1
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Eyre MT, Souza FN, Carvalho-Pereira TSA, Nery N, de Oliveira D, Cruz JS, Sacramento GA, Khalil H, Wunder EA, Hacker KP, Hagan JE, Childs JE, Reis MG, Begon M, Diggle PJ, Ko AI, Giorgi E, Costa F. Linking rattiness, geography and environmental degradation to spillover Leptospira infections in marginalised urban settings: An eco-epidemiological community-based cohort study in Brazil. eLife 2022; 11:e73120. [PMID: 36111781 PMCID: PMC9560157 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zoonotic spillover from animal reservoirs is responsible for a significant global public health burden, but the processes that promote spillover events are poorly understood in complex urban settings. Endemic transmission of Leptospira, the agent of leptospirosis, in marginalised urban communities occurs through human exposure to an environment contaminated by bacteria shed in the urine of the rat reservoir. However, it is unclear to what extent transmission is driven by variation in the distribution of rats or by the dispersal of bacteria in rainwater runoff and overflow from open sewer systems. Methods We conducted an eco-epidemiological study in a high-risk community in Salvador, Brazil, by prospectively following a cohort of 1401 residents to ascertain serological evidence for leptospiral infections. A concurrent rat ecology study was used to collect information on the fine-scale spatial distribution of 'rattiness', our proxy for rat abundance and exposure of interest. We developed and applied a novel geostatistical framework for joint spatial modelling of multiple indices of disease reservoir abundance and human infection risk. Results The estimated infection rate was 51.4 (95%CI 40.4, 64.2) infections per 1000 follow-up events. Infection risk increased with age until 30 years of age and was associated with male gender. Rattiness was positively associated with infection risk for residents across the entire study area, but this effect was stronger in higher elevation areas (OR 3.27 95% CI 1.68, 19.07) than in lower elevation areas (OR 1.14 95% CI 1.05, 1.53). Conclusions These findings suggest that, while frequent flooding events may disperse bacteria in regions of low elevation, environmental risk in higher elevation areas is more localised and directly driven by the distribution of local rat populations. The modelling framework developed may have broad applications in delineating complex animal-environment-human interactions during zoonotic spillover and identifying opportunities for public health intervention. Funding This work was supported by the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation and Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Brazilian Ministry of Health, the National Institutes of Health of the United States (grant numbers F31 AI114245, R01 AI052473, U01 AI088752, R01 TW009504 and R25 TW009338); the Wellcome Trust (102330/Z/13/Z), and by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB/JCB0020/2016). MTE was supported by a Medical Research UK doctorate studentship. FBS participated in this study under a FAPESB doctorate scholarship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max T Eyre
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical SchoolLancasterUnited Kingdom
- Liverpool School of Tropical MedicineLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Fábio N Souza
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
| | | | - Nivison Nery
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
| | - Daiana de Oliveira
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
| | - Jaqueline S Cruz
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
| | | | - Hussein Khalil
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
- Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Elsio A Wunder
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of HealthSalvadorBrazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public HealthNew HavenUnited States
| | | | - José E Hagan
- World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for EuropeCopenhagenDenmark
| | - James E Childs
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of HealthSalvadorBrazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public HealthNew HavenUnited States
| | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of HealthSalvadorBrazil
| | - Mike Begon
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter J Diggle
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical SchoolLancasterUnited Kingdom
| | - Albert I Ko
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of HealthSalvadorBrazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public HealthNew HavenUnited States
| | - Emanuele Giorgi
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical SchoolLancasterUnited Kingdom
| | - Federico Costa
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical SchoolLancasterUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of HealthSalvadorBrazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public HealthNew HavenUnited States
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2
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Awoniyi AM, Venegas-Vargas C, Souza FN, Zeppelini CG, Hacker KP, Carvalho-Pereira T, Marins CL, de Santana MC, Pertile AC, Begon M, Ko AI, Diggle PJ, Reis MG, Childs JE, da Silva EM, Costa F, Khalil H. Population dynamics of synanthropic rodents after a chemical and infrastructural intervention in an urban low-income community. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10109. [PMID: 35710879 PMCID: PMC9203450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14474-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Synanthropic rodents are ubiquitous in low-income communities and pose risks for human health, as they are generally resistant to control programs. However, few or no studies have evaluated the long-term effect of chemical and infrastructural interventions on rodent population dynamics, especially in urban low-income communities, or evaluated the potential recovery of their population following interventions. We conducted a longitudinal study in a low-income community in the city of Salvador (BA, Brazil) to characterize the effect of interventions (chemical and infrastructural) on the dynamics of rodent population, and documented the post-intervention recovery of their population. We evaluated the degree of rodent infestation in 117 households/sampling points over three years (2014-2017), using tracking plates, a proxy for rodent abundance/activity. We reported a significant lower rodent activity/abundance after the chemical and infrastructural interventions (Z = -4.691 (p < 0.001)), with track plate positivity decreasing to 28% from 70% after and before interventions respectively. Therefore, the combination of chemical and infrastructural interventions significantly decreased the degree of rodent infestation in the study area. In addition, no rodent population rebound was recorded until almost a year post-intervention, and the post-intervention infestation level did not attain the pre-intervention level all through the study. Moreover, among pre-treatment conditions, access to sewer rather than the availability of food was the variable most closely associated with household rodent infestation. Our study indicates that Integrated Pest Management (IPM)-approaches are more effective in reducing rodent infestation than the use of a single method. Our findings will be useful in providing guidance for long-term rodent control programs, especially in urban low-income communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Venegas-Vargas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Fabio Neves Souza
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Caio Graco Zeppelini
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Kathryn P Hacker
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48197, USA
| | - Ticiana Carvalho-Pereira
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Catarina Lobo Marins
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
| | - Mayara Carvalho de Santana
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
| | - Arsinoê Cristina Pertile
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
| | - Michael Begon
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behavior, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Albert I Ko
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Peter J Diggle
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Bahia Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Praça Conselheiro Almeida Couto, s/n - Largo do Terreiro de Jesus, Salvador, 40025-010, Brazil
| | - James E Childs
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Eduardo Mendes da Silva
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Studies in Ecology and Evolution (INCT IN-TREE), Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Institute of Biology, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador, 40170-115, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Rua Waldemar Falcão, 121, Salvador Bahia, Brazil
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Canela, Salvador, 40110-040, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies (VFM), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
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3
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Abstract
Bed bug outbreaks pose a major challenge in urban environments and cause significant strain on public resources. Few studies have systematically analyzed this insect epidemic or the potential effects of policies to combat bed bugs. Here we use three sources of administrative data to characterize the spatial-temporal trends of bed bug inquiries, complaints, and reports in New York City. Bed bug complaints have significantly decreased (p < 0.01) from 2014–2020, the absolute number of complaints per month dropping by half (875 average complaints per month to 440 average complaints per month); conversely, complaints for other insects including cockroaches and flies did not decrease over the same period. Despite the decrease of bed bug complaints, areas with reported high bed bug infestation tend to remain infested, highlighting the persistence of these pests. There are limitations to the datasets; still the evidence available suggests that interventions employed by New York City residents and lawmakers are stemming the bed bug epidemic and may serve as a model for other large cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn P. Hacker
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew J. Greenlee
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alison L. Hill
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Schneider
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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4
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Eyre MT, Carvalho-Pereira TSA, Souza FN, Khalil H, Hacker KP, Serrano S, Taylor JP, Reis MG, Ko AI, Begon M, Diggle PJ, Costa F, Giorgi E. A multivariate geostatistical framework for combining multiple indices of abundance for disease vectors and reservoirs: a case study of rattiness in a low-income urban Brazilian community. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200398. [PMID: 32871096 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A key requirement in studies of endemic vector-borne or zoonotic disease is an estimate of the spatial variation in vector or reservoir host abundance. For many vector species, multiple indices of abundance are available, but current approaches to choosing between or combining these indices do not fully exploit the potential inferential benefits that might accrue from modelling their joint spatial distribution. Here, we develop a class of multivariate generalized linear geostatistical models for multiple indices of abundance. We illustrate this novel methodology with a case study on Norway rats in a low-income urban Brazilian community, where rat abundance is a likely risk factor for human leptospirosis. We combine three indices of rat abundance to draw predictive inferences on a spatially continuous latent process, rattiness, that acts as a proxy for abundance. We show how to explore the association between rattiness and spatially varying environmental factors, evaluate the relative importance of each of the three contributing indices and assess the presence of residual, unexplained spatial variation, and identify rattiness hotspots. The proposed methodology is applicable more generally as a tool for understanding the role of vector or reservoir host abundance in predicting spatial variation in the risk of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max T Eyre
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK.,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | | | - Fábio N Souza
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-040, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Hussein Khalil
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-040, Bahia, Brazil.,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | | | - Soledad Serrano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), Modesta Victoria 4450, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Joshua P Taylor
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche (IFAB), Modesta Victoria 4450, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-040, Bahia, Brazil.,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Albert I Ko
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mike Begon
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Peter J Diggle
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Federico Costa
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-040, Bahia, Brazil.,Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador 40296-710, Bahia, Brazil.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Emanuele Giorgi
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computing, and Statistics, Lancaster University Medical School, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
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5
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Casanovas-Massana A, Hamond C, Santos LA, de Oliveira D, Hacker KP, Balassiano I, Costa F, Medeiros MA, Reis MG, Ko AI, Wunder EA. Leptospira yasudae sp. nov. and Leptospira stimsonii sp. nov., two new species of the pathogenic group isolated from environmental sources. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:1450-1456. [PMID: 31184568 PMCID: PMC10197099 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Four spirochetes (F1T, B21, YaleT and AMB6-RJ) were isolated from environmental sources: F1T and B21 from soils of an urban slum community in Salvador (Brazil), YaleT from river water in New Haven, Connecticut (USA) and AMB6-RJ from a pond in a horse farm in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Isolates were helix-shaped, aerobic, highly motile and non-virulent in a hamster model of infection. Draft genomes of the strains were obtained and analysed to determine the relatedness to other species of the genus Leptospira. The analysis of 498 core genes showed that strains F1T/B21 and YaleT/AMB6-RJ formed two distinct phylogenetic clades within the 'Pathogens' group (group I). The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values of strains F1T/B21 and YaleT/AMB6-RJ to other previously described Leptospira species were below <84 % and <82 %, respectively, which confirmed that these isolates should be classified as representatives of two novel species. Therefore, we propose Leptospirayasudae sp. nov. and Leptospirastimsonii sp. nov. as new species in the genus Leptospira. The type strains are F1T (=ATCC-TSD-163=KIT0259=CLEP00287) and YaleT (=ATCC-TDS-162=KIT0258=CLEP00288), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Camila Hamond
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Present address: Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay and Unidad Mixta Pasteur + INIA (UMPI), Institut Pasteur de Montevideo/Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luciane A. Santos
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Daiana de Oliveira
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Kathryn P. Hacker
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ilana Balassiano
- Centro de Referência Nacional para Leptospirose/Coleção de Leptospira, Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto da Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marco A. Medeiros
- Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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6
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Hacker KP, Sacramento GA, Cruz JS, de Oliveira D, Nery N, Lindow JC, Carvalho M, Hagan J, Diggle PJ, Begon M, Reis MG, Wunder EA, Ko AI, Costa F. Influence of Rainfall on Leptospira Infection and Disease in a Tropical Urban Setting, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:311-314. [PMID: 31961288 PMCID: PMC6986844 DOI: 10.3201/eid2602.190102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of hospitalized leptospirosis patients was positively associated with increased precipitation in Salvador, Brazil. However, Leptospira infection risk among a cohort of city residents was inversely associated with rainfall. These findings indicate that, although heavy rainfall may increase severe illness, Leptospira exposures can occur year-round.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jaqueline S. Cruz
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Daiana de Oliveira
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Nivison Nery
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Janet C. Lindow
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Mayara Carvalho
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Jose Hagan
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Peter J. Diggle
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Mike Begon
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA (K.P. Hacker)
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA (K.P. Hacker, J.C. Lindow, J. Hagan, E.A. Wunder, Jr., A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil (G.A. Sacramento, J.S. Cruz, D. de Oliveira, N. Nery, Jr., J.C. Lindow, M. Carvalho, J. Hagan, M.G Reis, A.I. Ko, F. Costa)
- Montana State University Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana, USA (J.C. Lindow); Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (P.J. Diggle)
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (P.J. Diggle)
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK (M. Begon)
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador (M.G. Reis, F. Costa)
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Schneider AG, Casanovas-Massana A, Hacker KP, Wunder EA, Begon M, Reis MG, Childs JE, Costa F, Lindow JC, Ko AI. Quantification of pathogenic Leptospira in the soils of a Brazilian urban slum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006415. [PMID: 29624576 PMCID: PMC5906024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease that causes considerable morbidity and mortality globally, primarily in residents of urban slums. While contact with contaminated water plays a critical role in the transmission of leptospirosis, little is known about the distribution and abundance of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in soil and the potential contribution of this source to human infection. Methods/Principal findings We collected soil samples (n = 70) from three sites within an urban slum community endemic for leptospirosis in Salvador, Brazil. Using qPCR of Leptospira genes lipl32 and 16S rRNA, we quantified the pathogenic Leptospira load in each soil sample. lipl32 qPCR detected pathogenic Leptospira in 22 (31%) of 70 samples, though the median concentration among positive samples was low (median = 6 GEq/g; range: 4–4.31×102 GEq/g). We also observed heterogeneity in the distribution of pathogenic Leptospira at the fine spatial scale. However, when using 16S rRNA qPCR, we detected a higher proportion of Leptospira-positive samples (86%) and higher bacterial concentrations (median: 4.16×102 GEq/g; range: 4–2.58×104 GEq/g). Sequencing of the qPCR amplicons and qPCR analysis with all type Leptospira species revealed that the 16S rRNA qPCR detected not only pathogenic Leptospira but also intermediate species, although both methods excluded saprophytic Leptospira. No significant associations were identified between the presence of pathogenic Leptospira DNA and environmental characteristics (vegetation, rat activity, distance to an open sewer or a house, or soil clay content), though samples with higher soil moisture content showed higher prevalences. Conclusion/Significance This is the first study to successfully quantify the burden of pathogenic Leptospira in soil from an endemic region. Our results support the hypothesis that soil may be an under-recognized environmental reservoir contributing to transmission of pathogenic Leptospira in urban slums. Consequently, the role of soil should be considered when planning interventions aimed to reduce the burden of leptospirosis in these communities. Leptospirosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease that disproportionately affects vulnerable populations in urban slums. The disease is transmitted by direct contact with water, soil, or mud that has been contaminated with infected urine shed from chronically infected animals. Despite the critical role the environment plays in the epidemiology of the disease, the contribution of soil to the transmission cycle remains largely undescribed. Herein, we investigated the distribution of pathogenic Leptospira in soil samples from an endemic urban slum in Brazil. We found pathogenic Leptospira in nearly one-third of the soil samples, predominantly in low concentrations (<5×102 GEq/g). However, we observed considerable variation in the distribution and concentration of the pathogen at the fine spatial scale within the slum. Our results indicate that soil is likely an important additional environmental reservoir of pathogenic Leptospira in urban slums and prevention strategies should consider soil to help prevent the transmission of the disease in similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Schneider
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Arnau Casanovas-Massana
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ACM); (AIK)
| | - Kathryn P. Hacker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mike Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - James E. Childs
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Federico Costa
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Janet C. Lindow
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail: (ACM); (AIK)
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Lindow JC, Wunder EA, Popper SJ, Min JN, Mannam P, Srivastava A, Yao Y, Hacker KP, Raddassi K, Lee PJ, Montgomery RR, Shaw AC, Hagan JE, Araújo GC, Nery N, Relman DA, Kim CC, Reis MG, Ko AI. Correction: Cathelicidin Insufficiency in Patients with Fatal Leptospirosis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006646. [PMID: 28950012 PMCID: PMC5614647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Lindow JC, Wunder EA, Popper SJ, Min JN, Mannam P, Srivastava A, Yao Y, Hacker KP, Raddassi K, Lee PJ, Montgomery RR, Shaw AC, Hagan JE, Araújo GC, Nery N, Relman DA, Kim CC, Reis MG, Ko AI. Cathelicidin Insufficiency in Patients with Fatal Leptospirosis. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005943. [PMID: 27812211 PMCID: PMC5094754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, the role of the host immune response in disease progression and high case fatality (>10-50%) is poorly understood. We conducted a multi-parameter investigation of patients with acute leptospirosis to identify mechanisms associated with case fatality. Whole blood transcriptional profiling of 16 hospitalized Brazilian patients with acute leptospirosis (13 survivors, 3 deceased) revealed fatal cases had lower expression of the antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin, and chemokines, but more abundant pro-inflammatory cytokine receptors. In contrast, survivors generated strong adaptive immune signatures, including transcripts relevant to antigen presentation and immunoglobulin production. In an independent cohort (23 survivors, 22 deceased), fatal cases had higher bacterial loads (P = 0.0004) and lower anti-Leptospira antibody titers (P = 0.02) at the time of hospitalization, independent of the duration of illness. Low serum cathelicidin and RANTES levels during acute illness were independent risk factors for higher bacterial loads (P = 0.005) and death (P = 0.04), respectively. To investigate the mechanism of cathelicidin in patients surviving acute disease, we administered LL-37, the active peptide of cathelicidin, in a hamster model of lethal leptospirosis and found it significantly decreased bacterial loads and increased survival. Our findings indicate that the host immune response plays a central role in severe leptospirosis disease progression. While drawn from a limited study size, significant conclusions include that poor clinical outcomes are associated with high systemic bacterial loads, and a decreased antibody response. Furthermore, our data identified a key role for the antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin, in mounting an effective bactericidal response against the pathogen, which represents a valuable new therapeutic approach for leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C. Lindow
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Stephen J. Popper
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jin-na Min
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Praveen Mannam
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Anup Srivastava
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yi Yao
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kathryn P. Hacker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Khadir Raddassi
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Patty J. Lee
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ruth R. Montgomery
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Albert C. Shaw
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jose E. Hagan
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C. Araújo
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Nivison Nery
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - David A. Relman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Kim
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Hacker KP, Minter A, Begon M, Diggle PJ, Serrano S, Reis MG, Childs JE, Ko AI, Costa F. A Comparative Assessment of Track Plates to Quantify Fine Scale Variations in the Relative Abundance of Norway Rats in Urban Slums. Urban Ecosyst 2016; 19:561-575. [PMID: 27453682 PMCID: PMC4955619 DOI: 10.1007/s11252-015-0519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) living in urban environments are a critical public health and economic problem, particularly in urban slums where residents are at a higher risk for rat borne diseases, yet convenient methods to quantitatively assess population sizes are lacking. We evaluated track plates as a method to determine rat distribution and relative abundance in a complex urban slum environment by correlating the presence and intensity of rat-specific marks on track plates with findings from rat infestation surveys and trapping of rats to population exhaustion. To integrate the zero-inflated track plate data we developed a two-component mixture model with one binary and one censored continuous component. Track plate mark-intensity was highly correlated with signs of rodent infestation (all coefficients between 0.61 and 0.79 and all p-values < 0.05). Moreover, the mean level of pre-trapping rat-mark intensity on plates was significantly associated with the number of rats captured subsequently (Odds ratio1.38; 95% CI 1.19-1.61) and declined significantly following trapping (Odds ratio 0.86; 95% CI 0.78-0.95). Track plates provided robust proxy measurements of rat abundance and distribution and detected rat presence even when populations appeared 'trapped out'. Tracking plates are relatively easy and inexpensive methods that can be used to intensively sample settings such as urban slums, where traditional trapping or mark-recapture studies are impossible to implement, and therefore the results can inform and assess the impact of targeted urban rodent control campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn P. Hacker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, United States of America, CT 06511
| | - Amanda Minter
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L69 7ZB
| | - Mike Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L69 7ZB
| | - Peter J. Diggle
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, United States of America, CT 06511
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L69 7ZB
| | - Soledad Serrano
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brasil, 40.110-040 (SS)
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brasil, 40296-710
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brasil, 40.110-040
| | - James E. Childs
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, United States of America, CT 06511
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, United States of America, CT 06511
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brasil, 40296-710
| | - Federico Costa
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, United States of America, CT 06511
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, L69 7ZB
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brasil, 40296-710
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA, Salvador, Brasil, 40.110-040
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11
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Hacker KP, Seto KC, Costa F, Corburn J, Reis MG, Ko AI, Diuk-Wasser MA. Urban slum structure: integrating socioeconomic and land cover data to model slum evolution in Salvador, Brazil. Int J Health Geogr 2013; 12:45. [PMID: 24138776 PMCID: PMC3924348 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-12-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expansion of urban slums is a key challenge for public and social policy in the 21st century. The heterogeneous and dynamic nature of slum communities limits the use of rigid slum definitions. A systematic and flexible approach to characterize, delineate and model urban slum structure at an operational resolution is essential to plan, deploy, and monitor interventions at the local and national level. METHODS We modeled the multi-dimensional structure of urban slums in the city of Salvador, a city of 3 million inhabitants in Brazil, by integrating census-derived socioeconomic variables and remotely-sensed land cover variables. We assessed the correlation between the two sets of variables using canonical correlation analysis, identified land cover proxies for the socioeconomic variables, and produced an integrated map of deprivation in Salvador at 30 m × 30 m resolution. RESULTS The canonical analysis identified three significant ordination axes that described the structure of Salvador census tracts according to land cover and socioeconomic features. The first canonical axis captured a gradient from crowded, low-income communities with corrugated roof housing to higher-income communities. The second canonical axis discriminated among socioeconomic variables characterizing the most marginalized census tracts, those without access to sanitation or piped water. The third canonical axis accounted for the least amount of variation, but discriminated between high-income areas with white-painted or tiled roofs from lower-income areas. CONCLUSIONS Our approach captures the socioeconomic and land cover heterogeneity within and between slum settlements and identifies the most marginalized communities in a large, complex urban setting. These findings indicate that changes in the canonical scores for slum areas can be used to track their evolution and to monitor the impact of development programs such as slum upgrading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn P Hacker
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Karen C Seto
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Federico Costa
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Jason Corburn
- Department of City and Regional Planning & School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Wurster Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mitermayer G Reis
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Albert I Ko
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Maria A Diuk-Wasser
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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