1
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Paulsmeyer MN, Juvik JA. Increasing aleurone layer number and pericarp yield for elevated nutrient content in maize. G3 (Bethesda) 2023:7128031. [PMID: 37071784 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The bran is a nutritive fraction of the maize (Zea mays L.) kernel containing micronutrients, quality protein, and antioxidants beneficial for human health. Bran consists of two major components: aleurone and pericarp. Increasing this nutritive fraction would therefore have implications on biofortification of maize. Since quantification of these two layers is difficult, the goals of this study were to develop efficient techniques for analyzing these layers and to develop molecular markers for pericarp and aleurone yield. Two populations with various characteristics were genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing. The first was a yellow corn population with contrasting pericarp thicknesses. The second was a blue corn population segregating for Intensifier1 alleles. Both populations segregated for the multiple aleurone layer (MAL) trait that is known to increase aleurone yield. In this study, it was found that MALs are mostly determined by a locus on chromosome 8, but several minor loci are also involved. The inheritance of MALs was complex and seemingly more additive than dominant. In the blue corn population, anthocyanin content increased 20 to 30% with the addition of MALs demonstrating its effectiveness at increasing aleurone yield. Elemental analysis was performed on MAL lines and indicated a role of MALs in increasing iron content in the grain. QTL analyses are presented in this study on many pericarp, aleurone, and grain quality traits. Molecular markers were also tested for the MAL locus on chromosome 8 and candidate genes are discussed. Results of this study may assist plant breeders enhancing anthocyanin content and other beneficial phytonutrients in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Paulsmeyer
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Dept. of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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2
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Paulsmeyer MN, Juvik JA. R3-MYB repressor Mybr97 is a candidate gene associated with the Anthocyanin3 locus and enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in maize. Theor Appl Genet 2023; 136:55. [PMID: 36913001 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin3 inhibits the anthocyanin and monolignol pathways in maize. Transposon-tagging, RNA-sequencing, and GST-pulldown assays determine Anthocyanin3 may be R3-MYB repressor gene Mybr97. Anthocyanins are colorful molecules receiving recent attention due to their numerous health benefits and applications as natural colorants and nutraceuticals. Purple corn is being investigated as a more economical source of anthocyanins. Anthocyanin3 (A3) is a known recessive intensifier of anthocyanin pigmentation in maize. In this study, anthocyanin content was elevated 100-fold in recessive a3 plants. Two approaches were used to discover candidates involved with the a3 intense purple plant phenotype. First, a large-scale transposon-tagging population was created with a Dissociation (Ds) insertion in the nearby Anthocyanin1 gene. A de novo a3-m1::Ds mutant was generated, and the transposon insertion was found to be located in the promoter of Mybr97, which has homology to R3-MYB repressor CAPRICE in Arabidopsis. Second, a bulked segregant RNA-sequencing population found expression differences between pools of green A3 plants and purple a3 plants. All characterized anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were upregulated in a3 plants along with several genes of the monolignol pathway. Mybr97 was highly downregulated in a3 plants, suggesting its role as a negative regulator of the anthocyanin pathway. Photosynthesis-related gene expression was reduced in a3 plants through an unknown mechanism. Numerous transcription factors and biosynthetic genes were also upregulated and need further investigation. Mybr97 may inhibit anthocyanin synthesis by associating with basic helix-loop helix transcription factors like Booster1. Overall, Mybr97 is the most likely candidate gene for the A3 locus. A3 has a profound effect on the maize plant and has many favorable implications for crop protection, human health, and natural colorant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Paulsmeyer
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin at Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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3
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Palma-Salgado S, Ku KM, Juvik JA, Nguyen TH, Feng H. Artificial phylloplanes resembling physicochemical characteristics of selected fresh produce and their potential use in bacterial attachment/removal studies. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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4
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Paulsmeyer MN, Vermillion KE, Juvik JA. Assessing the diversity of anthocyanin composition in various tissues of purple corn (Zea mays L.). Phytochemistry 2022; 201:113263. [PMID: 35688228 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are natural pigments used in various foods, beverages, textiles, and nutraceuticals. Anthocyanins in the grain of purple corn (Zea mays L., Poaceae) have been a focus of many studies, but not much is known about anthocyanins in other maize tissues. In this study, purple corn variety Apache Red Cob was crossed to genetic stock 320 N, which is recessive for anthocyanin 3. The result was intense anthocyanin production in portions of the plant not normally pigmented. Anthocyanin extracts from anthers, cob glumes, husks, kernels, leaf sheaths, seedlings, silks, and tassels were assessed using UHPLC. A previously undescribed pigment produced in anthers was determined by NMR to be anthocyanidin 3-6″-phenylacetylglucoside. Multivariate analysis classified maize anthocyanins into 8 major compositional profiles. Results of this study show that maize produces anthocyanins abundantly in non-grain portions of the plant and that maize anthocyanin extracts have numerous applications due to the diversity in pigment profiles and hues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Paulsmeyer
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Karl E Vermillion
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL, 61604, United States
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States.
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5
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Abstract
While maize with anthocyanin-rich pericarp (purple corn) is rising in popularity as a source of natural colorant for foods and beverages, information on color range and stability-factors associated with anthocyanin decorations and compositional profiles-is currently limited. Furthermore, to maximize the scalability and meet growing demands, both anthocyanin concentrations and agronomic performance must improve in purple corn varieties. Using the natural anthocyanin diversity present in a purple corn landrace, Apache Red, we generated a population with variable flavonoid profiles-flavanol-anthocyanin condensed forms (0-83%), acylated anthocyanins (2-72%), pelargonidin-derived anthocyanins (5-99%), C-glycosyl flavone co-pigments up to 1904 µg/g, and with anthocyanin content up to 1598 µg/g. Each aspect of the flavonoid profiles was found to play a role in either the resulting extract hue or intensity. With genotyping-by-sequencing of this population, we mapped aspects of the flavonoid profile. Major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for anthocyanin type were found near loci previously identified only in aleurone-pigmented maize varieties [Purple aleurone1 (Pr1) and Anthocyanin acyltransferase1 (Aat1)]. A QTL near P1 (Pericarp color1) was found for both flavone content and flavanol-anthocyanin condensed forms. A significant QTL associated with peonidin-derived anthocyanins near a candidate S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase was also identified, warranting further investigation. Mapping total anthocyanin content produced signals near Aat1, the aleurone-associated bHLH R1 (Colored1), the plant color-associated MYB, Pl1 (Purple plant1), the aleurone-associated recessive intensifier, In1 (Intensifier1), and several previously unidentified candidates. This population represents one of the most anthocyanin diverse pericarp-pigmented maize varieties characterized to date. Moreover, the candidates identified here will serve as branching points for future research studying the genetic and molecular processes determining anthocyanin profile in pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Chatham
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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6
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Palma-Salgado S, Ku KM, Dong M, Nguyen TH, Juvik JA, Feng H. Adhesion and removal of E. coli K12 as affected by leafy green produce epicuticular wax composition, surface roughness, produce and bacterial surface hydrophobicity, and sanitizers. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 334:108834. [PMID: 32861985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated leafy vegetables have been associated with high-profile outbreaks causing severe illnesses. A good understanding of the interactions between human pathogen and produce is important for developing improved food safety control strategies. Currently, the role played by produce surface physiochemical characteristics in such interactions is not well-understood. This work was performed to examine the effects of produce physiochemical characteristics, including surface roughness, epicuticular wax composition, and produce and bacteria surface hydrophobicity on attachment and removal of vegetative bacteria. Escherichia coli K12 was used as a model microorganism to evaluate attachment to and removal from five leafy green vegetables after washing with selected sanitizers. A detailed epicuticular wax component analysis was conducted and the changes of wax composition after sanitation were also evaluated. The results showed that E. coli K12 removal is positively correlated with alkanes, ketones, and total wax content on leaf surfaces. Vegetables with high surface wax content had less rough leaf surfaces and more bacterial removal than the low wax produce. Produce surface roughness positively correlated to E. coli K12 adhesion and negatively correlated to removal. The cells preferentially attached to cut vegetable surfaces, with up to 1.49 times more attachment than on leaf adaxial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindy Palma-Salgado
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America; Department of Horticulture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Mengyi Dong
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America.
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7
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Mitros T, Session AM, James BT, Wu GA, Belaffif MB, Clark LV, Shu S, Dong H, Barling A, Holmes JR, Mattick JE, Bredeson JV, Liu S, Farrar K, Głowacka K, Jeżowski S, Barry K, Chae WB, Juvik JA, Gifford J, Oladeinde A, Yamada T, Grimwood J, Putnam NH, De Vega J, Barth S, Klaas M, Hodkinson T, Li L, Jin X, Peng J, Yu CY, Heo K, Yoo JH, Ghimire BK, Donnison IS, Schmutz J, Hudson ME, Sacks EJ, Moose SP, Swaminathan K, Rokhsar DS. Genome biology of the paleotetraploid perennial biomass crop Miscanthus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5442. [PMID: 33116128 PMCID: PMC7595124 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Miscanthus is a perennial wild grass that is of global importance for paper production, roofing, horticultural plantings, and an emerging highly productive temperate biomass crop. We report a chromosome-scale assembly of the paleotetraploid M. sinensis genome, providing a resource for Miscanthus that links its chromosomes to the related diploid Sorghum and complex polyploid sugarcanes. The asymmetric distribution of transposons across the two homoeologous subgenomes proves Miscanthus paleo-allotetraploidy and identifies several balanced reciprocal homoeologous exchanges. Analysis of M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus populations demonstrates extensive interspecific admixture and hybridization, and documents the origin of the highly productive triploid bioenergy crop M. × giganteus. Transcriptional profiling of leaves, stem, and rhizomes over growing seasons provides insight into rhizome development and nutrient recycling, processes critical for sustainable biomass accumulation in a perennial temperate grass. The Miscanthus genome expands the power of comparative genomics to understand traits of importance to Andropogoneae grasses. The perennial grass Miscanthus is a promising biomass crop. Here, via genomics and transcriptomics, the authors reveal its allotetraploid origin, characterize gene expression associated with rhizome development and nutrient recycling, and describe the hybrid origin of the triploid M. x giganteus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Mitros
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Adam M Session
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Brandon T James
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA.,HudsonAlpha Biotechnology Institute, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Guohong Albert Wu
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mohammad B Belaffif
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA.,HudsonAlpha Biotechnology Institute, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Lindsay V Clark
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,High Performance Biological Computing, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, 206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Shengqiang Shu
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hongxu Dong
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Adam Barling
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jessica R Holmes
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,High Performance Biological Computing, Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois, 206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jessica E Mattick
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Jessen V Bredeson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Siyao Liu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Genetics, Curriculum of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Kerrie Farrar
- Institute of Biological, Environmental AND Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EE, UK
| | - Katarzyna Głowacka
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Stanisław Jeżowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Kerrie Barry
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Won Byoung Chae
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Environmental Horticulture, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Justin Gifford
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Adebosola Oladeinde
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Toshihiko Yamada
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, 10-chōme-3 Kita 11 Jōnishi, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0811, Japan
| | - Jane Grimwood
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,HudsonAlpha Biotechnology Institute, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Nicholas H Putnam
- Dovetail Genomics, 100 Enterprise Way, Scotts Valley, CA, 95066, USA
| | - Jose De Vega
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park Innovation Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK
| | - Susanne Barth
- Teagasc, Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Oak Park Research Centre, Carlow, R93XE12, Ireland
| | - Manfred Klaas
- Teagasc, Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Oak Park Research Centre, Carlow, R93XE12, Ireland
| | - Trevor Hodkinson
- Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, D2, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laigeng Li
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoli Jin
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Junhua Peng
- HuaZhi Rice Biotech Company, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Chang Yeon Yu
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kweon Heo
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Yoo
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Bimal Kumar Ghimire
- Department of Applied Bioscience, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Iain S Donnison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental AND Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EE, UK
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,HudsonAlpha Biotechnology Institute, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Matthew E Hudson
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Erik J Sacks
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Stephen P Moose
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, 1102S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kankshita Swaminathan
- DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA. .,HudsonAlpha Biotechnology Institute, 601 Genome Way Northwest, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA.
| | - Daniel S Rokhsar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation (CABBI), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA. .,U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa, 9040495, Japan. .,Chan-Zuckerberg BioHub, 499 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Milán-Noris EM, Monreal-Escalante E, Rosales-Mendoza S, Soria-Guerra RE, Radwan O, Juvik JA, Korban SS. An AMA1/MSP1 19 Adjuvanted Malaria Transplastomic Plant-Based Vaccine Induces Immune Responses in Test Animals. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 62:534-545. [PMID: 32870446 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a tropical human disease, caused by protozoan parasites, wherein a significant number of the world's population is at risk. Annually, more than 219 million new cases are reported. Although there are prevention treatments, there are no highly and widely effective licensed anti-malarial vaccines available for use. Opportunities for utilization of plant-based vaccines as novel platforms for developing safe, reliable, and affordable treatments offer promise for developing such a vaccine against malaria. In this study, a Malchloroplast candidate vaccine was designed, composed of segments of AMA1 and MSP1 proteins, two epitopes of Plasmodium falciparum, along with a GK1 peptide from Taenia solium as adjuvant, and this was expressed in tobacco chloroplasts. Transplastomic tobacco lines were generated using biolistic transformation, and these were confirmed to carry the synthetic gene construct. Expression of the synthetic GK1 peptide was confirmed using RT-PCR and Western blots. Furthermore, the GK1 peptide was detected by HPLC at levels of up to 6 µg g-1 dry weight of tobacco leaf tissue. The plant-derived Malchloroplast candidate vaccine was subsequently tested in BALB/c female mice following subcutaneous administration, and was found to elicit specific humoral responses. Furthermore, components of this candidate vaccine were recognized by antibodies in Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients and were immunogenic in test mice. Thus, this study provided a 'proof of concept' for a promising plant-based candidate subunit vaccine against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelia M Milán-Noris
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Monreal-Escalante
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico.
| | - Ruth E Soria-Guerra
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Biorreactores, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, 78210, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | - Osman Radwan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Environmental Microbiology Group, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, 45469, USA
| | - John A Juvik
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Schuyler S Korban
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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9
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Fuzawa M, Smith RL, Ku KM, Shisler JL, Feng H, Juvik JA, Nguyen TH. Roles of Vegetable Surface Properties and Sanitizer Type on Annual Disease Burden of Rotavirus Illness by Consumption of Rotavirus-Contaminated Fresh Vegetables: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. Risk Anal 2020; 40:741-757. [PMID: 31742761 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are often detected in water used for crop irrigation. One concern is foodborne viral disease via the consumption of fresh produce irrigated with virus-contaminated water. Although the food industry routinely uses chemical sanitizers to disinfect post-harvest fresh produce, it remains unknown how sanitizer and fresh produce properties affect the risk of viral illness through fresh produce consumption. A quantitative microbial risk assessment model was conducted to estimate (i) the health risks associated with consumption of rotavirus (RV)-contaminated fresh produce with different surface properties (endive and kale) and (ii) how risks changed when using peracetic acid (PAA) or a surfactant-based sanitizer. The modeling results showed that the annual disease burden depended on the combination of sanitizer and vegetable type when vegetables were irrigated with RV-contaminated water. Global sensitivity analyses revealed that the most influential factors in the disease burden were RV concentration in irrigation water and postharvest disinfection efficacy. A postharvest disinfection efficacy of higher than 99% (2-log10 ) was needed to decrease the disease burden below the World Health Organization (WHO) threshold, even in scenarios with low RV concentrations in irrigation water (i.e., river water). All scenarios tested here with at least 99.9% (3-log10 ) disinfection efficacy had a disease burden lower than the WHO threshold, except for the endive treated with PAA. The disinfection efficacy for the endive treated with PAA was only about 80%, leading to a disease burden 100 times higher than the WHO threshold. These findings should be considered and incorporated into future models for estimating foodborne viral illness risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Fuzawa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rebecca Lee Smith
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61886, Republic of Korea
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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10
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Michels DK, Chatham LA, Butts-Wilmsmeyer CJ, Juvik JA, Kolb FL. Variation in avenanthramide content in spring oat over multiple environments. J Cereal Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.102886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Chatham LA, Paulsmeyer M, Juvik JA. Prospects for economical natural colorants: insights from maize. Theor Appl Genet 2019; 132:2927-2946. [PMID: 31451836 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03414-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin pigments from maize offer a natural yet economical alternative to artificial dyes. Breeding for optimal colorant production requires understanding and integrating all facets of anthocyanin chemistry and genetics research. Replacing artificial dyes with natural colorants is becoming increasingly popular in foods and beverages. However, natural colorants are often expensive, have lower stability, and reduced variability in hue. Purple corn is rich in anthocyanins and offers a scalable and affordable alternative to synthetic dyes ranging in color from orange to reddish-purple. This diversity is attributable to differences in anthocyanin composition and concentration. Here we review the chemistry, biosynthesis, and genetics of purple corn and outline key factors associated with the feasibility of producing an economical source of natural colorants. Anthocyanin compositional modifications including acylation, methylation, and polymerization with flavan-3-ols can influence color stability and hue, yet there is more to learn regarding the genetic factors responsible for these modifications. Activators and repressors of anthocyanin biosynthesis structural genes as well as factors controlling trafficking and storage largely control anthocyanin yield. Further knowledge of these mechanisms will allow breeders to apply molecular strategies that accelerate the production of purple corn hybrids to meet growing demands for natural colorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Chatham
- University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | | | - John A Juvik
- University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA.
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12
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Mesa JM, Juvik JA, Paige KN. Individual and interactive effects of herbivory on plant fitness: endopolyploidy as a driver of genetic variation in tolerance and resistance. Oecologia 2019; 190:847-856. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Abstract
Anthocyanin pigments from purple corn are being explored as a potential alternative to artificial colorants and for their health-promoting properties. However, all pericarp-pigmented corn varieties examined to date primarily contain cyanidin-derived anthocyanins, which produce bluish-red or pink extracts. Here we describe the first pelargonidin-dominant pericarp-pigmented corn lines from the landrace Apache Red (AR). Anthocyanins were characterized from six AR families using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). From this, we identified two new flavanol-anthocyanin condensed forms in corn: catechin-(4,8)-pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside and afzelechin-(4,8)-pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, which were subsequently confirmed with NMR. Additionally, several apigenin-derived C-glycosyl flavones were identified in abundance. With a diverse flavonoid profile containing an array of different anthocyanin species and flavones, Apache Red will be an important line in which to study control of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Chatham
- Department of Crop Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1201 W. Gregory Drive , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Leslie West
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 905 S. Goodwin Avenue , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Mark A Berhow
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS , 1815 N. University Street , Peoria , Illinois 61604 , United States
| | - Karl E Vermillion
- National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS , 1815 N. University Street , Peoria , Illinois 61604 , United States
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 1201 W. Gregory Drive , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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14
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Chiu YC, Juvik JA, Ku KM. Targeted Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of "Red Russian" Kale (Brassicae napus var. pabularia) Following Methyl Jasmonate Treatment and Larval Infestation by the Cabbage Looper (Trichoplusia ni Hübner). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1058. [PMID: 29614820 PMCID: PMC5979517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA), synthesized in the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway, has been found to upregulate glucosinolate (GS) biosynthesis in plant species of the Brassicaceae family. Exogenous application of MeJA has shown to increase tissue GS concentrations and the formation of myrosinase-mediated GS hydrolysis products (GSHPs). In vitro and in vivo assays have demonstrated the potential health-promoting effects of certain GSHPs. MeJA is also known to elicit and induce genes associated with defense mechanisms to insect herbivory in Brassica species. To investigate the relationship between MeJA-induced GS biosynthesis and insect defense, three treatments were applied to "Red Russian" kale (Brassicae napus var. pabularia) seedlings: (1) a 250 µM MeJA leaf spray treatment; (2) leaf infestation with larvae of the cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)); (3) control treatment (neither larval infestation nor MeJA application). Samples of leaf tissue from the three treatments were then assayed for changes in GS and GSHP concentrations, GS gene biosynthesis expression, and myrosinase activity. Major differences were observed between the three treatments in the levels of GS accumulation and GS gene expression. The insect-damaged samples showed significantly lower aliphatic GS accumulation, while both MeJA and T. ni infestation treatments induced greater accumulation of indolyl GS. The gene expression levels of CYP81F4, MYB34, and MYB122 were significantly upregulated in samples treated with MeJA and insects compared to the control group, which explained the increased indolyl GS concentration. The results suggest that the metabolic changes promoted by MeJA application and the insect herbivory response share common mechanisms of induction. This work provides potentially useful information for kale pest control and nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Chiu
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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15
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Haggard S, Luna-Vital D, West L, Juvik JA, Chatham L, Paulsmeyer M, Gonzalez de Mejia E. Comparison of chemical, color stability, and phenolic composition from pericarp of nine colored corn unique varieties in a beverage model. Food Res Int 2017; 105:286-297. [PMID: 29433217 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to compare the chemical stability and color of nine unique anthocyanin-rich colored corn varieties named/coded as V1, V2, V3… V9. Extracts were added to a beverage model and stored at 4 °C, 22°C, or 32°C for 12weeks. After 12 weeks of storage at 32°C, variety V6 [high condensed form (CF), high cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G)] had the longest anthocyanin half-life, based on the quantification by HPLC. V3 [high pelargonidin (Pg), high acylated form (C3-mal)] and V5 (high CF, high C3G, high C3-mal) had the most favorable hue. V5 and V6 had some of the smallest changes in color over time. These findings suggest that an abundance of condensed forms with C3G in corn extracts could contribute to the improved stability. Beverage storage parameters also influenced color parameters; low temperatures and low pH enhanced color and anthocyanin stability. The most promising corn varieties for future experiments are V3, V5, and V6 based on color retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage Haggard
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 228 ERML, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Diego Luna-Vital
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 228 ERML, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Leslie West
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 228 ERML, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 307 ERML, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Laura Chatham
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 307 ERML, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Michael Paulsmeyer
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 307 ERML, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Elvira Gonzalez de Mejia
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 228 ERML, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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16
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Mesa JM, Scholes DR, Juvik JA, Paige KN. Molecular constraints on resistance–tolerance trade‐offs. Ecology 2017; 98:2528-2537. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Miles Mesa
- School of Integrative Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign 505 South Goodwin Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Daniel R. Scholes
- Department of Biology University of Indianapolis 1400 East Hanna Avenue Indianapolis Indiana 46227 USA
| | - John A. Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign 1201 West Gregory Drive Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Ken N. Paige
- School of Integrative Biology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign 505 South Goodwin Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
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17
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Lee YS, Ku KM, Becker TM, Juvik JA. Chemopreventive glucosinolate accumulation in various broccoli and collard tissues: Microfluidic-based targeted transcriptomics for by-product valorization. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185112. [PMID: 28945821 PMCID: PMC5612653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Floret, leaf, and root tissues were harvested from broccoli and collard cultivars and extracted to determine their glucosinolate and hydrolysis product profiles using high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromotography. Quinone reductase inducing bioactivity, an estimate of anti-cancer chemopreventive potential, of the extracts was measured using a hepa1c1c7 murine cell line. Extracts from root tissues were significantly different from other tissues and contained high levels of gluconasturtiin and glucoerucin. Targeted gene expression analysis on glucosinolate biosynthesis revealed that broccoli root tissue has elevated gene expression of AOP2 and low expression of FMOGS-OX homologs, essentially the opposite of what was observed in broccoli florets, which accumulated high levels of glucoraphanin. Broccoli floret tissue has significantly higher nitrile formation (%) and epithionitrile specifier protein gene expression than other tissues. This study provides basic information of the glucosinolate metabolome and transcriptome for various tissues of Brassica oleracea that maybe utilized as potential byproducts for the nutraceutical market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sang Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, South Korea
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Talon M. Becker
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John A. Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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18
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Kim MJ, Chiu YC, Kim NK, Park HM, Lee CH, Juvik JA, Ku KM. Cultivar-Specific Changes in Primary and Secondary Metabolites in Pak Choi (Brassica Rapa, Chinensis Group) by Methyl Jasmonate. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1004. [PMID: 28481284 PMCID: PMC5454917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates, their hydrolysis products and primary metabolites were analyzed in five pak choi cultivars to determine the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on metabolite flux from primary metabolites to glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products. Among detected glucosinolates (total 14 glucosinolates; 9 aliphatic, 4 indole and 1 aromatic glucosinolates), indole glucosinolate concentrations (153-229%) and their hydrolysis products increased with MeJA treatment. Changes in the total isothiocyanates by MeJA were associated with epithiospecifier protein activity estimated as nitrile formation. Goitrin, a goitrogenic compound, significantly decreased by MeJA treatment in all cultivars. Changes in glucosinolates, especially aliphatic, significantly differed among cultivars. Primary metabolites including amino acids, organic acids and sugars also changed with MeJA treatment in a cultivar-specific manner. A decreased sugar level suggests that they might be a carbon source for secondary metabolite biosynthesis in MeJA-treated pak choi. The result of the present study suggests that MeJA can be an effective agent to elevate indole glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products and to reduce a goitrogenic compound in pak choi. The total glucosinolate concentration was the highest in "Chinese cabbage" in the control group (32.5 µmol/g DW), but indole glucosinolates increased the greatest in "Asian" when treated with MeJA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Jung Kim
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Yu-Chun Chiu
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
| | - Na Kyung Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Hye Min Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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19
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Becker TM, Jeffery EH, Juvik JA. Proposed Method for Estimating Health-Promoting Glucosinolates and Hydrolysis Products in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) Using Relative Transcript Abundance. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:301-308. [PMID: 27992213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the importance of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products in human nutrition and plant defense, optimizing the content of these compounds is a frequent breeding objective for Brassica crops. Toward this goal, we investigated the feasibility of using models built from relative transcript abundance data for the prediction of glucosinolate and hydrolysis product concentrations in broccoli. We report that predictive models explaining at least 50% of the variation for a number of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products can be built for prediction within the same season, but prediction accuracy decreased when using models built from one season's data for prediction of an opposing season. This method of phytochemical profile prediction could potentially allow for lower phytochemical phenotyping costs and larger breeding populations. This, in turn, could improve selection efficiency for phase II induction potential, a type of chemopreventive bioactivity, by allowing for the quick and relatively cheap content estimation of phytochemicals known to influence the trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talon M Becker
- Department of Crop Sciences and ‡Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801-3838, United States
| | - Elizabeth H Jeffery
- Department of Crop Sciences and ‡Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801-3838, United States
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences and ‡Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801-3838, United States
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20
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Fuzawa M, Ku KM, Palma-Salgado SP, Nagasaka K, Feng H, Juvik JA, Sano D, Shisler JL, Nguyen TH. Effect of Leaf Surface Chemical Properties on Efficacy of Sanitizer for Rotavirus Inactivation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6214-6222. [PMID: 27520815 PMCID: PMC5068170 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01778-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of sanitizers is essential for produce safety. However, little is known about how sanitizer efficacy varies with respect to the chemical surface properties of produce. To answer this question, the disinfection efficacies of an oxidant-based sanitizer and a new surfactant-based sanitizer for porcine rotavirus (PRV) strain OSU were examined. PRV was attached to the leaf surfaces of two kale cultivars with high epicuticular wax contents and one cultivar of endive with a low epicuticular wax content and then treated with each sanitizer. The efficacy of the oxidant-based sanitizer correlated with leaf wax content as evidenced by the 1-log10 PRV disinfection on endive surfaces (low wax content) and 3-log10 disinfection of the cultivars with higher wax contents. In contrast, the surfactant-based sanitizer showed similar PRV disinfection efficacies (up to 3 log10) that were independent of leaf wax content. A statistical difference was observed with the disinfection efficacies of the oxidant-based sanitizer for suspended and attached PRV, while the surfactant-based sanitizer showed similar PRV disinfection efficacies. Significant reductions in the entry and replication of PRV were observed after treatment with either disinfectant. Moreover, the oxidant-based-sanitizer-treated PRV showed sialic acid-specific binding to the host cells, whereas the surfactant-based sanitizer increased the nonspecific binding of PRV to the host cells. These findings suggest that the surface properties of fresh produce may affect the efficacy of virus disinfection, implying that food sanitizers should be carefully selected for the different surface characteristics of fresh produce. IMPORTANCE Food sanitizer efficacies are affected by the surface properties of vegetables. This study evaluated the disinfection efficacies of two food sanitizers, an oxidant-based sanitizer and a surfactant-based sanitizer, on porcine rotavirus strain OSU adhering to the leaf epicuticular surfaces of high- and low-wax-content cultivars. The disinfection efficacy of the oxidant-based sanitizer was affected by the surface properties of the vegetables, while the surfactant-based sanitizer was effective for both high- and low-wax leafy vegetable cultivars. This study suggests that the surface properties of vegetables may be an important factor that interacts with disinfection with food sanitizers of rotaviruses adhering to fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Fuzawa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kang-Mo Ku
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sindy Paola Palma-Salgado
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kenya Nagasaka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Science, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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21
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Ku KM, Kim MJ, Jeffery EH, Kang YH, Juvik JA. Profiles of Glucosinolates, Their Hydrolysis Products, and Quinone Reductase Inducing Activity from 39 Arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) Accessions. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:6524-32. [PMID: 27523193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates, their hydrolysis product concentrations, and the quinone reductase (QR) inducing activity of extracts of leaf tissue were assayed from 39 arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.) accessions. Arugula accessions from Mediterranean countries (n = 16; Egypt, Greece, Italy, Libya, Spain, and Turkey) and Northern Europe (n = 2; Poland and United Kingdom) were higher in glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products, especially glucoraphanin and sulforaphane, compared to those from Asia (n = 13; China, India, and Pakistan) and Middle East Asia (n = 8; Afghanistan, Iran, and Israel). The QR inducing activity was also the highest in Mediterranean and Northern European arugula accessions, possibly due to a significant positive correlation between sulforaphane and QR inducing activity (r = 0.54). No nitrile hydrolysis products were found, suggesting very low or no epithiospecifier protein activity from these arugula accessions. Broad sense heritability (H(2)) was estimated to be 0.91-0.98 for glucoinolates, 0.55-0.83 for their hydrolysis products, and 0.90 for QR inducing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Mo Ku
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Moo Jung Kim
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University , Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Elizabeth H Jeffery
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Young-Hwa Kang
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University , Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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22
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Ku KM, Becker TM, Juvik JA. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses of Glucosinolates in Two Broccoli Cultivars Following Jasmonate Treatment for the Induction of Glucosinolate Defense to Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071135. [PMID: 27428958 PMCID: PMC4964508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lepidopteran larvae growth is influenced by host plant glucosinolate (GS) concentrations, which are, in turn, influenced by the phytohormone jasmonate (JA). In order to elucidate insect resistance biomarkers to lepidopteran pests, transcriptome and metabolome analyses following JA treatments were conducted with two broccoli cultivars, Green Magic and VI-158, which have differentially induced indole GSs, neoglucobrassicin and glucobrassicin, respectively. To test these two inducible GSs on growth of cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), eight neonate cabbage looper larvae were placed onto each of three plants per JA treatments (0, 100, 200, 400 µM) three days after treatment. After five days of feeding, weight of larvae and their survival rate was found to decrease with increasing JA concentrations in both broccoli cultivars. JA-inducible GSs were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Neoglucobrassicin in Green Magic and glucobrassicin in VI-158 leaves were increased in a dose-dependent manner. One or both of these glucosinolates and/or their hydrolysis products showed significant inverse correlations with larval weight and survival (five days after treatment) while being positively correlated with the number of days to pupation. This implies that these two JA-inducible glucosinolates can influence the growth and survival of cabbage looper larvae. Transcriptome profiling supported the observed changes in glucosinolate and their hydrolysis product concentrations following JA treatments. Several genes related to GS metabolism differentiate the two broccoli cultivars in their pattern of transcriptional response to JA treatments. Indicative of the corresponding change in indole GS concentrations, transcripts of the transcription factor MYB122, core structure biosynthesis genes (CYP79B2, UGT74B1, SUR1, SOT16, SOT17, and SOT18), an indole glucosinolate side chain modification gene (IGMT1), and several glucosinolate hydrolysis genes (TGG1, TGG2, and ESM1) were significantly increased in Green Magic (statistically significant in most cases at 400 µM) while UGT74B1 and MYB122 were significantly increased in VI-158. Therefore, these metabolite and transcript biomarker results indicate that transcriptome profiling can identify genes associated with the formation of two different indole GS and their hydrolysis products. Therefore, these metabolite and transcript biomarkers could be useful in an effective marker-assisted breeding strategy for resistance to generalist lepidopteran pests in broccoli and potentially other Brassica vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Mo Ku
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Talon M Becker
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Becker TM, Juvik JA. The Role of Glucosinolate Hydrolysis Products from Brassica Vegetable Consumption in Inducing Antioxidant Activity and Reducing Cancer Incidence. Diseases 2016; 4:E22. [PMID: 28933402 PMCID: PMC5456278 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactivity of glucosinolates (GSs), and more specifically their hydrolysis products (GSHPs), has been well documented. These secondary metabolites evolved in the order Brassicales as plant defense compounds with proven ability to deter or impede the growth of several biotic challenges including insect infestation, fungal and bacterial infection, and competition from other plants. However, the bioactivity of GSHPs is not limited to activity that inhibits these kingdoms of life. Many of these compounds have been shown to have bioactivity in mammalian systems as well, with epidemiological links to cancer chemoprevention in humans supported by in vitro, in vivo, and small clinical studies. Although other chemopreventive mechanisms have been identified, the primary mechanism believed to be responsible for the observed chemoprevention from GSHPs is the induction of antioxidant enzymes, such as NAD(P)H quinone reductase (NQO1), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and glutathione S transferases (GSTs), through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. Induction of this pathway is generally associated with aliphatic isothiocyanate GSHPs, although some indole-derived GSHPs have also been associated with induction of one or more of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talon M Becker
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3838, USA.
| | - John A Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801-3838, USA.
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Brown AF, Yousef GG, Reid RW, Chebrolu KK, Thomas A, Krueger C, Jeffery E, Jackson E, Juvik JA. Genetic analysis of glucosinolate variability in broccoli florets using genome-anchored single nucleotide polymorphisms. Theor Appl Genet 2015; 128:1431-47. [PMID: 25930056 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The identification of genetic factors influencing the accumulation of individual glucosinolates in broccoli florets provides novel insight into the regulation of glucosinolate levels in Brassica vegetables and will accelerate the development of vegetables with glucosinolate profiles tailored to promote human health. Quantitative trait loci analysis of glucosinolate (GSL) variability was conducted with a B. oleracea (broccoli) mapping population, saturated with single nucleotide polymorphism markers from a high-density array designed for rapeseed (Brassica napus). In 4 years of analysis, 14 QTLs were associated with the accumulation of aliphatic, indolic, or aromatic GSLs in floret tissue. The accumulation of 3-carbon aliphatic GSLs (2-propenyl and 3-methylsulfinylpropyl) was primarily associated with a single QTL on C05, but common regulation of 4-carbon aliphatic GSLs was not observed. A single locus on C09, associated with up to 40 % of the phenotypic variability of 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl GSL over multiple years, was not associated with the variability of precursor compounds. Similarly, QTLs on C02, C04, and C09 were associated with 4-methylsulfinylbutyl GSL concentration over multiple years but were not significantly associated with downstream compounds. Genome-specific SNP markers were used to identify candidate genes that co-localized to marker intervals and previously sequenced Brassica oleracea BAC clones containing known GSL genes (GSL-ALK, GSL-PRO, and GSL-ELONG) were aligned to the genomic sequence, providing support that at least three of our 14 QTLs likely correspond to previously identified GSL loci. The results demonstrate that previously identified loci do not fully explain GSL variation in broccoli. The identification of additional genetic factors influencing the accumulation of GSL in broccoli florets provides novel insight into the regulation of GSL levels in Brassicaceae and will accelerate development of vegetables with modified or enhanced GSL profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan F Brown
- Department of Horticultural Science, Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA,
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Ku KM, Jeffery EH, Juvik JA, Kushad MM. Correlation of quinone reductase activity and allyl isothiocyanate formation among different genotypes and grades of horseradish roots. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:2947-2955. [PMID: 25684599 DOI: 10.1021/jf505591z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) is a perennial crop and its ground root tissue is used in condiments because of the pungency of the glucosinolate (GS)-hydrolysis products allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) derived from sinigrin and gluconasturtiin, respectively. Horseradish roots are sold in three grades: U.S. Fancy, U.S. No. 1, and U.S. No. 2 according to the USDA standards. These grading standards are primarily based on root diameter and length. There is little information on whether root grades vary in their phytochemical content or potential health promoting properties. This study measured GS, GS-hydrolysis products, potential anticancer activity (as quinone reductase inducing activity), total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities from different grades of horseradish accessions. U.S. Fancy showed significantly higher sinigrin and AITC concentrations than U.S. No. 1 ,whereas U.S. No. 1 showed significantly higher concentrations of 1-cyano 2,3-epithiopropane, the epithionitrile hydrolysis product of sinigrin, and significantly higher total phenolic concentrations than U.S. Fancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Mo Ku
- †Department of Crop Sciences and ‡Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3838, United States
| | - Elizabeth H Jeffery
- †Department of Crop Sciences and ‡Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3838, United States
| | - John A Juvik
- †Department of Crop Sciences and ‡Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3838, United States
| | - Mosbah M Kushad
- †Department of Crop Sciences and ‡Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3838, United States
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Głowacka K, Adhikari S, Peng J, Gifford J, Juvik JA, Long SP, Sacks EJ. Variation in chilling tolerance for photosynthesis and leaf extension growth among genotypes related to the C4 grass Miscanthus ×giganteus. J Exp Bot 2014; 65:5267-78. [PMID: 25039073 PMCID: PMC4157708 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify cold-tolerant genotypes within two species of Miscanthus related to the exceptionally chilling-tolerant C4 biomass crop accession: M. ×giganteus 'Illinois' (Mxg) as well as in other Mxg genotypes. The ratio of leaf elongation at 10 °C/5 °C to that at 25 °C/25 °C was used to identify initially the 13 most promising Miscanthus genotypes out of 51 studied. Net leaf CO2 uptake (A sat) and the maximum operating efficiency of photosystem II (ФPSII) were measured in warm conditions (25 °C/20 °C), and then during and following a chilling treatment of 10 °C/5 °C for 11 d. Accessions of M. sacchariflorus (Msa) showed the smallest decline in leaf elongation on transfer to chilling conditions and did not differ significantly from Mxg, indicating greater chilling tolerance than diploid M. sinensis (Msi). Msa also showed the smallest reductions in A sat and ФPSII, and greater chilling-tolerant photosynthesis than Msi, and three other forms of Mxg, including new triploid accessions and a hexaploid Mxg 'Illinois'. Tetraploid Msa 'PF30153' collected in Gifu Prefecture in Honshu, Japan did not differ significantly from Mxg 'Illinois' in leaf elongation and photosynthesis at low temperature, but was significantly superior to all other forms of Mxg tested. The results suggested that the exceptional chilling tolerance of Mxg 'Illinois' cannot be explained simply by the hybrid vigour of this intraspecific allotriploid. Selection of chilling-tolerant accessions from both of Mxg's parental species, Msi and Msa, would be advisable for breeding new highly chilling-tolerant Mxg genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Głowacka
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Shivani Adhikari
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Junhua Peng
- Department of Soil and Crop Science, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523-1170, USA
| | - Justin Gifford
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John A Juvik
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen P Long
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erik J Sacks
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Abstract
Isothiocyanates, generated from the hydrolysis of glucosinolates in plants of the Brassicaceae family, promote health, including anticancer bioactivity. Hydrolysis requires the plant enzyme myrosinase, giving myrosinase a key role in health promotion by brassica vegetables. Myrosinase measurement typically involves isolating crude protein, potentially underestimating activity in whole foods. Myrosinase activity was estimated using unextracted fresh tissues of five broccoli and three kale cultivars, measuring the formation of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and/or glucose from exogenous sinigrin. A correlation between AITC and glucose formation was found, although activity was substantially lower measured as glucose release. Using exogenous sinigrin or endogenous glucoraphanin, concentrations of the hydrolysis products AITC and sulforaphane correlated (r = 0.859; p = 0.006), suggesting that broccoli shows no myrosinase selectivity among sinigrin and glucoraphanin. Measurement of AITC formation provides a novel, reliable estimation of myrosinase-dependent isothiocyanate formation suitable for use with whole vegetable food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Dosz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition and ‡Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801-3838, United States
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Ku KM, Jeffery EH, Juvik JA. Exogenous methyl jasmonate treatment increases glucosinolate biosynthesis and quinone reductase activity in kale leaf tissue. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103407. [PMID: 25084454 PMCID: PMC4118879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) spray treatments were applied to the kale varieties ‘Dwarf Blue Curled Vates’ and ‘Red Winter’ in replicated field plantings in 2010 and 2011 to investigate alteration of glucosinolate (GS) composition in harvested leaf tissue. Aqueous solutions of 250 µM MeJA were sprayed to saturation on aerial plant tissues four days prior to harvest at commercial maturity. The MeJA treatment significantly increased gluconasturtiin (56%), glucobrassicin (98%), and neoglucobrassicin (150%) concentrations in the apical leaf tissue of these genotypes over two seasons. Induction of quinone reductase (QR) activity, a biomarker for anti-carcinogenesis, was significantly increased by the extracts from the leaf tissue of these two cultivars. Extracts of apical leaf tissues had greater MeJA mediated increases in phenolics, glucosinolate concentrations, GS hydrolysis products, and QR activity than extracts from basal leaf tissue samples. The concentration of the hydrolysis product of glucoraphanin, sulforphane was significantly increased in apical leaf tissue of the cultivar ‘Red Winter’ in both 2010 and 2011. There was interaction between exogenous MeJA treatment and environmental conditions to induce endogenous JA. Correlation analysis revealed that indole-3-carbanol (I3C) generated from the hydrolysis of glucobrassicin significantly correlated with QR activity (r = 0.800, P<0.001). Concentrations required to double the specific QR activity (CD values) of I3C was calculated at 230 µM, which is considerably weaker at induction than other isothiocyanates like sulforphane. To confirm relationships between GS hydrolysis products and QR activity, a range of concentrations of MeJA sprays were applied to kale leaf tissues of both cultivars in 2011. Correlation analysis of these results indicated that sulforaphane, NI3C, neoascorbigen, I3C, and diindolylmethane were all significantly correlated with QR activity. Thus, increased QR activity may be due to combined increases in phenolics (quercetin and kaempferol) and GS hydrolysis product concentrations rather than by individual products alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Mo Ku
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth H. Jeffery
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John A. Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ku KM, Jeffery EH, Juvik JA. Optimization of methyl jasmonate application to broccoli florets to enhance health-promoting phytochemical content. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:2090-6. [PMID: 24338840 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spray treatment of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has been shown to increase glucosinolate (GS) concentrations and health-promoting activity in Brassica vegetables. Since there is no reported standardized protocol, several MeJA treatment studies have been conducted to maximize human health bioactivity using the F1 broccoli cultivar 'Green Magic'. RESULTS Foliar MeJA application 4 days prior to harvest of broccoli at commercial maturity resulted in enhanced total GS concentrations. Although a single application of 250 µmol L(-1) MeJA maximized GS concentrations in broccoli florets, two days of consecutive treatments (4 and 3 days prior to harvest) of 250 µmol L(-1) MeJA further enhanced neoglucobrassicin concentrations and floret extract quinone reductase (QR)-inducing activity. With increasing concentrations of MeJA in spray applications to broccoli florets, concentrations of the glucosinolates glucoraphanin, gluconasturtiin and neoglucobrassicin and the isothiocyanate sulforaphane as well as anticancer and anti-inflammatory bioactivities as measured by QR induction and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production respectively were significantly increased. Concentrations of these phytochemicals showed strong positive correlations with QR-inducing and NO-inhibitory activities. CONCLUSION These application protocols were found to maximize GS and GS hydrolysis product concentrations and putatively enhance the health-promoting properties of broccoli heads for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mo Ku
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801-3838, USA
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Renaud ENC, Lammerts van Bueren ET, Myers JR, Paulo MJ, van Eeuwijk FA, Zhu N, Juvik JA. Variation in broccoli cultivar phytochemical content under organic and conventional management systems: implications in breeding for nutrition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95683. [PMID: 25028959 PMCID: PMC4100739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic agriculture requires cultivars that can adapt to organic crop management systems without the use of synthetic pesticides as well as genotypes with improved nutritional value. The aim of this study encompassing 16 experiments was to compare 23 broccoli cultivars for the content of phytochemicals associated with health promotion grown under organic and conventional management in spring and fall plantings in two broccoli growing regions in the US (Oregon and Maine). The phytochemicals quantified included: glucosinolates (glucoraphanin, glucobrassicin, neoglucobrassin), tocopherols (δ-, γ-, α-tocopherol) and carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene). For glucoraphanin (17.5%) and lutein (13%), genotype was the major source of total variation; for glucobrassicin, region (36%) and the interaction of location and season (27.5%); and for neoglucobrassicin, both genotype (36.8%) and its interactions (34.4%) with season were important. For δ- and γ-tocopherols, season played the largest role in the total variation followed by location and genotype; for total carotenoids, genotype (8.41-13.03%) was the largest source of variation and its interactions with location and season. Overall, phytochemicals were not significantly influenced by management system. We observed that the cultivars with the highest concentrations of glucoraphanin had the lowest for glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin. The genotypes with high concentrations of glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin were the same cultivars and were early maturing F1 hybrids. Cultivars highest in tocopherols and carotenoids were open pollinated or early maturing F1 hybrids. We identified distinct locations and seasons where phytochemical performance was higher for each compound. Correlations among horticulture traits and phytochemicals demonstrated that glucoraphanin was negatively correlated with the carotenoids and the carotenoids were correlated with one another. Little or no association between phytochemical concentration and date of cultivar release was observed, suggesting that modern breeding has not negatively influenced the level of tested compounds. We found no significant differences among cultivars from different seed companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica N. C. Renaud
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - James R. Myers
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Maria João Paulo
- Biometris, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fred A. van Eeuwijk
- Biometris, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John A. Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Liu AG, Juvik JA, Jeffery EH, Berman-Booty LD, Clinton SK, Erdman JW. Enhancement of broccoli indole glucosinolates by methyl jasmonate treatment and effects on prostate carcinogenesis. J Med Food 2014; 17:1177-82. [PMID: 24983303 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Broccoli is rich in bioactive components, such as sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol, which may impact cancer risk. The glucosinolate profile of broccoli can be manipulated through treatment with the plant stress hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Our objective was to produce broccoli with enhanced levels of indole glucosinolates and determine its impact on prostate carcinogenesis. Brassica oleracea var. Green Magic was treated with a 250 μM MeJA solution 4 days prior to harvest. MeJA-treated broccoli had significantly increased levels of glucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin (P < .05). Male transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice (n = 99) were randomized into three diet groups at 5-7 weeks of age: AIN-93G control, 10% standard broccoli powder, or 10% MeJA broccoli powder. Diets were fed throughout the study until termination at 20 weeks of age. Hepatic CYP1A was induced with MeJA broccoli powder feeding, indicating biological activity of the indole glucosinolates. Following ∼ 15 weeks on diets, neither of the broccoli treatments significantly altered genitourinary tract weight, pathologic score, or metastasis incidence, indicating that broccoli powder at 10% of the diet was ineffective at reducing prostate carcinogenesis in the TRAMP model. Whereas broccoli powder feeding had no effect in this model of prostate cancer, our work demonstrates the feasibility of employing plant stress hormones exogenously to stimulate changes in phytochemical profiles, an approach that may be useful for optimizing bioactive component patterns in foods for chronic-disease-prevention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann G Liu
- 1 Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Ku KM, Choi JH, Kim HS, Kushad MM, Jeffery EH, Juvik JA. Methyl jasmonate and 1-methylcyclopropene treatment effects on quinone reductase inducing activity and post-harvest quality of broccoli. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77127. [PMID: 24146962 PMCID: PMC3797761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of pre-harvest methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and post-harvest 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments on broccoli floret glucosinolate (GS) concentrations and quinone reductase (QR, an in vitro anti-cancer biomarker) inducing activity were evaluated two days prior to harvest, at harvest and at 10, 20, and 30 days of post-harvest storage at 4 °C. MeJA treatments four days prior to harvest of broccoli heads was observed to significantly increase floret ethylene biosynthesis resulting in chlorophyll catabolism during post-harvest storage and reduced product quality. Post-harvest treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), which competitively binds to protein ethylene receptors, maintained post-harvest floret chlorophyll concentrations and product visual quality in both control and MeJA-treated broccoli. Transcript abundance of BoPPH, a gene which is responsible for the synthesis of pheophytinase, the primary enzyme associated with chlorophyll catabolism in broccoli, was reduced by 1-MCP treatment and showed a significant, negative correlation with floret chlorophyll concentrations. The GS, glucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin were significantly increased by MeJA treatments. The products of some of the GS from endogenous myrosinase hydrolysis [sulforaphane (SF), neoascorbigen (NeoASG), N-methoxyindole-3-carbinol (NI3C), and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC)] were also quantified and found to be significantly correlated with QR. Sulforaphane, the isothiocyanate hydrolysis product of the GS glucoraphanin, was found to be the most potent QR induction agent. Increased sulforaphane formation from the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin was associated with up-regulated gene expression of myrosinase (BoMyo) and the myrosinase enzyme co-factor gene, epithiospecifier modifier1 (BoESM1). This study demonstrates the combined treatment of MeJA and 1-MCP increased QR activity without post-harvest quality loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mo Ku
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeong Hee Choi
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- The Distribution System Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hyoung Seok Kim
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mosbah M. Kushad
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth H. Jeffery
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John A. Juvik
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ku KM, Jeffery EH, Juvik JA. Influence of seasonal variation and methyl jasmonate mediated induction of glucosinolate biosynthesis on quinone reductase activity in broccoli florets. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:9623-31. [PMID: 24032372 DOI: 10.1021/jf4027734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate spray treatments (250 μM) were utilized to alter glucosinolate composition in the florets of the commercial broccoli F1 hybrids 'Pirate', 'Expo', 'Green Magic', 'Imperial', and 'Gypsy' grown in replicated field plantings in 2009 and 2010. MeJA treatment significantly increased glucoraphanin (11%), gluconasturtiin (59%), and neoglucobrassicin (248%) concentrations and their hydrolysis products including sulforaphane (152%), phenethyl isothiocyanate (318%), N-methoxyindole-3-carbinol (313%), and neoascorbigen (232%) extracted from florets of these genotypes over two seasons. Increased quinone reductase (QR) activity was significantly correlated with increased levels of sulforaphane, N-methoxyindole-3-carbinol, and neoascorbigen. Partitioning experiment-wide trait variances indicated that the variability in concentrations of sulforaphane (29%), neoascorbigen (48%), and QR activity (72%) was influenced by year-associated weather variables, whereas variation in neoglucobrassicin (63%) and N-methoxyindole-3-carbinol (46%) concentrations was primarily attributed to methyl jasmonate treatment. These results suggest that methyl jasmonate treatment can enhance QR inducing activity by increased hydrolysis of glucoraphanin into sulforaphane and the hydrolysis products of neoglucobrassicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mo Ku
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801-3838, United States
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Ku KM, Choi JH, Kushad MM, Jeffery EH, Juvik JA. Pre-harvest methyl jasmonate treatment enhances cauliflower chemoprotective attributes without a loss in postharvest quality. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2013; 68:113-7. [PMID: 23640295 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-013-0356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment can significantly increase glucosinolate (GS) concentrations in Brassica vegetables and potentially enhance anticancer bioactivity. Although MeJA treatment may promote ethylene biosynthesis, which can be detrimental to postharvest quality, there are no previous reports of its effect on cauliflower postharvest quality. To address this, cauliflower curds in field plots were sprayed with either 0.1 % Triton X-100 (control) or 500 μM MeJA solutions four days prior to harvest, then stored at 4 °C. Tissue subsamples were collected after 0, 10, 20, and 30 days of postharvest storage and assayed for visual color change, ethylene production, GS concentrations, and extract quinone reductase inductive activity. MeJA treatment increased curd GS concentrations of glucoraphanin, glucobrassicin, and neoglucobrassicin by 1.5, 2.4, and 4.6-fold over controls, respectively. MeJA treated cauliflower showed significantly higher quinone reductase activity, a biomarker for anticancer bioactivity, without reducing visual color and postharvest quality for 10 days at 4 °C storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Mo Ku
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Swaminathan K, Chae WB, Mitros T, Varala K, Xie L, Barling A, Glowacka K, Hall M, Jezowski S, Ming R, Hudson M, Juvik JA, Rokhsar DS, Moose SP. A framework genetic map for Miscanthus sinensis from RNAseq-based markers shows recent tetraploidy. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:142. [PMID: 22524439 PMCID: PMC3355032 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Miscanthus (subtribe Saccharinae, tribe Andropogoneae, family Poaceae) is a genus of temperate perennial C4 grasses whose high biomass production makes it, along with its close relatives sugarcane and sorghum, attractive as a biofuel feedstock. The base chromosome number of Miscanthus (x = 19) is different from that of other Saccharinae and approximately twice that of the related Sorghum bicolor (x = 10), suggesting large-scale duplications may have occurred in recent ancestors of Miscanthus. Owing to the complexity of the Miscanthus genome and the complications of self-incompatibility, a complete genetic map with a high density of markers has not yet been developed. Results We used deep transcriptome sequencing (RNAseq) from two M. sinensis accessions to define 1536 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) for a GoldenGate™ genotyping array, and found that simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers defined in sugarcane are often informative in M. sinensis. A total of 658 SNP and 210 SSR markers were validated via segregation in a full sibling F1 mapping population. Using 221 progeny from this mapping population, we constructed a genetic map for M. sinensis that resolves into 19 linkage groups, the haploid chromosome number expected from cytological evidence. Comparative genomic analysis documents a genome-wide duplication in Miscanthus relative to Sorghum bicolor, with subsequent insertional fusion of a pair of chromosomes. The utility of the map is confirmed by the identification of two paralogous C4-pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (C4-PPDK) loci in Miscanthus, at positions syntenic to the single orthologous gene in Sorghum. Conclusions The genus Miscanthus experienced an ancestral tetraploidy and chromosome fusion prior to its diversification, but after its divergence from the closely related sugarcane clade. The recent timing of this tetraploidy complicates discovery and mapping of genetic markers for Miscanthus species, since alleles and fixed differences between paralogs are comparable. These difficulties can be overcome by careful analysis of segregation patterns in a mapping population and genotyping of doubled haploids. The genetic map for Miscanthus will be useful in biological discovery and breeding efforts to improve this emerging biofuel crop, and also provide a valuable resource for understanding genomic responses to tetraploidy and chromosome fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kankshita Swaminathan
- Energy Biosciences Institute, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Ibrahim KE, Juvik JA. Feasibility for improving phytonutrient content in vegetable crops using conventional breeding strategies: case study with carotenoids and tocopherols in sweet corn and broccoli. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:4636-4644. [PMID: 19489619 DOI: 10.1021/jf900260d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Among vegetables, sweet corn ( Zea mays L.) and broccoli ( Brassica oleracea L. ssp. italica) are important sources of dietary carotenoids and tocopherols. Because medical evidence suggests that carotenoid and tocopherol health-promoting activity acts in a dose-dependent manner, conventional breeding to develop elite sweet corn and broccoli germplasm with enhanced levels of these phytochemicals will potentially promote health among the consuming public. This investigation includes the quantitative analysis of carotenoid and tocopherol contents of 41 corn and 24 broccoli genotypes grown in multiple environments (years and seasons in one location) to partition the variation into genetic, environment, and genotype by environment interaction (GxE) components and measure the phenotypic stability of genotypes for these phytochemicals. The primary carotenoids and tocopherols in corn were lutein and gamma-tocopherol (65 and 73% of total carotenoid and tocopherol, respectively), whereas beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol were dominant in broccoli (65 and 79% of total carotenoid and tocopherol, respectively). Partitioning of the variance indicated that genetic differences among the genotypes averaged for the primary compounds in corn (lutein, zeaxanthin, and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol) and broccoli (beta-carotene, lutein, and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol) accounted for the largest proportion of the variation (67 and 55% of total phenotypic variation averaged across the phytochemicals in sweet corn and broccoli, respectively). Stability analysis identified several corn (IL451b sh2 and IL2027-8 sh2) and broccoli ('Pirate' and 'Baccus') genotypes with relatively high mean concentrations for the various carotenoids and tocopherols that were comparatively stable across seasons and years. The results of this investigation suggest that sweet corn and broccoli germplasm with enhanced concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols can be developed using conventional breeding protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid E Ibrahim
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C. Kurilich
- a Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences , University of Illinois , 1201 W. Gregory Avenue, Urbana , IL , 61801 , U.S.A
| | - John A. Juvik
- a Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences , University of Illinois , 1201 W. Gregory Avenue, Urbana , IL , 61801 , U.S.A
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Matusheski NV, Swarup R, Juvik JA, Mithen R, Bennett M, Jeffery EH. Epithiospecifier protein from broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. italica) inhibits formation of the anticancer agent sulforaphane. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54:2069-76. [PMID: 16536577 DOI: 10.1021/jf0525277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In some cruciferous plants, epithiospecifier protein (ESP) directs myrosinase (EC 3.2.3.1)-catalyzed hydrolysis of alkenyl glucosinolates toward epithionitrile formation. Here, for the first time, we show that ESP activity is negatively correlated with the extent of formation of the health-promoting phytochemical sulforaphane in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. italica). A 43 kDa protein with ESP activity and sequence homology to the ESP of Arabidopsis thaliana was cloned from the broccoli cv. Packman and expressed in Escherichia coli. In a model system, the recombinant protein not only directed myrosinase-dependent metabolism of the alkenyl glucosinolate epi-progoitrin [(2S)-2-hydroxy-3-butenyl glucosinolate] toward formation of an epithionitrile but also directed myrosinase-dependent hydrolysis of the glucosinolate glucoraphanin [4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl glucosinolate] to form sulforaphane nitrile, in place of the isothiocyanate sulforaphane. The importance of this finding is that, whereas sulforaphane has been shown to have anticarcinogenic properties, sulforaphane nitrile has not. Genetic manipulation designed to attenuate or eliminate expression of ESP in broccoli could increase the fractional conversion of glucoraphanin to sulforaphane, enhancing potential health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan V Matusheski
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Eberhardt MV, Kobira K, Keck AS, Juvik JA, Jeffery EH. Correlation analyses of phytochemical composition, chemical, and cellular measures of antioxidant activity of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Var. italica). J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:7421-31. [PMID: 16159168 DOI: 10.1021/jf051495k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical measures of antioxidant activity within the plant, such as the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, have been reported for many plant-based foods. However, the extent to which chemical measures relate to cellular measures of oxidative stress is unclear. The natural variation in the phytochemical content of 22 broccoli genotypes was used to determine correlations among chemical composition (carotenoids, tocopherols and polyphenolics), chemical antioxidant activity (ORAC), and measures of cellular antioxidation [prevention of DNA oxidative damage and of oxidation of the biomarker dichlorofluorescein (DCFH) in HepG2 cells] using hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts of broccoli. For lipophilic extracts, ORAC (ORAC-L) correlated with inhibition of cellular oxidation of DCFH (DCFH-L, r = 0.596, p = 0.006). Also, DNA damage in the presence of the lipophilic extract was negatively correlated with both chemical and cellular measures of antioxidant activity as measured by ORAC-L (r = -0.705, p = 0.015) and DCFH-L (r = -0.671, p = 0.048), respectively. However, no correlations were observed for hydrophilic (-H) extracts, except between polyphenol content and ORAC (ORAC-H; r = 0.778, p < 0.001). Inhibition of cellular oxidation by hydrophilic extracts (DCFH-H) and ORAC-H were approximately 8- and 4-fold greater than DCFH-L and ORAC-L, respectively. Whether ORAC-H has more biological relevance than ORAC-L because of its magnitude or whether ORAC-L bears more biological relevance because it relates to cellular estimates of antioxidant activity remains to be determined. Chemical estimates of antioxidant capacity within the plant may not accurately reflect the complex nature of the full antioxidant activity of broccoli extracts within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian V Eberhardt
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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Pimentel C, Davey PA, Juvik JA, Long SP. Gene loci in maize influencing susceptibility to chilling dependent photoinhibition of photosynthesis. Photosynth Res 2005; 85:319-26. [PMID: 16170634 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-005-5738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Variation in tolerance in chilling-dependent photoinhibition has been associated with a wide range of traits in comparative physiological studies. A sweet corn (Zea mays L.) population of 214 F(2:3 )families previously mapped to near-saturation with 93 RFLP DNA markers were subjected to low temperature and high-light events prior to measurement of the maximum dark-adapted quantum efficiency of PS II (F(v)/F(m)), to identify loci associated with variation in chilling-dependent photoinhibition. In the first assay with ten families varying in seedling growth and germination, significant differences were observed among families in their response to and recovery from exposure to high light at low temperature. All the 214 F(2:3) families from this population were then evaluated for tolerance of chilling-dependent photoinhibition in a controlled environment and then in three replicated trials in the field, each following naturally occurring chilling events during spring. The measured effects on F(v)/F(m) were analyzed with software that mapped segregating loci that regulate trait expression and linked to genetic markers (PLABQTL). QTL 3.096 (i.e. 96 cM on chromosome three) was consistently identified in both controlled environment and in the mean of the three field trails. Another QTL at 8.025, described the greatest percentage of total phenotypic variance (ca. 10%) for the mean reduction in F(v)/F(m) of all three periods of measurement in the field. A third QTL (4.136) showed a highly significant association in the third field trial. These three QTLs were closely associated with genes that have been mechanistically related to photoinhibition tolerance and repair. The results suggest that the ratio of F(v)/F(m) is an approach that may be used in establishing marker-assisted breeding for improved tolerance to chilling of maize in the light and in turn better early-season growth in cool temperate climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pimentel
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 23851-970 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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Schultz JA, Juvik JA. Current models for starch synthesis and the sugary enhancer1 (se1) mutation in Zea mays. Plant Physiol Biochem 2004; 42:457-464. [PMID: 15246058 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2004.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2003] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Among the desirable quality traits essential for commercial production of fresh or processed sweet corn, kernel sugar content is universally important. In sweet corn genotypes the primary kernel sugar is sucrose, which is elevated at the expense of starch, particularly amylopectin. Sweet corn mutations have been traditionally divided into two classes. Generally speaking, class one mutations affect cytosolic reactions early in the process of starch synthesis, before starch is synthesized, and class two mutations affect reactions within the amyloplast directly involving starch granule assembly. Two widely used but previously unclassified mutations are sugary1 (su1) and sugary enhancer1 (se1). The se1 gene is a recessive modifier of su1; therefore, both genes require mutual discussion. This review provides current information about the su1 and se1 maize endosperm mutations and describes evidence further supporting previous suggestions that they fit criteria for categorization as class two mutants [Science 151 (1966) 341]. Information on the genetics and phenotype of se1 will be summarized and the hypothesized role of the se1 gene product discussed within the context of current models for starch synthesis in Zea mays L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Schultz
- Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1201 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Matusheski NV, Juvik JA, Jeffery EH. Heating decreases epithiospecifier protein activity and increases sulforaphane formation in broccoli. Phytochemistry 2004; 65:1273-81. [PMID: 15184012 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sulforaphane, an isothiocyanate from broccoli, is one of the most potent food-derived anticarcinogens. This compound is not present in the intact vegetable, rather it is formed from its glucosinolate precursor, glucoraphanin, by the action of myrosinase, a thioglucosidase enzyme, when broccoli tissue is crushed or chewed. However, a number of studies have demonstrated that sulforaphane yield from glucoraphanin is low, and that a non-bioactive nitrile analog, sulforaphane nitrile, is the primary hydrolysis product when plant tissue is crushed at room temperature. Recent evidence suggests that in Arabidopsis, nitrile formation from glucosinolates is controlled by a heat-sensitive protein, epithiospecifier protein (ESP), a non-catalytic cofactor of myrosinase. Our objectives were to examine the effects of heating broccoli florets and sprouts on sulforaphane and sulforaphane nitrile formation, to determine if broccoli contains ESP activity, then to correlate heat-dependent changes in ESP activity, sulforaphane content and bioactivity, as measured by induction of the phase II detoxification enzyme quinone reductase (QR) in cell culture. Heating fresh broccoli florets or broccoli sprouts to 60 degrees C prior to homogenization simultaneously increased sulforaphane formation and decreased sulforaphane nitrile formation. A significant loss of ESP activity paralleled the decrease in sulforaphane nitrile formation. Heating to 70 degrees C and above decreased the formation of both products in broccoli florets, but not in broccoli sprouts. The induction of QR in cultured mouse hepatoma Hepa lclc7 cells paralleled increases in sulforaphane formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan V Matusheski
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, 499 Bevier Hall, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Kurilich AC, Jeffery EH, Juvik JA, Wallig MA, Klein BP. Antioxidant capacity of different broccoli (Brassica oleracea) genotypes using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. J Agric Food Chem 2002; 50:5053-5057. [PMID: 12188607 DOI: 10.1021/jf025535l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant capacity of hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts from eight broccoli genotypes was compared using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. Each genotype was analyzed for carotenoid, tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and flavonoid content. Results indicate that the antioxidant capacity of hydrophilic extracts ranged from 65.8 to 121.6 micromol trolox equivalents (TE)/g of tissue, and the capacity of lipophilic extracts ranged from 3.9 to 17.5 micromol TE/g. Ascorbic acid and flavonoid content of the hydrophilic extracts did not explain the total variation in antioxidant capacity of those extracts, suggesting either the presence of other antioxidant components that have yet to be identified or that the known antioxidants are producing synergistic effects. The carotenoids did correlate with antioxidant capacity of the lipophilic extracts and accounted for the majority of the variability in that fraction. The variability in hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant capacity found among these genotypes suggests that potential efficacy from antioxidants will vary considerably from genotype to genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Kurilich
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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Coates RM, Denissen JF, Juvik JA, Babka BA. Identification of .alpha.-santalenoic and endo-.beta.-bergamotenoic acids as moth oviposition stimulants from wild tomato leaves. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00245a012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Seedling emergence is an important trait that can limit commercialization of sweet corn hybrids. This study was designed to test what effect beneficial QTL alleles that enhance seedling emergence exert when introgressed, using marker-assisted backcrossing, into sweet corn commercial germplasm. Three RFLP marker alleles linked to QTL that enhanced seedling emergence were identified in an F(2:3) sweet corn mapping population. A recombinant inbred line (RIL, F(8)) derived from this population was used as a donor parent to backcross the marker-QTL alleles into three elite commercial sweet corn inbreds. Plants in the three segregating BC(2) populations were crossed to the non-recurrent commercial inbreds to produce three BC(2)F(1) populations with families either segregating or lacking the marker donor allele(s). These three populations were evaluated for seedling emergence under field conditions in two successive years. Across the three populations, BC(2)F(1) families segregating for the donor QTL allele linked to the marker umc139 (on chromosome 2), bnl9.08 (on chromosome 8), or php200689 (on chromosome 1) displayed 40.8, 30.2, and 28.2% increases in seedling emergence, respectively, over the unmodified F(1)s. The introgressed QTL alleles were observed to enhance seedling emergence in the BC(2)F(1) generation as was observed in the original F(2:3) mapping population. Marker-QTL associated effects were reproducible across generations and populations indicating that QTL identified in one population can exert similar effects in different genetic backgrounds. Results suggest that using DNA marker technology can help to identify and introgress beneficial QTL alleles, shortening the time and resources required to develop improved germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad G. Yousef
- Dep. of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 307 ERML, 1201 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL 61801
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Frelichowski JE, Juvik JA. Sesquiterpene carboxylic acids from a wild tomato species affect larval feeding behavior and survival of Helicoverpa zea and Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J Econ Entomol 2001; 94:1249-59. [PMID: 11681691 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-94.5.1249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The sesquiterpene carboxylic acids (SCA), (+)-(E)-alpha-santalen-12-oic, (-)-(E)-endo-alpha-bergamoten-12-oic, and (+)-(E)-endo-beta-bergamoten-12-oic acid, are produced in glandular trichomes of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. typicum Humb. & Bonpl. accession (LA) 1777, which is highly resistant to a range of pests of cultivated tomatoes. L. esculentum Mill. Exposure of the larvae of two key tomato pests, tomato fruitworm [Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)] and beet armyworm [Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)], to these compounds in diets and on leaf surfaces resulted in reduced development rates and survival and deterred feeding. These effects were observed when levels of SCA, in artificial insect diet, applied to leaflets of susceptible cultivars, or synthesized in trichomes of leaves of plants, exceeded 2 mg SCA/g of diet or fresh leaf weight. This study suggests that cultivated tomatoes capable of synthesizing SCA, at 2 mg SCA/g of leaf tissue or greater, on their leaves and fruit would display enhanced host plant resistance to H. zea and S. exigua and other insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Frelichowski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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Matusheski NV, Wallig MA, Juvik JA, Klein BP, Kushad MM, Jeffery EH. Preparative HPLC method for the purification of sulforaphane and sulforaphane nitrile from Brassica oleracea. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:1867-1872. [PMID: 11308338 DOI: 10.1021/jf0013860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An extraction and preparative HPLC method has been devised to simultaneously purify sulforaphane and sulforaphane nitrile from the seed of Brassica oleracea var. italica cv. Brigadier. The seed was defatted with hexane, dried, and hydrolyzed in deionized water (1:9) for 8 h. The hydrolyzed seed meal was salted and extracted with methylene chloride. The dried residue was redissolved in a 5% acetonitrile solution and washed with excess hexane to remove nonpolar contaminants. The aqueous phase was filtered through a 0.22-microm cellulose filter and separated by HPLC using a Waters Prep Nova-Pak HR C-18 reverse-phase column. Refractive index was used to detect sulforaphane nitrile, and absorbance at 254 nm was used to detect sulforaphane. Peak identification was confirmed using gas chromatography and electron-impact mass spectrometry. Each kilogram of extracted seed yielded approximately 4.8 g of sulforaphane and 3.8 g of sulforaphane nitrile. Standard curves were developed using the purified compounds to allow quantification of sulforaphane and sulforaphane nitrile in broccoli tissue using a rapid GC method. The methodology was used to compare sulforaphane and sulforaphane nitrile content of autolyzed samples of several broccoli varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Matusheski
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Brown AF, Juvik JA, Pataky JK. Quantitative Trait Loci in Sweet Corn Associated with Partial Resistance to Stewart's Wilt, Northern Corn Leaf Blight, and Common Rust. Phytopathology 2001; 91:293-300. [PMID: 18943349 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2001.91.3.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Partial resistance to Stewart's wilt (Erwina stewartii, syn. Pantoea stewartii), northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) (Exserohilum turcicum), and common rust (Puccinia sorghi) was observed in an F(2:3) population developed from a cross between the inbred sweet corn lines IL731a and W6786. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with partial resistance using restriction fragment length polymorphic markers. Phenotypic data were collected for 2 years for Stewart's wilt, NCLB, and common rust but, due to significant family-environment interaction, analysis was conducted individually on data from each year. In 2 years of evaluation for the three diseases, a total of 33 regions in the maize genome were associated with partial resistance describing from 5.9 to 18% of the total phenotypic variability. Of six regions common in both years, three were associated with partial resistance to Stewart's wilt (chromosomes 4:07, 5:03, and 6:04), one was associated with NCLB (chromosome 9:05), and two were associated with common rust (chromosomes 2:04 and 3:04). The rust QTL on 3S mapped to within 20 cM of the rp3 locus and explained 17.7% of the phenotypic variability. Some of the QTL associated with partial resistance to the three diseases have been reported previously, and some are described here for the first time. Results suggest it may be possible to consolidate QTL from various elite backgrounds in a manner analogous to the pyramiding of major resistance genes. We also report here on two QTL associated with anthocyanin production on chromosomes 10:6 and 5:03 in the general location of the a2 gene.
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Abstract
Recent investigations into carotenoid and tocopherol biological activity in mammalian systems indicate that these antioxidants are associated with the prevention of degenerative diseases. Both carotenoids and tocopherols can be found in corn kernel tissue. A replicated survey of 44 sweet and dent corn lines was conducted to determine qualitative and quantitative variability of lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene, as well as the alpha-, delta-, and gamma- forms of tocopherol. The primary carotenoids in fresh market sweet corn were found to be lutein and zeaxanthin, with the gamma form dominating among the tocopherols. Mean values among the genotypes were observed to range from 0 to 20.0 and 2.4 to 63.3 microg/g dry weight for lutein and gamma-tocopherol, respectively, indicating variability among genotypes in genes regulating the metabolism of these compounds. The observed genetic variability suggests profound differences in potential health promotion among genotypes and supports the feasibility of developing germplasm with enhanced levels of these antioxidant compounds at dosages that could promote health among the consuming public.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kurilich
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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Kurilich AC, Tsau GJ, Brown A, Howard L, Klein BP, Jeffery EH, Kushad M, Wallig MA, Juvik JA. Carotene, tocopherol, and ascorbate contents in subspecies of Brassica oleracea. J Agric Food Chem 1999; 47:1576-1581. [PMID: 10564019 DOI: 10.1021/jf9810158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables contain high levels of vitamins that can act as antioxidants, compounds that may protect against several degenerative diseases. The edible portions of 50 broccoli and 13 cabbage, kale, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts accessions were assayed to determine variation in alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and ascorbate contents within and between subspecies of Brassica oleracea. Ascorbate content was estimated in fresh samples using HPLC. Tissues for carotene and tocopherol analysis were lyophilized prior to extraction. Carotene and tocopherol concentrations were simultaneously measured using a reverse phase HPLC system. Results indicate that there is substantial variation both within and between subspecies. Kale had the highest levels of vitamins, followed by broccoli and Brussels sprouts with intermediate levels and then by cabbage and cauliflower, with comparatively low concentrations. Variability in vitamin content among the broccoli accessions suggests that potential health benefits that accrue with consumption are genotype dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kurilich
- Departments of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Food Science and Human Nutrition, and Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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