1
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Washington NL, Gangavarapu K, Zeller M, Bolze A, Cirulli ET, Schiabor Barrett KM, Larsen BB, Anderson C, White S, Cassens T, Jacobs S, Levan G, Nguyen J, Ramirez JM, Rivera-Garcia C, Sandoval E, Wang X, Wong D, Spencer E, Robles-Sikisaka R, Kurzban E, Hughes LD, Deng X, Wang C, Servellita V, Valentine H, De Hoff P, Seaver P, Sathe S, Gietzen K, Sickler B, Antico J, Hoon K, Liu J, Harding A, Bakhtar O, Basler T, Austin B, MacCannell D, Isaksson M, Febbo PG, Becker D, Laurent M, McDonald E, Yeo GW, Knight R, Laurent LC, de Feo E, Worobey M, Chiu CY, Suchard MA, Lu JT, Lee W, Andersen KG. Emergence and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 in the United States. Cell 2021; 184:2587-2594.e7. [PMID: 33861950 PMCID: PMC8009040 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The highly transmissible B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2, first identified in the United Kingdom, has gained a foothold across the world. Using S gene target failure (SGTF) and SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing, we investigated the prevalence and dynamics of this variant in the United States (US), tracking it back to its early emergence. We found that, while the fraction of B.1.1.7 varied by state, the variant increased at a logistic rate with a roughly weekly doubling rate and an increased transmission of 40%–50%. We revealed several independent introductions of B.1.1.7 into the US as early as late November 2020, with community transmission spreading it to most states within months. We show that the US is on a similar trajectory as other countries where B.1.1.7 became dominant, requiring immediate and decisive action to minimize COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Mark Zeller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | - Brendan B Larsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Catelyn Anderson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emily Spencer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Refugio Robles-Sikisaka
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ezra Kurzban
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Laura D Hughes
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA
| | - Xianding Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Candace Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Venice Servellita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Holly Valentine
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peter De Hoff
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Phoebe Seaver
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shashank Sathe
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tracy Basler
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA 92101, USA
| | - Brett Austin
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA 92101, USA
| | - Duncan MacCannell
- Office of Advanced Molecular Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric McDonald
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA 92101, USA
| | - Gene W Yeo
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Marc A Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, and Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92122, USA.
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2
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Washington NL, Gangavarapu K, Zeller M, Bolze A, Cirulli ET, Barrett KMS, Larsen BB, Anderson C, White S, Cassens T, Jacobs S, Levan G, Nguyen J, Ramirez JM, Rivera-Garcia C, Sandoval E, Wang X, Wong D, Spencer E, Robles-Sikisaka R, Kurzban E, Hughes LD, Deng X, Wang C, Servellita V, Valentine H, De Hoff P, Seaver P, Sathe S, Gietzen K, Sickler B, Antico J, Hoon K, Liu J, Harding A, Bakhtar O, Basler T, Austin B, Isaksson M, Febbo PG, Becker D, Laurent M, McDonald E, Yeo GW, Knight R, Laurent LC, de Feo E, Worobey M, Chiu C, Suchard MA, Lu JT, Lee W, Andersen KG. Genomic epidemiology identifies emergence and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 in the United States. medRxiv 2021:2021.02.06.21251159. [PMID: 33564780 PMCID: PMC7872373 DOI: 10.1101/2021.02.06.21251159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As of January of 2021, the highly transmissible B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2, which was first identified in the United Kingdom (U.K.), has gained a strong foothold across the world. Because of the sudden and rapid rise of B.1.1.7, we investigated the prevalence and growth dynamics of this variant in the United States (U.S.), tracking it back to its early emergence and onward local transmission. We found that the RT-qPCR testing anomaly of S gene target failure (SGTF), first observed in the U.K., was a reliable proxy for B.1.1.7 detection. We sequenced 212 B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected from testing facilities in the U.S. from December 2020 to January 2021. We found that while the fraction of B.1.1.7 among SGTF samples varied by state, detection of the variant increased at a logistic rate similar to those observed elsewhere, with a doubling rate of a little over a week and an increased transmission rate of 35-45%. By performing time-aware Bayesian phylodynamic analyses, we revealed several independent introductions of B.1.1.7 into the U.S. as early as late November 2020, with onward community transmission enabling the variant to spread to at least 30 states as of January 2021. Our study shows that the U.S. is on a similar trajectory as other countries where B.1.1.7 rapidly became the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant, requiring immediate and decisive action to minimize COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mark Zeller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | | | - Brendan B. Larsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Catelyn Anderson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Emily Spencer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Ezra Kurzban
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Laura D. Hughes
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xianding Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Candace Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Venice Servellita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tracy Basler
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA
| | - Brett Austin
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric McDonald
- San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Charles Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, Berkeley, CA
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, and Departments of Biomathematics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA
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3
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Mathias RA, Taub MA, Gignoux CR, Fu W, Musharoff S, O'Connor TD, Vergara C, Torgerson DG, Pino-Yanes M, Shringarpure SS, Huang L, Rafaels N, Boorgula MP, Johnston HR, Ortega VE, Levin AM, Song W, Torres R, Padhukasahasram B, Eng C, Mejia-Mejia DA, Ferguson T, Qin ZS, Scott AF, Yazdanbakhsh M, Wilson JG, Marrugo J, Lange LA, Kumar R, Avila PC, Williams LK, Watson H, Ware LB, Olopade C, Olopade O, Oliveira R, Ober C, Nicolae DL, Meyers D, Mayorga A, Knight-Madden J, Hartert T, Hansel NN, Foreman MG, Ford JG, Faruque MU, Dunston GM, Caraballo L, Burchard EG, Bleecker E, Araujo MI, Herrera-Paz EF, Gietzen K, Grus WE, Bamshad M, Bustamante CD, Kenny EE, Hernandez RD, Beaty TH, Ruczinski I, Akey J, Barnes KC. A continuum of admixture in the Western Hemisphere revealed by the African Diaspora genome. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12522. [PMID: 27725671 PMCID: PMC5062574 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The African Diaspora in the Western Hemisphere represents one of the largest forced migrations in history and had a profound impact on genetic diversity in modern populations. To date, the fine-scale population structure of descendants of the African Diaspora remains largely uncharacterized. Here we present genetic variation from deeply sequenced genomes of 642 individuals from North and South American, Caribbean and West African populations, substantially increasing the lexicon of human genomic variation and suggesting much variation remains to be discovered in African-admixed populations in the Americas. We summarize genetic variation in these populations, quantifying the postcolonial sex-biased European gene flow across multiple regions. Moreover, we refine estimates on the burden of deleterious variants carried across populations and how this varies with African ancestry. Our data are an important resource for empowering disease mapping studies in African-admixed individuals and will facilitate gene discovery for diseases disproportionately affecting individuals of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika Ann Mathias
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, JHU, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Margaret A. Taub
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, JHU, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Christopher R. Gignoux
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Wenqing Fu
- Department of Genomic Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Shaila Musharoff
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Timothy D. O'Connor
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Candelaria Vergara
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Dara G. Torgerson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Maria Pino-Yanes
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Suyash S. Shringarpure
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Nicholas Rafaels
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | | | - Henry Richard Johnston
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Victor E. Ortega
- Center for Human Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Albert M. Levin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Wei Song
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Raul Torres
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Badri Padhukasahasram
- Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Delmy-Aracely Mejia-Mejia
- Centro de Neumologia y Alergias, San Pedro Sula 21102, Honduras
- Faculty of Medicine, Centro Medico de la Familia, San Pedro Sula 21102, Honduras
| | - Trevor Ferguson
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, St. Michael BB11115, Barbados
| | - Zhaohui S. Qin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Alan F. Scott
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
| | - Javier Marrugo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Immunologicas, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130000, Colombia
| | - Leslie A. Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- The Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Pedro C. Avila
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - L. Keoki Williams
- Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Harold Watson
- Faculty of Medical Sciences Cave Hill Campus, The University of the West Indies, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of the West Indies, St. Michael BB11115, Barbados
| | - Lorraine B. Ware
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Christopher Olopade
- Department of Medicine and Center for Global Health, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | - Ricardo Oliveira
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Dan L. Nicolae
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Deborah Meyers
- Center for Human Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Alvaro Mayorga
- Centro de Neumologia y Alergias, San Pedro Sula 21102, Honduras
| | - Jennifer Knight-Madden
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, The University of the West Indies, St. Michael BB11115, Barbados
| | - Tina Hartert
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Nadia N. Hansel
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn G. Foreman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, USA
| | - Jean G. Ford
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, JHU, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA
| | - Mezbah U. Faruque
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC 20059, USA
| | - Georgia M. Dunston
- National Human Genome Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC 20059, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC 20059, USA
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena 130000, Colombia
| | - Esteban G. Burchard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Eugene Bleecker
- Center for Human Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
| | - Maria Ilma Araujo
- Immunology Service, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador 401110170, Brazil
| | - Edwin Francisco Herrera-Paz
- Centro de Neumologia y Alergias, San Pedro Sula 21102, Honduras
- Faculty of Medicine, Centro Medico de la Familia, San Pedro Sula 21102, Honduras
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Catolica de Honduras, San Pedro Sula 21102, Honduras
| | | | | | - Michael Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Carlos D. Bustamante
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Eimear E. Kenny
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Ryan D. Hernandez
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Terri H. Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, JHU, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, JHU, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Joshua Akey
- Department of Genomic Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Kathleen C. Barnes
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, JHU, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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4
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Kijas JW, Lenstra JA, Hayes B, Boitard S, Porto Neto LR, San Cristobal M, Servin B, McCulloch R, Whan V, Gietzen K, Paiva S, Barendse W, Ciani E, Raadsma H, McEwan J, Dalrymple B. Genome-wide analysis of the world's sheep breeds reveals high levels of historic mixture and strong recent selection. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001258. [PMID: 22346734 PMCID: PMC3274507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic structure in a global collection of domesticated sheep reveals a history of artificial selection for horn loss and traits relating to pigmentation, reproduction, and body size. Through their domestication and subsequent selection, sheep have been adapted to thrive in a diverse range of environments. To characterise the genetic consequence of both domestication and selection, we genotyped 49,034 SNP in 2,819 animals from a diverse collection of 74 sheep breeds. We find the majority of sheep populations contain high SNP diversity and have retained an effective population size much higher than most cattle or dog breeds, suggesting domestication occurred from a broad genetic base. Extensive haplotype sharing and generally low divergence time between breeds reveal frequent genetic exchange has occurred during the development of modern breeds. A scan of the genome for selection signals revealed 31 regions containing genes for coat pigmentation, skeletal morphology, body size, growth, and reproduction. We demonstrate the strongest selection signal has occurred in response to breeding for the absence of horns. The high density map of genetic variability provides an in-depth view of the genetic history for this important livestock species. During the process of domestication, mankind recruited animals from the wild into a captive environment, changing their morphology, behaviour, and genetics. In the case of sheep, domestication and subsequent selection by their animal handlers over thousands of years has produced a spectrum of breeds specialised for the production of wool, milk, and meat. We sought to use this population history to search for the genes that directly underpin phenotypic variation. We collected DNA from 2,819 sheep, belonging to 74 breeds sampled from around the world, and assessed the genotype of each animal at nearly 50,000 locations across the genome. Our results show that sheep breeds have maintained high levels of genetic diversity, in contrast to other domestic animals such as dogs. We also show that particular regions of the genome contain strong evidence for accelerated change in response to artificial selection. The most prominent example was identified in response to breeding for the absence of horns, a trait now common across many modern breeds. Furthermore, we demonstrate that other genomic regions under selection in sheep contain genes controlling pigmentation, reproduction, and body size.
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5
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Pruzan R, Pongracz K, Gietzen K, Wallweber G, Gryaznov S. Allosteric inhibitors of telomerase: oligonucleotide N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:559-68. [PMID: 11788719 PMCID: PMC99832 DOI: 10.1093/nar/30.2.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2001] [Revised: 11/14/2001] [Accepted: 11/14/2001] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein responsible for maintaining telomeres in nearly all eukaryotic cells. The enzyme is able to utilize a short segment of its RNA subunit as the template for the reverse transcription of d(TTAGGG) repeats onto the ends of human chromosomes. Transfection with telomerase was shown to confer immortality on several types of human cells. Moreover, telomerase activation appears to be one of the key events required for malignant transformation of normal cells. Inhibition of telomerase activity in transformed cells results in the cessation of cell proliferation in cultures and provides the rationale for the selection of telomerase as a target for anticancer therapy. Using oligonucleotide N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates (NPs) we have identified a region of the human telomerase RNA subunit (hTR) approximately 100 nt downstream from the template region whose structural integrity appears crucial for telomerase enzymatic activity. The oligonucleotides targeted to this segment of hTR are potent and specific inhibitors of telomerase activity in biochemical assays. Mutant telomerase, in which 3 nt of hTR were not complementary to a 15 nt NP, was found to be refractory to inhibition by that oligonucleotide. We also demonstrated that the binding of NP, oligonucleotides to this hTR allosteric site results in a marked decrease in the affinity of a telomerase substrate (single-stranded DNA primer) for the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Pruzan
- Geron Corporation, 230 Constitution Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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6
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Abstract
The effects of imidazole fungicides on rat mast cells and on guinea-pig airway smooth muscle contraction were studied. The dose-effect studies on mast cells were performed to prove our hypothesis that imidazole fungicides are potential histamine releasing agents and thus may induce bronchoconstriction in vivo. Indeed, all imidazole fungicides tested (i. e. ketoconazole, miconazole, prochloraz) and an agricultural formulation of prochloraz (i. e. Sportak) were able to elicit histamine release from mast cells in the concentration range of 30-300 microM, although there were marked differences in potency and efficacy. The in vivo experiments clearly showed that inhaled Sportak aerosols induce a significant bronchoconstriction in guinea-pigs. Moreover, after a single 5 min exposure to Sportak aerosols the animals developed airway hyperreactivity against histamine. From the results of our study it may be concluded that certain imidazole fungicides provoke histamine release by a non-immunological mechanism, induce airway constriction in guinea-pigs and hence may be harmful to spray operators who might inhale fungicide aerosols used for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gietzen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, Germany
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gall
- Department of Dermatology, University of Ulm, Germany
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8
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Drozd MP, Gietzen K. Effects of the novel dihydropyridine derivative niguldipine on the cytoplasmic free calcium concentration of mouse thymocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 40:955-9. [PMID: 2390115 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90479-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Niguldipine, a novel dihydropyridine derivative, was tested for its effects on the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration of mouse thymocytes. In quin-2-loaded cells, a concentration-dependent rise of cytoplasmic Ca2+ can be detected, which requires extracellular Ca2+. The effect of niguldipine reaches a maximum after about 5 min; a similar time course has been observed, when using concanavalin A as a stimulus. Niguldipine provokes influx of Ca2+ into thymocytes, but not of Mn2+. Moreover, the effect of niguldipine exhibits some degree of stereospecificity, since (-)-niguldipine was more effective than its (+)-enantiomer. The action of niguldipine could be reversed by addition of bovine serum albumin, but not by addition of nitrendipine. None of several agents tested (e.g. felodipine, nitrendipine, trifluoperazine, cloxacepride, phenylephrine and ouabain) could mimic the effect of niguldipine at a concentration of 1 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Drozd
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, Ulm/Donau, Federal Republic of Germany
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9
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10
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Abstract
Compound 48/80, a mixture of oligomers, was fractionated by passing it in the presence of Ca2+ over a calmodulin-Sepharose column. The fraction not retained by the gel was shown by mass spectrometry to consist mainly of trimers, tetramers and pentamers. A second fraction consisting of hexamers and heptamers was eluted from the column at high ionic strength in the presence of Ca2+. Finally, in the presence of EGTA at high ionic strength, a third fraction eluted mainly consisting of higher oligomers (hexamers to dodecamers). The different fractions were characterized by testing their influence on calmodulin-sensitive Ca2+-transporting ATPase and their ability to elicit histamine release from mast cells. The third fraction showed the highest potency as calmodulin antagonist, however, the second fraction was the most potent in inducing histamine secretion. This would imply that the ability of compound 48/80 to evoke histamine release and to inhibit the function of calmodulin are distinct properties of the agent which are unrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Adamczyk-Engelmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, Federal Republic of Germany
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Wuytack F, Kanmura Y, Eggermont JA, Raeymaekers L, Verbist J, Hartweg D, Gietzen K, Casteels R. Smooth muscle expresses a cardiac/slow muscle isoform of the Ca2+-transport ATPase in its endoplasmic reticulum. Biochem J 1989; 257:117-23. [PMID: 2521998 PMCID: PMC1135545 DOI: 10.1042/bj2570117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle expresses in its endoplasmic reticulum an isoform of the Ca2+-transport ATPase that is very similar to or identical with that of the cardiac-muscle/slow-twitch skeletal-muscle form. However, this enzyme differs from that found in fast-twitch skeletal muscle. This conclusion is based on two independent sets of observations, namely immunological observations and phosphorylation experiments. Immunoblot experiments show that two different antibody preparations against the Ca2+-transport ATPase of cardiac-muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum also recognize the endoplasmic-reticulum/sarcoplasmic-reticulum enzyme of the smooth muscle and the slow-twitch skeletal muscle whereas they bind very weakly or not at all to the sarcoplasmic-reticulum Ca2+-transport ATPase of the fast-twitch skeletal muscle. Conversely antibodies directed against the fast-twitch skeletal-muscle isoform of the sarcoplasmic-reticulum Ca2+-transport ATPase do not bind to the cardiac-muscle, smooth-muscle or slow-twitch skeletal-muscle enzymes. The phosphorylated tryptic fragments A and A1 of the sarcoplasmic-reticulum Ca2+-transport ATPases have the same apparent Mr values in cardiac muscle, slow-twitch skeletal muscle and smooth muscle, whereas the corresponding fragments in fast-twitch skeletal muscle have lower apparent Mr values. This analytical procedure is a new and easy technique for discrimination between the isoforms of endoplasmic-reticulum/sarcoplasmic-reticulum Ca2+-transport ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wuytack
- Laboratorium voor Fysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Gigl G, Hartweg D, Sanchez-Delgado E, Metz G, Gietzen K. Calmodulin antagonism: a pharmacological approach for the inhibition of mediator release from mast cells. Cell Calcium 1987; 8:327-44. [PMID: 2448039 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4160(87)90008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several Ca2+ antagonists with either Ca2+-entry blocking or calmodulin (CaM) antagonistic properties and antiallergic drugs were investigated for their effects on mediator release from mast cells induced by different secretagogues (compound 48/80, concanavalin A, antigen-IgE and Ca2+ ionophore A23187) and for their ability to inhibit the function of CaM or phospholipid/Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (C-kinase). The effects of the different agents--with the only exception of cromolyn sodium--on histamine release elicited by compound 48/80 correlated well with their actions on two CaM-dependent enzymes whereas the activity of C-kinase was far less altered, or not altered at all. CaM antagonism of cloxacepride, picumast, oxatomide, fendiline and bepridil correlated not only with the inhibition of exocytosis evoked by compound 48/80 but also with that induced by A23187, concanavalin A and antigen-IgE. This indicates an action of these substances distal to the generation of the Ca2+ signal since the various secretagogues elevate the intracellular Ca2+ concentration by different mechanisms. However, prenylamine and thioridazine inhibited concanavalin A- and antigen-IgE-induced mediator release more potently and more effectively than that elicited by compound 48/80 or A23187. Therefore inhibition of allergic histamine release by these drugs may in part be dependent on an impairment of the Ca2+ signal. Since for each of two agents inhibition of histamine release (evoked by different releasers) parallels that of serotonin release it may be concluded that these mediators are secreted via the same mechanism. The results obtained with agents exhibiting different pharmacological properties but which share one common property, namely antagonism of CaM, strengthen the view that CaM is involved in exocytosis of mediators from mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gigl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm, F.R.G
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Zimmer JP, Lehr HA, Kornhuber ME, Breitig D, Montagnier L, Gietzen K. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) blocks HIV-receptor on T-lymphocyte surface. Blut 1986; 53:447-50. [PMID: 3492229 DOI: 10.1007/bf00320308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports have shown the capacity of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) to attach to the membranes of lymphatic cells as a hapten and thus exert an unspecific influence on their ability to express certain recognition molecules. This led us to the hypothesis, that DPH might as well serve to manipulate the t-helper-lymphocytes in a way that the mode of infection of these cells by the HIV might be blocked. In order to verify this hypothesis, we exposed normal control lymphocytes as well as lymphocytes from DPH-treated patients (3 X 100-150 mg DPH/day, Phenhydan, for a minimum of 10 days) to radioactively labeled HIV (125I). Remaining radioactivity was assessed using a gamma-counter and measured 64.000-92.000 counts/min (n = 24, mean 80.000) for the control lymphocytes, while remaining radioactivity for the DPH-treated lymphocytes ranged between 2000 and 7000 counts/min (n = 24, mean 4.000, p less than 0.001). These results and similar experiments obtained with FITC-labeled HIV led us to the conclusion that DPH inhibits HIV recognition of T-lymphocytes and therefore might be used in therapy and prophylaxis of AIDS.
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Abstract
Seminalplasmin, a strongly basic protein isolated from bull semen, was found to antagonize with high potency and extraordinary specificity the function of calmodulin. Calmodulin antagonism is the result of an interaction between the two proteins, which is mainly determined by electrostatic forces. The stimulation of Ca2+-transporting ATPase and phosphodiesterase by calmodulin was half-maximally inhibited at approx. 0.1 microM-seminalplasmin. However, the basal activity of calmodulin-dependent enzymes was not significantly altered by seminalplasmin over the concentration range investigated.
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Hymel L, Nielsen M, Gietzen K. Target sizes of human erythrocyte membrane Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities in the presence and absence of calmodulin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1985; 815:461-7. [PMID: 3158352 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(85)90374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the subunit structure of Ca2+-transport ATPase in human erythrocyte membranes using radiation inactivation analysis. All inactivation data were linear on a semilog plot down to at least 20% of the control activity. We found a target size for the calmodulin-dependent Ca2+-ATPase activity of 331 kDa, consistent with the presence of this enzyme as a dimer in calmodulin-depleted ghosts. Membranes which had been saturated with calmodulin before irradiation yield a a similar size of 317 kDa, implying that activation of Ca2+-transport ATPase by calmodulin does not involve significant change in oligomeric structure. Basal (calmodulin-independent) Ca2+-ATPase activity corresponded to a size of 290 kDa, suggesting that this activity resides in the same, or similar-sized, complex as the calmodulin-dependent activity. Mg2+-ATPase activity, however, was found to reside in a smaller complex of 224 kDa, which proved to be statistically distinct from the target size of Ca2+-ATPase activity. It would appear that Mg2+-ATPase is a distinct entity whose function is likely unrelated to the Ca2+-transport ATPase.
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Hartweg D, Gietzen K, Bader H. Reconstitution of a Ca2+-transporting ATPase system from triton X-100-solubilized cardiac sarcoplsasmic reticulum. Cell Calcium 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0143-4160(84)90081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The two presumed calmodulin antagonists calmidazolium and compound 48/80 were compared for their effects on several calmodulin-dependent and calmodulin-independent enzyme systems. Compound 48/80 and calmidazolium were found to be about equipotent in antagonizing the calmodulin-dependent fraction of brain phosphodiesterase and erythrocyte Ca2+-transporting ATPase. Compound 48/80 combines high potency with high specificity in that: (1) the basal, calmodulin-independent, activity of calmodulin-regulated enzymes was not suppressed; (2) calmodulin-independent enzyme activities, such as Ca2+-transporting ATPases of sarcoplasmic reticulum, Mg2+-dependent ATPases of different tissues and Na+/K+-transporting ATPase of cardiac sarcolemma, were far less altered, or not altered at all, by compound 48/80 as compared with calmidazolium; and (3) antagonism of proteolysis-induced stimulation as opposed to calmodulin-induced activation of erythrocyte Ca2+-transporting ATPase required a 32 times higher concentration of compound 48/80. In all these aspects compound 48/80 was found to be a superior antagonist to calmidazolium since inhibition of calmodulin-independent events by the other agent occurred at considerably lower concentrations. Therefore compound 48/80 is proposed to be a much more specific and useful tool for studying the participation of calmodulin in biological processes than the presently used agents.
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Gietzen K, Adamczyk-Engelmann P, Wüthrich A, Konstantinova A, Bader H. Compound 48/80 is a selective and powerful inhibitor of calmodulin-regulated functions. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 736:109-18. [PMID: 6317027 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(83)90175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Compound 48/80, a condensation product of N-methyl-p-methoxyphenethylamine with formaldehyde, is composed of a family of cationic amphiphiles differing in the degree of polymerization. Compound 48/80 was found to be a potent inhibitor of the calmodulin-activated fraction of brain phosphodiesterase and red blood cell Ca2+-transport ATPase, with IC50 values of 0.3 and 0.85 micrograms/ml, respectively. However, the basal activity of both enzymes is not at all suppressed by the drug at concentrations up to 300 micrograms/ml. Inhibition of Ca2+ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles by compound 48/80 follows a similar pattern in that basal, calmodulin-independent, transport is also not affected by the drug. Kinetic analysis revealed that the stimulation of Ca2+-transport ATPase induced by calmodulin is inhibited by compound 48/80 according to a competitive mechanism. It was demonstrated that the inhibitory constituents of compound 48/80 bind to calmodulin in a Ca2+-dependent fashion. Comparison of the specificity of several anti-calmodulin drugs showed that compound 48/80 is the most specific inhibitor of the calmodulin-dependent fraction of red blood cell Ca2+-transport ATPase that has been described hitherto. In addition, compound 48/80 was found to be a rather specific inhibitor of the calmodulin-induced activation of Ca2+-transport ATPase when compared with the stimulation induced by an anionic amphiphile or by limited proteolysis. Half-maximal inhibition of the activity stimulated by oleic acid or mild tryptic digestion required 8- and 32-times higher concentrations of compound 48/80, respectively, compared with the calmodulin-dependent fraction of the ATPase activity. Moreover, calmodulin-independent systems as rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-transport ATPase or calf cardiac sarcolemma (Na+ + K+)-transport ATPase are far less influenced by compound 48/80 as compared with trifluoperazine and calmidazolium. Because of its high specificity compound 48/80 is proposed to be a promising tool for studying calmodulin-dependent processes.
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Abstract
The protein-mediated phospholipid exchange between small unilamellar vesicles was investigated by fluorescence polarization measurements with diphenylhexatriene as optical probe. Thermotropic phase-transition measurements were taken after mixing two vesicle preparations of distinct and different phase-transition temperatures or having different states of charge. From the heights of each phase-transition step, we were able to follow the lipid-exchange process in the presence, as well as in the absence (natural exchange), of so-called transfer protein isolated from beef liver. A strong enhancement of the lipid transfer was observed at the corresponding lipid-phase-transition temperature, which is explained by the presence of fluctuating fluid and ordered domains co-existing at the lipid-phase-transition temperature. A unidirectional lipid transfer of the neutral component was observed between negatively charged phosphatidic acid and neutral phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Fluorescence polarization measurements showed the disappearance of the phosphatidylcholine phase transition, whereas the phosphatidic acid phase transition broadened and its phase transition temperature became lower.
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Xü Y, Gietzen K, Galla HJ. Electron paramagnetic resonance study on calmodulin: conformational change and interaction with divalent cations. Int J Biol Macromol 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-8130(83)90030-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
We investigated the protein-mediated phospholipid transfer between small vesicles by fluorescence polarization measurements with diphenylhexatriene as optical probe. Thermotropic-phase-transition curves were taken after mixing two vesicle preparations of lipids exhibiting different gel-to-liquid phase transitions. From the heights of each phase-transition step we were able to follow the lipid transfer process without separating the two vesicle preparations.
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Gietzen K, Sadorf I, Bader H. A model for the regulation of the calmodulin-dependent enzymes erythrocyte Ca2+-transport ATPase and brain phosphodiesterase by activators and inhibitors. Biochem J 1982; 207:541-8. [PMID: 6299272 PMCID: PMC1153895 DOI: 10.1042/bj2070541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acidic phospholipids, unsaturated fatty acids and limited proteolysis mimic the activating effect of calmodulin on erythrocyte Ca2+-transport ATPase and on brain cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, as has been reported previously in several studies. Three different antagonists of calmodulin-induced activation of these enzymes were tested for their inhibitory potency on the stimulation produced by the other activators. Trifluoperazine and penfluridol were found to antagonize all the above mentioned types of activation of Ca2+-transport ATPase in the same concentration range. Both inhibitors also can reverse the activation of phosphodiesterase by oleic acid, phosphatidylserine and calmodulin at similar concentrations. However, in contrast with erythrocyte Ca2+-transport ATPase, activation of phosphodiesterase by limited tryptic digestion cannot be antagonized by penfluridol and trifluoperazine. Calmidazolium, formerly referred to as compound R 24571, was found to be a relatively specific inhibitor of calmodulin-induced activation of phosphodiesterase and Ca2+-transport ATPase, since antagonism of the other activators required much higher concentrations of the drug. The results suggest that the investigated drugs exert their inhibitory effect on calmodulin-regulated enzymes not solely via their binding to calmodulin but may also interfere directly with the calmodulin effector enzyme. In addition, a general mechanism of activation and inhibition of calmodulin-dependent enzymes is derived from our results.
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Gietzen K, Xü YH, Galla HJ, Bader H. Multimers of anionic amphiphiles mimic calmodulin stimulation of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Biochem J 1982; 207:637-40. [PMID: 6299276 PMCID: PMC1153913 DOI: 10.1042/bj2070637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oleic acid, phosphatidylserine and pyrenedecanoic acid were found to activate calmodulin-deficient cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase at concentrations above their critical micellar concentration. In contrast with calmodulin these activators do not require the presence of Ca2+ for their action. It is shown that the size of phosphatidylserine vesicles is of crucial importance with respect to the activating potency of phosphatidylserine. Fluorescence measurements with the probe pyrenedecanoic acid revealed that micelles rather than monomers are the active species for stimulation of phosphodiesterase. There are indications that this result also may be applied to the other activators.
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Abstract
A rapid procedure for preparing large quantities of purified erythrocyte Ca2+-transport ATPase is presented. The method involves: (1) fast preparation of calmodulin-deficient, essentially haemoglobin-free, erythrocyte membranes by molecular filtration using Pellicon filters; (2) solubilization of membrane proteins by deoxycholate; and (3) a batch procedure using calmodulin-Sepharose 4B gel for purification of Ca2+-transport ATPase.
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Gietzen K, Wüthrich A, Bader H. Effects of microtubular inhibitors on plasma membrane calmodulin-dependent Ca2+-transport ATPase. Mol Pharmacol 1982; 22:413-20. [PMID: 6216398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Gietzen K, Wüthrich A, Bader H. R 24571: a new powerful inhibitor of red blood cell Ca++-transport ATPase and of calmodulin-regulated functions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 101:418-25. [PMID: 6272758 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Gietzen K, Tejcka M, Wolf HU. Calmodulin affinity chromatography yields a functional purified erythrocyte (Ca+ + Mg2+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase. Biochem J 1980; 189:81-8. [PMID: 6450590 PMCID: PMC1161919 DOI: 10.1042/bj1890081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase of human erythrocyte membranes was solubilized with deoxycholate and purified by calmodulin affinity chromatography to yield a functional enzyme. The method gave an enzyme purified 207-fold as compared with that of the erythrocyte membranes. The molecular weight of the ATPase was in the range 135 000-150 000, as revealed by a single major band after electrophoresis on dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels. The isolated enzyme was highly sensitive to calmodulin, since the activity was increased about 9-fold. At 37 degrees C and in the presence of calmodulin the purified ATPase had a specific activity of 10.1 mumol/min per mg of protein. Triton X-100 or deoxycholate stimulated the calmodulin-deficient enzyme in a concentration-dependent fashion whereby the calmodulin-sensitivity was lost. The purification method is suitable for studying the lipid-sensitivity of the ATPase, since the lipids can easily be exchanged without a significant loss of activity. A purification procedure described by Niggli, Penniston & Carafoli [(1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 9955-9958] resulted in an enzyme that indeed was pure but was lacking a predominant feature, namely the modulation by calmodulin.
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Gietzen K, Mansard A, Bader H. Inhibition of human erythrocyte Ca++-transport ATPase by phenothiazines and butyrophenones. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980; 94:674-81. [PMID: 6104959 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)91285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
The (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase of human erythrocyte 'ghosts' was solubilized and reconstituted to form membranous vesicles capable of energized Ca2+ accumulation. The erythrocyte 'ghosts' for this purpose were prepared by using isoosmotic freeze-haemolysis in the presence of Tween 20 and proteinase inhibitors to stabilize the preparation. The reconstitution procedure is similar to that developed by Meissner & Fleischer [(1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 302-309] for skeletal-muscle sarcoplasmic-reticulum in that: (1) deoxycholate is used for the solubilization of the membrane; (2) controlled dialysis at near room temperature, rather than 0 degree C, is required in order to obtain a functional preparation capable of Ca2+ accumulation; and (3) membrane vesicles can be reassembled with protein/lipid ratio (approx. 60% protein and 40% lipid) similar to that of the original membrane.
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Wolf HU, Gietzen K. Proceedings: The solubilization of high-affinity Ca-2+-ATPase of human erythrocyte membranes. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 1974; 355:1272. [PMID: 4282377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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