1
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Gundermann DG, Lymer S, Blau J. A rapid and dynamic role for FMRP in the plasticity of adult neurons. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.01.555985. [PMID: 37693612 PMCID: PMC10491314 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.01.555985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neuro-developmental disorder caused by silencing Fmr1, which encodes the RNA-binding protein FMRP. Although Fmr1 is expressed in adult neurons, it has been challenging to separate acute from chronic effects of loss of Fmr1 in models of FXS. We have used the precision of Drosophila genetics to test if Fmr1 acutely affects adult neuronal plasticity in vivo, focusing on the s-LNv circadian pacemaker neurons that show 24 hour rhythms in structural plasticity. We found that over-expressing Fmr1 for only 4 hours blocks the activity-dependent expansion of s-LNv projections without altering the circadian clock or activity-regulated gene expression. Conversely, acutely reducing Fmr1 expression prevented s-LNv projections from retracting. One FMRP target that we identified in s-LNvs is sif, which encodes a Rac1 GEF. Our data indicate that FMRP normally reduces sif mRNA translation at dusk to reduce Rac1 activity. Overall, our data reveal a previously unappreciated rapid and direct role for FMRP in acutely regulating neuronal plasticity in adult neurons, and underscore the importance of RNA-binding proteins in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Gundermann
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Seana Lymer
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Current address: Proteintech Genomics, 11588 Sorrento Valley Rd, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Justin Blau
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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2
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Abstract
Genetically encoded fluorescent sensors enable cell-specific measurements of ions and small molecules in real time. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is one of the most important signaling molecules in virtually all cell types and organisms. We describe cAMPr, a new single-wavelength cAMP sensor. We developed cAMPr in bacteria and embryonic stem cells and validated the sensor in mammalian neurons in vitro and in Drosophila circadian pacemaker neurons in intact brains. Comparison with other single-wavelength cAMP sensors showed that cAMPr improved the quantitative detection of cAMP abundance. In addition, cAMPr is compatible with both single-photon and two-photon imaging. This enabled us to use cAMPr together with the red fluorescent Ca2+ sensor RCaMP1h to simultaneously monitor Ca2+ and cAMP in Drosophila brains. Thus, cAMPr is a new and versatile genetically encoded cAMP sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Hackley
- Department of Biology, New York University (NYU), 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Esteban O Mazzoni
- Department of Biology, New York University (NYU), 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA.,NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Justin Blau
- Department of Biology, New York University (NYU), 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA. .,NYU Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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3
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Money N, Newman J, Demissie S, Roth P, Blau J. Anti-microbial stewardship: antibiotic use in well-appearing term neonates born to mothers with chorioamnionitis. J Perinatol 2017; 37:1304-1309. [PMID: 28981079 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2017.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if implementation of a protocol based on a neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS) calculator developed by Kaiser Permanente would safely reduce antibiotic use in well-appearing term infants born to mothers with chorioamnionitis in the unique setting of an Observation Nursery. STUDY DESIGN Data obtained from a retrospective chart review of well-appearing term infants born between 2009 and 2016 were entered into the EOS calculator to obtain management recommendations. RESULTS Three hundred and sixty-two infants met the study criteria. Management according to the EOS calculator would reduce antibiotic use from 99% to 2.5% (P<0.0001) of patients. Average length of therapy would also decrease from 2.08 to 0.05 days (P<0.0001). One infant, who remained asymptomatic, had Enterococcus bacteremia and received a 7-day course of broad-spectrum antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS Culture-positive sepsis in asymptomatic neonates born to mothers with chorioamnionitis is rare. Management according to the EOS calculator would markedly reduce the potential complications of antibiotic use. These data should initiate re-examination of existing protocols for management of this cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Money
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - J Newman
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - S Demissie
- Biostatistics Unit, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - P Roth
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - J Blau
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Staten Island, NY, USA
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4
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Hughes ME, Abruzzi KC, Allada R, Anafi R, Arpat AB, Asher G, Baldi P, de Bekker C, Bell-Pedersen D, Blau J, Brown S, Ceriani MF, Chen Z, Chiu JC, Cox J, Crowell AM, DeBruyne JP, Dijk DJ, DiTacchio L, Doyle FJ, Duffield GE, Dunlap JC, Eckel-Mahan K, Esser KA, FitzGerald GA, Forger DB, Francey LJ, Fu YH, Gachon F, Gatfield D, de Goede P, Golden SS, Green C, Harer J, Harmer S, Haspel J, Hastings MH, Herzel H, Herzog ED, Hoffmann C, Hong C, Hughey JJ, Hurley JM, de la Iglesia HO, Johnson C, Kay SA, Koike N, Kornacker K, Kramer A, Lamia K, Leise T, Lewis SA, Li J, Li X, Liu AC, Loros JJ, Martino TA, Menet JS, Merrow M, Millar AJ, Mockler T, Naef F, Nagoshi E, Nitabach MN, Olmedo M, Nusinow DA, Ptáček LJ, Rand D, Reddy AB, Robles MS, Roenneberg T, Rosbash M, Ruben MD, Rund SSC, Sancar A, Sassone-Corsi P, Sehgal A, Sherrill-Mix S, Skene DJ, Storch KF, Takahashi JS, Ueda HR, Wang H, Weitz C, Westermark PO, Wijnen H, Xu Y, Wu G, Yoo SH, Young M, Zhang EE, Zielinski T, Hogenesch JB. Guidelines for Genome-Scale Analysis of Biological Rhythms. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:380-393. [PMID: 29098954 PMCID: PMC5692188 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417728663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genome biology approaches have made enormous contributions to our understanding of biological rhythms, particularly in identifying outputs of the clock, including RNAs, proteins, and metabolites, whose abundance oscillates throughout the day. These methods hold significant promise for future discovery, particularly when combined with computational modeling. However, genome-scale experiments are costly and laborious, yielding “big data” that are conceptually and statistically difficult to analyze. There is no obvious consensus regarding design or analysis. Here we discuss the relevant technical considerations to generate reproducible, statistically sound, and broadly useful genome-scale data. Rather than suggest a set of rigid rules, we aim to codify principles by which investigators, reviewers, and readers of the primary literature can evaluate the suitability of different experimental designs for measuring different aspects of biological rhythms. We introduce CircaInSilico, a web-based application for generating synthetic genome biology data to benchmark statistical methods for studying biological rhythms. Finally, we discuss several unmet analytical needs, including applications to clinical medicine, and suggest productive avenues to address them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Hughes
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Katherine C Abruzzi
- 2 Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ravi Allada
- 3 Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Ron Anafi
- 4 Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Alaaddin Bulak Arpat
- 5 Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,6 Vital-IT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gad Asher
- 7 Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Pierre Baldi
- 8 Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | | | | | - Justin Blau
- 11 Department of Biology, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Steve Brown
- 12 Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Fernanda Ceriani
- 13 Laboratorio de Genética del Comportamiento, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zheng Chen
- 14 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | - Joanna C Chiu
- 15 Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Juergen Cox
- 16 Computational Systems Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander M Crowell
- 17 Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jason P DeBruyne
- 18 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- 19 Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Luciano DiTacchio
- 20 The University of Kansas Medical Center, University of Kansas, Kansas City, USA
| | - Francis J Doyle
- 21 John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Giles E Duffield
- 22 Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- 17 Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Kristin Eckel-Mahan
- 23 Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, UT Health Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- 24 Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- 25 Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Daniel B Forger
- 26 Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Lauren J Francey
- 27 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- 28 Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, Weill Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Frédéric Gachon
- 29 Department of Diabetes and Circadian Rhythms, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Gatfield
- 5 Center for Integrative Genomics, Génopode, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul de Goede
- 30 Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susan S Golden
- 31 Center for Circadian Biology and Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Carla Green
- 32 Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - John Harer
- 33 Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stacey Harmer
- 34 Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Jeff Haspel
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael H Hastings
- 35 Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hanspeter Herzel
- 36 Institute for Theoretical Biology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik D Herzog
- 37 Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christy Hoffmann
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Christian Hong
- 27 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jacob J Hughey
- 38 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer M Hurley
- 39 Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | | | - Carl Johnson
- 41 Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Steve A Kay
- 42 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Nobuya Koike
- 43 Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | - Karl Kornacker
- 44 Division of Sensory Biophysics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - Achim Kramer
- 45 Laboratory of Chronobiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Lamia
- 46 Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tanya Leise
- 47 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott A Lewis
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jiajia Li
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,48 Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, USA
| | - Xiaodong Li
- 49 Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences at Wuhan University, China
| | - Andrew C Liu
- 50 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer J Loros
- 51 Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Tami A Martino
- 52 Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jerome S Menet
- 10 Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Martha Merrow
- 53 Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Andrew J Millar
- 54 SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Todd Mockler
- 55 Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Felix Naef
- 56 The Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emi Nagoshi
- 57 Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael N Nitabach
- 58 Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Genetics, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maria Olmedo
- 59 Department of Genetics, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Dmitri A Nusinow
- 55 Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Louis J Ptáček
- 60 Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - David Rand
- 61 Warwick Systems Biology and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Conventry, UK
| | - Akhilesh B Reddy
- 62 The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK, and UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Maria S Robles
- 53 Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Till Roenneberg
- 53 Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Rosbash
- 2 Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marc D Ruben
- 27 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Samuel S C Rund
- 63 Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aziz Sancar
- 64 Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- 65 Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Amita Sehgal
- 66 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Scott Sherrill-Mix
- 67 Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Debra J Skene
- 68 Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Kai-Florian Storch
- 69 Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- 70 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- 71 Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Han Wang
- 72 Center for Circadian Clocks, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Charles Weitz
- 73 Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pål O Westermark
- 74 Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Herman Wijnen
- 75 Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
| | - Ying Xu
- 76 Cam-Su GRC, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Wu
- 27 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- 14 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | - Michael Young
- 77 Laboratory of Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Tomasz Zielinski
- 54 SynthSys and School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - John B Hogenesch
- 27 Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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5
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Van Naarden Braun K, Grazel R, Koppel R, Lakshminrusimha S, Lohr J, Kumar P, Govindaswami B, Giuliano M, Cohen M, Spillane N, Jegatheesan P, McClure D, Hassinger D, Fofah O, Chandra S, Allen D, Axelrod R, Blau J, Hudome S, Assing E, Garg LF. Evaluation of critical congenital heart defects screening using pulse oximetry in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinatol 2017; 37:1117-1123. [PMID: 28749481 PMCID: PMC5633653 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2017.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the implementation of early screening for critical congenital heart defects (CCHDs) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and potential exclusion of sub-populations from universal screening. STUDY DESIGN Prospective evaluation of CCHD screening at multiple time intervals was conducted in 21 NICUs across five states (n=4556 infants). RESULTS Of the 4120 infants with complete screens, 92% did not have prenatal CHD diagnosis or echocardiography before screening, 72% were not receiving oxygen at 24 to 48 h and 56% were born ⩾2500 g. Thirty-seven infants failed screening (0.9%); none with an unsuspected CCHD. False positive rates were low for infants not receiving oxygen (0.5%) and those screened after weaning (0.6%), yet higher among infants born at <28 weeks (3.8%). Unnecessary echocardiograms were minimal (0.2%). CONCLUSION Given the majority of NICU infants were ⩾2500 g, not on oxygen and not preidentified for CCHD, systematic screening at 24 to 48 h may be of benefit for early detection of CCHD with minimal burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Van Naarden Braun
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA,New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, NJ, USA,National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE MS E-86, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717, USA. E-mail:
| | - R Grazel
- New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, NJ, USA,New Jersey Chapter, American Academy of Pediatrics, East Windsor, NJ, USA
| | - R Koppel
- Long Island Jewish Cohen Children’s Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
| | | | - J Lohr
- University of Minnesota Medical System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - P Kumar
- University of Illinois Medical Center, Peoria, IL, USA
| | | | - M Giuliano
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - M Cohen
- Children’s Hospital of New Jersey at Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - N Spillane
- Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - P Jegatheesan
- Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - D McClure
- Saint Joseph’s Regional Medical Center, Paterson, NJ, USA
| | - D Hassinger
- Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - O Fofah
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - S Chandra
- Saint Peter’s University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - D Allen
- Saint Peter’s University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - R Axelrod
- Capital Health Medical Center Hopewell, Pennington, NJ, USA
| | - J Blau
- Northwell Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - S Hudome
- Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, NJ, USA
| | - E Assing
- Jersey Shore University Medical Center, Neptune, NJ, USA
| | - L F Garg
- New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton, NJ, USA
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6
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Lymer S, Blau J. Do Flies Count Sheep or NMDA Receptors to Go to Sleep? Cell 2016; 165:1310-1311. [PMID: 27259141 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The drive to sleep increases the longer that we stay awake, but this process is poorly understood at the cellular level. Now, Liu et al. show that the plasticity of a small group of neurons in the Drosophila central brain is a key component of the sleep homeostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seana Lymer
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Justin Blau
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA; Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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7
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Petsakou A, Sapsis TP, Blau J. Circadian Rhythms in Rho1 Activity Regulate Neuronal Plasticity and Network Hierarchy. Cell 2015; 162:823-35. [PMID: 26234154 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity helps animals learn from their environment. However, it is challenging to link specific changes in defined neurons to altered behavior. Here, we focus on circadian rhythms in the structure of the principal s-LNv clock neurons in Drosophila. By quantifying neuronal architecture, we observed that s-LNv structural plasticity changes the amount of axonal material in addition to cycles of fasciculation and defasciculation. We found that this is controlled by rhythmic Rho1 activity that retracts s-LNv axonal termini by increasing myosin phosphorylation and simultaneously changes the balance of pre-synaptic and dendritic markers. This plasticity is required to change clock network hierarchy and allow seasonal adaptation. Rhythms in Rho1 activity are controlled by clock-regulated transcription of Puratrophin-1-like (Pura), a Rho1 GEF. Since spinocerebellar ataxia is associated with mutations in human Puratrophin-1, our data support the idea that defective actin-related plasticity underlies this ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Petsakou
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Themistoklis P Sapsis
- Courant Institute for Applied Mathematics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Justin Blau
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA; Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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Komakhidze T, Hoestlandt C, Dolakidze T, Shakhnazarova M, Chlikadze R, Kopaleishvili N, Goginashvili K, Kherkheulidze M, Clark A, Blau J. Cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in Georgia. Vaccine 2015; 33 Suppl 1:A219-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Collins B, Kaplan HS, Cavey M, Lelito KR, Bahle AH, Zhu Z, Macara AM, Roman G, Shafer OT, Blau J. Differentially timed extracellular signals synchronize pacemaker neuron clocks. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001959. [PMID: 25268747 PMCID: PMC4181961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian pacemaker neurons in Drosophila are regulated by two synchronizing signals that are released at opposite times of day, generating a rhythm in intracellular cyclic AMP. Synchronized neuronal activity is vital for complex processes like behavior. Circadian pacemaker neurons offer an unusual opportunity to study synchrony as their molecular clocks oscillate in phase over an extended timeframe (24 h). To identify where, when, and how synchronizing signals are perceived, we first studied the minimal clock neural circuit in Drosophila larvae, manipulating either the four master pacemaker neurons (LNvs) or two dorsal clock neurons (DN1s). Unexpectedly, we found that the PDF Receptor (PdfR) is required in both LNvs and DN1s to maintain synchronized LNv clocks. We also found that glutamate is a second synchronizing signal that is released from DN1s and perceived in LNvs via the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluRA). Because simultaneously reducing Pdfr and mGluRA expression in LNvs severely dampened Timeless clock protein oscillations, we conclude that the master pacemaker LNvs require extracellular signals to function normally. These two synchronizing signals are released at opposite times of day and drive cAMP oscillations in LNvs. Finally we found that PdfR and mGluRA also help synchronize Timeless oscillations in adult s-LNvs. We propose that differentially timed signals that drive cAMP oscillations and synchronize pacemaker neurons in circadian neural circuits will be conserved across species. Circadian molecular clocks are essential for daily cycles in animal behavior and we have a good understanding of how these clocks work in individual pacemaker neurons. However, the accuracy of these individual clocks is meaningless unless they are synchronized with one another. In this study we show that synchronizing the principal pacemaker LNv neurons in Drosophila larvae require two extracellular signals that are received at opposite times of day: namely, the neuropeptide PDF released from LNvs themselves at dawn and glutamate released from dorsal clock neurons at dusk. LNvs perceive both PDF and glutamate via G-protein coupled receptors that increase or decrease intracellular cAMP, respectively. The alternating phases of PDF and glutamate release generate oscillations in intracellular cyclic AMP. In addition to maintaining synchrony between LNvs, this rhythm is also required for molecular clock oscillations in individual larval LNvs. We show that disruption of PDF and glutamate signaling also reduces synchrony in adult LNvs. This impairs the oscillations of clock proteins and flies have delayed onset of sleep. Our data highlight the importance of intercellular signaling in ensuring synchrony between clock neurons within the circadian network. Our findings help extend the conservation of clock properties between Drosophila and mammals beyond clock genes to include clock circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Collins
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Harris S. Kaplan
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthieu Cavey
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Katherine R. Lelito
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrew H. Bahle
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zhonghua Zhu
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ann Marie Macara
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gregg Roman
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Orie T. Shafer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Justin Blau
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Program in Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- * E-mail:
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Collins
- NYU Biology Department, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Although the intracellular molecular clocks that regulate circadian (~24 h) behavioral rhythms are well understood, it remains unclear how molecular clock information is transduced into rhythmic neuronal activity that in turn drives behavioral rhythms. To identify potential clock outputs, the authors generated expression profiles from a homogeneous population of purified pacemaker neurons (LN(v)s) from wild-type and clock mutant Drosophila. They identified a group of genes with enriched expression in LN(v)s and a second group of genes rhythmically expressed in LN(v)s in a clock-dependent manner. Only 10 genes fell into both groups: 4 core clock genes, including period (per) and timeless (tim), and 6 genes previously unstudied in circadian rhythms. The authors focused on one of these 6 genes, Ir, which encodes an inward rectifier K(+) channel likely to regulate resting membrane potential, whose expression peaks around dusk. Reducing Ir expression in LN(v)s increased larval light avoidance and lengthened the period of adult locomotor rhythms, consistent with increased LN(v) excitability. In contrast, increased Ir expression made many adult flies arrhythmic and dampened PER protein oscillations. The authors propose that rhythmic Ir expression contributes to daily rhythms in LN(v) neuronal activity, which in turn feed back to regulate molecular clock oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ruben
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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12
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Mizrak D, Ruben M, Myers GN, Rhrissorrakrai K, Gunsalus KC, Blau J. Electrical activity can impose time of day on the circadian transcriptome of pacemaker neurons. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1871-80. [PMID: 22940468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian (∼24 hr) rhythms offer one of the best examples of how gene expression is tied to behavior. Circadian pacemaker neurons contain molecular clocks that control 24 hr rhythms in gene expression that in turn regulate electrical activity rhythms to control behavior. RESULTS Here we demonstrate the inverse relationship: there are broad transcriptional changes in Drosophila clock neurons (LN(v)s) in response to altered electrical activity, including a large set of circadian genes. Hyperexciting LN(v)s creates a morning-like expression profile for many circadian genes while hyperpolarization leads to an evening-like transcriptional state. The electrical effects robustly persist in per(0) mutant LN(v)s but not in cyc(0) mutant LN(v)s, suggesting that neuronal activity interacts with the transcriptional activators of the core circadian clock. Bioinformatic and immunocytochemical analyses suggest that CREB family transcription factors link LN(v) electrical state to circadian gene expression. CONCLUSIONS The electrical state of a clock neuron can impose time of day to its transcriptional program. We propose that this acts as an internal zeitgeber to add robustness and precision to circadian behavioral rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dogukan Mizrak
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
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13
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Abstract
Current adhesion measurement setups designed for experiments on bioinspired fibrillar surfaces, either commercial or constructed in-house, do not allow adhesion measurements with in situ visualization, high resolution, high force range, and controlled alignment at the same time. In this paper a new adhesion tester is presented, which enables contact experiments with controlled tilt angle (accuracy of ±0.02°). This allows the use of flat probes and thus greatly simplifies the determination of experimental parameters such as pull-off strength or Young's modulus. The deflection of a double-clamped glass beam is measured by laser interferometry with an accuracy of ±60 nm, which yields a precise force measurement over three orders of magnitude force range without changing the glass beam. Contact formation and detachment events can be visualized in situ. The current adhesion tester is designed for force measurements in the range of 1 μN to 1 N and fills the gap between macroscopic tests and atomic force microscopy measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kroner
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrucken, Germany.
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Dahdal D, Reeves DC, Ruben M, Akabas MH, Blau J. Drosophila pacemaker neurons require g protein signaling and GABAergic inputs to generate twenty-four hour behavioral rhythms. Neuron 2011; 68:964-77. [PMID: 21145008 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular signaling is important for accurate circadian rhythms. In Drosophila, the small ventral lateral neurons (s-LN(v)s) are the dominant pacemaker neurons and set the pace of most other clock neurons in constant darkness. Here we show that two distinct G protein signaling pathways are required in LN(v)s for 24 hr rhythms. Reducing signaling in LN(v)s via the G alpha subunit Gs, which signals via cAMP, or via the G alpha subunit Go, which we show signals via Phospholipase 21c, lengthens the period of behavioral rhythms. In contrast, constitutive Gs or Go signaling makes most flies arrhythmic. Using dissociated LN(v)s in culture, we found that Go and the metabotropic GABA(B)-R3 receptor are required for the inhibitory effects of GABA on LN(v)s and that reduced GABA(B)-R3 expression in vivo lengthens period. Although no clock neurons produce GABA, hyperexciting GABAergic neurons disrupts behavioral rhythms and s-LN(v) molecular clocks. Therefore, s-LN(v)s require GABAergic inputs for 24 hr rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dahdal
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
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Keene AC, Duboué ER, McDonald DM, Dus M, Suh GSB, Waddell S, Blau J. Clock and cycle limit starvation-induced sleep loss in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2010; 20:1209-15. [PMID: 20541409 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural systems controlling the vital functions of sleep and feeding in mammals are tightly interconnected: sleep deprivation promotes feeding, whereas starvation suppresses sleep. Here we show that starvation in Drosophila potently suppresses sleep, suggesting that these two homeostatically regulated behaviors are also integrated in flies. The sleep-suppressing effect of starvation is independent of the mushroom bodies, a previously identified sleep locus in the fly brain, and therefore is regulated by distinct neural circuitry. The circadian clock genes Clock (Clk) and cycle (cyc) are critical for proper sleep suppression during starvation. However, the sleep suppression is independent of light cues and of circadian rhythms as shown by the fact that starved period mutants sleep like wild-type flies. By selectively targeting subpopulations of Clk-expressing neurons, we localize the observed sleep phenotype to the dorsally located circadian neurons. These findings show that Clk and cyc act during starvation to modulate the conflict of whether flies sleep or search for food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Keene
- Biology Department, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Abstract
Period (PER) proteins are essential parts of the molecular clocks that control circadian rhythms in flies and mammals. Phosphorylation regulates PER's stability and subcellular localization; however, the physiologically relevant sites have been difficult to identify in spite of knowing the relevant kinase. In this issue of Genes & Development, Chiu and colleagues (1758-1772) identify a key phosphorylation site on PER that recruits the F-box protein Slimb to trigger PER degradation and set clock speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Blau
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.
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Blau J, Blanchard F, Collins B, Dahdal D, Knowles A, Mizrak D, Ruben M. What is there left to learn about the Drosophila clock? Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2008; 72:243-50. [PMID: 18419281 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2007.72.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms offer probably the best understanding of how genes control behavior, and much of this understanding has come from studies in Drosophila. More recently, genetic manipulation of clock neurons in Drosophila has helped identify how daily patterns of activity are programmed by different clock neuron groups. Here, we review some of the more recent findings on the fly molecular clock and ask what more the fly model can offer to circadian biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blau
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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18
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Collins B, Blau J. Even a stopped clock tells the right time twice a day: circadian timekeeping in Drosophila. Pflugers Arch 2007; 454:857-67. [PMID: 17226053 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-006-0188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
"Even a stopped clock tells the right time twice a day, and for once I'm inclined to believe Withnail is right. We are indeed drifting into the arena of the unwell... What we need is harmony. Fresh air. Stuff like that" "Bruce Robinson (1986, ref. 1)". Although a stopped Drosophila clock probably does not tell the right time even once a day, recent findings have demonstrated that accurate circadian time-keeping is dependent on harmony between groups of clock neurons within the brain. Furthermore, when harmony between the environment and the endogenous clock is lost, as during jet lag, we definitely feel unwell. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of circadian rhythms in Drosophila, focussing on recent discoveries that demonstrate how approximately 100 neurons within the Drosophila brain control the behaviour of the whole fly, and how these rhythms respond to the environment.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Biological/genetics
- Adaptation, Biological/physiology
- Adaptation, Biological/radiation effects
- Animals
- Biological Clocks/physiology
- Biological Clocks/radiation effects
- Circadian Rhythm/physiology
- Circadian Rhythm/radiation effects
- Drosophila/anatomy & histology
- Drosophila/physiology
- Drosophila Proteins/physiology
- Drosophila Proteins/radiation effects
- Feedback, Physiological
- Genes, Insect/physiology
- Light
- Models, Neurological
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Nerve Net/physiology
- Nerve Net/radiation effects
- Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/cytology
- Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/physiology
- Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/radiation effects
- Thermosensing/genetics
- Thermosensing/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Collins
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
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19
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Abstract
The accepted dogma in circadian biology is that the transcription factor CLOCK lies at the heart of the molecular clock that drives behavioral and molecular rhythms. In this issue of Neuron, the generation of CLOCK-deficient mice with only subtle clock defects by DeBruyne et al. shakes up this view of the mammalian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Collins
- Biology Department, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA
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20
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Collins B, Mazzoni EO, Stanewsky R, Blau J. Drosophila CRYPTOCHROME is a circadian transcriptional repressor. Curr Biol 2006; 16:441-9. [PMID: 16527739 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most circadian clock components are conserved between Drosophila and mammals, the roles assigned to the CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) proteins are very different: Drosophila CRY functions as a circadian photoreceptor, whereas mammalian CRY proteins (mCRY1 and 2) are transcriptional repressors essential for molecular clock oscillations. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that Drosophila CRY also functions as a transcriptional repressor. We found that RNA levels of genes directly activated by the transcription factors CLOCK (CLK) and CYCLE (CYC) are derepressed in cry(b) mutant eyes. Conversely, while overexpression of CRY and PERIOD (PER) in the eye repressed CLK/CYC activity, neither PER nor CRY repressed individually. Drosophila CRY also repressed CLK/CYC activity in cell culture. Repression by CRY appears confined to peripheral clocks, since neither cry(b) mutants nor overexpression of PER and CRY together in pacemaker neurons significantly affected molecular or behavioral rhythms. Increasing CLK/CYC activity by removing two repressors, PER and CRY, led to ectopic expression of the timeless clock gene, similar to overexpression of Clk itself. CONCLUSIONS Drosophila CRY functions as a transcriptional repressor required for the oscillation of peripheral circadian clocks and for the correct specification of clock cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Collins
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA
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21
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Cyran SA, Yiannoulos G, Buchsbaum AM, Saez L, Young MW, Blau J. The double-time protein kinase regulates the subcellular localization of the Drosophila clock protein period. J Neurosci 2006; 25:5430-7. [PMID: 15930393 PMCID: PMC1361277 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0263-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Period (PER), Timeless (TIM), and Double-Time (DBT) proteins are essential components of one feedback loop in the Drosophila circadian molecular clock. PER and TIM physically interact. Coexpression of PER and TIM promotes their nuclear accumulation and influences the activity of DBT: although DBT phosphorylates and destabilizes PER, this is suppressed by TIM. Experiments using Drosophila cells in culture have indicated that PER can translocate to the nucleus without TIM and will repress transcription in a DBT-potentiated manner. In this study, we examined the control of PER subcellular localization in Drosophila clock cells in vivo. We found that PER can translocate to the nucleus in tim(01) null mutants but only if DBT kinase activity is inhibited. We also found that nuclear PER is a potent transcriptional repressor in dbt mutants in vivo without TIM. Thus, in vivo, DBT regulates PER subcellular localization, in addition to its previously documented role as a mediator of PER stability. However, DBT does not seem essential for transcriptional repression by PER. It was reported previously that overexpression of a second kinase, Shaggy (SGG)/Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3, accelerates PER nuclear accumulation. Here, we show that these effects of SGG on PER nuclear accumulation require TIM. We propose a revised clock model that incorporates this tight kinase regulation of PER and TIM nuclear entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Cyran
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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23
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Nitabach MN, Sheeba V, Vera DA, Blau J, Holmes TC. Membrane electrical excitability is necessary for the free-running larval Drosophila circadian clock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 62:1-13. [PMID: 15389695 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila larvae and adult pacemaker neurons both express free-running oscillations of period (PER) and timeless (TIM) proteins that constitute the core of the cell-autonomous circadian molecular clock. Despite similarities between the adult and larval molecular oscillators, adults and larvae differ substantially in the complexity and organization of their pacemaker neural circuits, as well as in behavioral manifestations of circadian rhythmicity. We have shown previously that electrical silencing of adult Drosophila circadian pacemaker neurons through targeted expression of either an open rectifier or inward rectifier K(+) channel stops the free-running oscillations of the circadian molecular clock. This indicates that neuronal electrical activity in the pacemaker neurons is essential to the normal function of the adult intracellular clock. In the current study, we show that in constant darkness the free-running larval pacemaker clock-like that of the adult pacemaker neurons they give rise to-requires membrane electrical activity to oscillate. In contrast to the free-running clock, the molecular clock of electrically silenced larval pacemaker neurons continues to oscillate in diurnal (light-dark) conditions. This specific disruption of the free-running clock caused by targeted K(+) channel expression likely reflects a specific cell-autonomous clock-membrane feedback loop that is common to both larval and adult neurons, and is not due to blocking pacemaker synaptic outputs or disruption of pacemaker neuronal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Nitabach
- Department of Biology, New York University, 1009 Main Building, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, USA
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24
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Mazzoni EO, Desplan C, Blau J. Circadian pacemaker neurons transmit and modulate visual information to control a rapid behavioral response. Neuron 2005; 45:293-300. [PMID: 15664180 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Revised: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Circadian pacemaker neurons contain a molecular clock that oscillates with a period of approximately 24 hr, controlling circadian rhythms of behavior. Pacemaker neurons respond to visual system inputs for clock resetting, but, unlike other neurons, have not been reported to transmit rapid signals to their targets. Here we show that pacemaker neurons are required to mediate a rapid behavior. The Drosophila larval visual system, Bolwig's organ (BO), projects to larval pacemaker neurons to entrain their clock. BO also mediates larval photophobic behavior. We found that ablation or electrical silencing of larval pacemaker neurons abolished light avoidance. Thus, circadian pacemaker neurons receive input from BO not only to reset the clock but also to transmit rapid photophobic signals. Furthermore, as clock gene mutations also affect photophobicity, the pacemaker neurons modulate the sensitivity of larvae to light, generating a circadian rhythm in visual sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban O Mazzoni
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
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25
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Abstract
Current circadian clock models based on interlocking autoregulatory transcriptional?translational negative feedback loops have arisen out of an explosion of molecular genetic data obtained over the last decade (for review, see Stanewsky, 2003; Young and Kay, 2001). An earlier model of circadian oscillation was based on feedback interactions between membrane ion transport systems and ion concentration gradients (Njus et al., 1974, 1976). This membrane model was posited as a more plausible alternative at the time to the even earlier "chronon" model, which was based on autoregulatory genetic feedback loops (Ehret and Trucco, 1967). The membrane model has been tested in a number of experimental systems by pharmacologically manipulating either ionic gradients across the plasma membrane or ion transport systems, but with inconsistent results. In the meantime, the scope and explanatory power of the genetic models overshadowed inquiries into the role of membrane ion fluxes in clock function. However, several recently developed techniques described in this article have provided a new glimpse into the essential role that membrane ion fluxes play in the mechanism of the core circadian oscillator and indicate that a complete understanding of the clock must include both genetic and membrane-based feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Nitabach
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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26
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Tsai LTY, Bainton RJ, Blau J, Heberlein U. Lmo mutants reveal a novel role for circadian pacemaker neurons in cocaine-induced behaviors. PLoS Biol 2004; 2:e408. [PMID: 15550987 PMCID: PMC529317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila has been developed recently as a model system to investigate the molecular and neural mechanisms underlying responses to drugs of abuse. Genetic screens for mutants with altered drug-induced behaviors thus provide an unbiased approach to define novel molecules involved in the process. We identified mutations in the Drosophila LIM-only (LMO) gene, encoding a regulator of LIM-homeodomain proteins, in a genetic screen for mutants with altered cocaine sensitivity. Reduced Lmo function increases behavioral responses to cocaine, while Lmo overexpression causes the opposite effect, reduced cocaine responsiveness. Expression of Lmo in the principal Drosophila circadian pacemaker cells, the PDF-expressing ventral lateral neurons (LN(v)s), is sufficient to confer normal cocaine sensitivity. Consistent with a role for Lmo in LN(v)function,Lmomutants also show defects in circadian rhythms of behavior. However, the role for LN(v)s in modulating cocaine responses is separable from their role as pacemaker neurons: ablation or functional silencing of the LN(v)s reduces cocaine sensitivity, while loss of the principal circadian neurotransmitter PDF has no effect. Together, these results reveal a novel role for Lmo in modulating acute cocaine sensitivity and circadian locomotor rhythmicity, and add to growing evidence that these behaviors are regulated by shared molecular mechanisms. The finding that the degree of cocaine responsiveness is controlled by the Drosophila pacemaker neurons provides a neuroanatomical basis for this overlap. We propose that Lmo controls the responsiveness of LN(v)s to cocaine, which in turn regulate the flies' behavioral sensitivity to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus T.-Y Tsai
- 1Department of Anatomy, Program in Neuroscienceand Medical Science Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Roland J Bainton
- 2Department of Anesthesia, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
| | - Justin Blau
- 3Department of Biology, New York UniversityNew York, New YorkUnited States of America
| | - Ulrike Heberlein
- 4Department of Anatomy, Programs in Neuroscience and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, San Francisco, CaliforniaUnited States of America
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Cyran SA, Buchsbaum AM, Reddy KL, Lin MC, Glossop NRJ, Hardin PE, Young MW, Storti RV, Blau J. vrille, Pdp1, and dClock form a second feedback loop in the Drosophila circadian clock. Cell 2003; 112:329-41. [PMID: 12581523 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila circadian clock consists of two interlocked transcriptional feedback loops. In one loop, dCLOCK/CYCLE activates period expression, and PERIOD protein then inhibits dCLOCK/CYCLE activity. dClock is also rhythmically transcribed, but its regulators are unknown. vrille (vri) and Par Domain Protein 1 (Pdp1) encode related transcription factors whose expression is directly activated by dCLOCK/CYCLE. We show here that VRI and PDP1 proteins feed back and directly regulate dClock expression. Repression of dClock by VRI is separated from activation by PDP1 since VRI levels peak 3-6 hours before PDP1. Rhythmic vri transcription is required for molecular rhythms, and here we show that the clock stops in a Pdp1 null mutant, identifying Pdp1 as an essential clock gene. Thus, VRI and PDP1, together with dClock itself, comprise a second feedback loop in the Drosophila clock that gives rhythmic expression of dClock, and probably of other genes, to generate accurate circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn A Cyran
- Department of Biology, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
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30
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Abstract
Electrical silencing of Drosophila circadian pacemaker neurons through targeted expression of K+ channels causes severe deficits in free-running circadian locomotor rhythmicity in complete darkness. Pacemaker electrical silencing also stops the free-running oscillation of PERIOD (PER) and TIMELESS (TIM) proteins that constitutes the core of the cell-autonomous molecular clock. In contrast, electrical silencing fails to abolish PER and TIM oscillation in light-dark cycles, although it does impair rhythmic behavior. On the basis of these findings, we propose that electrical activity is an essential element of the free-running molecular clock of pacemaker neurons along with the transcription factors and regulatory enzymes that have been previously identified as required for clock function.
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31
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms are regulated by endogenous body clocks, which are formed by rhythmic cycles of clock gene expression. Almost all reviews of the Drosophila circadian clock state that the intracellular oscillator is based on a simple negative feedback loop. However, not many 'simple' feedback loops in biology last for 24 h. Instead, the Drosophila clock is a series of precisely timed steps that are deliberately slow. In this paper, I will discuss the current model for how the Drosophila clock is regulated, and ask what questions remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blau
- NYU Department of Biology, 100 Washington Square East, Main Building 1009, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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32
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Abstract
We identified a novel regulatory loop within Drosophila's circadian clock. A screen for clock-controlled genes recovered vrille (vri), a transcription factor essential for embryonic development. vri is expressed in circadian pacemaker cells in larval and adult brains. vri RNA levels oscillate with a circadian rhythm. Cycling is directly regulated by the transcription factors dCLOCK and CYCLE, which are also required for oscillations of period and timeless RNA. Eliminating the normal vri cycle suppresses period and timeless expression and causes long-period behavioral rhythms and arrhythmicity, indicating that cycling vri is required for a functional Drosophila clock. We also show that dCLOCK and VRI independently regulate levels of a neuropeptide, pigment dispersing factor, which appears to regulate overt behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blau
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blau
- Laboratory of Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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34
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Abstract
We have isolated three alleles of a novel Drosophila clock gene, double-time (dbt). Short- (dbtS) and long-period (dbtL) mutants alter both behavioral rhythmicity and molecular oscillations from previously identified clock genes, period and timeless. A third allele, dbtP, causes pupal lethality and eliminates circadian cycling of per and tim gene products in larvae. In dbtP mutants, PER proteins constitutively accumulate, remain hypophosphorylated, and no longer depend on TIM proteins for their accumulation. We propose that the normal function of DOUBLETIME protein is to reduce the stability and thus the level of accumulation of monomeric PER proteins. This would promote a delay between per/tim transcription and PER/TIM complex function, which is essential for molecular rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Price
- Laboratory of Genetics and National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center for Biological Timing, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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35
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Kloss B, Price JL, Saez L, Blau J, Rothenfluh A, Wesley CS, Young MW. The Drosophila clock gene double-time encodes a protein closely related to human casein kinase Iepsilon. Cell 1998; 94:97-107. [PMID: 9674431 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 590] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cloning of double-time (dbt) is reported. DOUBLETIME protein (DBT) is most closely related to human casein kinase Iepsilon. dbtS and dbtL mutations, which alter period length of Drosophila circadian rhythms, produce single amino acid changes in conserved regions of the predicted kinase. dbtP mutants, which eliminate rhythms of per and tim expression and constitutively overproduce hypophosphorylated PER proteins, abolish most dbt expression. dbt mRNA appears to be expressed in the same cell types as are per and tim and shows no evident oscillation in wild-type heads. DBT is capable of binding to PER in vitro and in Drosophila cells, suggesting that a physical association of PER and DBT regulates PER phosphorylation and accumulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kloss
- Laboratory of Genetics and National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center for Biological Timing, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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36
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Panknin HT, Vogel F, Blau J. [Emergencies in the hospital with special references to resuscitation in the hospital]. Krankenpfl J 1996; 34:245-54. [PMID: 8717863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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37
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Abstract
We have studied the abilities of different transactivation domains to stimulate the initiation and elongation (postinitiation) steps of RNA polymerase II transcription in vivo. Nuclear run-on and RNase protection analyses revealed three classes of activation domains: Sp1 and CTF stimulated initiation (type I); human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat fused to a DNA binding domain stimulated predominantly elongation (type IIA); and VP16, p53, and E2F1 stimulated both initiation and elongation (type IIB). A quadruple point mutation of VP16 converted it from a type IIB to a type I activator. Type I and type IIA activators synergized with one another but not with type IIB activators. This observation implies that synergy can result from the concerted action of factors stimulating two different steps in transcription: initiation and elongation. The functional differences between activators may be explained by the different contacts they make with general transcription factors. In support of this idea, we found a correlation between the abilities of activators, including Tat, to stimulate elongation and their abilities to bind TFIIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blau
- Molecular Genetics of Differentiation Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK
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38
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Barrie MA, Blau J, Steiger M. Book Reviews. Cephalalgia 1995. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-29821995.1505444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Ramsden VR, Campbell V, Boechler B, Blau J, Berscheid Y. Strategies to stroke prevention: nurse facilitation. Concern 1994; 23:22-3. [PMID: 7881308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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40
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Abstract
We report that a variety of transactivators stimulate elongation by RNA polymerase II. Activated transcription complexes have high processivity and are able to read through pausing and termination sites efficiently. In contrast, nonactivated and "squelched" transcription mostly arrests prematurely. Activators differ in the extent to which they stimulate processivity; for example, GAL4-VP16 and GAL4-E1a are more effective than GAL4-AH. The stimulation of elongation can be as important as the stimulation of initiation in activating expression of a reporter gene. We suggest that setting the competence of polymerase II to elongate is an integral part of the initiation step that is controlled by activators cooperating with the general transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yankulov
- Molecular Genetics of Differentiation Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, England
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41
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Blau J. BOOK REVIEWS: Tension-type Headache: Classification, Mechanisms, and Treatment (Frontiers in Headache Research, Vol 3). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1994. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.57.4.526-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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42
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Blau J. BOOK REVIEWS: Neurology. Series: Colour Guides. J Neurol Psychiatry 1993. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.56.3.326-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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43
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Blau J. BOOK REVIEWS: Headache and Depression: Serotonin Pathways as a Common Clue. J Neurol Psychiatry 1992. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.55.8.744-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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44
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Brett SJ, Blau J, Hughes-Jenkins CM, Rhodes J, Liew FY, Tite JP. Human T cell recognition of influenza A nucleoprotein. Specificity and genetic restriction of immunodominant T helper cell epitopes. J Immunol 1991; 147:984-91. [PMID: 1713610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of human T cell antigenic sites on influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) is important for subunit vaccine development for either antibody boosting during infection or to stimulate T cell-mediated immunity. To identify such sites, 31 synthetic peptides that cover more than 95% of the amino acid sequence from NP of influenza A/NT/60/68 virus were tested for their ability to stimulate PBL from 42 adult donors. The most frequently recognized region was covered by a peptide corresponding to residues 206-229 of NP, with 20/42 (48%) of responders. In many individuals this was also one of the peptides that stimulated the strongest T cell responses. Other regions that were also frequently recognized were 341-362 by 13/42 (30%), 297-318 by 10/42 (23%), and 182-205 by 9/42 (21%) of individuals. These peptides covered highly conserved regions in NP of influenza A viruses, suggesting that they could be useful in boosting cross-reactive immunity against the known type A virus strains. In order to define the class II restriction molecules used to present particular T cell epitopes, 22 persons from the donor panel were HLA-typed. The majority of persons who expressed DR2, and proliferated to NP also responded to the major immunodominant region 206-229. In addition, this peptide was also immunodominant in the one person expressing DRw13. The observation that recognition of this peptide is associated with DR2 was confirmed by using short term T cell lines and APC from a panel of typed donors. Further results with virus-specific T cell lines and clones and transfected L cells expressing DR molecules showed that DR1 could also present this peptide. Therefore the results suggest that recognition of 206-229 is associated with at least three different DR haplotypes and this may explain the high frequency with which this peptide is recognized in the population. The fine specificity of the response to peptide 206-229 was distinct when presented by DR1- or DR2-expressing APC. The DR1 response was dependent on the N terminus, and the DR2 response was directed to the C terminus of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Brett
- Department of Cell Biology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, England
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45
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Brett SJ, Blau J, Hughes-Jenkins CM, Rhodes J, Liew FY, Tite JP. Human T cell recognition of influenza A nucleoprotein. Specificity and genetic restriction of immunodominant T helper cell epitopes. The Journal of Immunology 1991. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.147.3.984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The characterization of human T cell antigenic sites on influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) is important for subunit vaccine development for either antibody boosting during infection or to stimulate T cell-mediated immunity. To identify such sites, 31 synthetic peptides that cover more than 95% of the amino acid sequence from NP of influenza A/NT/60/68 virus were tested for their ability to stimulate PBL from 42 adult donors. The most frequently recognized region was covered by a peptide corresponding to residues 206-229 of NP, with 20/42 (48%) of responders. In many individuals this was also one of the peptides that stimulated the strongest T cell responses. Other regions that were also frequently recognized were 341-362 by 13/42 (30%), 297-318 by 10/42 (23%), and 182-205 by 9/42 (21%) of individuals. These peptides covered highly conserved regions in NP of influenza A viruses, suggesting that they could be useful in boosting cross-reactive immunity against the known type A virus strains. In order to define the class II restriction molecules used to present particular T cell epitopes, 22 persons from the donor panel were HLA-typed. The majority of persons who expressed DR2, and proliferated to NP also responded to the major immunodominant region 206-229. In addition, this peptide was also immunodominant in the one person expressing DRw13. The observation that recognition of this peptide is associated with DR2 was confirmed by using short term T cell lines and APC from a panel of typed donors. Further results with virus-specific T cell lines and clones and transfected L cells expressing DR molecules showed that DR1 could also present this peptide. Therefore the results suggest that recognition of 206-229 is associated with at least three different DR haplotypes and this may explain the high frequency with which this peptide is recognized in the population. The fine specificity of the response to peptide 206-229 was distinct when presented by DR1- or DR2-expressing APC. The DR1 response was dependent on the N terminus, and the DR2 response was directed to the C terminus of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Brett
- Department of Cell Biology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, England
| | - J Blau
- Department of Cell Biology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, England
| | - C M Hughes-Jenkins
- Department of Cell Biology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, England
| | - J Rhodes
- Department of Cell Biology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, England
| | - F Y Liew
- Department of Cell Biology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, England
| | - J P Tite
- Department of Cell Biology, Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, England
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46
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Blau J. BOOK REVIEWS: Headache and facial pain: diagnosis and management. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1991. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.54.1.100-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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47
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Abstract
A survey of 4660 Israeli adults aged 30-65 yr revealed an overall diabetes prevalence of 4.1%. Prevalence was slightly lower in women (3.5%) than in men (4.3%), rose with age, and was highest in the group greater than 60 yr old (10.3%). In approximately 40% of the diabetic subjects, the diagnosis of diabetes was made as a result of the screening program. Association with a family history of diabetes, obesity, and the presence of other diseases was greater in diabetic than in nondiabetic subjects. The prevalence of diabetes differed among different segments of the survey population when classified according to country of origin, being lowest in African and Asian (1.2%), intermediate in American and European (4.9%), and highest in Israeli born (5.5%); this order of prevalence is the reverse of that reported in earlier surveys. The results indicate that the overall diabetes prevalence in Israel, and that within the European- and American-born segment, is comparable to that reported in other westernized societies. The findings also suggest that environmental factors contribute to the phenotypic expression of the non-insulin-dependent genotype(s) but that the influence of such factors varies with different genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Stern
- Department of Endocrinology, Beilinson Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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48
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Blau J. Migraine: Clinical and Research Advances (Fifth International Migraine Symposium London 1984). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1986. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.49.8.976-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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49
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Blau J. Advances in Migraine Research and Therapy. J Neurol Psychiatry 1983. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.46.7.695-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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50
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Blau J. Diseases of the Temporomandibular Apparatus: a Multidisciplinary Approach (2nd edition). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1983. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.46.5.468-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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