The EUFOREA pocket guide for chronic rhinosinusitis

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is known to affect around 5 % of the total population, with major impact on the quality of life of those severely affected (1). Despite a substantial burden on individuals, society and health economies, CRS often remains underdiagnosed, under-estimated and under-treated (2). International guidelines like the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps (EPOS) (3) and the International Consensus statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis 2021 (ICAR) (4) offer physicians insight into the recommended treatment options for CRS, with an overview of effective strategies and guidance of diagnosis and care throughout the disease journey of CRS.

Effect of a Swing-Assist Knee Prosthesis on Stair Ambulation

This paper describes stair ambulation control and functionality of a semi-powered knee prosthesis that supplements nominally passive prosthesis behavior with swing-phase assistance. A set of stair ascent and descent controllers are described. The controllers were implemented in a semi-powered prosthesis prototype, and the prospective benefits of swing assist in stair ambulation were assessed on a group of three participants with unilateral, transfemoral amputation, relative to their respective daily-use prostheses. Results indicate that ambulation with the semi-powered knee resulted in improved stair ascent gait symmetry when compared to the participants' passive daily-use devices, and increased similitude to healthy stair ascent movement.

In situ phase transformation of polytypic zinc-blende/wurtzite copper indium sulfide via a facile polyol method to boost visible-light photocatalytic performance

A zinc-blende/wurtzite (ZB/WZ) copper indium sulfide (CuInS₂/CIS) polymorph with high visible-light absorption ability and high charge separation rate was developed by using a facile polyol method. Results showed that when thioacetamide served as a sulfur precursor, the crystalline phase of CIS was zinc-blende. Meanwhile, when thiourea served as a sulfur precursor, the crystalline phase of CIS was wurtzite, which exhibited good photocatalytic acid red 1 (AR1) dye decolorization efficiency. When the precursor/ethylene glycol ratio was 1/50-7/50, the AR1 decolorization efficiency followed the order: T-5-CIS > T-7-CIS > T-3-CIS > T-1-CIS, and the TOC removal efficiency of T-5-CIS was 45.7%. The PL and EIS analyses indicated that T-5-CIS showed the highest charge separation rate. Mott-Schottky analysis demonstrated that the remarkably enhanced photocatalytic decolorization rate was ascribed to the stronger reduction potential of CIS with the mixed ZB/WZ phases and the redox potential difference between the ZB and WZ phases, leading to a good oxidation ability and charge separation. The results indicated that O₂^- was the main reactive specie in this study, and this study provided a potential photocatalyst in the treatment of dye wastewater.

Tryptophan requirement of first-cycle commercial laying hens in peak egg production

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the digestible tryptophan (Trp) requirement of laying hens from 22 to 34 wk of age. A total of 252 Hy-line W-36 laying hens were selected at 16 wk of age and allocated by weight (P = 0.90) to 7 dietary treatments resulting in 12 replicate cages of 3 birds for each treatment. A Trp-deficient basal diet was formulated using corn, corn gluten meal, and soybean meal for each of the 3 dietary phases and supplemented with synthetic L-Trp to provide 105, 119, 133, 147, 162, 176, and 190 mg digestible Trp on a daily basis over the experimental period. To adapt the hens to experimental diets, pullets were fed complete diets that contained increasing amounts of corn gluten meal. Hens received a controlled amount of feed daily based on feed intake expected under commercial conditions. Linear and quadratic broken-line, and quadratic polynomial models were used to estimate digestible Trp requirements based on hen-housed egg production (HHEP), egg mass (EM), and feed efficiency (FE). FE was calculated using EM and feed intake. Digestible Trp requirements were estimated to be 137, 183, and 192 mg/d for HHEP; 133, 180, and 183 for EM and 133, 177, and 173 for FE using linear broken-line, quadratic broken-line, and quadratic polynomial analysis, respectively. The quadratic broken line model in this experiment resulted in the best fit (R²) for all parameters measured. Linear broken line estimates resulted in lower estimates that the other models, and HHEP resulted in higher estimated digestible Trp requirement than EM and FE.

Determining the 4th limiting amino acid in low crude protein diets for male and female Cobb MV × 500 broilers

1. Four experiments were conducted to determine the 4th limiting amino acid (AA) in maize-soybean meal-based diets. 2. Deletion assay methodology was used to quantify performance and carcase trait responses to potential deficiencies in essential and conditionally essential AA caused by reductions in dietary crude protein of maize-soybean meal-based diets from 202.9 to 186.5 g/kg. 3. The deletion of Val, Phe and Gly + Pro resulted in negative effects on live performance and carcase traits for male broilers, whereas AA deletion only affected wing weights for females with no response on live performance. 4. Further experimentation could not duplicate a response to Phe or Pro in male broilers. 5. Valine was identified as the potential 4th limiting AA in maize-soybean meal-based diets and was not found to be co-limiting with Ile.

Administration of dietary prebiotics improves growth performance and reduces pathogen colonization in broiler chickens

Dietary prebiotics are thought to be potentially important alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production because of their beneficial performance and health effects. The administration of dietary prebiotics has been demonstrated to improve animal health, growth performance, and microbial food safety in poultry production. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Saccharomyces- derived prebiotic refined functional carbohydrates (RFC) with yeast culture on growth performance and gastrointestinal and environmental microbiota when administered in-feed and through drinking water to broiler chickens. Broilers were administered 2 doses of prebiotic in-feed through 42 d of production and prebiotic-treated water in the final 72 h. Administration of prebiotic RFC improved ADG and decreased cecal Campylobacter counts, while the high dose also increased final BW. Additionally, significant main effects of prebiotic RFC dose were observed with the high dose improving ADG and ADFI over the finisher phase and final BW. Although the effects were not significant, the prevalence of Campylobacter in the cecum after feed withdrawal was 17% lower when broilers were administered the high prebiotic dose, and recovery of Campylobacter from litter was up to 50% lower when broilers were administered prebiotic RFC. Our results suggest that co-administration of RFC with yeast culture as a prebiotic can be used to improve growth performance and reduce human foodborne pathogens in poultry.

PVA/Pt/N-TiO2/SrTiO3 porous films with adjustable pore size for hydrogen production under simulated sunlight

In this study, poly(vinyl alcohol)/platinum/nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide/strontium titanate composite (PVA/Pt/NT/STO) porous films with adjustable pore sizes were successfully synthesized using the facile etching SiO₂ method. This enhanced the light transmittance and contact rate between the photocatalyst and solution. The effects of the size and number of the pores on the hydrogen production rate were studied under simulated sunlight. The pore size of the PVA/Pt/NT/STO film increased with increasing particle size of the as-prepared SiO₂, and the photocatalytic hydrogen production efficiency increased with increasing pore size and number. Due to the formation of pores on the film, the light transmittance and charge separation of the film increased. Owing to the good light transmittance and charge separation of the porous PVA/Pt/NT/STO film, the optimal photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of the PVA/Pt/NT/STO-8S-I-20 reached 34,895 μmol/h/g when the alcohol solvent, synthesis time, and SiO₂ concentration were isopropanol, 20 h, and 8 wt%, respectively. Furthermore, the photocatalytic hydrogen production rate was approximately three times higher than that of the dense PVA/Pt/NT/STO film.

Design of a Semi-Powered Stance-Control Swing-Assist Transfemoral Prosthesis

This paper describes the design of a new type of knee prosthesis called a stance-control, swing-assist (SCSA) knee prosthesis. The device is motivated by the recognition that energetically-passive stance-controlled microprocessor-controlled knees (SCMPKs) offer many desirable characteristics, such as quiet operation, low weight, high-impedance stance support, and an inertially-driven swing-phase motion. Due to the latter, however, SCMPKs are also highly susceptible to swing-phase perturbations, which can increase the likelihood of falling. The SCSA prosthesis supplements the behavior of an SCMPK with a small motor that maintains the low output impedance of the SCMPK swing state, while adding a supplemental closed-loop controller around it. This paper elaborates upon the motivation for the SCSA prosthesis, describes the design of a prosthesis prototype, and provides human-subject testing data that demonstrates potential device benefits relative to an SCMPK during both non-perturbed and perturbed walking.

Research Note: Evaluation of manganese hydroxychloride in 45-wk-old white leghorn layers using yolk and shell manganese content

The objective of the current study was to evaluate increasing levels of manganese hydroxychloride (MHC) in 45-wk-old white leghorn laying hens, using yolk and shell manganese (Mn) content as a potential marker for Mn concentration. A total of 80, 45-wk-old white leghorns were assigned to 6 dietary treatments, each consisting of 14 individually caged laying hens, with the exception of the reference diet containing 10 individually caged laying hens. The experiment consisted of a reference diet that contained 70 ppm of supplemental inorganic Mn in the form of Mn oxide and 5 experimental treatments each containing 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 ppm supplemental MHC. Experimental birds were subjected to a 21 D depletion phase in which no supplemental Mn was included in the diet; however, during this time reference fed birds were fed the control diet (70 ppm Mn). After the 21 D depletion phase, the depleted birds were fed experimental diets for a 35 D evaluation period. Yolk and shell Mn content were analyzed at the end of the depletion phase and during the experimental phase on day 5, 10, 15, 25, and 35. During the experimental phase, Mn was replenished in the yolk and shell in all experimental treatments containing supplemental Mn; however, dose and time impacted the rate of replenishment. The yolk tended to be more sensitive to variations in Mn level as increases in Mn inclusion significantly (P < 0.05) increased concentration. These data demonstrate the ability to deplete and replenish Mn, and the use of egg yolk Mn concentration as measurement for determining changes in dietary Mn. At the conclusion of the experiment at 35 D, 60 ppm of Mn hydroxychloride seemed to be adequate in replenishing Mn to the level of the reference.

Patients with more comorbidities have better detection but poorer management of chronic diseases

Background

The burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is rising rapidly in middle-income countries (MICs), where NCDs are often undiagnosed, untreated and uncontrolled. How comorbidity impacts diagnosis, treatment, and control of NCDs is an emerging area of research inquiry and have significant clinical implications as highlighted in the recent National Institute for Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines for treating patients suffering from multiple NCDs. This is the first study to examine the association between increasing numbers of comorbidities with being undiagnosed, intreated, and uncontrolled for NCDs, in six large MICs.

Methods

Cross-sectional analysis of WHO SAGE Wave 1 (2007-10), which consisted of adults aged ≥18 years from six populous MICs including, China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa (overall n = 41, 557).

Results

Higher number of comorbidities was associated with better detection of hypertension, angina and arthritis, and better odds of having treatment for hypertension and angina. However, increasing comorbidity had the opposite effect on being uncontrolled, and was associated with increased odds of uncontrolled hypertension, angina, arthritis, and asthma. Comorbidity with concordant conditions was associated with improved diagnosis and treatment of hypertension and angina. Comorbidity with concordant conditions was not associated with decreased nor increased odds of being uncontrolled for all NCDs.

Conclusions

Patients with more comorbidities have better diagnosis of chronic conditions, but this does not translate into better management and control of these conditions. Improving continuity of care and monitoring treatment are priorities for health systems with ageing populations.

Key messages

Patients with more comorbidities have better diagnosis of chronic conditions. but this does not translate into better management and control of these conditions.

Evaluation of different dietary alterations in their ability to mitigate the incidence and severity of woody breast and white striping in commercial male broilers

The following study was conducted to define how multiple nutritional strategies affect broiler performance, meat yield, and the presence and severity of white striping (WS) and woody breast (WB) in high-yielding broilers. Relative to a commercial set of reference broiler diets (Commercial reference diet; Trt 1) that were fed in a 4-phase program, the following nutritional strategies were investigated: increasing the ratio of digestible arginine: digestible lysine (dArg: dLys ranged from 113 to 126; Trt 2), supplementing Trt 1 with 94.4 mg vitamin C/kg feed (Trt 3), doubling the vitamin pack inclusion rate (Trt 4), reducing the digestible amino acid density (dAA) of only the grower phase by 15% and feeding the same Trt 1 starter, finisher, and withdraw diets (Trt 5), and combining the 4 strategies just mentioned (Trt 6). There was no difference in performance at the end of the starter phase (P = 0.066); however, at the end of the grower and finisher phases, feeding lower dAA grower diets suppressed BW (Trts 5 and 6; P < 0.001) and increased FCR. Differences in performance amongst all treatments disappeared at day 49 (P = 0.220). No differences were observed in average breast weight (P = 0.188); however, breast yield (as a % of live weight) was greatest for Trt 1 and least for Trt 6 (P = 0.041). The WB score dropped from 1.83 in Trt 1 to 1.49, 1.27, 1.74, 1.53, and 1.43 in treatments 2 to 6, respectively (P = 0.018). These changes were the result of a shift in WB score, where the WB class that contained scores of 2 and 3 shifted from 61.3% in Trt 1 to 49.3, 35.9, 60.0, 50.8, and 38.7 in treatments 2 to 6, respectively. Given the FCR, breast weight data and the fact that high WB scores result in a devaluation of breast meat, feeding a higher ratio of dArg: dLys, higher vitamin C, or lower dAA in the grower phase results in better breast meat quality and value.

Impact of a multicarbohydrase containing α-galactosidase and xylanase on ileal digestible energy, crude protein digestibility, and ileal amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens

Exogenous enzymatic supplementation of poultry feeds, including α-galactosidase and xylanase, has been shown to increase metabolically available energy, although little information has been published on the impact on amino acid digestibility. An experiment was conducted to investigate a multicarbohydrase containing α-galactosidase and xylanase on amino acid digestibility, ileal digestible energy (IDE), and CP in male broiler chicks. The experiment was a 2 × 2 (diet × enzyme) factorial arrangement with 15 replicates of 8 male broilers per replicate raised for 21 d in a battery setting. The 2 dietary treatments included a positive control (PC) and a negative control (NC) diet formulated to contain 2.5% less calculated AME and digestible amino acids. Each of these diets was fed with and without enzyme. Broilers were fed a starter diet from 0-14 d (crumble) and a grower from 14-21 d (pellet). Birds were sampled on day 21 to determine ileal amino acid digestibility, IDE, and CP digestibility. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used as an indigestible marker for the determination of digestibility coefficients. Total ileal amino acid digestibility was increased (P = 0.008) by 3.80% with the inclusion of enzyme. Methionine and lysine digestibility was improved (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of enzyme by 3.37% and 2.61%, respectively. Enzyme inclusion increased (P = 0.001) cysteine digestibility by 9.3%. Diet-influenced ileal amino acid digestibility with tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, and valine digestibility being increased (P < 0.05) in the PC when compared to the NC. IDE was decreased (P = 0.037) in broilers fed the NC diet by 100 kcal/kg feed when compared to broilers fed the PC diet. Enzyme inclusion increased (P = 0.047) IDE value by 90 kcal/kg. Crude protein digestibility was not influenced by diet; however, similar improvements in CP digestibility with enzyme inclusion were observed as with energy. These data support the benefits of a multicarbohydrase containing α-galactosidase and xylanase inclusion to improve nutrient and ileal amino acid digestibility across multiple dietary nutrient profiles.

Correction to: Measuring and understanding adherence in a home-based exercise intervention during chemotherapy for early breast cancer

In the original publication, the sixth author name was published incorrectly as A. Wood. The correct author name should read as W. A. Wood.

Efficacy of β-mannanase on broiler growth performance and energy utilization in the presence of increasing dietary galactomannan

An experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of β-mannanase inclusion on growth performance, viscosity, and energy utilization in broilers fed diets varying in galactomannan (GM) concentrations. Treatments were arranged as a 3 (GM concentration) × 3 (β-mannanase inclusion) factorial randomized complete block design with 12 replicates of 29 male broilers per replicate for a 42-d experiment. Efforts were made to reduce the amount of soybean meal, and thus GM, in the basal diet with guar gum included at 0, 0.21, or 0.42% to achieve a GM supplementation of 1,500 and 3,000 ppm, respectively. Beta-mannanase was included at 0, 200, or 400 g/ton. Broilers were fed a starter (d 0 to 14), grower (d 15 to 28), and finisher diets (d 29 to 42). Growth performance was monitored and ileal contents collected on d 14, 28, and 42 to determine ileal digestible energy (IDE) and intestinal viscosity. Increasing levels of GM negatively (P < 0.05) influenced body weight (BW) following the starter and grower periods and increased (P < 0.01) mortality corrected feed conversion ratio (FCR) throughout the study. Reduced growth performance was associated with increased (P < 0.05) intestinal viscosity and decreased (P < 0.05) IDE when GM inclusion was increased. Inclusion of β-mannanase in diets containing supplemental GM on d 28, increased average BW to levels similar to diets without supplemental GM. Improvements in FCR were also observed with β-mannanase inclusion in diets containing supplemental GM. Ileal digestible energy was increased (P < 0.05) with the addition of β-mannanase on d 28 of age. Multiple interactions in growth performance, intestinal viscosity, and IDE were associated with β-mannanase administration. In conclusion, β-mannanase improved IDE, reduced intestinal viscosity, and improved growth performance; however, the observed benefit was dependent upon dietary GM concentration.

Effects of direct-fed microorganisms and enzyme blend co-administration on intestinal bacteria in broilers fed diets with or without antibiotics

Direct-fed microorganisms (DFM) and exogenous enzymes have been demonstrated to improve growth performance in poultry and are potentially important alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP). We investigated the administration of a feed additive composed of a DFM product containing spores of 3 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains and an enzyme blend of endo-xylanase, α-amylase, and serine-protease in diets with or without sub-therapeutic antibiotics in broiler chickens over a 42-d growth period. Evaluation of growth performance determined feed efficiency of broiler chickens which were administered the feed additive was comparable to those fed a diet containing AGPs. Characterization of the gastrointestinal microbiota using culture-dependent methods determined administration of the feed additive increased counts of total Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) relative to a negative control and reduced Clostridium perfringens to levels similar to antibiotic administration. Additionally, greater counts of total LAB were observed to be significantly associated with reduced feed conversion ratio, whereas greater counts of C. perfringens were observed to be significantly associated with increased feed conversion ratio. Our results suggest the co-administration of DFMs and exogenous enzymes may be an important component of antibiotic free poultry production programs and LAB and C. perfringens may be important targets in the development of alternatives to AGPs in poultry production.

Changes in immune and metabolic gut response in broilers fed β-mannanase in β-mannan-containing diets

β-galactomannans found in soy-based broiler feed are known to cause physiological effects that are hypothesized to be related to gut inflammation. Previous studies have shown that the incorporation of β-mannanase in the diet or as a supplement results in improvements to certain performance parameters related to gut health and feed conversion. Using kinome analysis, we characterized the mechanism of β-galactomannan activity and supplementation with β-mannanase on the gut of commercial broilers to understand the mode of action. Two doses of β-mannanase (200 and 400 g/ton of feed) with and without inclusion of additional β-galactomannan (3,000 ppm) were tested at 3 time points (d 14, d 28, and d 42 post hatch). Broilers were fed starter (d 0 to 14), grower (d 15 to 28), and finisher diets (d 29 to 42). Jejuna were collected from birds from each treatment condition and time point. Cluster analysis of the kinome data showed that birds clustered first by age, then predominantly by whether β-mannanase had been included in the diet. Biological pathway analysis showed that the inclusion of additional β-galactomannan into the diet resulted in increased signaling related to immune response, relative to our normal control diet (with reduced soybean meal). The addition of β-mannanase to the enhanced β-galactomannan diet eliminated the majority of this immune-related signaling, indicating that the feed-induced immune response within the jejuna had been eliminated by the addition of β-mannanase. We also saw changes in specific metabolic and gut function pathways in birds fed β-mannanase. These observed changes in β-mannanase-fed birds are likely the mechanism for the enhanced performance and feed conversion observed in birds given β-mannanase in their diets.

Photocatalytic conversion of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dissolved in real electroplating wastewater to hydrogen in a solar light-responsive system

A sustainable and multifunctional photocatalysis-based technology has been established herein for simultaneous hydrogen generation and oxidation of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in real electroplating wastewater. When the photocatalyst concentration was 4 g/L and electroplating wastewater pH was 6, optimal adsorptions of EDTA^2-, H⁺, and H₂O were observed, while hydrogen generation efficiency reached 305 µmol/(h g). Owing to EDTA oxidation and occupation of the active sites of the photocatalyst by Ni ions or Ni-EDTA chelates, the charge separation and adsorptions of H⁺ and H₂O decreased, reducing hydrogen generation efficiency with time. The lower EDTA and Ni concentrations in treated wastewater showed that photocatalytic conversion of EDTA in real electroplating wastewater to enhance hydrogen generation efficiency can be a practical alternative energy production technology. This study provided a novel idea to enhance the value of electroplating wastewater, to build a hydrogen generation route with no consumption of a valuable resource, and to reduce EDTA and Ni concentrations in electroplating wastewater.

Measuring and understanding adherence in a home-based exercise intervention during chemotherapy for early breast cancer

PURPOSE

Ensuring and measuring adherence to prescribed exercise regimens are fundamental challenges in intervention studies to promote exercise in adults with cancer. This study reports exercise adherence in women who were asked to walk 150 min/week throughout chemotherapy treatment for early breast cancer. Participants were asked to wear a Fitbit^TM throughout their waking hours, and Fitbit steps were uploaded directly into study computers.

METHODS

Descriptive statistics are reported, and both unadjusted and multivariable linear regression models were used to assess associations between participant characteristics, breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, chemotherapy toxicities, and patient-reported symptoms with average Fitbit steps/week.

RESULTS

Of 127 women consented to the study, 100 had analyzable Fitbit data (79%); mean age was 48 and 31% were non-white. Mean walking steps were 3956 per day. Nineteen percent were fully adherent with the target of 6686 steps/day and an additional 24% were moderately adherent. In unadjusted analysis, baseline variables associated with fewer Fitbit steps were: non-white race (p = 0.012), high school education or less (p = 0.0005), higher body mass index (p = 0.0024), and never/almost never drinking alcohol (p = 0.0048). Physical activity variables associated with greater Fitbit steps were: pre-chemotherapy history of vigorous physical activity (p = 0.0091) and higher self-reported walking minutes/week (p < 0.001), and higher outcome expectations from exercise (p = 0.014). Higher baseline anxiety (p = 0.03) and higher number of chemotherapy-related symptoms rates "severe/very severe" (p = 0.012) were associated with fewer steps. In multivariable analysis, white race was associated with 12,146 greater Fitbit steps per week (p = 0.004), as was self-reported walking minutes prior to start of chemotherapy (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Inexpensive commercial-grade activity trackers, with data uploaded directly into research computers, enable objective monitoring of home-based exercise interventions in adults diagnosed with cancer. Analysis of the association of walking steps with participant characteristics at baseline and toxicities during chemotherapy can identify reasons for low/non-adherence with prescribed exercise regimens.

Evaluation of increasing levels of a microbial phytase in phosphorus deficient broiler diets via live broiler performance, tibia bone ash, apparent metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibility

The objective was to investigate increasing concentrations of an evolved microbial phytase on male broiler performance, tibia bone ash, AME, and amino acid digestibility when fed diets deficient in available phosphorus (aP). Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of phytase during a 21 d battery cage study and Experiment 2 was a 42 d grow-out. Experiment 1 included six treatments; negative control (NC) with an aP level of 0.23% (starter) and 0.19% (grower), two positive controls (PC) consisting of an additional 0.12% and 0.22% aP (PC 1 and PC 2), and the NC supplemented with three levels of phytase (250, 500, and 2,000 U/kg). The NC diet reduced (P < 0.05) FC, BW, and bone ash. Phytase increased (P < 0.05) BW with 2,000 U/kg phytase yielding similar results to the PC2, and improved FCR and increased bone ash was observed at all phytase levels. Amino acid digestibility coefficients were increased (P < 0.05) with phytase at 250 U/kg. Phytase at all rates increased (P < 0.05) AME to levels similar level as PC diets. Linear regression analysis indicated average P equivalency values for BW and bone ash of 0.137, 0.147, and 0.226 for phytase inclusion of 250, 500, and 2000 U/kg, respectively. Experiment 2 included a PC consisting of 0.45%, 0.41%, and 0.38% aP for the starter, grower, and finisher, respectively; NC with reduced aP of 0.17%; and phytase at 500 and 2,000 U/kg. Phytase increased BW (P < 0.05) compared to the NC as 2,000 U/kg phytase resulted in further BW increases compared to the PC (starter and grower). Phytase improved FCR to levels comparable to the PC, with supplementation at 2,000 U/kg resulting in improvements beyond the PC in the starter phase. Amino acid digestibility coefficients were increased with phytase at 2,000 U/kg to levels comparable to that of the PC. These data confirm that the inclusion of phytase improves broiler performance and bone mineralization in aP reduced diets and levels beyond the traditional 500 U/kg can result in further improvements.

Snorkel/chimney and fenestrated endografts for complex abdominal aortic aneurysms

Complex endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) involves extension of the proximal aortic seal zone with preservation of branch vessel patency, thereby expanding the applicability of endografting from the infrarenal to the suprarenal aorta. Snorkel/chimney (Sn-EVAR) and fenestrated EVAR (f-EVAR) serve as the two most commonly utilized advanced endovascular techniques to combat hostile proximal neck anatomy. The purpose of this article is to describe the principles and evolution of these advanced endovascular strategies, technical considerations, and results of sn- and f-EVAR in the management of challenging neck anatomy in abdominal aortic aneurysm disease.

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome

Intermittent claudication is frequently encountered in vascular surgical practice in atherosclerotic patients. However, it may also be observed in a younger subset of patients without any cardiovascular risk factors and can represent a challenging diagnosis. Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is rare but can cause intermittent claudication in young people. There is a lack of consensus about optimal strategies or diagnosis and management, particularly for variants such as functional popliteal entrapment. Since the first description in 1959, knowledge of the pathology and the underlying anatomic abnormalities was advanced through sporadic publications of case reports and small case series, but popliteal artery entrapment syndrome still remains a rare anatomic abnormality. It can be difficult to differentiate from other causes of lower limb pain in young patients, and diagnosis can be challenging. We propose to review clinical symptomatology, classification, radiological diagnosis and treatment of popliteal entrapment syndrome.

Improved efficiency and safety for EVAR with utilization of a hybrid room

OBJECTIVE

Access to a hybrid endovascular suite is touted as a necessity for advanced endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) to improve imaging accuracy and safety. Yet there remain little data documenting this intuitive advantage of a hybrid setup versus a traditional operating room (OR) utilizing a portable fluoroscopic unit (C-arm) for imaging. We hypothesized that standard elective EVAR performed in a hybrid suite would improve procedural efficiency and accuracy, as well minimize patient exposure to both contrast and radiation.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed a single attending surgeon's EVAR practice, which encompassed the transition to a hybrid endovascular suite (opened July 2010). Only consecutive abdominal aneurysms were included in the analysis to attempt to create a homogenous cohort. All emergent, aorto-uni-iliac (AUI), snorkel, fenestrated, or hybrid procedures were excluded. Standard variables evaluated and compared between the two study subgroups included fluoroscopy time, operative time, contrast use, stent-graft component utilization, complication rates, and short-term endoleaks.

RESULTS

From January 2008 to August 2012, we performed 213 EVAR procedures for abdominal aortic aneurysms. After excluding emergent, AUI, snorkel, or hybrid procedures, we analyzed 109 routine EVARs. Fifty-eight consecutive cases were done in the OR with a C-arm until July 2010, and the last 51 cases were done in the hybrid room. Both groups were well matched in terms of demographics, aneurysm morphology, and procedural characteristics. No difference was found in terms of complication rates or operative mortality, although there was a trend towards decreased fluoroscopy time, type I/III endoleaks, and a number of additional endograft components utilized. Compared with patients repaired in the OR/C-arm, EVAR done in the hybrid room resulted in less total OR time and contrast usage (p < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Routine EVAR performed in a hybrid fixed-imaging suite affords greater efficiency and less harmful exposure of contrast and possible radiation to the patient. Accurate imaging quality and deployment is associated with less need for additional endograft components, which should lead to improved cost efficiency. Confirmation of these findings might be necessary in a randomized control trial to fully justify the capital expenditure necessary for hybrid endovascular suites.

Mycotoxin-contaminated diets and deactivating compound in laying hens: 1. effects on performance characteristics and relative organ weight

The current experiment was conducted to determine the effect of mycotoxin-contaminated diets with aflatoxin (AFLA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) and dietary inclusion of deactivation compound on layer hen performance during a 10-wk trial. The experimental design consisted of a 4 × 2 factorial with 4 toxin levels: control, low (0.5 mg/kg AFLA + 1.0 mg/kg DON), medium (1.5 mg/kg AFLA + 1.5 mg/kg DON), and high (2.0 mg/kg AFLA + 2.0 mg/kg DON) with or without the inclusion of deactivation compound. Three hundred eighty-four 25-wk-old laying hens were randomly assigned to 1 of the 8 treatment groups. Birds were fed contaminated diets for a 6-wk phase of toxin administration followed by a 4-wk recovery phase, when all birds were fed mycotoxin-free diets. Twelve hens from each treatment were subjected to necropsy following each phase. Relative liver and kidney weights were increased (P < 0.05) at the medium and high toxin levels following the toxin phase, but the deactivation compound reduced (P < 0.05) relative liver and kidney weights following the recovery period. The high toxin level decreased (P < 0.05) feed consumption and egg production during the toxin period, whereas the deactivation compound increased (P < 0.05) egg production during the first 2 wk of the toxin phase. Egg weights were reduced (P < 0.05) in hens fed medium and high levels of toxin. An interaction existed between toxin level and deactivation compound inclusion with regard to feed conversion (g of feed/g of egg). High inclusion level of toxins increased feed conversion compared with the control diet, whereas deactivation compound inclusion reduced feed conversion to a level comparable with the control. These data indicate that deactivation compound can reduce or eliminate adverse effects of mycotoxicoses in peak-performing laying hens.

Effects of mycotoxin-contaminated diets and deactivating compound in laying hens: 2. effects on white shell egg quality and characteristics

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary inclusion of Mycofix Select (Biomin GmbH, Herzogenburg, Austria) on discrete egg parameters and quality characteristics of hens fed mycotoxin-contaminated diets (aflatoxin; AFLA) and deoxynivalenol (DON)) during a 10-wk trial. A 4 × 2 factorial design was used with 4 contamination levels: control, low (0.5 mg/kg of AFLA + 1.0 mg/kg of DON), medium (1.5 mg/kg of AFLA + 1.5 mg/kg of DON), and high (2.0 mg/kg of AFLA + 2.0 mg/kg of DON) with or without the inclusion of mycotoxin deactivating compound. Three hundred and eighty-four 25-wk-old laying hens were housed 3 per cage. Birds were fed contaminated diets for a 6-wk phase of toxin administration followed by a 4-wk recovery phase, when all birds were fed mycotoxin-free diets. Parameters evaluated included egg weight, Haugh unit value, specific gravity, eggshell thickness, egg shape index, and relative albumen and yolk weights. Albumen height and Haugh unit value were depressed (P < 0.05) at the high mycotoxin level 2 wk postinclusion. Egg weight was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) with the high toxins level by the third week of toxin administration and remained throughout the study during toxin administration. Egg shape index indicated a variation (P < 0.05) in shape with all toxin levels compared with the control. Relative yolk weight was decreased (P < 0.05) by the high toxin level. An interaction existed between the deactivating compound inclusion and toxins level with regard to specific gravity. Following the toxin phase, the deactivating compound inclusion increased (P < 0.05) egg specific gravity in the control and low toxin groups whereas a decrease (P < 0.05) was observed at the high toxin level. These data indicate that mycotoxins present in feed can reduce egg quality, size, yolk weight, and alter egg shape and that inclusion of a mycotoxin deactivating compound can ameliorate some of the negative effects of mycotoxin consumption.

Cancer survival in Busan, Republic of Korea, 1996-2001

The Busan cancer registry was established in 1996; cancer registration is done by passive and active methods. The registry contributed survival data for 48 cancer sites or types registered during 1996-2001. Follow-up information has been gleaned predominantly by passive methods with median follow-up ranging between 1-57 months for various cancers. The proportion with histologically verified diagnosis for different cancers ranged between 20-100%; death certificates only (DCOs) comprised 0-53%; 47-100% of total registered cases were included for survival analysis. The top-ranking cancers on 5-year age-standardized relative survival rates were penis (94%), thyroid (91%), non-melanoma skin (89%), placenta (86%), breast (76%), Hodgkin lymphoma (75%) and testis (72%). Five-year relative survival by age group showed a decreasing trend with increasing age groups for cancers of the nasopharynx, gall bladder, lung, bone, soft tissue, breast, cervix, corpus uteri, thyroid, multiple myeloma, lymphoid leukaemia and myeloid leukaemia or was fluctuating for other cancers.

The multiple levels of regulation by p53 ubiquitination

p53 is a central integrator of a plethora of signals and outputs these signals in the form of tumor suppression. It is well accepted that ubiquitination plays a major part in p53 regulation. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms by which p53 activity is controlled by ubiquitination are complex. Mdm2, a RING oncoprotein, was once thought to be the sole E3 ubiquitin ligase for p53, however recent studies have shown that p53 is stabilized but still degraded in the cells of Mdm2-null mice. Although the essential role of Mdm2 in p53 regulation is well established, there are an increasing number of other E3 ligases implicated in Mdm2-independent regulation of p53 by ubiquitination. The different types of ubiquitination on p53 by various E3 ligases have been linked to its differential effects on p53-mediated stress responses. In addition to proteasome-mediated degradation, ubiquitination of p53 acts as signals for degradation-independent functions, such as nuclear export. The function of ubiquitinated p53 varies in the nucleus and cytosol underlying the many potential contributions ubiquitinated p53 may have in promoting cell proliferation or death. Thus, p53 requires multiple layers of regulatory control to ensure correct temporal and spatial functions.

A comparative study of high-resolution cone beam computed tomography and charge-coupled device sensors for detecting caries

OBJECTIVES

Conventional radiographic imaging of teeth underestimates the presence of caries. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of high-resolution cone beam CT (CBCT) images and conventional charge-coupled device (CCD) images for detecting proximal and occlusal caries.

METHODS

Non-restored, extracted human permanent premolar and molar teeth were mounted and then imaged with a 3DX Accuitomo and a CCD. We selected 92 occlusal and 100 proximal surfaces for raters to score. Of these, 36 and 25, respectively, had lesions extending into dentin. Using a five-step confidence scale, eight practising dentists evaluated the images for the presence of caries in dentin using both modalities. Actual presence and extent of caries was established with microCT imaging.

RESULTS

For proximal surface lesions extending into dentin, the average sensitivity score using 3DX images (0.61) was almost twice that of CCD images (0.33) and the difference was significant. The specificity values for both systems were high and not significantly different from each other. For occlusal surfaces, raters detected significantly more lesions in the enamel or dentin when using the 3DX images than when using CCD images. However, the raters also had significantly lower average specificity scores for the 3DX images compared with the CCD images for lesions at both depths.

CONCLUSIONS

Practising dentists were able to improve their detection of proximal-surface caries extending into the dentin, but not occlusal caries, using 3DX high-resolution cone beam CT images compared with CCD images.

Hyperbaric oxygen ameliorates delayed neuropsychiatric syndrome of carbon monoxide poisoning

OBJECTIVES

Delayed neuropsychiatric syndrome (DNS) is characterized by mental impairment, motor dysfunction, dementia, or psychosis that develops between a few days and weeks after acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. One possible mechanism responsible for CO-mediated encephalopathy involves oxidative stress, such as lipid peroxidation, caused by the cellular uptake of CO and which leads to an inflammatory cascade. There is no current effective treatment for DNS. We applied 8-40 sessions of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO2) to patients with DNS and evaluated its effectiveness.

METHODS

After admission, all patients were administered piracetam or bromocriptine, or both, and received HBO2. Neuropsychiatric tests included EEG, mini-mental status examination (MMSE), brain MRI, event-related potential (ERP), and brain perfusion scan (brain SPECT). Results of these tests were compared before and after HBO2, and the clinical features were monitored during this period.

RESULTS

The symptoms of DNS for all patients improved significantly after HBOT. Although white matter changes remained evident in the brain MRI scans, other examinations such as EEG, MMSE, ERP, and 99mTc-ECD brain SPECT were nearly normal after HBOT.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that HBO2 decreases the severity of impairment in patients with DNS. Although a large randomized trial is required to address the efficacy of this therapy, therapeutic application of HBO2 may be recommended in patients with DNS after CO poisoning.

Characteristics for electrochemical machining with nanoscale voltage pulses

Electrochemical machining has traditionally been used in highly specialized fields, such as those of the aerospace and defense industries. It is now increasingly being applied in other industries, where parts with difficult-to-cut material, complex geometry and tribology, and devices of nanoscale and microscale are required. Electric characteristic plays a principal function role in and chemical characteristic plays an assistant function role in electrochemical machining. Therefore, essential parameters in electrochemical machining can be described current density, machining time, inter-electrode gap size, electrolyte, electrode shape etc. Electrochemical machining provides an economical and effective method for machining high strength, high tension and heat-resistant materials into complex shapes such as turbine blades of titanium and aluminum alloys. The application of nanoscale voltage pulses between a tool electrode and a workpiece in an electrochemical environment allows the three-dimensional machining of conducting materials with sub-micrometer precision. In this study, micro probe are developed by electrochemical etching and micro holes are manufactured using these micro probe as tool electrodes. Micro holes and microgroove can be accurately achieved by using nanoscale voltages pulses.

Tuning certainty factor and local weight of fuzzy production rules by using fuzzy neural network

Approximate reasoning in a fuzzy system is concerned with inferring an approximate conclusion from fuzzy and vague inputs. There are many ways in which different forms of conclusions can be drawn. Fuzzy sets are usually represented by fuzzy membership functions. These membership functions are assumed to have a clearly defined base. For other fuzzy sets such as intelligent, smart, or beautiful, etc., it would be difficult to define clearly its base because its base may consist of several other fuzzy sets or unclear nonfuzzy bases. A method to handle this kind of fuzzy set is proposed. A fuzzy neural network (FNN) is also proposed to tune knowledge representation parameters (KRPs). The contributions are that we are able to handle a broader range of fuzzy sets and build more powerful fuzzy systems so that the conclusions drawn are more meaningful, reliable, and accurate. An experiment is presented to demonstrate how our method works.

X-chromosome kiss and tell: how the Xs go their separate ways

Loci associated with noncoding RNAs have important roles in X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), the dosage compensation mechanism by which one of two X chromosomes in female cells becomes transcriptionally silenced. The Xs start out as epigenetically equivalent chromosomes, but XCI requires a cell to treat two identical X chromosomes in completely different ways: One X chromosome must remain transcriptionally active while the other becomes repressed. In the embryo of eutherian mammals, the choice to inactivate the maternal or paternal X chromosome is random. The fact that the Xs always adopt opposite fates hints at the existence of a trans-sensing mechanism to ensure the mutually exclusive silencing of one of the two Xs. This paper highlights recent evidence supporting a model for mutually exclusive choice that involves homologous chromosome pairing and the placement of asymmetric chromatin marks on the two Xs.

Weight loss during chronic, cervical vagus nerve stimulation in depressed patients with obesity: an observation

Fourteen patients were treated over 2 years with cervical vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for adjunctive therapy of severe, treatment-resistant depression. Here, we report the serendipitous observation that this treatment was associated with highly significant, gradual weight loss despite the patients' report of not dieting or exercising. The weight loss was proportional to the initial BMI, that is, the more severe the obesity, the greater the weight loss. Weight loss did not correlate with changes in mood symptoms. The vagus nerve carries visceral information to and from the brain; modulation of its activity may alter eating behavior. Chronic cervical VNS may merit controlled study for the treatment of severe obesity.

Safety of aerosolized liposomal versus deoxycholate amphotericin B formulations for prevention of invasive fungal infections following lung transplantation: a retrospective study

BACKGROUND

Nebulized amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmBd) has been used to prevent invasive pulmonary aspergillosis after lung transplantation.

METHODS

In this retrospective study we compared the safety and tolerability of nebulized AmBd and nebulized liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) in 38 consecutive lung transplant recipients. Progress notes, medication administration records, microbiology, and pulmonary function reports were reviewed. Histologic sections from lung tissue were examined. Plasma amphotericin B levels were measured.

RESULTS

A total of 1206 doses of AmBd and 1149 doses of L-AmB were administered. Eighteen patients received AmBd only, 11 received L-AmB only, and 9 received the medications sequentially. The total number of complaints vs. the number of doses administered was 1.0% for AmBd-treated patients and 1.2% for L-AmB-treated patients. No differences were observed between the treatment groups on lung biopsy specimens. Plasma amphotericin B levels were <0.2-0.9 microg/mL in AmBd-treated patients and <0.2 microg/mL in L-AmB-treated patients.

CONCLUSIONS

In lung transplant recipients, both inhaled AmBd and L-AmB were safe and well tolerated over a large number of medication exposures.

Ki67 expression levels are a better marker of reduced melanoma growth following MEK inhibitor treatment than phospho-ERK levels

The loss of tumour phospho-extracellular responsive kinase (pERK) positivity is the major treatment biomarker for mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular responsive kinase (MEK) inhibitors. Here, we demonstrate that there is a poor correlation between pERK inhibition and the anti-proliferative effects of MEK inhibitors in melanoma cells. We suggest that Ki67 is a better biomarker for future clinical studies.

The role of cardiopulmonary fitness and its genetic influences on surgical outcomes

Background

Outcome after major surgery remains poor in some patients. There is an increasing need to identify this cohort and develop strategies to reduce postsurgical morbidity and mortality. Central to outcome is the ability to mount cardiovascular output in response to the increased oxygen demand associated with major surgery.

Methods

A medline search was performed using keywords to identify factors that affect, and genetic influences in, disease and outcome from surgery, and all relevant English language articles published between 1980 and 2005 were retrieved. Secondary references were obtained from key articles.

Results

Preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing assesses patient fitness, highlights those at particular risk and, combined with triage to critical care, facilitates significant improvement in surgical outcome. However, genetic factors also influence responses to increased oxygen demand, and some patients are genetically predisposed to mounting increased inflammatory responses, which raise oxygen demand further. Polymorphisms in genes influencing fitness (angiotensin converting enzyme) and immune and inflammatory responses (such as interleukin 6) may associate with surgical outcome.

Conclusions

Development of preoperative screening methods like cardiopulmonary exercise testing and genotype analysis to identify index factors may permit better patient stratification, provide targets for future tailored treatments and so improve surgical outcome.

Effects of guar meal by-product with and without beta-mannanase Hemicell on broiler performance

Guar gum production yields a high protein guar meal that can be subdivided into germ and hull fractions. Feeding high concentrations of guar meal reduces body weight and feed efficiency in chickens due to the presence of a residual guar gum. Two experiments determined the upper feeding levels of guar meal and the hull and germ fractions in broiler chickens. An industrial source beta-mannanase (Hemicell) also was fed in combination with guar meals. Experiment 1 utilized a 3 x 4 factorial design to feed broiler chickens diets containing guar germ, guar hull, or guar meal at 4 levels (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0%) compared with a negative control diet. Results indicated that any of the 3 guar meals could be fed at a 2.5% dietary inclusion rate without adversely affecting broiler chicken growth to 6 wk of age. In experiment 2, a 4 x 2 factorial design consisting of the 3 by-products meals at 5% inclusion and soybean meal control with and without enzyme tested whether Hemicell could increase inclusion rates without decreasing broiler growth or feed consumption to 6 wk of age. Addition of Hemicell to feed had no effect on measures of growth in chickens fed the control diet. Hemicell significantly improved feed:gain ratio of diets containing 5% of each fraction of guar meal versus the untreated diets. Feed:gain ratio for the Hemicell-treated 5% germ fraction diet was improved to control diet levels. Results indicated that the upper feeding level of guar meal and germ and hull fraction of guar meal is 2.5%, and addition of beta-mannanase (Hemicell) increases the upper feeding level for the germ fraction to 5%.

Amyloid-β peptide enhances tumor necrosis factor-α-induced iNOS through neutral sphingomyelinase/ceramide pathway in oligodendrocytes

Although accumulating evidence demonstrates that white matter degeneration contributes to pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD), the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In order to study the roles of the amyloid-beta peptide in inducing oxidative stress damage in white matter of AD, we investigated the effects of amyloid-beta peptide 25-35 (Abeta) on proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in cultured oligodendrocytes (OLGs). Although Abeta 25-35 by itself had little effect on iNOS mRNA, protein, and nitrite production, it enhanced TNF-alpha-induced iNOS expression and nitrite generation in OLGs. Abeta, TNF-alpha, or the combination of both, increased neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) activity, but not acidic sphingomyelinase (aSMase) activity, leading to ceramide accumulation. Cell permeable C2-ceramide enhanced TNF-alpha-induced iNOS expression and nitrite generation. Moreover, the specific nSMase inhibitor, 3-O-methyl-sphingomyelin (3-OMS), inhibited iNOS expression and nitrite production induced by TNF-alpha or by the combination of TNF-alpha and Abeta. Overexpression of a truncated mutant of nSMase with a dominant negative function inhibited iNOS mRNA production. 3-OMS also inhibited nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding activity induced by TNF-alpha or by the combination of TNF-alpha and Abeta. These results suggest that neutral sphingomyelinase/ceramide pathway is required but may not be sufficient for iNOS expression induced by TNF-alpha and the combination of TNF-alpha and Abeta.

Wound infection after infrainguinal bypass operations: multivariate analysis of putative risk factors

Reported wound infection rates for infrainguinal bypass operations range from 17% to 44%, but there is limited appreciation of which characteristics of patients or operations are reliable markers of increased wound infection risk. The purpose of the present study was to analyze all wound infections observed after infrainguinal bypass operations during 20 years of practice in a large teaching institution. Independent risk factors for wound infection development were identified. During the 20-year period ending 31 December, 1997, 978 male patients underwent infrainguinal bypass operations at the Minneapolis Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Wound infections complicated the recovery of 129 of these patients during a 30-day postoperative surveillance interval. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to test the association between wound infection occurrence and putative risk factors that were either features of patients or characteristics of the operations. The following variables were examined: obesity, prosthetic graft placement, diabetes mellitus, steroid use, anticoagulation use, length of preoperative hospital stay, development of incisional hematoma, duration of operation, and the preoperative presence of a non-healing wound in the extremity being revascularized. The overall wound infection rate was 13.2% (129/978). In a final logistic regression model, obesity was a significant and independent predictor of wound infection (Relative Risk 2.6, 95% confidence interval, 1.35-4.90), as was development of a post-operative incisional hematoma (Relative Risk 6.44, 95% confidence interval, 2.95-14.08). No other explanatory variable was significantly associated with wound infection development.

beta-Mannanase ameliorates viscosity-associated depression of growth in broiler chickens fed guar germ and hull fractions

High concentrations of guar meal in broiler chicken diets reduce body weight and feed efficiency. The increased intestinal viscosity that is responsible for reduced measures of performance results from residual guar gum present in guar meal. Two experiments were designed to study the effects of 2 guar meal fractions at 3 different concentrations, germ (0, 5.0, and 7.5%) and hull (0, 2.5, and 5.0%), and the effectiveness of a beta-mannanase at three levels (0, 1x, and 4x; 1x = 1.09 x 10(5) units/ kg) on broiler growth and feed conversion. Growth and performance were measured as a function of intestinal viscosity. Addition of the germ fraction to rations did not reduce body weight, although feed conversion ratio was increased at 7.5% of the diet. Intestinal viscosity also increased significantly at this level. Enzyme addition significantly reduced intestinal viscosity. Due to an interaction that was present between hull and enzyme concentration, each treatment was compared separately. Inclusion of the hull fraction significantly reduced body weight at both levels of inclusion and increased feed conversion ratio at 5% inclusion. Addition of the enzyme significantly increased body weight and reduced feed conversion ratio in diets containing guar hull fractions. Supplementation of beta-mannanase to feeds containing either fraction of guar meal reduced intestinal viscosity and alleviated the deleterious effects associated with guar meal feeding.

Antisense regulation in X inactivation and autosomal imprinting

The regulation of epigenetic phenomena by elements encoding antisense RNA's is one of the most rapidly emerging themes in mammalian gene expression. Such regulation is epitomized by X chromosome inactivation (XCI) and autosomal imprinting. In XCI, TSIX serves as an antisense regulator of XIST, the silencer element for XCI which itself makes a non-coding transcript. Numerous antisense transcripts have also been discovered in autosomally imprinted loci, including the IGF2R/AIR locus, the Prader-Willi/Angelman Syndrome (PWS/AS) locus, and the Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) locus. How these antisense elements regulate XCI and imprinting remains unsolved. However, various structural and functional similarities among them imply the possibility of shared mechanism. Among the most interesting are the antagonistic relationship between sense and antisense loci and the initiation of antisense transcripts within imprinting centers. This article reviews the latest developments in antisense regulation in XCI and autosomal imprinting and speculates on molecular means by which antisense genes can regulate silencing in mammals.