suspected patients. Detailed histories of residence and exposure to mortuary feasts were obtained together with serial neurological examination, if possible. FINDINGS We identified 11 patients with kuru from July, 1996, to June, 2004, all living in the South Fore. All patients were born before the cessation of cannibalism in the late 1950s. The minimum estimated incubation periods ranged from 34 to 41 years. However, likely incubation periods in men ranged from 39 to 56 years and could have been up to 7 years longer. PRNP analysis showed that most patients with kuru were heterozygous at polymorphic codon 129, a genotype associated with extended incubation periods and resistance to prion disease. INTERPRETATION Incubation periods of infection with human prions can exceed 50 years. In human infection with BSE prions, species-barrier effects, which are characteristic of cross-species transmission, would be expected to further increase the mean and range of incubation periods, compared with recycling of prions within species. These data should inform attempts to model variant CJD epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Wurst FM, Watson B, Haber PS, Whitfield J, Wallace C, Lauer J, Weinmann W, Conigrave K. Alcohol consumption patterns amongst hepatitis C positive people receiving opioid maintenance treatment. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-918878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chung P, Ajitanand NN, Alexander JM, Anderson M, Best D, Brady FP, Case T, Caskey W, Cebra D, Chance JL, Cole B, Crowe K, Das AC, Draper JE, Gilkes ML, Gushue S, Heffner M, Hirsch AS, Hjort EL, Holzmann W, Huo L, Issah M, Justice M, Kaplan M, Keane D, Kintner JC, Klay J, Krofcheck D, Lacey RA, Lauret J, Lisa MA, Liu H, Liu YM, Milan J, McGrath R, Milosevich Z, Odyniec G, Olson DL, Panitkin S, Porile NT, Rai G, Ritter HG, Romero JL, Scharenberg R, Srivastava B, Stone NTB, Symons TJM, Taranenko A, Whitfield J, Wienold T, Witt R, Wood L, Zhang WN, Oeschler H. Near-threshold production of the multistrange Xi- hyperon. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 91:202301. [PMID: 14683356 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.202301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The yield for the multistrange Xi(-) hyperon has been measured in 6A GeV Au+Au collisions via reconstruction of its decay products pi(-) and Lambda, the latter also being reconstructed from its daughter tracks of pi(-) and p. The measurement is rather close to the threshold for Xi(-) production and therefore provides an important test of model predictions. The measured yield for Xi(-) and Lambda are compared for several centralities. In central collisions the Xi(-) yield is found to be in excellent agreement with statistical and transport model predictions, suggesting that multistrange hadron production approaches chemical equilibrium in high baryon density nuclear matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chung
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, SUNY at Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
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Chung P, Ajitanand NN, Alexander JM, Anderson M, Best D, Brady FP, Case T, Caskey W, Cebra D, Chance JL, Cole B, Crowe K, Das AC, Draper JE, Gilkes ML, Gushue S, Heffner M, Hirsch AS, Hjort EL, Holzmann W, Huo L, Issah M, Justice M, Kaplan M, Keane D, Kintner JC, Klay J, Krofcheck D, Lacey RA, Lauret J, Lisa MA, Liu H, Liu YM, McGrath R, Milosevich Z, Odyniec G, Olson DL, Panitkin S, Porile NT, Rai G, Ritter HG, Romero JL, Scharenberg R, Srivastava B, Stone NTB, Symons TJM, Taranenko A, Whitfield J, Witt R, Wood L, Zhang WN, Brown D, Pratt S, Wang F, Danielewicz P. Comparison of source images for protons, pi-'s, and lambda's in 6A GeV Au+Au collisions. Phys Rev Lett 2003; 91:162301. [PMID: 14611394 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.91.162301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Source images are extracted from two-particle correlations constructed from strange and nonstrange hadrons produced in 6A GeV Au+Au collisions. Very different source images result from pp vs p Lambda vs pi(-)pi(-) correlations. Scaling by transverse mass can describe the apparent source size ratio for p/pi(-) but not for Lambda/pi(-) or Lambda/p. These observations suggest important differences in the space-time emission histories for protons, pions, and neutral strange baryons produced in the same events.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chung
- Department of Chemistry, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
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Mead S, Stumpf MPH, Whitfield J, Beck JA, Poulter M, Campbell T, Uphill JB, Goldstein D, Alpers M, Fisher EMC, Collinge J. Balancing selection at the prion protein gene consistent with prehistoric kurulike epidemics. Science 2003; 300:640-3. [PMID: 12690204 DOI: 10.1126/science.1083320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Kuru is an acquired prion disease largely restricted to the Fore linguistic group of the Papua New Guinea Highlands, which was transmitted during endocannibalistic feasts. Heterozygosity for a common polymorphism in the human prion protein gene (PRNP) confers relative resistance to prion diseases. Elderly survivors of the kuru epidemic, who had multiple exposures at mortuary feasts, are, in marked contrast to younger unexposed Fore, predominantly PRNP 129 heterozygotes. Kuru imposed strong balancing selection on the Fore, essentially eliminating PRNP 129 homozygotes. Worldwide PRNP haplotype diversity and coding allele frequencies suggest that strong balancing selection at this locus occurred during the evolution of modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mead
- Medical Research Council Prion Unit, and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Klay JL, Ajitanand NN, Alexander JM, Anderson MG, Best D, Brady FP, Case T, Caskey W, Cebra D, Chance JL, Chung P, Cole B, Crowe K, Das AC, Draper JE, Gilkes ML, Gushue S, Heffner M, Hirsch AS, Hjort EL, Huo L, Justice M, Kaplan M, Keane D, Kintner JC, Krofcheck D, Lacey RA, Lauret J, Law C, Lisa MA, Liu H, Liu YM, McGrath R, Milosevich Z, Odyniec G, Olson DL, Panitkin SY, Pinkenburg C, Porile NT, Rai G, Ritter HG, Romero JL, Scharenberg R, Schroeder L, Srivastava B, Stone NTB, Symons TJM, Wang S, Wells R, Whitfield J, Wienold T, Witt R, Wood L, Zhang WN. Longitudinal flow of protons from (2-8)A GeV central Au+Au collisions. Phys Rev Lett 2002; 88:102301. [PMID: 11909348 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rapidity distributions of protons from central 197Au+197Au collisions measured by the E895 Collaboration in the energy range from (2-8)A GeV at the Brookhaven AGS are presented. Longitudinal flow parameters derived using a thermal model including collective longitudinal expansion are extracted from these distributions. The results show an approximately linear increase in the longitudinal flow velocity, <betagamma>(L), as a function of the logarithm of beam energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Klay
- University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Parkinson DB, Dong Z, Bunting H, Whitfield J, Meier C, Marie H, Mirsky R, Jessen KR. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) mediates Schwann cell death in vitro and in vivo: examination of c-Jun activation, interactions with survival signals, and the relationship of TGFbeta-mediated death to Schwann cell differentiation. J Neurosci 2001; 21:8572-85. [PMID: 11606645 PMCID: PMC6762809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In some situations, cell death in the nervous system is controlled by an interplay between survival factors and negative survival signals that actively induce apoptosis. The present work indicates that the survival of Schwann cells is regulated by such a dual mechanism involving the negative survival signal transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), a family of growth factors that is present in the Schwann cells themselves. We analyze the interactions between this putative autocrine death signal and previously defined paracrine and autocrine survival signals and show that expression of a dominant negative c-Jun inhibits TGFbeta-induced apoptosis. This and other findings pinpoint activation of c-Jun as a key downstream event in TGFbeta-induced Schwann cell death. The ability of TGFbeta to kill Schwann cells, like normal Schwann cell death in vivo, is under a strong developmental regulation, and we show that the decreasing ability of TGFbeta to kill older cells is attributable to a decreasing ability of TGFbeta to phosphorylate c-Jun in more differentiated cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Autocrine Communication/physiology
- Axotomy
- Cell Count
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
- Laminin/pharmacology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Neuregulin-1/metabolism
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism
- Schwann Cells/cytology
- Schwann Cells/drug effects
- Schwann Cells/metabolism
- Sciatic Nerve/drug effects
- Sciatic Nerve/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transfection
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Parkinson
- Department of Anatomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Panitkin SY, Ajitanand NN, Alexander J, Anderson M, Best D, Brady FP, Case T, Caskey W, Cebra D, Chance J, Chung P, Cole B, Crowe K, Das A, Draper J, Gilkes M, Gushue S, Heffner M, Hirsch A, Hjort E, Huo L, Justice M, Kaplan M, Keane D, Kintner J, Klay J, Krofcheck D, Lacey R, Lauret J, Lisa MA, Liu H, Liu YM, McGrath R, Milosevich Z, Odyniec G, Olson D, Pinkenburg C, Porile N, Rai G, Ritter HG, Romero J, Scharenberg R, Schroeder LS, Srivastava B, Stone NT, Symons TJ, Wang S, Wells R, Whitfield J, Wienold T, Witt R, Wood L, Yang X, Zhang WN, Zhang Y, Brown DA, Danielewicz P. Model-independent source imaging using two-pion correlations in (2 to 8)a GeV Au+Au collisions. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:112304. [PMID: 11531518 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.112304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report a particle source imaging analysis based on two-pion correlations in high multiplicity Au+Au collisions at beam energies between 2A and 8A GeV. We apply the imaging technique introduced by Brown and Danielewicz, which allows a model-independent extraction of source functions with useful accuracy out to relative pion separations of about 20 fm. The extracted source functions have Gaussian shapes. Values of source functions at zero separation are almost constant across the energy range under study. Imaging results are found to be consistent with conventional source parameters obtained from a multidimensional Hanburg-Brown-Twiss analysis.
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Whitfield J. Behavioural ecology. Down on fungal farm. Nature 2001; 411:536. [PMID: 11385551 DOI: 10.1038/35079220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tabakoff B, Helander A, Conigrave KM, Martinez L, Hoffman PL, Whitfield J, Degenhardt L, Saunders J, Baron A, Glanz J. WHO/ISBRA Study on State and Trait Markers in Alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tabakoff B, Helander A, Conigrave KM, Martinez L, Hoffman PL, Whitfield J, Degenhardt L, Saunders J, Barón A, Glanz J. WHP/ISBRA study on state and trait markers in alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001; 25:99S-103S. [PMID: 11391057 DOI: 10.1097/00000374-200105051-00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article represents the proceedings of a symposium at the 2000 ISBRA Meeting in Yokohama, Japan. The chair was Boris Tabakoff. The presentations were (1) Overview of the WHO/ISBRA study on state and trait markers in alcoholism, by Boris Tabakoff; (2) Biochemical markers of acute and chronic drinking: Results of the WHO/ISBRA study, by Anders Helander; (3) The impact of country of recruitment and body mass index on biological marker dose-response curves in the WHO/ISBRA Study, by Kate M. Conigrave; (4) Relationship of body water to carbohydrate-deficient transferrin measures, by Larry Martinez; and (5) Platelet adenylyl cyclase activity as a trait marker of alcohol dependence, by Paula L. Hoffman.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tabakoff
- University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
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Chung P, Ajitanand NN, Alexander JM, Anderson M, Best D, Brady FP, Case T, Caskey W, Cebra D, Chance JL, Cole B, Crowe K, Das A, Draper JE, Gilkes ML, Gushue S, Heffner M, Hirsch AS, Hjort EL, Huo L, Justice M, Kaplan M, Keane D, Kintner JC, Klay J, Krofcheck D, Lacey RA, Lauret J, Lisa MA, Liu H, Liu YM, McGrath R, Milosevich Z, Odyniec G, Olson DL, Panitkin SY, Pinkenburg C, Porile NT, Rai G, Ritter HG, Romero JL, Scharenberg R, Schroeder L, Srivastava B, Stone NT, Symons TJ, Wienold T, Witt R, Whitfield J, Wood L, Zhang WN. Directed flow of lambda hyperons in (2-6 )A GeV Au+Au collisions. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:2533-2536. [PMID: 11289973 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.2533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Directed flow measurements for Lambda hyperons are presented and compared to those for protons produced in the same Au+Au collisions (2A, 4A, and 6A GeV; b<5-6 fm). The measurements indicate that Lambda hyperons flow consistently in the same direction but with smaller magnitudes. A strong positive flow [for Lambdas] has been predicted in calculations which include the influence of the Lambda-nucleon potential. The experimental flow ratio Lambda/p is in qualitative agreement with expectations (approximately 2/3) from the quark counting rule at 2A GeV but is found to decrease with increasing beam energy.
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Whitfield J, Neame SJ, Paquet L, Bernard O, Ham J. Dominant-negative c-Jun promotes neuronal survival by reducing BIM expression and inhibiting mitochondrial cytochrome c release. Neuron 2001; 29:629-43. [PMID: 11301023 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic neurons require nerve growth factor for survival and die by apoptosis in its absence. Key steps in the death pathway include c-Jun activation, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, and caspase activation. Here, we show that neurons rescued from NGF withdrawal-induced apoptosis by expression of dominant-negative c-Jun do not release cytochrome c from their mitochondria. Furthermore, we find that the mRNA for BIM(EL), a proapoptotic BCL-2 family member, increases in level after NGF withdrawal and that this is reduced by dominant-negative c-Jun. Finally, overexpression of BIM(EL) in neurons induces cytochrome c redistribution and apoptosis in the presence of NGF, and neurons injected with Bim antisense oligonucleotides or isolated from Bim(-/-) knockout mice die more slowly after NGF withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Whitfield
- Eisai London Research Laboratories, Bernard Katz Building, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, United Kingdom
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Eilers A, Whitfield J, Shah B, Spadoni C, Desmond H, Ham J. Direct inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in sympathetic neurones prevents c-jun promoter activation and NGF withdrawal-induced death. J Neurochem 2001; 76:1439-54. [PMID: 11238729 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) regulate gene expression by phosphorylating transcription factors, such as c-Jun. Studies with JNK: knockout mice suggest that JNK activity may be required for excitotoxin-induced apoptosis in the adult hippocampus and for apoptosis in the developing embryonic neural tube. Here we investigate the role of JNKs in classical neurotrophin-regulated developmental neuronal death by using nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent sympathetic neurones. In this system, NGF withdrawal leads to an increase in JNK activity, an increase in c-Jun protein levels and c-Jun N-terminal phosphorylation before the cell death commitment point, and c-Jun activity is required for cell death. To inhibit JNK activity in sympathetic neurones we have used two different JNK inhibitors that act by distinct mechanisms: the compound SB 203580 and the JNK binding domain (JBD) of JNK interacting protein 1 (JIP-1). We demonstrate that JNK activity is required for c-Jun phosphorylation, c-jun promoter activation and NGF withdrawal-induced apoptosis. We also show that ATF-2, a c-Jun dimerization partner that can regulate c-jun gene expression, is activated following NGF deprivation. Finally, by co-expressing the JBD and a regulatable c-Jun dominant negative mutant we demonstrate that JNK and AP-1 function in the same pro-apoptotic signalling pathway after NGF withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eilers
- Eisai London Research Laboratories, University College London, London, UK
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Whitfield J, Charsha D, Sprague P. In Search of Excellence—The Neonatal Intensive Care Quality Improvement Collaborative. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2001; 14:94-7; discussion 97-8. [PMID: 16369592 PMCID: PMC1291316 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2001.11927736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of its effort to improve the quality of care in the neonatal intensive care unit at Baylor University Medical Center (BUMC), the unit has participated in the Vermont Oxford Network. This network tracks outcomes and pools data, allowing comparisons and benchmarking. A group of 34 nurseries from the Vermont Oxford Network has collaborated in an innovative quality improvement initiative. This article describes this initiative, called the Neonatal Intensive Care Quality Collaborative 2000 project, and its impact on the neonatal service at BUMC. The project promotes the practice of 4 key habits: the habit for change, the habit for understanding the processes of care, the habit for collaborative learning, and the habit for using evidence-based practices of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Whitfield
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA
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Abstract
There has been considerable interest in the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis in mammalian neurons because this form of neuronal cell death is important for the normal development of the nervous system and because inappropriate neuronal apoptosis may contribute to the pathology of human neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of recent research has been to identify the key components of the cell death machinery in neurons and understand how the cell death programme is regulated by intracellular signalling pathways activated by the binding of neurotrophins or death factors to specific cell surface receptors. The aim of this commentary was to review research that has investigated the role of the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun signalling pathway in neuronal apoptosis, focusing in particular on work carried out with developing sympathetic neurons. Experiments with sympathetic neurons cultured in vitro, as well as with cerebellar granule neurons and differentiated PC12 cells, have demonstrated that JNK/c-Jun signalling can promote apoptosis following survival factor withdrawal. In addition, experiments with Jnk(-/-) knockout mice have provided evidence that Jnk3 may be required for apoptosis in the hippocampus in vivo following injection of kainic acid, an excitotoxin, and that Jnk1 and Jnk2 are required for apoptosis in the developing embryonic neural tube. However, in the embryonic forebrain, Jnk1 and Jnk2 have the opposite function and are necessary for the survival of developing cortical neurons. These results suggest that JNKs and c-Jun are important regulators of the cell death programme in the mammalian nervous system, but that their biological effects depend on the neuronal type and stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ham
- Cancer Biology and Molecular Haematology Unit, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom.
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Whitfield J, Morley P, Willick G. The parathyroid hormone, its fragments and analogues--potent bone-builders for treating osteoporosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000; 9:1293-315. [PMID: 11060744 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.9.6.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As populations age a rising number of men and women, but especially women during the first decade after menopause, become victims of a severe, accelerated loss of bone with crippling fractures known as osteoporosis. This often results in costly, prolonged hospitalisation and perhaps indirectly, death. Osteoporosis in women is caused by the menopausal oestrogen decline, which removes several key restraints on the generation, longevity and activity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Although there are many antiresorptive drugs on or coming onto the market (calcitonin, bisphosphonates, oestrogen and SERMS) that can slow or stop further bone loss, there are none that can restore lost bone mechanical strength by directly stimulating osteoblast activity and bone growth. However, there is a family of potent bone-building peptides, namely the 84 amino acid parathyroid hormone (PTH). Its 31 to 38 amino acid N-terminal fragments are currently in or about to enter clinical trials. We can predict that these peptides will be effective therapeutics for osteoporosis especially when supplemented with bisphosphonates or SERMs to protect the new bone from osteoclasts. These peptides should also accelerate the healing of fractures in persons of all ages and restore lost bone mass and mechanical strength to astronauts following their return to earth after long voyages in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Whitfield
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Bldg. M-54, Montreal Road Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6.
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O'Connor D, Peterson C, Whitfield J. Telehealth. What does it offer for public health care? Aust Fam Physician 2000; 29:403-4. [PMID: 10835774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D O'Connor
- School of Public Health, Latrobe University, Victoria
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