Relationship Between Resilience, Community Participation, and Successful Aging Among Older Adults in South Korea: Mediating Role of Community Participation

A high level of resilience is positively related to successful aging. However, interventions to increase resilience in older adults are not yet available. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of community participation in the relationship between resilience and successful aging. Data from 284 individuals aged 60 years and above were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. The pathways among resilience, community participation, and successful aging were statistically significant after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, depression, disability, and chronic disease. The analysis revealed a partial mediating effect of community participation (unstandardized estimate = .01, p < .01), explaining 16.4% of the total effect of resilience on successful aging. Promoting community participation may be beneficial for enhancing successful aging in community-dwelling older adults. Further studies to examine the causal relationship between community participation and successful aging and to develop community services are recommended to use community resources as means to support successful aging.

Measurement Properties of the Stroke-Predischarge Occupational Therapy Assessment

There is no comprehensive predischarge occupational therapy assessment tool in South Korea. The objective of this study was to determine Stroke-Predischarge Occupational Therapy Assessment (S-POTA) validity and reliability. Twenty-seven occupational therapists (OTs) assessed 97 patients with stroke. Concurrent validity was evaluated by comparing S-POTA scores with stroke-specific quality of life (SS-QOL). Discriminant validity was evaluated by comparing S-POTA scores between outpatient and readmitted groups, and a receiver operating characteristic analysis was conducted. The test-retest was conducted twice in 20 patients, and the inter-rater test was conducted with two OTs per patient. S-POTA positively correlated with SS-QOL. S-POTA rating differs significantly across outpatients and readmitted groups. All S-POTA areas under curve values ranged from .70 to .85, and cut-off points were derived. Cronbach's α for internal consistency was .953, the intraclass correlation coefficient for test-retest was .990, and .987 for inter-rater reliability. The results suggest S-POTA is a reliable tool for efficient implementation of discharge planning.

Comparison of joint degeneration and pain in male and female mice in DMM model of osteoarthritis

OBJECTIVE

While the prevalence of radiographic and symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) is higher in women, male mice are more frequently used in animal experiments to explore its pathogenesis or drug efficacy. In this study, we examined whether sexual dimorphism affects pain and joint degeneration in destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) mouse model.

METHODS

DMM or sham surgery was performed on the knee of male and female C57BL/6 mice. Joint damage was assessed by safranin O staining and scored using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring system. Von Frey hair, incapacitance, and rotarod tests were conducted to measure joint pain. The analgesic effect of capsazepine (CPZ), a TRPV1 antagonist, was compared between male and female mice.

RESULTS

Histology and OARSI scoring analysis showed that cartilage degeneration developed, and progressed in both male and female DMM groups, however, damage was less severe in females at the late stage of OA. Pain behavior, as measured by mechanical allodynia, was displayed for longer in male DMM mice compared to females. Incapacitance data showed that CPZ significantly reduced DMM-induced pain in male mice but not in female mice. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis demonstrated that DMM surgery increased the expression of TRPV1 in both female and male dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Injection of CPZ significantly suppressed TRPV1 expression in the DRG of male mice only.

CONCLUSION

Joint damage develops comparably in both female and male mice after DMM although it progresses less in females. There was a subtle sex difference in pain behaviors and analgesic efficacy of a TRPV1 antagonist, which was accompanied by a differential regulation of TPRV1.

The Development of Leisure Participation Assessment Tool for the Elderly

OBJECTIVES

This study is aimed at developing multidimensional leisure participation assessment tool for the elderly to achieve quantitative and qualitative assessment of leisure participation and leisure exploration.

METHODS

This study collected preliminary items through literature review, statistical office data, and survey of the elderly's leisure activities and considered the list of leisure activities as assessment items by conducting a Delphi survey. Reliability was verified through internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The assessment tool was finally confirmed using content validity and discriminant validity.

RESULTS

A total of 81 leisure items classified into 8 categories and 22 subcategories were obtained through data collection and Delphi survey. Cronbach's α value was 0.939, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was 0.941. A content validity test was confirmed by validating that I-CVI was 0.78 or more and the S-CVI was 0.95. According to the result of discriminant validity, there was a difference in the number of participating leisure activities and leisure activities with participation intention by age.

CONCLUSION

The leisure participation assessment tool for the elderly developed in this study can obtain information on the overall view of the leisure of the elderly by measuring leisure exploration, leisure participation, and interference factor affecting leisure participation.

Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Activities of Daily Living (ADL)-Focused Occupation-Based Neurobehavioral Evaluation (A-ONE)

Date Presented 04/06/19

To understand the limitation of clients who experienced neurological impairment, OTs should evaluate their functioning with behavioral observation assessments with cross-cultural adaptions. This study aims to perform a cross-cultural adaptation for the Korean population of the Activities of Daily Living (ADL)-focused Occupation-Based Neurobehavioral Evaluation (A-ONE) and examine its reliability and validity.

Primary Author and Speaker: Jaewon Kang

Contributing Authors: Hae-Yean Park, Jung-Ran Kim, Ji-Hyuk Park

A phase-1b study of everolimus plus paclitaxel in patients with small-cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is dysregulated in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and everolimus is an oral mTOR inhibitor.

METHODS

This phase-1b study assessed everolimus safety at the levels of 2.5, 5, or 10 mg once daily in combination with paclitaxel (175 mg m(-2)) once every 3 weeks in previously treated SCLC patients. The primary end point was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of everolimus.

RESULTS

Among 21 enrolled patients, common drug-related adverse events were anaemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, pain, hyperglycemia, and stomatitis. Out of 11 evaluable patients treated with everolimus at the level of 5 mg, 1 patient experienced dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of grade 4 febrile neutropenia and grade 3 thrombocytopenia. The other two DLTs (grade 4 thrombocytopenia and grade 3 hyperglycemia) occurred in two out of three patients receiving everolimus 10 mg. The overall objective response rate was 28%.

CONCLUSION

Everolimus showed an acceptable safety profile and preliminary antitumour activity at the dose of 5 mg once daily when combined with 3-weekly paclitaxel 175 mg m(-2) in patients with SCLC.

Factors affecting microbial fuel cell acclimation and operation in temperate climates

For the successful scale-up of microbial fuel cell (MFC) systems, enrichment strategies are required that not only maximise reactor performance but also allow anodic biofilms to be robust to environmental change. Cluster analysis of Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis community fingerprints showed that anodic biofilms were enriched according to substrate type and temperature. Acetate produced the highest power density of 7.2 W m(-3) and butyrate the lowest at 0.29 W m(-3), but it was also found that the trophic conditions used to acclimate the electrogenic biofilms also determined the MFC response to different substrate types, with both acetate and butyrate substrates recording power densities of 1.07 and 1.0 W m(-3) respectively in a sucrose enriched reactor. When temperature perturbations were introduced to investigate the stability of the different substrate acclimated electrogenic biofilms, the 20 °C acclimated acetate reactor was unaffected by 10 °C operation but all reactors acclimated at 35 °C were adversely affected. When the operating temperature was raised back to 35 °C both the acetate and butyrate reactors recovered electrogenic activity but the sucrose reactor did not. It is thought that this was due to the more complex syntropic interactions that are required to occur when metabolising more complex substrate types.

Fermentative biohydrogen production systems integration

Acidogenic fermentation can be used to produce hydrogen from a range of biomass sources. The effluent from this process can be utilised in a number of biological processes enabling further recovery of energy from the biomass. In this review a number of candidate technologies are assessed including conventional methanogenic anaerobic digestion, dark fermentative hydrogen production, photo-fermentation, and bioelectrochemical systems. The principles, benefits and challenges associated with integrating these technologies are discussed, with particular emphasis on integration with fermentative hydrogen production, and the current state of integrative development is presented. The various system configurations for potential integrations presented here may simultaneously permit an increase in the conversion efficiency of biomass to energy, improved adaptability to varying operating conditions, and improved stability. Such integration, while increasing system complexity, may mean that these bioprocesses could be deployed in a wider range of scenarios and be used with a greater range of substrates.

Altered expression of signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family receptors CS1 (CD319) and 2B4 (CD244) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

CS1 (CRACC, CD319) and 2B4 (CD244), members of the signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family receptors, regulate various immune functions. Genes encoding SLAM family receptors are located at 1q23, implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this study, we have investigated the expression and alternative splicing of CS1 and 2B4 in immune cells from SLE patients. The surface expression of CS1 and 2B4 on total peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), T, B, natural killer (NK) cells and monocytes in 45 patients with SLE and 30 healthy individuals was analysed by flow cytometry. CS1-positive B cell population was increased significantly in SLE patients. Because CS1 is a self-ligand and homophilic interaction of CS1 induces B cell proliferation and autocrine cytokine secretion, this could account for autoreactive B cell proliferation in SLE. The proportion of NK cells and monocytes expressing 2B4 on their surface was significantly lower in patients with SLE compared to healthy controls. Our study demonstrated altered expression of splice variants of CS1 and 2B4 that mediate differential signalling in PBMC from patients with SLE.

Failure of a glass ionomer to remineralize apatite-depleted dentin

Remineralization of demineralized dentin lesions adjacent to glass-ionomer cements (GICs) has been reported in the literature. This study tested the hypothesis that a strontium-based GIC can remineralize completely demineralized dentin by nucleation of new apatite crystallites within an apatite-free dentin matrix. Human dentin specimens were acid-etched, bonded with Fuji IX(GP), and immersed in a calcium-and-phosphate-containing 1.5X simulated body fluid (SBF) for 1-4 months. Polyacrylic acid and polyvinylphosphonic acid biomimetic analogs were added to the SBFs to create 2 additional remineralization media. Specimens were processed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). No apatite deposition could be identified in the completely demineralized dentin in any of the specimens immersed in the 3 remineralization media, despite TEM/EDX evidence of diffusion of ions specific to the strontium-based GIC into the demineralized dentin. The hypothesis was rejected; mineral concentration alone is not a sufficient endpoint for assessing the success of contemporary remineralization strategies.

Group Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy: Motor and Functional Outcomes in Individuals with Stroke

Background

Strokes frequently cause limitations of the upper extremity and in performance of activities of daily living (ADL). Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is designed to enhance the use of the hemiplegic arm.

Purpose

To assess the effects of group CIMT on upper-extremity motor function and performance level of motor and process skills for instrumental activities in daily living (IADL) in community-dwelling individuals whose stroke occurred at least six months earlier.

Methods

Eight adults with stroke participated in this study. Group-based CIMT was administered for two weeks, five times per week, with two-hour intensive daily training.

Findings

The Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) score and the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) scores improved after intervention.

Implications

The results of this study suggest that relatively brief group-based CIMT may be an effective intervention for improving motor function of the affected upper-limb and the level of IADL in individuals who have had stroke.

Bacterial adhesion, cell adhesion and biocompatibility of Nafion films

We investigated bioadhesion (bacterial and cell adhesion) and biocompatibility of poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octenesulfonic acid) (Nafion) and compared the results with those obtained with poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVFHFP). When incubated with bacteria for 4 h to 7 days, Nafion film exhibited scarce bacterial adhesion at 6 h, after which the adhesion gradually increasing to relatively low levels. In contrast, significant bacterial adhesion to PVFHFP film was observed at 4 h, and much higher adhesion levels were shown thereafter. Although HEp-2 human cells adhered normally to both films, reaching confluence in 7-8 days, the cells adhered to Nafion appeared more lively and stable than those to PVFHFP. Subcutaneous implantation in mice revealed that Nafion elicited a mild acute inflammatory reaction without chronic inflammation or tissue necrosis, indicating excellent biocompatibility in mice. PVFHFP, however, provoked a moderate and prolonged acute inflammatory response. These differences in the biological characteristics of Nafion and PVFHFP films may be attributable to the differences in the chemical and physical natures of these polymer films. Nafion film provided a sufficiently solid support, expressing a high surface charge density and good water-wettability. In summary, Nafion is suitable for use in biomedical applications that require biocompatibility with a reduced possibility of post-operative infections.

Effects of UCP2 and UCP3 variants on the manifestation of overweight in Korean children

To investigate the associations of uncoupling protein (UCP)2 and UCP3 gene variants with overweight and related traits, we genotyped UCP2-866G>A, UCP2Ala55Val, and UCP3-55C>T in 737 Korean children and 732 adults and collected data regarding anthropometric status and blood biochemistry. Information concerning the children's lifestyles and dietary habits was collected. The UCP2-866G>A and UCP3-55C>T gene variants showed significant associations with BMI level, waist circumference, and body weight in the children but not in the adults. Compared with -866GG carriers, the -866GA and AA carriers showed a strong decreasing trend in the risk for overweight (odds ratio (OR), 0.67; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.45-1.01; P = 0.053). In comparison with UCP3-55CC carriers, children carrying -55CT and TT showed a significant reduction in the risk of overweight (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.46-0.98; P = 0.039). There was also evidence of interactions between the effects of the combined UCP2-UCP3 genotype and obesity-related metabolic traits. The greatest protective effect against overweight was seen in those with the combined genotype non-UCP2-866GG and non-UCP3-55CC, as compared with those carrying both UCP2-866GG and UCP3-55CC (OR,0.60; 95% CI, 0.38-0.95; P = 0.030). In the subgroup with a low level of physical activity, UCP3-55CC carriers had higher BMI values than UCP3-55T carriers (16.6 +/- 2.3 kg/m(2) vs. 16.1 +/- 1.9 kg/m(2), P = 0.016). Low physical activity may aggravate the susceptibility to overweight in UCP2-866GG and UCP3-55CC carriers.

Identification of process operating state with operational map in municipal wastewater treatment plant

This work was performed to develop an operational map for the objective diagnosis of the process operating states of a municipal wastewater treatment plant, for which multivariate statistical analysis techniques were applied. PCA (principal component analysis) was used to reduce the dimension of the data sets obtained from the field municipal wastewater treatment plant. A K-means clustering analysis was used to classify the group according to the property of the process operating state. A Fisher's linear discriminant analysis was used to derive the discriminant function of each classified group. An operational map was developed by scatter-plotting the derived principal components (PCs) on a two-dimensional coordinate according to the classified groups. Using the new data sets not used for developing the operational map, the practical usefulness of the operational map and discriminant function in diagnosing the process operating state were evaluated. Hence, the process operating state could be easily and quickly diagnosed and the dynamic trend of the process operating state was also able to be estimated using the operational map.

Effects of applied voltages and dissolved oxygen on sustained power generation by microbial fuel cells

Oxygen intrusion into the anode chamber through proton exchange membrane can result in positive redox conditions in fed-batch, two chamber MFCs at the end of a cycle when the substrate is depleted. A slight increase in dissolved oxygen to 0.3 mg/L during MFC operation was not found to adversely affect power generation over subsequent cycles if sufficient substrate (acetate) was provided. Purging the anode chamber with air or pure oxygen for up to 10 days and 10 hrs also did not affect power generation, as power rapidly returned to previous levels when the chamber was sparged with nitrogen gas. When MFCs are connected in series, voltage reversal can occur resulting in a positive voltage applied to the anode biofilm. To investigate if this adversely affected the bacteria, voltages of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 9 V, were applied for 1 hr to the MFC before reconnecting it back to a fixed external load (1,000 Omega). A voltage of <2 V did not affect power generation. However, applying 3 V resulted in a 15 h lag phase before recovery, and 9 V produced a 60 h lag phase suggesting substantial damage to the bacteria that required re-growth of bacteria in the biofilm. These results indicate that charge reversal will be a more serious problem than oxygen intrusion into the anode chamber for sustained performance of MFCs.

Reverse engineering of gene regulatory networks

Systems biology is a multi-disciplinary approach to the study of the interactions of various cellular mechanisms and cellular components. Owing to the development of new technologies that simultaneously measure the expression of genetic information, systems biological studies involving gene interactions are increasingly prominent. In this regard, reconstructing gene regulatory networks (GRNs) forms the basis for the dynamical analysis of gene interactions and related effects on cellular control pathways. Various approaches of inferring GRNs from gene expression profiles and biological information, including machine learning approaches, have been reviewed, with a brief introduction of DNA microarray experiments as typical tools for measuring levels of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression. In particular, the inference methods are classified according to the required input information, and the main idea of each method is elucidated by comparing its advantages and disadvantages with respect to the other methods. In addition, recent developments in this field are introduced and discussions on the challenges and opportunities for future research are provided.

Lack of carcinogenicity of lyophilized Agaricus blazei Murill in a F344 rat two year bioassay

The Brazilian mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill has antimutagenic, antioxidant, immunostimulatory and antitumorigenic activities, and is increasingly consumed as a health food worldwide. We undertook the present study to evaluate the chronic toxicity and oncogenicity of A. blazei Murill in F344 rats. To establish a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), four treatment groups of 100 rats each (50 males and 50 females) were fed a powder diet containing lyophilized A. blazei aqueous extract at 0, 6250, 12,500, and 25,000 ppm for up to 2 years. During this period, there was no remarkable change in mean body weight, body weight gain, hematologic or serum chemistry parameters, or absolute or relative organ weights in control or treatment groups. Mortality in male treatment groups (26%, 16%, and 30%), however, was significantly lower than in controls (48%). Histopathological studies showed no increased incidence of tumors in any treatment group, and total tumor incidence across all groups was comparable to historical data. In conclusion, an A. blazei Murill lyophilized powder diet even at 25,000 ppm (1176 mg/kgb x w x /day for male rats and 1518 mg/kgb.w./day for female rats) resulted in no remarkable carcinogenic effects in F344 rats over a 2-year period. Therefore, the dietary NOAEL is 25,000 ppm.

Better understanding of the filtration characteristics in the flexible fibre filter module (3FM)

This study is about the particle retention and filtration characteristics of fibre filter. Four laboratory scale fibre filters with different heights were used in parallel at various packing densities and filtration velocities. Of all of the operating parameters studied, filtration velocity had the most influence. Contrary to general theories, pressure drop increases slightly during the filtration in spite of the continuous retention of particles. This may have occurred because of large porosity of the packing (about 93%). This might be considered an advantage of the filter and something that makes it economic. The higher the filtration velocity, the larger the mass of particles retained in the filter. For filtration velocities of 20 and 40 m/h, particles smaller than 5 microm are retained as proven by the particle size distribution at the inlet and outlet.

Parathyroid hormone (1-34) augments angiopoietin-1 expression in human osteoblast-like cells

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a major regulatory factor in skeletal physiology. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of PTH on bones has yet to be elucidated in detail. Recently, some reports have demonstrated the crucial role of bone vasculature with regard to bone density. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), along with VEGF, has been established as a primary angiogenic regulatory agent. In this study, we have attempted to characterize the effects of PTH (1-34) on Ang-1 expression and signaling molecules, employing primary-cultured human osteoblast-like cells. Quiescent osteoblasts were exposed to PTH (1-34), after which Ang-1 expression was determined at the mRNA and protein levels. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses indicated that Ang-1 mRNA expression increased as the result of PTH (1-34) treatment. The expression of the Ang-1 protein was also augmented as the result of treatment with PTH (1-34). An adenylyl cyclase activator, forskolin, was shown to induce Ang-1 mRNA expression, whereas the protein kinase A inhibitor, H-89, blocked the PTH (1-34)-mediated expression of Ang-1 mRNA. These findings indicate that PTH (1-34)-mediated Ang-1 expression involves adenylyl cyclase-protein kinase A dependent signaling. Our observations also show that Ang-1 may perform a crucial role in the effects of PTH (1-34) on bones, possibly involving alterations in bone vasculature.

Subcutaneous hyalohyphomycosis due to Cephalotheca foveolata in an immunocompetent host

We report the first case of subcutaneous hyalohyphomycosis caused by the genus Cephalotheca, which has not been reported to cause human infection. A 67-year-old immunocompetent farmer presented with a 10-year history of verrucous erythematous plaques on the right foot dorsum, great toe, heel and sole. Histopathology of the lesions revealed chronic granulomatous inflammation with numerous nonpigmented fungal spores in the dermis. Cultures of biopsy specimens on Sabouraud's dextrose agar for 2 weeks developed into yellowish brown, velvety colonies that subsequently turned black after 8 weeks because of the production of black cleistothecia indicating the teleomorph. On the basis of mycological features, scanning electron microscopic morphology and molecular analysis data, a new species of Cephalotheca was identified and designated Cephalotheca foveolata. Because there was no response to the antifungal agents administered, the patient was successfully treated by surgical excision with skin graft.

Monitoring of pH inhibition on microbial activity in a continuous flow reactor by pseudo toxic concentration (C(PT)) concept and time delay model

The pseudo toxic concentration (C(PT)) concept was introduced as a quantification method to describe pH as an inhibitor concentration. In this research, the applicability of the C(PT) concept model for the detection of pH inhibitions was expanded for a continuous flow activated sludge reactor. A pilot equipped with an inhibition detection system was installed. Inhibitory wastewater was injected for 1 h and the relative activity was calculated by the maximum respiration rate. At the same time, the coefficients for the C(PT) concept model were estimated. At the dynamic conditions, the estimated relative activity by the C(PT) concept model showed time lag compared to the measured one. However, the time lag problem was successfully resolved by introducing a transfer function into the C(PT) concept model. The C(PT) concept model combined with a transfer function (C(PT) + TF model) successfully tracked the variation of the relative activity under dynamic conditions. The C(PT) + TF model could detect 50% inhibition faster than the respirometry based method by approximately 10 min. Moreover, it had additional advantages such as being inexpensive, easy to install and simple to operate. In conclusion, the C(PT) + TF model was an effective and convenient detection method of pH inhibition.

Identification of the adverse effect of nitrate on the phosphate release rate and improvement of EBPR process models

The adverse effect of nitrate on the phosphate release rate in the anaerobic phase was observed and was hardly explainable with conventional EBPR process models. Four possible mechanisms were proposed including substrate competition, reduced fermentation, parallel reaction and sequential reaction. Batch experiments were designed and conducted to identify the dominant mechanism. Results showed that the sequential reaction was the only possible mechanism where only denitrification occurred if any nitrate existed in the anaerobic phase. Then the phosphate release following after the nitrate was completely removed. Nitrate inhibition effect was added into the PHA storage rate to incorporate the sequential reaction in the conventional ASM3 plus EAWAG bio-P module (ASM3 + P). Nitrate inhibition coefficient, K(I,NO,PAO) was found to be as low as 0.05 mg/L. This correlated well with experimental observation where no also meant that the anaerobic compartment of a continuous flow reactor could be seriously affected by the residual nitrate contained in the sludge recycle flow. This phenomenon caused overestimation of the phosphate uptake rate and consequently underestimation of PO4(3-) -P concentration. This problem was resolved by incorporation of a nitrate inhibition term in the ASM3 + P for more accurate simulation of the EBPR process.

Parameter sensitivity analysis for activated sludge models No. 1 and 3 combined with one-dimensional settling model

The aim of this study was to suggest a sensitivity analysis technique that can reliably predict effluent quality and minimize calibration efforts without being seriously affected by influent composition and parameter uncertainty in the activated sludge models No. 1 (ASM1) and No. 3 (ASM3) with a settling model. The parameter sensitivities for ASM1 and ASM3 were analyzed by three techniques such as SVM-Slope, RVM-SlopeMA, and RVM-AreaCRF. The settling model parameters were also considered. The selected highly sensitive parameters were estimated with a genetic algorithm, and the simulation results were compared as deltaEQ. For ASM1, the SVM-Slope technique proved to be an acceptable approach because it identified consistent sensitive parameter sets and presented smaller deltaEQ under every tested condition. For ASM3, no technique identified consistently sensitive parameters under different conditions. This phenomenon was regarded as the reflection of the high sensitivity of the ASM3 parameters. But it should be noted that the SVM-Slope technique presented reliable deltaEQ under every influent condition. Moreover, it was the simplest and easiest methodology for coding and quantification among those tested. Therefore, it was concluded that the SVM-Slope technique could be a reasonable approach for both ASM1 and ASM3.

Forecasting influent flow rate and composition with occasional data for supervisory management system by time series model

The information on the incoming load to wastewater treatment plants is not often available to apply modelling for evaluating the effect of control actions on a full-scale plant. In this paper, a time series model was developed to forecast flow rate, COD, NH4(+)-N and PO4(3-)-P in influent by using 250 days data of field plant operation data. The data for 150 days and 100 days were used for model development and model validation, respectively. The missing data were interpolated by the spline method and the time series model. Three different methods were proposed for model development: one model and one-step to seven-step ahead forecasting (Method 1); seven models and one-step-ahead forecasting (Method 2); and one model and one-step-ahead forecasting (Method 3). Method 3 featured only one-step-ahead forecasting that could avoid the accumulated error and give simple estimation of coefficients. Therefore, Method 3 was the reliable approach to developing the time series model for the purpose of this research.

Full-cyclic control strategy of SBR for nitrogen removal in strong wastewater using common sensors

A full-cyclic automatic control strategy for sequencing batch reactors (SBR) was proposed using only common sensors such as ORP, DO and pH. The main objective was to develop a generally applicable and robust control strategy. To accomplish this, various control schemes found in the literature or suggested by authors were examined at diverse ammonia loads and SCOD/NH4(+)-N ratios. Advantages and constraints of each scheme were discussed and compared. Ammonia load was estimated with DO lag time during the aerobic stage, and then the influent pump was manipulated to meet the desired load at the next anoxic stage. A partial denitrification scheme was chosen for the anoxic stage period control, to save anoxic time and external carbon. For external carbon dosage control, intermittent feeding at each anoxic stage was concluded to be a suitable scheme. The anoxic stage period could be successfully controlled by the combination of pH increase and DO increase. Every suggested control scheme was incorporated into a full-cyclic control strategy and tested at 0.02, 0.035, 0.08 kg NH4(+)-N/m3/sub-cycle. From the results, it is expected to perform unmanned automatic SBR operation with this strategy.

Deletions involving long-range conserved nongenic sequences upstream and downstream of FOXL2 as a novel disease-causing mechanism in blepharophimosis syndrome

The expression of a gene requires not only a normal coding sequence but also intact regulatory regions, which can be located at large distances from the target genes, as demonstrated for an increasing number of developmental genes. In previous mutation studies of the role of FOXL2 in blepharophimosis syndrome (BPES), we identified intragenic mutations in 70% of our patients. Three translocation breakpoints upstream of FOXL2 in patients with BPES suggested a position effect. Here, we identified novel microdeletions outside of FOXL2 in cases of sporadic and familial BPES. Specifically, four rearrangements, with an overlap of 126 kb, are located 230 kb upstream of FOXL2, telomeric to the reported translocation breakpoints. Moreover, the shortest region of deletion overlap (SRO) contains several conserved nongenic sequences (CNGs) harboring putative transcription-factor binding sites and representing potential long-range cis-regulatory elements. Interestingly, the human region orthologous to the 12-kb sequence deleted in the polled intersex syndrome in goat, which is an animal model for BPES, is contained in this SRO, providing evidence of human-goat conservation of FOXL2 expression and of the mutational mechanism. Surprisingly, in a fifth family with BPES, one rearrangement was found downstream of FOXL2. In addition, we report nine novel rearrangements encompassing FOXL2 that range from partial gene deletions to submicroscopic deletions. Overall, genomic rearrangements encompassing or outside of FOXL2 account for 16% of all molecular defects found in our families with BPES. In summary, this is the first report of extragenic deletions in BPES, providing further evidence of potential long-range cis-regulatory elements regulating FOXL2 expression. It contributes to the enlarging group of developmental diseases caused by defective distant regulation of gene expression. Finally, we demonstrate that CNGs are candidate regions for genomic rearrangements in developmental genes.

Acetylcholinesterase and neuropathy target esterase activity in female and male rats exposed to pesticide terbufos

An organophosphate pesticide terbufos (S-t-butylthiomethyl-O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate; TBF) has been extensively used as an insecticide. A sexual dimorphism in TBF toxicity was not reported and remains unclear. The objective of the work was to investigate the influence of TBF on sexual dimorphism after oral administration of TBF to rats by using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and neuropathy target esterase (NTE) as endpoints. TBF was orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats, where female rats were received 0, 0.1, 0.4 and 0.8mg/kg TBF for 2 days and male rats 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0mg/kg TBF for 3 days for dose-dependent study. Age-matched female and male rats also received equally 0.5mg/kg TBF for 2 days and sacrificed 0, 6, 12, 24 and 72h after the last dose for time-dependent study. In the dose-dependent study, mortality was 25% in 1.0mg/kg TBF group of male and 50% in 0.4 and 0.8mg/kg TBF groups of female rats, resulting in about two-fold higher in female than male. AChE was significantly decreased only in the frontal and entorhinal cortexes of female rats receiving 0.4 or 0.8mg/kg TBF. In the time-dependent study, the maximal inhibition in the brain regions or plasma was two- or three-fold higher in female, which occurred 6 or 12h after the last dose. However, effects of TBF on alteration of NTE activity were minor, compared to AChE, indicating that AChE is more sensitive marker than NTE in TBF toxicity. These results also indicate that female was more vulnerable to AChE inhibition than male rats after exposure to TBF.

Mutational analysis of forkhead transcriptional factor 2 (FOXL2) in Korean patients with blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome

We screened for mutations in the forkhead transcription factor gene, FOXL2, in Korean patients with sporadic or familial blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) by polymerase chain reaction-single-stranded conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and direct sequencing. Five of nine BPES families and three of seven sporadic cases were detected to have FOXL2 mutations. We identified four types of FOXL2 mutations, two of which are novel. A new 14 bp deletion (939-952del14) causing a frameshift from G235W and the extension of the predicted protein to 527 amino acids was detected in a BPES family patient. In addition, a novel 845C > A transversion, resulting in a nonsense mutation (S203X), was found in a sporadic case of BPES. The previously reported in-frame 30 bp duplication (909-938dup30) was the most common mutation and was found in eight patients of four BPES families and one sporadic case. A known 17 bp duplication (1080-1096dup17) was observed in a sporadic BPES case. We were unable to find a causal mutation in four BPES families and four sporadic cases. These results suggest that in a fraction of BPES patients, the genetic defect might be associated with a mutation in the non-coding region of the FOXL2 gene or in other genes.

The clinicopathological significance of inferior mesenteric lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer

AIMS

There are few studies reporting survival or recurrence patterns in colorectal cancer patients with inferior mesenteric lymph node metastasis (IMLN+). The present study evaluated the prognostic significance of patients being IMLN+ or IMLN- in colorectal cancer.

METHODS

Survival, recurrence pattern and treatment protocols were compared between 63 IMLN+ patients and 108 IMLN- patients with stage III and IV rectal and sigmoid cancer undergoing curative surgery. Lymph node sampling was routinely performed prior to inferior mesenteric artery ligation and excision flush with aorta. Limited principal node dissection including IMLN was performed in cases of identified node metastasis.

RESULTS

The 5-year disease-free survival rates were 50% in IMLN- and 31% in IMLN+ patients (P=0.004). The 5-year disease-free survival rate was greater in the N1 group than the N2 group (P=0.038). Cox regression analysis showed IMLN+, lymphovascular tumour invasion, T4, M1, and pre-operative serum CEA level over 6 ng/ml were independently associated with unfavorable disease-free survival. The prognostic significance of M category was greater when the IMLN+ was included in the M1 as opposed to the N category. In patients undergoing absolute curative surgery, post-operative recurrence rates were 34% for IMLN- and 57% for IMLN+ patients (P=0.009; OR, 2.611; 95% CI, 1.313-5.194). For IMLN+ patients, post-operative adjuvant treatment independently correlated with disease-free survival (P=0.029).

CONCLUSIONS

IMLN+ is an independent survival factor enhancing the prognostic significance of the M category in the AJCC staging. Curative radical surgery and post-operative chemoradiotherapy appears to be warranted for IMLN+ colorectal cancer patients as it resulted in 5-year disease-free survival rates of up to 31% compared to 50% in IMLN- patients.

Expression of cyclooxygenase 2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1, and EP receptors is increased in rat oesophageal squamous cell dysplasia and Barrett's metaplasia induced by duodenal contents reflux

BACKGROUND AND AIM

It is known that bile acids can induce mucosal injury, stimulate cell proliferation, and promote tumorigenesis. A large body of genetic and biochemical evidence indicate that the biosynthetic pathway of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) may play an important role in human and rodent tumours. Therefore, we examined the expression pattern of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), COX-2, and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 (mPGES-1), as well as EP receptor subtypes in rat oesophageal lesions induced by duodenal contents reflux.

METHODS

Oesophagoduodenal anastomosis was performed in rats to induce duodenal contents reflux. We examined histological changes and expression of COX-1, COX-2, mPGES-1, and EP receptor subtypes in the oesophagus by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

Normal control oesophageal tissues showed COX-1 expression in subepithelial stromal cells, including endothelial cells and muscular cells, and did not reveal expression of COX-2 or mPGES-1. In the case of squamous cell lesions, immunoreactivity of COX-1 was similar to that of normal lesions, and COX-2 was maximally expressed around the vascular papillae of tissues showing dysplasia and surrounding epithelial layer and basal layer. mPGES-1 was highly expressed in stromal cells with COX-2 expression. In the case of Barrett's oesophagus, COX-2 and mPGES-1 were predominantly in subepithelial stromal cells. mRNA levels of COX-2, mPGES-1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 were higher in the experimental groups than in controls.

CONCLUSIONS

We suggest that the biosynthetic pathway of PGE2 may play an important role in oesophageal squamous cell dysplasia and glandular metaplasia induced by duodenal contents reflux.

External carbon feeding strategy for enhancing nitrogen removal in SBR

Effective method for feeding an external carbon source (ECS) in SBR was investigated to enhance denitrification based on modifying the anoxic/aerobic sub-cycle for swine wastewater treatment. The wastewater discharged from the scraper-type barns contains relatively low readily biodegradable organic. Therefore NOx-N was accumulated during repeating sub-cycle in SBR operation. When acetic acid was fed as ECS during the final sub-cycle, the maximum nitrogen removal rate was 0.22 kg N/m3/d. This was due to both less denitrification rate during the sub-cycle period and inhibition of denitrification by pH drop during the final cycle. The pH drop was caused by a large amount of ECS feeding to remove high concentration of NOx-N in the final period. To overcome these limitations and achieve higher nitrogen removal rate, the intermittent ECS feeding method with raw wastewater at every anoxic period was developed. Using the modifying ECS feeding method, the removal rate was increased to 0.45 kg N/m3/d without NOx-N accumulation.

Dietary hematein ameliorates fatty streak lesions in the rabbit by the possible mechanism of reducing VCAM-1 and MCP-1 expression

Hematein is a compound isolated from Caesalpinia sappan that has been used in oriental medicine as both an analgesic and an anti-inflammatory agent. In this study, we examined the anti-atherogenic potential of hematein using cholesterol-fed New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. NZW rabbits were divided into a hematein-supplemented (0.05% in diet) group (n=6), a probucol-supplemented (0.25% in diet) group (n=6), and a control group (n=6). After 8 weeks of treatments, the extent of the atherosclerotic lesions was significantly reduced in the hematein-supplemented group and the probucol-supplemented group without changing plasma lipoprotein levels. Hematein and probucol prevented the up-regulation of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression on the descending aorta induced by cholesterol diet. In culture, hematein also significantly inhibited the secretion of soluble VCAM-1 and of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) respectively induced by tumor necrotic factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and mildly oxidized low density lipoprotein in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) culture. Also, hematein inhibited monocyte adhesion to endothelial cell and the activation of NF-kappaB in HUVECs stimulated with TNF-alpha. The results of the present study suggest that the anti-atherogenic effect of hematein is not related to control of the plasma lipid profile but probably related to the inhibition of VCAM-1 and MCP-1 expression resulting in an amelioration of lesion development in the rabbit.

Effect of Phospholipase C-gamma1 Overexpression on the Protein Level of Waf1, PCNA, and Cyclin B1 Following Ultraviolet C Irradiation

PURPOSE

It has been demonstrated that PLC-gamma1 is overexpressed in many tumor cells, and that overexpression of Phospholipase C (PLC)-gamma1 is associated with tumor progression. In order to understand the effect of the PLC-gamma1 overexpression on the regulation of cell cycle regulators following DNA damage, we analyzed the expression level of PCNA, cyclin B1, and p21 Waf1 after ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation in PLC-gamma1-transfected PC12 cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PC12 and 3Y1 cells, transfected with empty vector or rat PLC-gamma1 cDNA, were used for this study. Following UVC irradiation, cell cycle progression was analyzed by flow cytometry and protein expression was detected by Western blotting.

RESULTS

Waf1 protein was markedly down-regulated, whereas PCNA and cyclin B1 was up-regulated in PLC-gamma1 overexpressed-cells as compared to the vector transfected-cells. When the cells were irradiated with UVC, PCNA was slightly increased within 3-hours of the UV irradiation and then was markedly decreased in Vector/ PC12 cells, while it remained high until 37 hour after UVC in PLC-gamma1/PC12 cells. In contrast, cyclin B1 was gradually decreased following UVC irradiation in both cells.

CONCLUSION

The overexpression of PLC-gamma1 affects the expression level of PCNA after UVC irradiation. We proposed that the overexpression of PLC-gamma1 may contribute to the UV-induced genomic instability by up-regulating the expression of PCNA.

Chemically induced rat mammary tumor treated with tamoxifen showed decreased expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, and p21(Cip1)

We studied the effects of tamoxifen (TAM) on the growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumor and the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, p21(Cip1), and estrogen receptors (ER) by performing immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. When tumor size reached between 10 and 15mm in the largest dimension, the rats were divided into a DMBA-control group and a DMBA-TAM group. The administration of TAM markedly decreased the tumor development and showed decreased expression of bromodeoxyuridine, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and p21(Cip1) when compared with those of the DMBA-control group; however, a few tumors showed progressive growth in spite of TAM treatment. These tumors had decreased expression of ER. This study suggests that TAM suppresses tumor development through the down-expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E.

Case report: diabetic muscle infarction presenting as knee arthralgia

Diabetic muscle infarction is a rare complication of diabetes and has characteristic clinical features including acute onset of pain with painful swelling, most commonly in the thigh or calf muscle, which gradually improves to complete resolution. Recently we experienced a case of diabetic muscular infarction presenting as knee joint pain due to involvement of the proximal portion of the leg muscle, which site has not been reported previously. This case shows that diabetic muscle infarction may involve sites other than the thigh and calf areas and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of knee arthralgia.

Group IIA secretory phospholipase A(2) stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression via ERK and NF-kappaB in macrophages

The mammalian group IIA secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) is believed to play an important role in inflammation and cell injury. The present study underlines the importance of group IIA sPLA(2) in the regulation of iNOS. Treatment of cells with sPLA(2) induced protein expression and mRNA accumulation of iNOS in a dose-dependent manner. The pretreatment of cells with rho-BPB or SCA, selective sPLA(2) inhibitors, inhibited sPLA(2)-induced iNOS expression. sPLA(2) stimulated the simultaneous activation of two classes of mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK and JNK, but did not stimulate p38 MAPK. PD98059, a selective MEK inhibitor, inhibited sPLA(2)-induced nitrite production and iNOS expression as well as ERK phosphorylation. In addition, pretreatment of rho-BPB or SCA also resulted in inhibition of sPLA(2)-induced ERK phosphorylation. The sPLA(2) signaling mechanisms involving the activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB were studied in the same cells. That stimulation of cells with sPLA(2) caused NF-kappaB activation in a time-dependent manner was shown by the detection of NF-kappaB-specific DNA-protein binding and by IkappaBalpha degradation. sPLA(2)-induced NF-kappaB activation was prevented in the presence of rho-BPB. Furthermore, the NF-kappaB inhibitor PDTC suppressed sPLA(2)-induced nitrite production and iNOS expression as well as IkappaBalpha degradation. The results strongly suggest that group IIA sPLA(2) induces iNOS in macrophages and that this induction occurs through ERK and NF-kappaB.

Self-assembled monolayer of a redox-active calix[4]arene: voltammetric recognition of the Ba2+ ion in aqueous media

The Redox-active monolayer of a novel calix[4]arene recognizing redox-inactive ionic species by voltammetry is reported. Calix[4]arene-disulfide-diquinone, which is not only redox-active but is also a highly selective ionophore for the Ba2+ ion, spontaneously forms a stable and dense monolayer film on gold. The redox-active calixarene monolayer selectively recognizes Ba2+ ion in aqueous media, and the voltammetric signals are proportional to the ionic concentration. A new voltammetric peak can be detected by square-wave voltammetry upon adding a dilute solution containing Ba2+ ion having a concentration as low as 1.0 x 10(-6) M. The Langmuir plot (1/ip vs 1/[Ba2+]) shows a linear slope in the range from 1.0 x 10(-6) M to 1.0 x 10(-4) M. This modified electrode does not show any significant interference from alkali and alkaline earth metal ions except for Sr2+ and Ca2+. Only 100- and 500-fold concentrations of Sr2+ and Ca2+ ions, respectively, can lead to voltammetric responses comparable to that of Ba2+.

Anti-atherogenic effect of citrus flavonoids, naringin and naringenin, associated with hepatic ACAT and aortic VCAM-1 and MCP-1 in high cholesterol-fed rabbits

The anti-atherogenic effects of the citrus flavonoids, naringin and naringenin, were evaluated in high cholesterol-fed rabbits. At 3 months of age, 30 male New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were divided into three groups (n = 10 per group). The rabbits were fed a 1% cholesterol diet alone (control group) or a diet supplemented with either 0.1% naringin or 0.05% naringenin for 8 weeks. The plasma lipoprotein levels, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein showed no significant differences in the control and experimental groups. Hepatic acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity was slightly low in naringin (5.0%)- and naringenin (15.0%)-fed rabbits, compared to control group. The aortic fatty streak areas were significantly lower in both the naringin (19.2 +/- 5.6%)- and naringenin (18.1 +/- 6.5%)-supplemented groups than in the control group (60.4 +/- 14.0%). The expression levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), by semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis of the thoracic aorta, were significantly lower in the flavonoids supplemented groups than in the control group. These results suggest that the anti-atherogenic effect of the citrus flavonoids, naringin and naringenin, is involved with a decreased hepatic ACAT activity and with the downregulation of VCAM-1 and MCP-1 gene expression.

A case of intramuscular sparganosis in the sartorius muscle

Intramuscular sparganosis is not common, and its rarity makes it difficult to be distinguished from soft tissue tumors. A case of rare intramuscular sparganosis is reported. A 44-year-old man presented with a painful mass in the left thigh for 8 months, which was initially diagnosed a as soft tissue tumor. Ultrasonography and MRI revealed a multilobulated mass in the sartorius muscle. After the needle biopsy under the guidance of ultrasonography, sparganum was discovered under microscopic examination of the excised tissue. Surgical excision was performed, and a live larva of sparganum was removed. Sparganosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue tumors, especially among Koreans who have frequently ingested mountain water and consumed raw snakes or frogs.

Effect of exercise intensity and frequency on lipid levels in men with coronary heart disease: Training Level Comparison Trial

The objective of the Training Level Comparison Trial was to determine whether a more intense exercise program versus a less intensive program has additional favorable effects on blood lipids in men with coronary heart disease (CHD) over a 12-month period. The study-a randomized, controlled trial conducted at 2 clinical centers-enrolled 185 patients with documented CHD. A simple randomization procedure led to unequal numbers of patients in the 2 interventions: 82 in the low-intensity and 103 in the high-intensity group. Target heart rate during exercise corresponded to 50% of maximum oxygen uptake (VO(2 max)) +/- 5 beats/min in the low-intensity group and 85% +/- 5 beats/min in the high-intensity group. The intensity of exercise made little difference on lipid improvements. However, the attendance rates for the 6- and 12-month periods (percentage of total exercise sessions attended) were significantly related to increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (r(s) [Spearman rank correlation coefficient 0.20 to 0.26, p <0.05]), and decreases in the ratios of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-to-HDL cholesterol (LDL:HDL, r(s) = -0.24 to -0.28, p < 0.01) and total-to-HDL cholesterol (total:HDL, r(s) = -0.25 to -0.29, p < 0.01) at 6 and 12 months. The relation of the attendance rate to LDL:HDL and total:HDL ratios remained significant in repeated-measures regression analysis. Exercise frequency may be more important than intensity in improving HDL cholesterol and LDL:HDL and total:HDL ratios in men with CHD.

Effects of smoking cessation on changes in blood pressure and incidence of hypertension: a 4-year follow-up study

We performed the present study to investigate the effects of smoking cessation on changes in blood pressure and incidence of hypertension. We evaluated 8170 healthy male employees at a steel manufacturing company who had received occupational health examinations at the company's health care center in 1994 and were reexamined in 1998. Adjustment covariates were the baseline age, body mass index, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, family history of hypertension, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, and changes in body mass index and alcohol consumption during the follow-up period. The adjusted relative risks of hypertension in those who had quit smoking for <1, 1 to 3, and >/=3 years were 0.6 (95% CI 0.2 to 1.9), 1.5 (95% CI 0.8 to 2.8), and 3.5 (95% CI 1.7 to 7.4), respectively, compared with current smokers. The trends for increased risk of hypertension for longer periods of smoking cessation were observed in subgroups of those who maintained weight as well as those who gained weight after smoking cessation. The adjusted increments in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher in those who had quit for >/=1 year than in current smokers. These trends among weight losers, as well as gainers and maintainers, were similar. We observed progressive increases in blood pressure with the prolongation of cessation in men, although at this time the mechanism remains unknown and must be clarified. This study implies that the cessation of smoking may result in increases in blood pressure, hypertension, or both.

Trochanteric rotational osteotomy for osteonecrosis of the femoral head

The rate of success of transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy for osteonecrosis of the femoral head may be improved if patients are preselected using MRI. We have used three criteria for selection for osteotomy (i) minor collapse of the infarcted area, loss of congruity or the crescent sign, without narrowing of the joint space or acetabular involvement (ii) patients younger than 55 years and with a painful hip (iii) patients with an intact area constituting an arc of more than 120 degrees between the central vertical line of the femoral head and the posterior or anterior margin of the necrotic portion as seen on a midsagittal MRI. Seventeen patients were selected, with a follow-up of more than 42 months. A bone scan four weeks after operation showed adequate perfusion of the proximal segment in all hips. The hip score of Merle d'Aubigné et al improved from 13.5 points before operation to 17.2 points at the latest follow-up. Further collapse of the femoral head did not occur. The use of MRI instead of plain radiographs for the selection of patients has improved the success rate of transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy.

Increased expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E and p21(Cip1) associated with decreased expression of p27(Kip1) in chemically induced rat mammary carcinogenesis

We induced rat mammary tumors in 7-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats by intragastric administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), and analyzed by immunohistochemistry the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, p21(Cip1), and p27(Kip1) in carcinomas, atypical tumors, and benign tumors as well as normal mammary glands from the control group. Proliferation status was assessed by immunohistochemistry using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). A sequential increase in cyclin D1-, cyclin E-, and p21(Cip1)-positive epithelial cells was observed from normal mammary glands, to atypical tumors, to carcinomas. In contrast, carcinomas showed a significantly lower number of epithelial cells immunoreactive to p27(Kip1) when compared with atypical tumors, benign tumors and normal mammary glands. The immunoreactivities of BrdU, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and p21(Cip1) were positively correlated, whereas that of p27(Kip1) appeared inversely correlated to those of the others. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis were also performed to determine the mRNA and protein levels of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in tumors and normal mammary glands. The protein levels for cyclin D1, cyclin E and p21(Cip1) in carcinomas and atypical tumors were significantly higher than those in benign tumors, while normal mammary glands showed negligible expression. On RT-PCR, tumors showed higher mRNA levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin E than those of normal mammary glands. Our results suggest that rat mammary carcinogenesis involves increased expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, and p21(Cip1), associated with decreased expression of p27(Kip1).