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Rosenfeld EA, Lyman C, Wojcik CM, Macia KS, Roberts JE. Reassessing rumination: Validity of the Day Reconstruction Method for Rumination (DRM-R) to assess episodes of rumination in daily life. Psychol Assess 2023; 35:1098-1107. [PMID: 37768637 DOI: 10.1037/pas0001282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Rumination is a robust vulnerability to depression and potential treatment target. However, we know relatively little about rumination in daily life. This study tested the validity of a new approach for assessing daily episodes of rumination, the Day Reconstruction Method for Rumination (DRM-R). Participants (N = 127) who were either high or low in neuroticism completed baseline self-report measures (e.g., depression, trait rumination). Next, they completed the DRM-R by reconstructing the previous day into a series of "scenes," identifying discrete episodes of rumination, and responding to follow-up items about each episode. 78.6% of high neuroticism participants reported experiencing discrete periods of rumination, 80.0% reported constant ruminative thoughts in the back of their heads, and 68.6% reported ruminative thoughts of fluctuating intensity. Time spent ruminating was moderately correlated with trait measures of rumination and worry. Findings provide preliminary evidence that the DRM-R is a valid method for assessing discrete episodes of rumination in daily life. The DRM-R may reveal, ideographically, the relationship between specific thought content and features of ruminative episodes (e.g., length, frequency). Further research is needed to establish whether the DRM-R can detect changes in rumination across multiple days and how it corresponds with traditional daily diary methods and ecological momentary assessment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve A Rosenfeld
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Dissemination and Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System
| | | | | | - Kathryn S Macia
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Dissemination and Training Division, National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System
| | - John E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo (State University of New York)
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Barry TJ, Takano K, Hallford DJ, Roberts JE, Salmon K, Raes F. Autobiographical memory and psychopathology: Is memory specificity as important as we make it seem? Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci 2023; 14:e1624. [PMID: 36178082 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Several decades of research have established reduced autobiographical memory specificity, or overgeneral memory, as an important cognitive factor associated with the risk for and maintenance of a range of psychiatric diagnoses. In measuring this construct, experimenters code autobiographical memories for the presence or absence of a single temporal detail that indicates that the remembered event took place on a single, specific, day (Last Thursday when I rode bikes with my son), or multiple days (When I rode bikes with my son). Studies indicate that the specificity of memories and the amount of other episodic detail that they include (e.g., who, what, and where) are related and may rely on the same neural processes to elicit their retrieval. However, specificity and detailedness are nonetheless separable constructs: imperfectly correlated and differentially associated with current and future depressive symptoms and other associated intrapersonal (e.g., rumination) and interpersonal (e.g., social support) outcomes. The ways in which the details of our memories align with narrative themes (i.e., agency, communion, identity) and the coherence with which these details are presented, are also emerging as important factors associated with psychopathology. The temporal specificity of autobiographical memories may be important, but other memory constructs warrant further attention in research and theory, especially given the associations, and dependencies, between each of these constructs. Researchers in this area must consider carefully whether their research questions necessitate a focus on autobiographical memory specificity or whether a more inclusive analysis of other autobiographical memory features is necessary and more fruitful. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Barry
- Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
- Department of Psychology, The University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Keisuke Takano
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - John E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Karen Salmon
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Filip Raes
- Centre for Learning Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Mavragani A, Lyman C, Roberts JE. Development of an mHealth App-Based Intervention for Depressive Rumination (RuminAid): Mixed Methods Focus Group Evaluation. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e40045. [PMID: 36512400 PMCID: PMC9795400 DOI: 10.2196/40045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a common mental health condition that poses a significant public health burden. Effective treatments for depression exist; however, access to evidence-based care remains limited. Mobile health (mHealth) apps offer an avenue for improving access. However, few mHealth apps are informed by evidence-based treatments and even fewer are empirically evaluated before dissemination. To address this gap, we developed RuminAid, an mHealth app that uses evidence-based treatment components to reduce depression by targeting a single key depressogenic process-rumination. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study was to collect qualitative and quantitative feedback that could be used to improve the design of RuminAid before the software development phase. METHODS We reviewed empirically supported interventions for depression and rumination and used the key aspects of each to create a storyboard version of RuminAid. We distributed an audio-guided presentation of the RuminAid storyboard to 22 individuals for viewing and solicited user feedback on app content, design, and perceived functionality across 7 focus group sessions. RESULTS The consumer-rated quality of the storyboard version of RuminAid was in the acceptable to good range. Indeed, most participants reported that they thought RuminAid would be an engaging, functional, and informational app. Likewise, they endorsed overwhelming positive beliefs about the perceived impact of RuminAid; specifically, 96% (21/22) believed that RuminAid will help depressed ruminators with depression and rumination. Nevertheless, the results highlighted the need for improved app aesthetics (eg, a more appealing color scheme and modern design). CONCLUSIONS Focus group members reported that the quality of information was quite good and had the potential to help adults who struggle with depression and rumination but expressed concern that poor aesthetics would interfere with users' desire to continue using the app. To address these comments, we hired a graphic designer and redesigned each screen to improve visual appeal. We also removed time gating from the app based on participant feedback and findings from related research. These changes helped elevate RuminAid and informed its initial software build for a pilot trial that focused on evaluating its feasibility and acceptability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cassondra Lyman
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - John E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Yoo EH, Roberts JE, Eum Y, Li X, Konty K. Exposure to urban green space may both promote and harm mental health in socially vulnerable neighborhoods: A neighborhood-scale analysis in New York City. Environ Res 2022; 204:112292. [PMID: 34728238 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that exposure to green space can impact mental health, but these effects may be context dependent. We hypothesized that associations between residential green space and mental health can be modified by social vulnerability. METHOD We conducted an ecological cross-sectional analysis to evaluate the effects of green space exposure on mental disorder related emergency room (ER) visits in New York City at the level of census tract. To objectively represent green space exposure at the neighborhood scale, we calculated three green space exposure metrics, namely proximity to the nearest park, percentage of green space, and visibility of greenness. Using Bayesian hierarchical spatial Poisson regression models, we evaluated neighborhood social vulnerability as a potential modifier of greenness-mental disorder associations, while accounting for the spatially correlated structures. RESULTS We found significant associations between green space exposure (involving both proximity and visibility) and total ER visits for mental disorders in neighborhoods with high social vulnerability, but no significant associations in neighborhoods with low social vulnerability. We also identified specific neighborhoods with particularly high ER utilization for mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that exposure to green space is associated with ER visits for mental disorders, but that neighborhood social vulnerability can modify this association. Future research is needed to confirm our finding with longitudinal designs at the level of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Yoo
- Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - John E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Youngseob Eum
- Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Li
- Department of Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin Konty
- New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, NYC, NY, USA
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Yoo EH, Eum Y, Roberts JE, Gao Q, Chen K. Association between extreme temperatures and emergency room visits related to mental disorders: A multi-region time-series study in New York, USA. Sci Total Environ 2021; 792:148246. [PMID: 34144243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence suggesting that extreme temperatures have an impact on mental disorders. We aimed to explore the effect of extreme temperatures on emergency room (ER) visits for mental health disorders using 2.8 million records from New York State, USA (2009-2016), and to examine potential effect modifications by individuals' age, sex, and race/ethnicity through a stratified analysis to determine if certain populations are more susceptible. METHOD To assess the short-term impact of daily average temperature on ER visits related to mental disorders, we applied a quasi-Poisson generalized linear model combined with a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM). The model was adjusted for day of the week, precipitation, as well as long-term and seasonal time trends. We also conducted a meta-analysis to pool the region-specific risk estimates and construct the overall cumulative exposure-response curves for all regions. RESULTS We found positive associations between short-term exposure to extreme heat (27.07 ∘C) and increased ER visits for total mental disorders, as well as substance abuse, mood and anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and dementia. We did not find any statistically significant difference among any subgroups of the population being more susceptible to extreme heat than any other. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that there is a positive association between short-term exposure to extreme heat and increased ER visits for total mental disorders. This extreme effect was also found across all sub-categories of mental disease, although further research is needed to confirm our finding for specific mental disorders, such as dementia, which accounted for less than 1% of the total mental disorders in this sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Yoo
- Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Youngseob Eum
- Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Qi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Center on Climate Change and Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Center on Climate Change and Health, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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Kelleher BL, Hogan AL, Ezell J, Caravella K, Schmidt J, Wang Q, Roberts JE. Anxiety and threat-related attentional biases in adolescents with fragile X syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res 2020; 64:296-302. [PMID: 32020687 PMCID: PMC7087430 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a single-gene disorder highly associated with anxiety; however, measuring anxiety symptoms in FXS and other neurogenetic syndromes is challenged by common limitations in language, self-awareness and cognitive skills required for many traditional assessment tasks. Prior studies have documented group-level differences in threat-related attentional biases, assessed via eye tracking, in FXS and non-FXS groups. The present study built on this work to test whether attentional biases correspond to clinical features of anxiety among adolescents and young adults with FXS. METHODS Participants included 21 male adolescents with FXS ages 15-20 years who completed an adapted eye-tracking task that measured attentional bias towards fearful faces of varied emotional intensity. RESULTS Among participants without anxiety disorders, attentional bias towards fear increased across age, similar to non-FXS paediatric anxiety samples. In contrast, participants with anxiety disorders exhibited greater stability in fear-related attentional biases across age. Across analyses, subtle fear stimuli were more sensitive to within-group anxiety variability than full-intensity stimuli. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide novel evidence that although threat-related attentional biases may correspond with anxiety outcomes in FXS, these associations are complex and vary across developmental and task factors. Future studies are needed to characterise these associations in more robust longitudinal samples, informing whether and how eye-tracking tasks might be optimised to reliably predict and track anxiety in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Kelleher
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - A L Hogan
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - J Ezell
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - K Caravella
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - J Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Q Wang
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Abstract
Despite their increasing popularity in human mobility studies, few studies have investigated the geo-spatial quality of GPS-enabled mobile phone data in which phone location is determined by special queries designed to collect location data with predetermined sampling intervals (hereafter "active mobile phone data"). We focus on two key issues in active mobile phone data-systematic gaps in tracking records and positioning uncertainty-and investigate their effects on human mobility pattern analyses. To address gaps in records, we develop an imputation strategy that utilizes local environment information, such as parcel boundaries, and recording time intervals. We evaluate the performance of the proposed imputation strategy by comparing raw versus imputed data with participants' online survey responses. The results indicate that imputed data are superior to raw data in identifying individuals' frequently visited places on a weekly basis. To assess the location accuracy of active mobile phone data, we investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of the positional uncertainty of each record and examine via Monte Carlo simulation how inaccurate location information might affect human mobility pattern indicators. Results suggest that the level of uncertainty varies as a function of time of day and the type of land use at which the position was determined, both of which are closely related to the location technology used to determine the location. Our study highlights the importance of understanding and addressing limitations of mobile phone derived positioning data prior to their use in human mobility studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Yoo
- Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - John E Roberts
- Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Youngseob Eum
- Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Youdi Shi
- Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Rosenfeld EA, Kennedy K, Farchione TJ, Roberts JE. Cleansing the Attentional Palate: A Preliminary Test of a Novel Approach to Facilitate Disengagement From Rumination. J Cogn Psychother 2019; 33:128-139. [PMID: 32746388 DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.33.2.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resource allocation theory suggests that rumination depletes cognitive resources that could be directed toward task-relevant processes. We propose a new approach to the treatment of rumination that specifically targets this misappropriation of cognitive resources, wherein individuals engage in an attentionally demanding task in order to interrupt the ruminative cycle. We argue that this strategy would serve to free cognitive resources from rumination and facilitate performance on other tasks. Thus, the present study served as an initial test of this novel approach. This study employed a within-subjects design, in which participants were 30 college students who completed self-report measures of baseline mood state, anxiety, depression, and trait rumination. Subsequently, they underwent sad mood and rumination inductions followed by random assignment to either a low attentional demand disengagement strategy (DS) followed by a high attentional demand DS or vice versa. Reading comprehension was assessed at baseline and following each of the two DSs. The high attentional demand DS condition was associated with better performance on the reading comprehension task compared to the low attentional demand DS condition. These results provide initial support for our novel approach to targeting rumination and demonstrate that attentionally demanding DSs may successfully free cognitive resources that might otherwise be consumed by rumination. Thus, future research into attentionally demanding DSs that interrupt ruminative cycles is warranted. This approach could be a useful adjunct for interventions targeting disorders driven by rumination, such as depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Brewe AM, Reisinger DL, Adlof SM, Roberts JE. Initiating joint attention use in infants at high-risk for autism spectrum disorder. J Intellect Disabil Res 2018; 62:842-853. [PMID: 30155926 PMCID: PMC9904243 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment in initiating joint attention (IJA) is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children, although it is unclear when impairments arise. Due to the early development of IJA use and late diagnosis of ASD, groups at high-risk of ASD, such as infants with an older sibling with ASD (ASIBs) and infants with fragile X syndrome (FXS), provide opportunities to study early IJA behaviours for children who are later diagnosed with ASD. This study analysed these two groups to determine if IJA use differed compared with typically developing (TD) peers at 12 months and whether IJA was associated with later ASD outcomes. METHOD An experimental attention task was used to analyse IJA gaze shifts and gestures in the high-risk groups. Clinical best estimate diagnoses were given to each participant to compare IJA behaviours to ASD severity. RESULTS No differences in the frequency of IJA gaze shifts and gestures were found between 12-month-old ASIBs and TD controls, but infants with FXS demonstrated a significantly reduced range of IJA gaze shifts relative to TD controls. Additionally, ASD outcomes at 24 months were related to IJA use for infants with FXS at 12 months, but not infant ASIBs, although these findings were explained by differences in nonverbal cognitive development. CONCLUSIONS Although previous studies have reported delays in IJA use in children with FXS and ASIBs at ages 21 and 14 months, respectively, our results suggest IJA behaviours for these high-risk groups are not distinct from TD children at 12 months. When differences were found at 12 months, they were explained by nonverbal cognitive development, particularly for infants with FXS. Differences in IJA use at 12 months in this study were too small to serve as a potential indicator of later ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Brewe
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - D L Reisinger
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - S M Adlof
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - J E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Roberts JE, Yanes-Lukin P, Kyung Y. Distinctions between autobiographical memory specificity and detail: Trajectories across cue presentations. Conscious Cogn 2018; 65:342-351. [PMID: 30181070 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Autobiographical memory is central to identity and self-awareness, but individuals with depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder tend to have overgeneral memories. Recent research has suggested that the ability to retrieve specific memories and individual differences in the amount of detail in specific memories are independent (Kyung, Yanes-Lukin, & Roberts, 2016). We re-analyzed data from Kyung et al. to test whether these constructs are distinct in terms of their trajectories over cue presentations. Results indicated a U-shaped trajectory for specificity, but a inverted-U trajectory for detail, suggesting a dissociation in which periods of decreasing probability of retrieving specific memories correspond to increasing amounts of detail. Further, trajectories had similar forms when memories included emotional content, but differed for recollections that did not include emotional content. Finally, at the individual level, slopes for specificity and detail across trials were uncorrelated. These findings provide further support for the independence of these constructs.
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Sova CC, Roberts JE. Testing the cognitive catalyst model of rumination with explicit and implicit cognitive content. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 59:115-120. [PMID: 29346083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The cognitive catalyst model posits that rumination and negative cognitive content, such as negative schema, interact to predict depressive affect. Past research has found support for this model using explicit measures of negative cognitive content such as self-report measures of trait self-esteem and dysfunctional attitudes. The present study tested whether these findings would extend to implicit measures of negative cognitive content such as implicit self-esteem, and whether effects would depend on initial mood state and history of depression. METHOD Sixty-one undergraduate students selected on the basis of depression history (27 previously depressed; 34 never depressed) completed explicit and implicit measures of negative cognitive content prior to random assignment to a rumination induction followed by a distraction induction or vice versa. Dysphoric affect was measured both before and after these inductions. RESULTS Analyses revealed that explicit measures, but not implicit measures, interacted with rumination to predict change in dysphoric affect, and these interactions were further moderated by baseline levels of dysphoria. LIMITATIONS Limitations include the small nonclinical sample and use of a self-report measure of depression history. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that rumination amplifies the association between explicit negative cognitive content and depressive affect primarily among people who are already experiencing sad mood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John E Roberts
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, United States.
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Lowell EP, Tonnsen BL, Bailey DB, Roberts JE. The effects of optimism, religion, and hope on mood and anxiety disorders in women with the FMR1 premutation. J Intellect Disabil Res 2017; 61:916-927. [PMID: 28895261 PMCID: PMC6040223 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The FMR1 premutation, caused by a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion on the FMR1 gene, has been identified as a genetic risk factor for mood and anxiety disorders. Building on recent studies identifying increased risk for mood and affective disorders in this population, we examined effects of potential protective factors (optimism, religion, hope) on depression and anxiety diagnoses in a prospective, longitudinal cohort. METHODS Eighty-three women with the FMR1 premutation participated in the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Disorders at two-time points, 3 years apart. Participants also completed measures of optimism, religion, personal faith, hope, and child and family characteristics. We used logistic regression to examine correlates of major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders at the initial assessment, as well as predictors of the diagnostic course over time. RESULTS Lower optimism and higher religious participation relevant to fragile X syndrome at the initial assessment were associated with a lifetime history of MDD. Lower optimism also predicted the occurrence and reoccurrence of an anxiety disorder 3 years later. CONCLUSIONS In women with the FMR1 premutation, elevated optimism may reduce the occurrence or severity of MDD and anxiety disorders. These findings underscore the importance of supporting mental health across the FMR1 spectrum of involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Lowell
- Department of Pediatrics, Palmetto Health-USC Medical Group, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - B L Tonnsen
- Department of Psychology, Purdue University System, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - D B Bailey
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - J E Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina,, Columbia, SC, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ability to judge other people's personality characteristics and to know how we are viewed by others are important aspects of social cognition. The present study tested the impact of depressive symptoms and low self-esteem on self-other agreement and the accuracy of metaperception (i.e., how we believe others view us) across the Big Five dimensions of personality. METHOD Participants who varied in depressive symptoms engaged in a 10-minute "getting to know you" interaction in dyads. Ratings on the Big Five personality dimensions, depression, and self-esteem were completed prior to the interaction. After the interaction, participants rated the personality of their partner and rated how they believed their partner would rate them (metaperception). RESULTS Self-other agreement was only found on Extraversion, whereas there was significant meta-accuracy on Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion. Depressive symptoms and low self-esteem negatively biased metaperceptions of Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism. CONCLUSIONS Depression and low self-esteem function to negatively bias how we believe we are seen by others in new acquaintanceships and therefore may play an important role in the development of interpersonal relationships.
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Vergara-Lopez C, Lopez-Vergara HI, Roberts JE. Testing a "content meets process" model of depression vulnerability and rumination: Exploring the moderating role of set-shifting deficits. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2016; 50:201-8. [PMID: 26370393 PMCID: PMC9757735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES MacCoon and Newman's (2006) "content meets process" model posits that deficits in cognitive control make it difficult to disengage from negative cognitions caused by a negative cognitive style (NCS). The present study examined if the interactive effect of cognitive set-shifting abilities and NCS predicts rumination and past history of depression. METHODS Participants were 90 previously depressed individuals and 95 never depressed individuals. We administered three laboratory tasks that assess set-shifting: the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Task, the Emotional Card-Sorting Task, and the Internal Switch Task, and self-report measures of NCS and rumination. RESULTS Shifting ability in the context of emotional distractors moderated the association between NCS and depressive rumination. Although previously depressed individuals had more NCS and higher trait rumination relative to never depressed individuals, shifting ability did not moderate the association between NCS and depression history. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional correlational design cannot address the causal direction of effects. It is also not clear whether findings will generalize beyond college students. CONCLUSIONS NCS was elevated in previously depressed individuals consistent with its theoretical role as trait vulnerability to the disorder. Furthermore, NCS may be particularly likely to trigger rumination among individuals with poor capacity for cognitive control in the context of emotional distraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John E. Roberts
- Corresponding author. 221 Park Hall, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA., (J.E. Roberts)
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Roberts JE, Porter A, Vergara-Lopez C. Implicit and Explicit Self-Esteem in Previously and Never Depressed Individuals: Baseline Differences and Reactivity to Rumination. Cogn Ther Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-015-9732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kashdan TB, Roberts JE, Carlos EL. Impact of depressive symptoms, self-esteem and neuroticism on trajectories of overgeneral autobiographical memory over repeated trials. Cogn Emot 2015; 20:383-401. [PMID: 26529212 DOI: 10.1080/02699930500341367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined trajectories of change in the frequency of overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) over the course of repeated trials, and tested whether particular dimensions of depressive symptomatology (somatic and cognitive-affective distress), self-esteem, and neuroticism account for individual differences in these trajectories. Given that depression is associated with impairments in effortful processing, we predicted that over repeated trials depression would be associated with increasingly OGM. Generalised Linear Mixed Models with Penalised Quasi-Likelihood demonstrated significant linear and quadratic trends in OGM over repeated trials, and somatic distress and self-esteem moderated these slopes. The form of these interactions suggested that somatic distress and low self-esteem primarily contribute to OGM during the second half of the trial sequence. The present findings demonstrate the value of a novel analytical approach to OGM that estimates individual trajectories of change over repeated trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd B Kashdan
- a University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.,b George Mason University , Fairfax , VA , USA
| | - John E Roberts
- a University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.,b George Mason University , Fairfax , VA , USA
| | - Erica L Carlos
- a University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA.,b George Mason University , Fairfax , VA , USA
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Gamble SA, Chronis-Tuscano A, Roberts JE, Ciesla JA, Pelham WE. Self-Esteem Reactivity Among Mothers of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Moderating Role of Depression History. Cognit Ther Res 2013; 37:1233-1242. [PMID: 24443616 PMCID: PMC3891776 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-013-9562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined self-esteem reactivity to a variety of contextual cues in a sample of women prone to depression. Participants were 49 mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Across a 9-month time-period, participants completed weekly measures of self-esteem, perceived stress, positive and negative affect, and child disruptive behavior. Results indicated that mothers reported lower self-esteem during weeks they experienced greater stress, lower positive affect, higher negative affect, and more inattentive, overactive, and oppositional behavior in their children. Depression history moderated these relationships such that mothers with prior histories of depression reported greater self-esteem reactivity to these cues than never depressed mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Gamble
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | | | - John E. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - William E. Pelham
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL
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Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading genetic cause of autism, accounting for approximately 5% of autism cases with as many as 50% of individuals with FXS meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for autistic disorder. Both FXS and idiopathic autism (IA) are attributed to genetic causes; however, FXS is an identified single gene disorder whereas autism is a complex disorder with multiple potential causes, some of which have been identified. Studies in IA have focused on the prospective longitudinal examination of infant siblings of children with autism as a target group due to their high risk of developing the disorder. We propose that this same model be applied to the study of infants with FXS. There is a lack of research focusing on the early development of autism within FXS and debate in the literature regarding how to best conceptualise this co-morbidity or whether it should be considered a co-morbid condition at all. Studying the emergence and stability of autism in infants with FXS has multiple benefits such as clarifying the underlying mechanisms of the development of autism in FXS and solidifying similarities and differences between co-morbid FXS with autism and IA. Infant research in both IA and FXS are discussed as well as conclusions and implications for practice and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M McCary
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
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Yanes PK, Morse G, Hsiao CB, Simms L, Roberts JE. Autobiographical memory specificity and the persistence of depressive symptoms in HIV-positive patients: Rumination and social problem-solving skills as mediators. Cogn Emot 2012; 26:1496-507. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2012.665028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal migraine is a diagnostically challenging childhood disorder, characterized by recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, which has not been clearly demonstrated to occur in adults. METHODS We used 2 sets of consensus criteria for the diagnosis of abdominal migraine in children to evaluate adults suspected of having this condition in both our own patient population and in the medical literature. Two patients in our clinic and 11 patients from the medical literature composed our initial study cohort and were analyzed using the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2(nd) Edition and American College of Gastroenterology Rome III Diagnostic Criteria for abdominal migraine in children. RESULTS Ten of these patients met inclusion criteria for definite or probable abdominal migraine and comprised our final study cohort. The 10 patients from this adult cohort shared common demographic and clinical characteristics with children suffering from abdominal migraine, including a familial history of migraine in 90%. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that abdominal migraine occurs and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent abdominal pain in adults, especially if there is a family history of migraine headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Roberts
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Abstract
Assessment of personality disorders (PD) has been hindered by reliance on the problematic categorical model embodied in the most recent Diagnostic and Statistical Model of Mental Disorders (DSM), lack of consensus among alternative dimensional models, and inefficient measurement methods. This article describes the rationale for and early results from a multiyear study funded by the National Institute of Mental Health that was designed to develop an integrative and comprehensive model and efficient measure of PD trait dimensions. To accomplish these goals, we are in the midst of a 5-phase project to develop and validate the model and measure. The results of Phase 1 of the project--which was focused on developing the PD traits to be assessed and the initial item pool--resulted in a candidate list of 59 PD traits and an initial item pool of 2,589 items. Data collection and structural analyses in community and patient samples will inform the ultimate structure of the measure, and computerized adaptive testing will permit efficient measurement of the resultant traits. The resultant Computerized Adaptive Test of Personality Disorder (CAT-PD) will be well positioned as a measure of the proposed DSM-5 PD traits. Implications for both applied and basic personality research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard J Simms
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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Ciesla JA, Felton JW, Roberts JE. Testing the cognitive catalyst model of depression: does rumination amplify the impact of cognitive diatheses in response to stress? Cogn Emot 2011; 25:1349-57. [PMID: 21432645 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2010.543330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have found that rumination functions as a catalyst of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Specifically, these studies have reported synergistic effects between rumination and negative cognitive content (beliefs and attitudes), such that rumination amplifies the association between negative cognitive content and depression (Ciesla & Roberts, 2002, 2007; Robinson & Alloy, 2003). The current study extended this work by testing whether cognitive vulnerability involving the combination of negative cognitive content and rumination increases the impact of stress on the course of depressive symptoms. One hundred ninety-one college students with elevated depressive symptoms participated in a two-wave longitudinal study. Results indicate that the maintenance of depressive symptoms was predicted by the three-way interaction of negative cognitive content, rumination, and stressful life events. More specifically, students who endorsed both maladaptive cognitive content and a tendency to ruminate were particularly vulnerable to the deleterious impact of life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Ciesla
- Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA.
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Abstract
Depression may be related to motivational systems that govern approach and avoidance behaviour such as temperament and goal orientation. Using a remitted depression design we found that previously depressed and never-depressed individuals did not differ on number of approach goals generated, degree of goal commitment or extent of planning to reach goals. However, previously depressed individuals generated more avoidance goals indicating that the tendency to set avoidance goals may be a trait-like vulnerability to depression. Previously depressed individuals also reported higher activation of the behavioural approach system (BAS) raising the possibility that this system is energising approach behaviour in the service of avoiding aversive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystal Vergara
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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Roberts JE. THE TREATMENT OF GUNSHOT WOUNDS OF THE HEAD, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO APPARENTLY MINOR INJURIES. Br Med J 2011; 2:498-500. [PMID: 20767836 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.2857.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Prisciandaro JJ, Roberts JE. Evidence for the continuous latent structure of mania in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area from multiple latent structure and construct validation methodologies. Psychol Med 2011; 41:575-588. [PMID: 20507671 PMCID: PMC3142574 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291710001078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although psychiatric diagnostic systems have conceptualized mania as a discrete phenomenon, appropriate latent structure investigations testing this conceptualization are lacking. In contrast to these diagnostic systems, several influential theories of mania have suggested a continuous conceptualization. The present study examined whether mania has a continuous or discrete latent structure using a comprehensive approach including taxometric, information-theoretic latent distribution modeling (ITLDM) and predictive validity methodologies in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. METHOD Eight dichotomous manic symptom items were submitted to a variety of latent structural analyses, including factor analyses, taxometric procedures and ITLDM, in 10105 ECA community participants. In addition, a variety of continuous and discrete models of mania were compared in terms of their relative abilities to predict outcomes (i.e. health service utilization, internalizing and externalizing disorders, and suicidal behavior). RESULTS Taxometric and ITLDM analyses consistently supported a continuous conceptualization of mania. In ITLDM analyses, a continuous model of mania demonstrated 6.52:1 odds over the best-fitting latent class model (LCM) of mania. Factor analyses suggested that the continuous structure of mania was best represented by a single latent factor. Predictive validity analyses demonstrated a consistent superior ability of continuous models of mania relative to discrete models. CONCLUSIONS The present study provided three independent lines of support for a continuous conceptualization of mania. The implications of a continuous model of mania are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Prisciandaro
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4110, USA
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Abstract
The following case study illustrates the use of cognitive therapy for treating depression that co-occurs with behaviors associated with passive-aggressive personality disorder (PAPD). Depression and co-occurring PAPD-associated behaviors present several challenges for treatment, including the transient nature of PAPD-associated behaviors and the effect of these behaviors on the effective treatment and remission of depression. Cognitive therapy was initially effective at treating depression and PAPD tendencies. As treatment progressed, dysfunctional interactions with the environment resulted in the reemergence of PAPD-associated behaviors as these behaviors were reinforced and assertive behaviors punished. With the continued use of cognitive therapy, PAPD tendencies were once again reduced and depressive status remained in remission. The present case study highlights the importance of targeting behaviors associated with personality pathology when co-occurring with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula K. Yanes
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - John E. Roberts
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY,
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Bottonari KA, Safren SA, McQuaid JR, Hsiao CB, Roberts JE. A longitudinal investigation of the impact of life stress on HIV treatment adherence. J Behav Med 2010; 33:486-95. [PMID: 20577794 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-010-9273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Suboptimal antiretroviral adherence is associated with poorer HIV outcomes. Psychosocial factors, including life stress, depression and coping, may influence adherence behavior. This prospective investigation sought to examine the impact of life stress (acute life events, chronic stress, and perceived stress), depression, and coping style on adherence to HIV treatment regimes over time. Participants were 87 treatment-seeking HIV-infected individuals recruited from an urban HIV clinic. They completed clinician-administered interviews and self-report questionnaires at baseline and 3-month follow-up. Acute life events and chronic stress prospectively predicted decreases in treatment adherence more strongly among individuals in a major depressive episode (n = 21) compared to non-depressed individuals (n = 66). Coping style did not appear to be the mechanism by which life stress influenced adherence among depressed HIV-infected individuals. These findings demonstrate that life stress has toxic effects for depressed individuals and suggest that treatment adherence interventions with depressed individuals could be enhanced via development of stress management skills.
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Wheeler AC, Hatton D, Holloway VT, Sideris J, Neebe EC, Roberts JE, Reznick JS. Maternal responses to child frustration and requests for help in dyads with fragile X syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res 2010; 54:501-515. [PMID: 20426796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variability in behaviour displayed by children with fragile X syndrome (FXS) may be partially attributable to environmental factors such as maternal responsivity. The purpose of this study was to explore variables associated with maternal behaviour during a task designed to elicit frustration in their children with FXS. METHODS Forty-six mother-child dyads, in which the child had full-mutation FXS, were observed in their homes during a task designed to elicit frustration in the child. Each child was given a wrong set of keys and asked to open a box to retrieve a desired toy. Mothers were provided with the correct set of keys and instructed to intervene when they perceived their child was getting too frustrated. Child-expressed frustration and requests for help and maternal behaviours (comforting, negative control, and encouraging/directing) were observed and coded. Maternal variables (e.g. depression, stress, education levels), child variables (e.g. autistic behaviours, age, medication use) and child behaviours (frustration, requests for help) were explored as predictors of maternal behaviour. RESULTS Almost all mothers intervened to help their children and most used encouraging/directing behaviours, whereas very few used comforting or negative control. Child age and child behaviours during the frustrating event were significant predictors of encouraging/directing behaviours in the mothers. Children whose mothers reported higher depressive symptomology used fewer requests for help, and mothers of children with more autistic behaviours used more negative control. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that child age and immediate behaviours are more strongly related to maternal responsivity than maternal traits such as depression and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Wheeler
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Center for Development and Learning, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7255, USA.
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Prisciandaro JJ, Roberts JE. A comparison of the predictive abilities of dimensional and categorical models of unipolar depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. Psychol Med 2009; 39:1087-1096. [PMID: 18845012 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291708004522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taxometric research on depression has yielded mixed results, with some studies supporting dimensional solutions and others supporting taxonic solutions. Although supplementary tests of construct validity might clarify these mixed findings, to date such analyses have not been reported. The present study represents a follow-up to our previous taxometric study of depression designed to evaluate the relative predictive validities of dimensional and categorical models of depression. METHOD Two sets of dimensional and categorical models of depression were constructed from the depression items of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview: (1) empirically derived models obtained using latent structure analyses and (2) rationally selected models, including an additive depressive symptoms scale (dimensional) and DSM major depressive episodes (categorical). Both sets of dimensional and categorical models were compared in terms of their abilities to predict various clinically relevant outcomes (psychiatric diagnoses and impairment). RESULTS Factor analyses suggested a two-factor model ('cognitive-affective' and 'somatic' symptoms) and latent class analyses suggested a three-class model ('severe depression', 'moderate depression' and 'cognitive-affective distress'). In predictive analyses that simultaneously included dimensional and categorical models as predictors, the dimensional models remained significant unique predictors of outcomes while the categorical models did not. CONCLUSIONS Both dimensional models provided superior predictive validity relative to their categorical counterparts. These results provide construct validity evidence for the dimensional findings from our previous taxometric study and thus inspire confidence in dimensional conceptualizations of depression. It remains for future research to evaluate the construct validity of the taxonic solutions reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Prisciandaro
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4110, USA
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31
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Abstract
This article presents a diagnostically complicated case involving comorbid major depressive disorder with psychotic features, social phobia and personality pathology (including avoidant, paranoid, and obsessive compulsive traits). “Mr. X” was a 45-year-old single White male who was unemployed and living with his parents at the time of treatment. He presented with severe anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory = 43) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory = 41) as well as active psychotic symptoms (e.g., self-depreciating auditory hallucinations). Although a cognitive case formulation and treatment plan led to initial success in terms of improvements in symptomatology and functional impairment, we speculate that failure to adequately address core toxic beliefs (e.g., “I am inadequate”) ultimately contributed to a precipitous return of symptomatology, followed by a suicide attempt and premature treatment termination. We discuss the challenges of working within a cognitive framework with this client and suggest alternative approaches that might have proven more successful.
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Bradley DI, Fisher SN, Guénault AM, Haley RP, Kopu J, Martin H, Pickett GR, Roberts JE, Tsepelin V. Annihilation of an AB/BA interface pair in superfluid helium-3 as a simulation of cosmological brane interaction. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2008; 366:2803-2812. [PMID: 18534941 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study presents measurements of the transport of quasiparticle excitations in the B phase of superfluid 3He at temperatures below 0.2Tc. We find that creating and then removing a layer of A-phase superfluid leads to a measurable increase in the thermal impedance of the background B phase. This increase must be due to the survival of defects created as the AB and BA interfaces on either side of the A-phase layer annihilate. We speculate that a new type of defect may have been formed. The highly ordered A-B interface may be a good analogy for branes discussed in current cosmology. If so, these experiments may provide insight into how the annihilation of branes can lead to the formation of topological defects such as cosmic strings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ian Bradley
- Department of Physics, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, UK
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34
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Calmes CA, Roberts JE. Rumination in Interpersonal Relationships: Does Co-rumination Explain Gender Differences in Emotional Distress and Relationship Satisfaction Among College Students? Cogn Ther Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-008-9200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Response styles theory posits that rumination represents a trait vulnerability to depression. Recent evidence has suggested that rumination predicts changes in depression more strongly among individuals with high levels of negative cognition. Three studies evaluated this model of interactive vulnerabilities. Study 1 provided empirical support for the distinction between rumination and negative cognitive content. The next 2 studies investigated the interactive model in the laboratory. Study 2 randomly assigned participants to either ruminate or distract following a sad mood induction. This study found that rumination was more strongly associated with dysphoria among individuals who report high levels of negative cognition. Similarly, Study 3 found that rumination and negative cognition interact to predict changes in dysphoria across a no-task delay period following a sad mood induction. These studies provide support for an interactive model in which rumination amplifies the deleterious effects of negative cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Ciesla
- Department of Psychology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
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Kashdan TB, Roberts JE. Social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and post-event rumination: affective consequences and social contextual influences. J Anxiety Disord 2007; 21:284-301. [PMID: 16859889 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Using a self-presentation perspective, we hypothesized that during social interactions in which social attractiveness could be easily appraised by others, more socially anxious individuals would be more prone to ruminate and rumination would have more adverse emotional consequences. After assessing social anxiety and depressive symptoms, unacquainted college students participated in 45-min structured social interactions manipulated to induce personal self-disclosure or mimic superficial, small-talk. Affective experiences were assessed immediately after and 24h after social interactions. Results found that social anxiety was associated with negative post-event rumination more strongly among those with elevated depressive symptoms. Further, at higher levels of social anxiety, post-event rumination was associated with increases in NA following personal disclosure interactions and decreases in NA following small-talk interactions. Individuals with more depressive symptoms experienced increases in NA following small-talk interactions, but not personal disclosure interactions. Contrary to expectation, positive relations between social anxiety and rumination were not mediated by self-presentation concerns during interactions. Fitting with relevant theory, findings implicated symptom and social contextual variables that moderate the affective consequences of rumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd B Kashdan
- Department of Psychology, MS 3F5, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
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Kassel JD, Wardle M, Roberts JE. Adult attachment security and college student substance use. Addict Behav 2007; 32:1164-76. [PMID: 16996225 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Revised: 07/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated strong links between quality of adult attachment styles and various forms of psychological distress. A burgeoning literature further points to a relationship between insecure attachment and drug use, particularly alcohol consumption. In the present study, we expanded upon the existing literature by examining the relationship between adult attachment style and use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana in a sample of 212 college students. Moreover, based on our previous work [Hankin, B.L., Kassel, J.D., and Abela, J.R.Z. (2005). Adult attachment dimensions and specificity of emotional distress symptoms: prospective investigations of cognitive risk and interpersonal stress generation as mediating mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 136-151.], we proposed a conceptual model positing that adult attachment style influences both frequency of drug use and stress-motivated drug use through its impact on dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem. Initial correlational analyses indicated significant (positive) associations between anxious attachment (tapping neediness and fear of abandonment) and both drug use frequency and stress-motivated drug use. Simultaneous regression analyses revealed that, for drug use frequency, the influence of anxious attachment operated primarily through its effect on dysfunctional attitudes and self-esteem. Regarding drug use attributable to negative affect reduction, anxious attachment demonstrated direct, independent effects on both cigarette smoking and alcohol use. These findings highlight the potential importance of adult attachment styles as a risk factor for drug use among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D Kassel
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 W. Harrison Street, Behavioral Sciences Building, Room 1009 (MC 285), Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Kelly MAR, Roberts JE, Bottonari KA. Non-treatment-related sudden gains in depression: The role of self-evaluation. Behav Res Ther 2007; 45:737-47. [PMID: 16905116 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated that recovery from depression is often marked by precipitous improvements during the course of treatment. The present research examined sudden gains occurring outside of the context of treatment in a sample of college students with current major depressive disorder (n=60), and tested whether variables pertaining to cognitive style, hope, self-evaluation, and life events would be associated with these gains. Results indicated that 60% of the sample experienced sudden gains, with over half of those sudden gains reversing before the end of the 9-week observation period. Sudden gainers were significantly less depressed at the end of the observation period but were no more likely to have achieved remission compared to non-sudden gainers. Although changes in cognitive style did not precede sudden gains, individuals with sudden gains had significantly higher self-esteem at baseline compared to non-sudden gainers. Furthermore, decreases in the frequency of social comparison occurred in the week prior to sudden gains. These results suggest that sudden gains do occur outside of the context of treatment and that self-evaluation processes may play an important role in recovery from depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgen A R Kelly
- Department of Psychology, University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
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Monroe SM, Torres LD, Guillaumot J, Harkness KL, Roberts JE, Frank E, Kupfer D. Life stress and the long-term treatment course of recurrent depression: III. Nonsevere life events predict recurrence for medicated patients over 3 years. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006; 74:112-20. [PMID: 16551148 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.74.1.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research has consistently documented the significance of severe life events for onset of major depression. Theory, however, suggests other forms of stress are relevant for depression's recurrence. Nonsevere life events were tested in relation to depression for 126 patients with recurrent depression in a 3-year randomized maintenance protocol. Life stress was assessed every 12 weeks and rated along dimensions of severity, focus, and independence. A significant interaction between specific types of nonsevere life events and medication was found. For medicated patients, subject-focused independent nonsevere life events predicted recurrence; for unmedicated patients, these events predicted fewer recurrences. Other nonsevere life events did not predict recurrence. The findings underscore the potential importance of specific stressors for triggering recurrences of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Monroe
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
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Marley CL, Fraser MD, Roberts JE, Fychan R, Jones R. Effects of legume forages on ovine gastrointestinal parasite development, migration and survival. Vet Parasitol 2006; 138:308-17. [PMID: 16516388 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Lambs grazing certain legumes have reduced parasite intensities compared to lambs grazing ryegrass swards. Eighteen replicates of white clover (cv. AberHerald), lucerne (cv. Luzelle), red clover (cv. Merviot) and perennial ryegrass (cv. Abersilo) were sown at equivalent field rates in 25 cm diameter PVC pots and maintained outside for 6 months. On day 0, forage in each pot was cut to 50 mm from soil level and the pots were placed in a glasshouse (at 19-25 degrees C and 70% humidity) in a randomised block design. Ten grams sheep faeces containing 2,133 Haemonchus contortus eggs per gram were placed on the soil in each pot. Six replicates of each forage were destructively sampled on days 14, 21 and 29. Forage samples were cut at 50 mm from the soil surface and at the soil surface to give two samples per pot. The number of nematodes was determined by a modification of the Whitehead tray method. The ratio of free-living to infective-stage larvae was determined from at least 10% of the larvae. The number of H. contortus larvae kgdrymatter(-1) (DM) forage was calculated and the data rank transformed prior to analysis by ANOVA. There were fewer larvae on legumes compared with ryegrass on samples from forage above 50 mm (P<0.001) but there was no forage effect on larvae below this height. The sum of larvae present on all forage per kilogram DM showed fewer larvae on red clover compared with ryegrass on day 21 (P<0.05). There was an effect of day on the total number of larvae on forage (P<0.001) but there were no foragexday interactions. Analysis of the data according to the leaf area above 50 mm from the soil surface confirmed these results, that there were fewer larvae on legume forages than ryegrass above this height (P<0.01). Overall, red clover affected the development of H. contortus and all legumes affected larval migration above 50 mm compared with ryegrass but survival of larvae was similar on all forages. Further work is needed to determine if these effects of legume forages would reduce the number of parasitic larvae ingested by livestock under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Marley
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK.
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Chronis AM, Gamble SA, Roberts JE, Pelham WE. Cognitive-behavioral depression treatment for mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav Ther 2006; 37:143-58. [PMID: 16942968 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2005.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An adaptation of the Coping With Depression Course (CWDC) was evaluated in mothers of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a population at risk for depression. Mothers were randomly assigned to receive the CWDC either immediately following an intensive summer treatment program targeting their child's behavior or after a wait-list period. Measures of maternal functioning, cognitions about child behavior, parent-child and marital relationship quality, child behavior, and ADHD-related family impairment were obtained at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 5-month follow-up. The CWDC resulted in improvements in maternal depressive symptoms, maternal self-esteem, child-related cognitions, and family impairment at posttreatment compared to a wait-list control group that were maintained at follow-up. Findings suggest that the CWDC is a promising intervention for mothers of children with ADHD, particularly those with current depressive symptomatology.
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Kashdan TB, Roberts JE. Affective outcomes in superficial and intimate interactions: Roles of social anxiety and curiosity. Journal of Research in Personality 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Ongoing debate has questioned whether unipolar depression is a dimensional or categorical phenomenon. Although past studies using taxometric methods have supported a dimensional interpretation, each has suffered from methodological limitations. The present study was designed to overcome these limitations through reanalysis of the National Comorbidity Survey. Two indicator sets were constructed from the depression-relevant questions of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Participants who endorsed the lifetime occurrence of significant depressed mood or anhedonia (n=4,577) were submitted to 2 nonredundant taxometric procedures (maximum eigenvalue and means above minus below a cut), additional consistency tests, and recently developed simulation techniques. All results converged on a dimensional solution. The implications of these findings on assessment, treatment, and research design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Prisciandaro
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260-4110, USA
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Bottonari KA, Roberts JE, Kelly MAR, Kashdan TB, Ciesla JA. A prospective investigation of the impact of attachment style on stress generation among clinically depressed individuals. Behav Res Ther 2006; 45:179-88. [PMID: 16488389 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study sought to determine if attachment style contributed to the generation of stressful life events among clinically depressed individuals during the course of treatment. Participants (N=68) were interviewed about life stressors experienced during a 3-month treatment protocol using a contextual approach (Life Events and Difficulties Schedule; [Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1978). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. New York: Free Press]). Results suggested interactive effects between severity of depression and attachment style on stress associated with future sociotropic and dependent life events. Mildly depressed individuals who reported a dismissing attachment style (higher levels of avoidant attachment and lower levels of anxious attachment) or preoccupied style (lower levels of avoidant attachment and higher levels of anxious attachment) experienced higher levels of stress associated with sociotropic events. Likewise, a dismissing attachment style predicted stress associated with dependent events among mildly depressed individuals. These effects were not present among our more severely depressed participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Bottonari
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo: The State University at New York, Room 221, Park Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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45
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Direnfeld DM, Roberts JE. Mood congruent memory in dysphoria: the roles of state affect and cognitive style. Behav Res Ther 2005; 44:1275-85. [PMID: 16325761 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Revised: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Biases in incidental memory for self-referent adjectives and intentional memory were compared across nondysphoric (ND; n=48), experimentally induced dysphoric (EXP; n=49), and naturally dysphoric (NAT; n=48) individuals. Negative biases, "evenhandedness", and positive biases were demonstrated among NAT, EXP and ND participants, respectively, in terms of incidental memory. Correlation analyses suggested that the effects of cognitive style (self-esteem, dysfunctional attitudes, and attributional style) are limited to negative stimuli. Memory for incidental positive stimuli was only predicted by state affect. Groups did not differ in performance on an intentional memory task. Implications for network and schema models of depression are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Direnfeld
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-4110, USA
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Bottonari KA, Roberts JE, Ciesla JA, Hewitt RG. Life stress and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive individuals: a preliminary investigation. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005; 19:719-27. [PMID: 16283832 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2005.19.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to investigate the impact of life stress on treatment adherence and viral load of HIV-positive individuals. Three different aspects of life stress were examined in this investigation (perceived stress, acute life events unrelated to the HIV illness, and HIV-related acute life events). Furthermore, we examined whether these relationships were moderated by depressive severity, self-esteem, and neuroticism. Participants (n = 24) were treatment- seeking HIV-positive individuals who completed a series of questionnaires for this investigation. The majority of the participants in this sample were middle-aged, Caucasian males who identified themselves as either homosexual or bisexual, had contracted HIV via sexual contact, and met criteria for AIDS (mean CD4 count = 324). This sample was highly self-selected and varied from the county HIV-positive population in terms of gender, ethnicity, and HIV risk factor. Information on their adherence and viral load was collected from their medical records 6 to 9 months after completion of the psychological measurements. Results indicated that perceived stress, but not acute events, prospectively predicted adherence. Moreover, marginal trends suggested that depressive symptoms and neuroticism moderated the effect of perceived stress on adherence. Neither perceived stress nor acute life events were associated with viral load.
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Roberts JE, Symons FJ, Johnson AM, Hatton DD, Boccia ML. Blink rate in boys with fragile X syndrome: preliminary evidence for altered dopamine function. J Intellect Disabil Res 2005; 49:647-56. [PMID: 16108982 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in motor and cognitive functioning, can be non-invasively measured via observation of spontaneous blink rates. Blink rates have been studied in a number of clinical conditions including schizophrenia, autism, Parkinsons, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder with results implicating either hyper or hypo dopaminergic states. METHODS This study examined spontaneous blink rate in boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Blink rates of boys (4-8 years old) with FXS (n = 6) were compared with those of age-matched typically developing boys (n = 6) during active and passive tasks. Blink rates (blinks per minute) for each task were compared between the two groups. Then, the relation between blink measures and core FXS-related features [problem behaviours, arousal, fmr 1 protein (FMRP)] were examined within the group of boys with FXS. RESULTS Blink rate in boys with FXS was significantly higher than typically developing boys during passive tasks. Within the FXS group, there were significant correlations between blink rate and problem behaviours and physiological arousal (i.e. heart activity) but not with FMRP. CONCLUSIONS Observed differences in spontaneous blink rate between boys with and without FXS and the relation between blink rate and physiological and behavioural measures in boys with FXS suggests that further work examining dopamine dysfunction as a factor in the pathophysiology of FXS may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Roberts
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Kelly MAR, Roberts JE, Ciesla JA. Sudden gains in cognitive behavioral treatment for depression: when do they occur and do they matter? Behav Res Ther 2005; 43:703-14. [PMID: 15890164 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2003] [Revised: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite the use of efficacious treatments for depression, individuals differ in both the degree to which they recover and the rate at which recovery occurs. Tang and colleagues found that depressed patients who had sudden improvements in their symptomatology not only maintained these gains, but also enjoyed more improvement and higher rates of recovery than those without sudden gains (J. Consulting Clin. Psychol. 67(6) (1999) 894; J. Consulting Clin. Psychol. 70(2) (2002) 444). Our study examined the role of sudden gains in a cognitive-behavioral group treatment for depression. Results indicated that 41.9% of patients experienced sudden gains. Furthermore, sudden gains occurring in the first third of treatment appear to have special importance. Participants enjoying early sudden gains had significantly larger changes in depressive symptom scores over the course of treatment than those without sudden gains and were marginally more likely to be treatment responders compared to those without early sudden gains. In contrast to Tang and DeRubeis (J. Consulting Clin. Psychol. 67(6) (1999) 894), however, sudden gains were not associated with cognitive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgen A R Kelly
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo: The State University of New York, Amherst, 14260-4110, USA
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Abstract
The present manuscript reviewed studies investigating biases and deficits in memory and attention related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Although the research has been mixed concerning memory for verbal information, there is more consistent evidence suggesting impairment for non-verbal information, particularly for complex visual stimuli and the individual's own actions. Further, a number of studies indicate that patients with OCD report less confidence in their judgments about recognition memory. Finally, OCD appears to be associated with an attentional bias favoring threatening information, as well as reduced levels of cognitive inhibition. The manuscript concludes with a number of recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Muller
- Department of Psychology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Park Hall, NY 14260-4110, USA
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Gamble SA, Roberts JE. Adolescents’ Perceptions of Primary Caregivers and Cognitive Style: The Roles of Attachment Security and Gender. Cogn Ther Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-005-3160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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