Urine osmolality predicts worsening renal function and poor prognosis in acute decompensated heart failure

Background/Purpose

Worsening renal function (WRF) can sometimes occur in the patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and increase the risk of morbidity and mortality (1). In a previous study, it was reported that fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) reflects net sodium reabsorption from nephron segments and predicts WRF during treating ADHF (2). On the other hand, recently the new drugs which approach urine concentration mechanism and affect urine osmolality (U-OSM), such as tolvaptan and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, have begun to be widely used as treatment of heart failure. Thus, we focused on U-OSM, which reflects not only sodium handling but also water excretion controlled by the collecting duct, and evaluated the association between WRF and U-OSM. Moreover, previous studies have demonstrated that FENa, fractional excretion of urea nitrogen and transtubular potassium concentration gradient are markers for long-term prognosis in patients with ADHF (3–5). Therefore, we also studied whether U-OSM can predict prognosis in ADHF.

Methods

A total of 157 patients admitted to our hospital because of a primary diagnosis of ADHF from February 2020 through July 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. U-OSM in the spot urinary samples were examined within 72 hours after admission. U-OSM was calculated based on the following validated formula (6): U-OSM = 1.07 × {2 × [urine sodium (mEq/L)] + [urine urea nitrogen (mg/dL)]/2.8 + [urine creatinine (mg/dl)] × 2/3} + 16.2. The primary outcome was the occurrence of WRF during hospitalization. WRF was defined as increased serum creatinine ≥0.3 mg/dL from baseline (7). The secondary outcome was the occurrence of ADHF readmission and all-cause death within 180 days after discharge.

Results

Primary Outcome. WRF developed in 46% of all patients. In the patients that developed WRF during hospitalization, U-OSM was significantly lower than in the patients without WRF (366±106 mOsm/L versus 430±128 mOsm/L; P<0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed the optimal cutoff values of U-OSM was 403 mOsm/L (AUC 0.64; 95% CI: 0.56–0.72; P<0.001) to predict the WRF (Figure 1). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, U-OSM (OR, 1.99, 95% CI: 1.27–3.12; p=0.003) and serum creatinine (OR, 1.00, 95% CI: 0.99–1.00; P=0.009) were independent predictors of WRF.

Secondary Outcome. There were 34 patients (22%) readmitted and 9 patients (6%) died within 180 days after discharge. ROC curve analysis revealed the optimal cutoff values of U-OSM as 349 mOsm/L (C-statistic 0.74; 95% CI: 0.65–0.83; P<0.001) to predict ADHF readmission and all-cause death within 180 days (Figure 2A). On Kaplan-Meier analysis, the secondary outcome was significantly higher in patients with U-OSM<349 mOsm/L (u-OSM≥349, 57%, U-OSM<349, 43%; HR, 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99–1.00, P<0.001) (Figure 2B).

Conclusion

U-OSM on admission may be a predictor of WRF and a prognostic marker in ADHF patients.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Estimation of genetic parameter for feed efficiency and resilience traits in three pig breeds

Recently, automatic feeders have become popular for collecting daily feed intake data in the pig industry, making it possible to evaluate genetic effects on feed efficiency and resilience traits, expressed as day-to-day fluctuations in feeding records. This study aimed to understand the influence of genetic factors on feed efficiency traits, including residual intake and BW gain (RIG), and resilience traits, as well as to compare the differences in genetic parameter estimates among three purebred pig breeds. A total of 6 103 pigs from three breeds (Large White: 1 193 pigs, Landrace: 3 010 pigs, and Duroc: 1 900 pigs) were raised in a specific pathogen-free environment. The growth and feed intake records during the testing period were obtained using automatic feeders, and the average daily gain (ADG) and average feed intake (AFI) were calculated. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), residual feed intake (RFI), residual gain, and RIG were calculated as feed efficiency traits, and the log-transformed variance of deviation for the daily feed intake (LnVar_FI), daily occupation time (LnVar_OC), and the daily number of visits to the feeder (LnVar_VT) was calculated as resilience traits. After estimating the genetic parameters for each breed, a meta-analysis was performed to obtain the weighted mean of heritability estimates (h_m²) and genetic correlation estimates (GC_m) for the three breeds. The h_m² were moderate and ranged from 0.31 to 0.39 for feed efficiency traits and 0.31 to 0.40 for resilience traits, and there were no significant differences in heritability estimates among the three breeds except for AFI, RFI, and RIG. For feed efficiency traits, the FCR and RIG showed favourably moderate GC_m with AFI (0.29 and -0.33, respectively) and ADG (-0.39 and 0.31, respectively). For resilience traits, the LnVar_FI and LnVar_VT showed favourably low to moderate GC_m with FCR (0.33 and 0.28, respectively) and RIG (-0.37 and 0.28, respectively), and there were no genetic relationships of LnVar_OC with FCR and RIG (the absolute value of GC_m was 0.01). There was no significant difference in the genetic correlation estimates among the three breeds for feed efficiency and resilience traits. Our results suggest that feed efficiency and resilience traits were heritable, and resilience traits showed favourable or no genetic correlation with feed efficiency traits. In addition, the influence of genetic factors on feed efficiency and resilience traits could be the same among breeds.

Chemical Characterization of a Volatile Dubnium Compound, DbOCl3

The formation and the chemical characterization of single atoms of dubnium (Db, element 105), in the form of its volatile oxychloride, was investigated using the on‐line gas phase chromatography technique, in the temperature range 350–600 °C. Under the exactly same chemical conditions, comparative studies with the lighter homologues of Group 5 in the Periodic Table clearly indicate the volatility sequence being NbOCl₃ > TaOCl₃ ≥ DbOCl₃. From the obtained experimental results, thermochemical data for DbOCl₃ were derived. The present study delivers reliable experimental information for theoretical calculations on chemical properties of transactinides.

Not Only Hypoxia- but Radiation-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Is Modulated by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 in A549 Lung Cancer Cells

Hypoxia leads to post-treatment metastasis and recurrences of cancer via the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Radiotherapy itself may also contribute to the acquisition of EMT phenotypes. Despite extensive studies on the EMT driven by either hypoxia or radiation stimuli, the molecular mechanisms characterizing these EMT events remain unclear. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the differences in the molecular pathways between hypoxia-induced EMT (Hypo-EMT) and radiation-induced EMT (R-EMT). Further, we investigated the therapeutic effects of HIF-1α inhibitor (LW6) on Hypo-EMT and R-EMT cells. A549 cells, lung adenocarcinoma cell line, acquired enhanced wound-healing activity under both hypoxia and irradiation. Localization of E-cadherin was altered from the cell membrane to the cytoplasm in both hypoxia and irradiated conditions. Of note, the expression levels of vimentin, one of the major EMT markers, was enhanced in irradiated cells, while it decreased under hypoxia condition. Importantly, LW6 significantly blocked EMT-related malignant phenotypes in both Hypo-EMT cells and R-EMT cells with concomitant re-location of E-cadherin onto the cell membrane. Moreover, LW6 deflected stress responsive signalling, JNK, activated sustainably under hypoxic condition, and the blockage of JNK impaired EMT phenotypes. Together, this work demonstrated the molecular events underlying Hypo-EMT and R-EMT, and highlighted HIF-1α as a therapeutic target not only in Hypo- EMT, but also in R-EMT.

KrasP34R and KrasT58I mutations induce distinct RASopathy phenotypes in mice

Somatic KRAS mutations are highly prevalent in many cancers. In addition, a distinct spectrum of germline KRAS mutations causes developmental disorders called RASopathies. The mutant proteins encoded by these germline KRAS mutations are less biochemically and functionally activated than those in cancer. We generated mice harboring conditional Kras^LSL-P34Rand Kras^LSL-T58I knock-in alleles and characterized the consequences of each mutation in vivo. Embryonic expression of Kras^T58I resulted in craniofacial abnormalities reminiscent of those seen in RASopathy disorders, and these mice exhibited hyperplastic growth of multiple organs, modest alterations in cardiac valvulogenesis, myocardial hypertrophy, and myeloproliferation. By contrast, embryonic Kras^P34R expression resulted in early perinatal lethality from respiratory failure due to defective lung sacculation, which was associated with aberrant ERK activity in lung epithelial cells. Somatic Mx1-Cre–mediated activation in the hematopoietic compartment showed that Kras^P34R and Kras^T58I expression had distinct signaling effects, despite causing a similar spectrum of hematologic diseases. These potentially novel strains are robust models for investigating the consequences of expressing endogenous levels of hyperactive K-Ras in different developing and adult tissues, for comparing how oncogenic and germline K-Ras proteins perturb signaling networks and cell fate decisions, and for performing preclinical therapeutic trials.

Mouse models are developed to accurately recapitulate multiple features of RASopathy disorders caused by germline KRASP34R and KRAST581 mutations.

SAKE: first-principles electron transport calculation code

We developed and implemented a numerical code called SAKE, which stands for (simulation code for atomistic Kohn-Sham equation). We developed it for first-principle electron transport calculations based on density-functional theory and non-equilibrium Green's function formalism. First, we present the central calculation parts of the formalism of the electronic states and transport properties for open and non-equilibrium systems. We show specific computational techniques, such as the use of a complex contour integration for charge density from the density matrix, which is compared with the calculation method of summing the residues of the Fermi-Dirac distribution, as well as the efficient achievement of the self-consistent procedures. Thereafter, for applications of the present computation code, SAKE, we present first-principle calculation results of three different systems. We first analyze electronic structures of polythiophene molecular wires, compare summation techniques for the density matrix. We show thermoelectric properties of an n-type antiferromagnetic semiconductor CuFeS2as a second application. The electrical conductance, electrical thermal conductance, and the Seebeck coefficients with carrier doping are examined, and the analytical form of the Seebeck coefficient is briefly described. For the third application, we analyze the electron transport properties of polyaniline molecular wires under structural deformations, i.e. rotations around the transport direction. The thermally averaged current-voltage characteristics are also analyzed. The results show that the current decreases as the temperature increases which are determined based on the competition between the thermal energy and the electronic energy, which increases with the rotation angle.

Impact of technically qualified surgeons on laparoscopic colorectal resection outcomes: results of a propensity score-matching analysis

Background

The Endoscopic Surgical Skill Qualification System (ESSQS) was introduced in Japan to improve the quality of laparoscopic surgery. This cohort study investigated the short‐ and long‐term postoperative outcomes of colorectal cancer laparoscopic procedures performed by or with qualified surgeons compared with outcomes for unqualified surgeons.

Methods

All laparoscopic colorectal resections performed from 2010 to 2013 in 11 Japanese hospitals were reviewed retrospectively. The procedures were categorized as performed by surgeons with or without the ESSQS qualification and patients' clinical, pathological and surgical features were used to match subgroups using propensity scoring. Outcome measures included postoperative and long‐term results.

Results

Overall, 1428 procedures were analysed; 586 procedures were performed with ESSQS‐qualified surgeons and 842 were done by ESSQS‐unqualified surgeons. Upon matching, two cohorts of 426 patients were selected for comparison of short‐term results. A prevalence of rectal resection (50·3 versus 40·5 per cent; P < 0·001) and shorter duration of surgery (230 versus 238 min; P = 0·045) was reported for the ESSQS group. Intraoperative and postoperative complication and reoperation rates were significantly lower in the ESSQS group than in the non‐ESSQS group (1·2 versus 3·6 per cent, P = 0·014; 4·6 versus 7·5 per cent, P = 0·025; 1·9 versus 3·9 per cent, P = 0·023, respectively). These findings were confirmed after propensity score matching. Cox regression analysis found that non‐attendance of ESSQS‐qualified surgeons (hazard ratio 12·30, 95 per cent c.i. 1·28 to 119·10; P = 0·038) was independently associated with local recurrence in patients with stage II disease.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic colorectal procedures performed with ESSQS‐qualified surgeons showed improved postoperative results. Further studies are needed to investigate the impact of the qualification on long‐term oncological outcomes.

P6355The behavior of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure hospitalization

Background

Relationship between atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) is often compared with proverbial question of which came first, the chicken or the egg. Some patients showing AF at the HF admission result in restoration of sinus rhythm (SR) at discharge. It is not well elucidated that the restoration into SR during hospitalization can render the preventive effect for rehospitalization.

Purpose

To investigate the impact of restoration into SR during hospitalization for readmission rate of the HF patients showing AF.

Methods

We enrolled consecutive 640 HF patients hospitalized from January 2015 to December 2015. Patients data were retrospectively investigated from medical record. Patients showing atrial fibrillation on admission but unrecognized ever were defined as “incident AF”; patients with AF diagnosed before admission were defined as “prevalent AF”. Primary endpoint was a composite of death from cardiovascular disease or hospitalization for worsening heart failure. Secondary endpoints were death from cardiovascular disease, unplanned hospitalization related to heart failure, and any hospitalization.

Results

During mean follow up of 19 months, 139 patients (22%) were categorized as incident AF and 145 patients (23%) were categorized as prevalent AF. Among 239 patients showing AF on admission, 44 patients were discharged in SR (39 patients in incident AF and 5 patients in prevalent AF). Among incident AF patients, the primary composite end point occurred in significantly fewer in those who discharged in SR (19% vs. 42% at 1-year; 23% vs. 53% at 2-year follow-up, p=0.005). To compare the risk factors related to readmission due to HF with the cox proportional-hazards model, AF only during hospitalization [Hazard Ratio (HR)=0.37, p<0.01] and prevalent AF (HR=1.67, p=0.04) was significantly associated. There was no significant difference depending on LVEF.

Conclusion

Newly diagnosed AF with restoration to SR during hospitalization was a good marker to forecast future prognosis.

Evidence for hormonal control of heart regenerative capacity during endothermy acquisition

Tissue regenerative potential displays striking divergence across phylogeny and ontogeny, but the underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. Loss of mammalian cardiac regenerative potential correlates with cardiomyocyte cell-cycle arrest and polyploidization as well as the development of postnatal endothermy. We reveal that diploid cardiomyocyte abundance across 41 species conforms to Kleiber's law-the ¾-power law scaling of metabolism with bodyweight-and inversely correlates with standard metabolic rate, body temperature, and serum thyroxine level. Inactivation of thyroid hormone signaling reduces mouse cardiomyocyte polyploidization, delays cell-cycle exit, and retains cardiac regenerative potential in adults. Conversely, exogenous thyroid hormones inhibit zebrafish heart regeneration. Thus, our findings suggest that loss of heart regenerative capacity in adult mammals is triggered by increasing thyroid hormones and may be a trade-off for the acquisition of endothermy.

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering rigid endoscope toward robot-assisted surgery

Label-free visualization of nerves and nervous plexuses will improve the preservation of neurological functions in nerve-sparing robot-assisted surgery. We have developed a coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) rigid endoscope to distinguish nerves from other tissues during surgery. The developed endoscope, which has a tube with a diameter of 12 mm and a length of 270 mm, achieved 0.91% image distortion and 8.6% non-uniformity of CARS intensity in the whole field of view (650 μm diameter). We demonstrated CARS imaging of a rat sciatic nerve and visualization of the fine structure of nerve fibers.

Study of fission using multi-nucleon transfer reactions

Multi-nucleon transfer channels of the reactions of 18O+232Th, 18O+238U, 18O+248Cm were used to measure fission-fragment mass distribution for various nuclides and their excitation energy dependence. Predominantly asymmetric fission is observed at low excitation energies for all the studied cases, with an increase of the symmetric fission towards high excitation energies. Experimental data are compared with predictions of the fluctuation-dissipation model, where effects of multi-chance fission (neutron evaporation prior to fission) was introduced. It was shown that a reliable understanding of the observed fission fragment mass distributions can be obtained only invoking multi-chance fissions.

Role of Multichance Fission in the Description of Fission-Fragment Mass Distributions at High Energies

Fission-fragment mass distributions were measured for ^{237-240}U, ^{239-242}Np, and ^{241-244}Pu populated in the excitation-energy range from 10 to 60 MeV by multinucleon transfer channels in the reaction ^{18}O+^{238}U at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency tandem facility. Among them, the data for ^{240}U and ^{240,241,242}Np were observed for the first time. It was found that the mass distributions for all the studied nuclides maintain a double-humped shape up to the highest measured energy in contrast to expectations of predominantly symmetric fission due to the washing out of nuclear shell effects. From a comparison with the dynamical calculation based on the fluctuation-dissipation model, this behavior of the mass distributions was unambiguously attributed to the effect of multichance fission.

Clinical Results of Accelerated Hypofractionated Radiotherapy for Central-Type Small Lung Tumours

Purpose: We evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy (AHYPOF-RT) for central-type small lung tumours. Methods: Between November 2006 and January 2015, 40 patients with central-type small lung tumours underwent AHYPOF-RT delivered using 10 MV X-rays and a coplanar 3-field technique. The number of fractions ranged from 24 to 28, with a fraction size of 2.5–3 Gy. A total dose of 69–75 Gy to the isocentre of the planning target volume was administered to each patient. Cumulative survival and local control rates were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results: The 27 men and 13 women enrolled in the study had a median age of 79 years (range: 60−87 years). The tumour stage was T1a in 9 patients, T1b in 17 patients, and T2a in 14 patients, with a median size of 26.5 cm (range: 11–49 cm). The median follow-up period was 23 months. A complete response was achieved in 3 patients (7.5%), and a partial response, in 17 patients (42.5%). The overall 2-year and 3-year local control rates were 87.3% and 81.8% respectively; the 2-year and 3-year overall survival rates were 78.9% and 66.7% respectively. Grade 3 pneumonitis occurred in 3 patients; no other severe adverse events (≥grade 3) were observed in any patient. Conclusions: Accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy using a fraction size of 2.5–3 Gy was highly safe and can be a more effective treatment option than conventional radiotherapy for patients with central-type small lung tumours.

IκBNS induces Muc5ac expression in epithelial cells and causes airway hyper-responsiveness in murine asthma models

BACKGROUND

In allergic asthma, environmental allergens including house dust mite (HDM) trigger pattern recognition receptors and activate downstream signaling pathways including NF-κB pathways not only in immune cells but also in airway epithelial cells. Recent studies have shown that NF-κB activation is regulated positively or negatively depending on the cellular context by IκBNS (encoded by the gene Nfkbid), one of atypical IκB proteins, in the nucleus. Therefore, we hypothesized that IκBNS expressed in immune cells or epithelial cells is involved in the regulation of asthmatic responses.

AIM

To determine the roles of IκBNS in HDM-induced asthmatic responses.

METHODS

Roles of IκBNS in HDM-induced airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) were examined by using IκBNS-deficient (Nfkbid^-/- ) mice. Roles of IκBNS expressed in hematopoietic cells and nonhematopoietic cells were separately evaluated by bone marrow chimeric mice. Roles of IκBNS expressed in murine tracheal epithelial cells (mTECs) were examined by air-liquid interface culture.

RESULTS

House dust mite-induced airway inflammation and AHR were exacerbated in mice lacking IκBNS in hematopoietic cells. In contrast, HDM-induced airway inflammation was exacerbated, but AHR was attenuated in mice lacking IκBNS in nonhematopoietic cells. The induction of Muc5ac, a representative mucin in asthmatic airways, was reduced in Nfkbid^-/- mTEC, whereas the induction of Spdef, a master regulator of goblet cell metaplasia, was not impaired in Nfkbid^-/- mTEC. Moreover, IκBNS bound to and activated the MUC5AC distal promoter in epithelial cells.

CONCLUSION

IκBNS is involved in inducing Muc5ac expression in lung epithelial cells and causing AHR in HDM-induced asthma models.

Direct administration of 2-Hydroxypropyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin into guinea pig cochleae: Effects on physiological and histological measurements

2-Hydroxypropyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin (HPβCD) can be used to treat Niemann-Pick type C disease, Alzheimer's disease, and atherosclerosis. But, a consequence is that HPβCD can cause hearing loss. HPβCD was recently found to be toxic to outer hair cells (OHCs) in the organ of Corti. Previous studies on the chronic effects of in vivo HPβCD toxicity did not know the intra-cochlear concentration of HPβCD and attributed variable effects on OHCs to indirect drug delivery to the cochlea. We studied the acute effects of known HPβCD concentrations administered directly into intact guinea pig cochleae. Our novel approach injected solutions through pipette sealed into scala tympani in the cochlear apex. Solutions were driven along the length of the cochlear spiral toward the cochlear aqueduct in the base. This method ensured that therapeutic levels were achieved throughout the cochlea, including those regions tuned to mid to low frequencies and code speech vowels and background noise. A wide variety of measurements were made. Results were compared to measurements from ears treated with the HPβCD analog methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), salicylate that is well known to attenuate the gain of the cochlear amplifier, and injection of artificial perilymph alone (controls). Histological data showed that OHCs appeared normal after treatment with a low dose of HPβCD, and physiological data was consistent with attenuation of cochlear amplifier gain and disruption of non-linearity associated with transferring acoustic sound into neural excitation, an origin of distortion products that are commonly used to objectively assess hearing and hearing loss. A high dose of HPβCD caused sporadic OHC losses and markedly affected all physiologic measurements. MβCD caused virulent destruction of OHCs and physiologic responses. Toxicity of HPβCD to OHC along the cochlear length is variable even when a known intra-cochlear concentration is administered, at least for the duration of our acute studies.

Plutonium, 137Cs and uranium isotopes in Mongolian surface soils

Plutonium (²³⁸Pu and ^239,240Pu), ¹³⁷Cs and plutonium activity ratios (²³⁸Pu/^239,240Pu) as did uranium isotope ratio (²³⁵U/²³⁸U) were measured in surface soil samples collected in southeast Mongolia. The ^239,240Pu and ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in Mongolian surface soils (<53 μm of particle size) ranged from 0.42 ± 0.03 to 3.53 ± 0.09 mBq g^-1 and from 11.6 ± 0.7 to 102 ± 1 mBq g^-1, respectively. The ²³⁸Pu/^239,240Pu activity ratios in the surface soils (0.013-0.06) coincided with that of global fallout. The ²³⁵U/²³⁸U atom ratios in the surface soil show the natural one. There was a good correlation between the ^239,240Pu and ¹³⁷Cs concentrations in the surface soils. We introduce the migration depth to have better understanding of migration behaviors of anthropogenic radionuclides in surface soil. We found a difference of the migration behavior between ^239,240Pu and ¹³⁷Cs from ¹³⁷Cs/^239,240Pu - ¹³⁷Cs plots for the Mongolian and Tsukuba surface soils; plutonium in surface soil is migrated easier than ¹³⁷Cs.

Methodological Issues in Conducting Pilot Trials in Chronic Pain as Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Studies

BACKGROUND

The efficacy of tapentadol extended release (ER) for managing chronic pain has been demonstrated in large-scale, randomized, controlled, phase 3 studies (N=318-1,030) in patients with chronic osteoarthritis (OA) pain, low back pain (LBP), and pain related to diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), which led to registration in many regions, including the United States and Europe. 2 pilot 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 studies of tapentadol ER for chronic pain (OA knee pain or LBP, n=91; DPN or peripheral herpetic neuralgia [PHN] pain; n=91) were conducted in Japan. These small exploratory studies were substantially underpowered compared with the registration trials.

METHODS

Patients in both studies were randomized (2:1) to tapentadol ER (25-250 mg) or placebo for 12 weeks (≤6-week titration plus maintenance periods).

RESULTS

For the primary efficacy endpoint (change in pain intensity from baseline to last week of treatment; last observation carried forward), both studies failed to differentiate between tapentadol ER and placebo; least-squares mean differences (95% confidence intervals) for tapentadol ER vs. placebo were -0.1 (-1.04, 0.80) in the OA/LBP study and -0.1 (-1.10, 0.99) in the DPN/PHN study. More than 80% of patients took concomitant analgesics during these studies. Tapentadol was well tolerated.

CONCLUSIONS

Both studies were associated with methodological issues, including populations with different disease entities, small sample sizes, use of concomitant analgesics, and possible placebo effect that may have led to the failure to differentiate between tapentadol ER and placebo.

Integration of borylation of aryllithiums and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling using monolithic Pd catalyst

Integration of the preparation of arylboronic esters and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling using monolithic Pd catalyst was successfully achieved.

Spatial and temporal distributions of (134)Cs and (137)Cs derived from the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in the North Pacific Ocean by using optimal interpolation analysis

Optimal interpolation (OI) analysis was used to investigate the oceanic distributions of (134)Cs and (137)Cs released from the Tokyo Electric Power Company Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP1) accident. From the end of March to early April 2011, extremely high activities were observed in the coastal surface seawater near the FNPP1. The high activities spread to a region near 165°E in the western North Pacific Ocean, with a latitudinal center of 40°N. Atmospheric deposition also caused high activities in the region between 180° and 130°W in the North Pacific Ocean. The inventory of FNPP1-released (134)Cs in the North Pacific Ocean was estimated to be 15.3 ± 2.6 PBq. About half of this activity (8.4 ± 2.6 PBq) was found in the coastal region near the FNPP1. After 6 April 2011, when major direct releases ceased, the FNPP1-released (134)Cs in the coastal region decreased exponentially with an apparent half-time of about 4.2 ± 0.5 days and declined to about 2 ± 0.4 PBq by the middle of May 2011. Taking into account that the (134)Cs/(137)Cs activity ratio was about 1 just after release and was extremely uniform during the first month after the accident, the amount of (137)Cs released by the FNPP1 accident increased the North Pacific inventory of (137)Cs due to bomb testing during the 1950s and early 1960s by 20%.

Switching between intermolecular and intramolecular reactions using flow microreactors: lithiation of 2-bromo-2′-silylbiphenyls

Switching between the intermolecular reaction and the intramolecular reaction was achieved at will using flow microreactors.