Discrete unified gas-kinetic wave-particle method for flows in all flow regimes

This work proposes a discrete unified gas-kinetic wave-particle (DUGKWP) method for simulation of flows in all flow regimes. Unlike the discrete velocity method (DVM) and the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method which solve the governing equations by either the deterministic method or the stochastic method, the DUGKWP combines the advantages of these two methods. In the DUGKWP, the information of microscopic particles as well as macroscopic flow variables are both evolved. Specifically, the microscopic particles are updated by the free-transport and resampling processes, while the macroscopic flow properties are evolved via solving the macroscopic governing equations of conservation laws with the finite volume method. According to the discrete characteristic solution to the Boltzmann-BGK equation utilized in the DUGKWP, in the highly rarefied flow regime, the motion of microscopic particles greatly determines the fluxes for the macroscopic governing equations. Conversely, for the continuum flow, no microscopic particle exists in the computational domain and the DUGKWP is degraded to the Navier-Stokes solver. Numerical studies validate that the DUGKWP can accurately predict the flow properties in all flow regimes. Furthermore, compared with the deterministic method, the DUGKWP enjoys superior efficiency with less memory consumption for both high-speed rarefied flows and flows close to the continuum regime.

[Prevalence of mountain-zoonotic type visceral leishmaniasis in Yangquan City of Shanxi Province from 2015 to 2020]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the prevalence of mountain-type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT-ZVL) in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province from 2015 to 2020, so as to provide the scientific evidence for formulating the MT-ZVL control strategy.

METHODS

The epidemiological data pertaining to MT-ZVL cases in Yangquan City from 2015 to 2020 were collected and descriptively analyzed. A Joinpoint regression model was created to analyze the trend in the MT-ZVL incidence in Yangquan City from 2015 to 2020 using annual percent change (APC). The sandflies surveillance data and the prevalence of Leishmania infections in dogs were collected in Yangquan City in 2020, and the regional distribution of sandflies density and sero-prevalence of Leishmania infections in dogs were calculated. In addition, the associations of sandflies density and sero-prevalence of Leishmania infections in dogs with the incidence of human MT-ZVL were examined using the linear correlation analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 162 MT-ZVL cases were reported in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province from 2015 to 2020, with annual mean incidence of 1.9/10⁵, and there were 4, 7, 16, 27, 33 cases and 75 cases with MT-ZVL reported from 2015 to 2020, appearing a tendency towards a rapid rise (APC = 72.79%, t = 11.10, P < 0.01). MT-ZVL cases were reported across the five counties (districts) of Yangquan City, and the cases predominantly occurred in Jiaoqu District (35.2%, 57/162) and Pingding County (33.3%, 54/162). MT-ZVL cases were predominantly detected in residents at ages of 15 years and older (71.6%, 116/162) and at ages of 0 to 2 years (22.2%, 36/162), with farmers (37.4%, 61/162) and diaspora children (24.5%, 40/162) as predominant occupations. The mean density of Phlebotomus chinensis was 6.3 sandflies per trap per night in Yangquan City from during the period from May to September, 2020, with the highest density observed in Jiaoqu District (12.6 sandflies per trap per night) and the lowest in Yuxian County (1.1 sandflies per trap per night), and there was a region-specific mean density of Ph. chinensis in Yangquan City (H = 17.282, P < 0.01). The sero-prevalence of serum anti-Leishmania antibody was 7.4% (2 996/40 573) in domestic dogs in Yangquan City, with the highest sero-prevalence seen in Jiaoqu District (16.6%, 1 444/8 677), and the lowest in Yuxian County (2.3%, 266/11 501), and there was a region-specific sero-prevalence rate of anti-Leishmania antibody in domestic dogs in Yangquan City (χ² = 1 753.74, P < 0.01). The sero-prevalence of anti-Leishmania antibody was significantly higher in stray dogs (20.0%, 159/794) than in domestic dogs (χ² = 176.63, P < 0.01). In addition, there were significant associations among the sandflies density, sero-prevalence of anti-Leishmania antibody in domestic dogs and the incidence of human MT-ZVL (r = 0.832 to 0.870, all P values < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of MT-ZVL appeared a tendency towards a rapid rise in Yangquan City from 2015 to 2020, and systematic interventions are urgently needed for MT-ZVL control.

[First report of invasive Pomacea snails in Shandong Province]

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the species of invasive Pomacea snails that were discovered for the first time in Shandong Province.

METHODS

Pomacea snails samples were collected in the field of Jining City, Shandong Province on October 2021 for morphological identification. Pomacea snails were randomly sampled and genomic DNA was extracted from foot muscle tissues of Pomacea snails for multiplex PCR amplification. The PCR amplification product was sequenced. Then, the sequence was aligned and a phylogenetic tree was created using the software MegAlign 7.1.0. In addition, Angiostongylus cantonensis infection was detected in Pomacea snails with the lung microscopy.

RESULTS

A total of 104 living Pomacea snails were collected, and all were characterized as Pomacea spp. based on morphological features. Of 12 randomly selected adult Pomacea snails, multiplex PCR assay and sequencing identified eleven snails as P. canaliculata and one as P. maculata. No A. cantonensis infection was detected in 104 Pomacea snails.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first report of invasive Pomacea snails in Shandong Province, where P. canaliculata and P. maculata are found.

Development of explicit formulations of G45-based gas kinetic scheme for simulation of continuum and rarefied flows

In this work, the explicit formulations of the Grad's distribution function for the 45 moments (G45)-based gas kinetic scheme (GKS) are presented. Similar to the G13 function-based gas kinetic scheme (G13-GKS), G45-GKS simulates flows from the continuum regime to the rarefied regime by solving the macroscopic governing equations based on the conservation laws, which are widely used in conventional Navier-Stokes solver. These macroscopic governing equations are discretized by the finite volume method, where the numerical fluxes are evaluated by the local solution to the Boltzmann equation. The initial distribution function is reconstructed by the G45 distribution function, which is a higher order truncation of the Hermite expansion of distribution function compared with the G13 distribution function. Such high order truncation of Hermite expansion helps the present solver to achieve a better accuracy than G13-GKS. Moreover, the reconstruction of distribution function makes the development of explicit formulations of numerical fluxes feasible, and the evolution of the distribution function, which is the main reason why the discrete velocity method is expensive, is avoided. Several numerical experiments are performed to examine the accuracy of G45-GKS. Results show that the accuracy of the present solver for almost all flow problems is much better than G13-GKS. Moreover, some typical rarefied effects, such as the direction of heat flux without temperature gradients and thermal creep flow, can be well captured by the present solver.

Variant of gas kinetic flux solver for flows beyond Navier-Stokes level

In this paper, a variant of gas kinetic flux solver (GKFS) is presented for simulation of flows beyond the Navier-Stokes (NS) level. The method retains the framework of GKFS and reconstructs the numerical fluxes by the moments of distribution function at the cell interface, which is given from the local solution of the Boltzmann equation. In the conventional GKFS, the first-order Chapman-Enskog (CE) expansion is utilized to approximate the initial distribution function. By using the differential chain rule, it was found that the CE expansion form could be linked to the stress tensor and the heat flux. For flows in the NS level, the stress tensor and heat flux can be simply calculated from the linearized constitutive relationship and Fourier's law, respectively. However, for flows beyond the NS level, due to the strong nonequilibrium effect, the linearized constitutive relationship and Fourier's law are insufficient to predict the stress tensor and the heat flux. To overcome this difficulty, this paper introduces correction terms to the stress tensor and heat flux in the initial distribution function. These correction terms will take effect in the strong nonequilibrium region for flows beyond the NS level. To avoid finding complex expressions or solving complicated partial differential equations for the correction terms, a simple and iterative procedure is proposed to update the correction terms based on the framework of GKFS. The proposed method is validated by three benchmark cases which cover the flow from the continuum regime to the transition regime. Numerical results show that the present solver can provide accurate solution in the continuum regime. It is indeed the correction terms that take effect in the strong nonequilibrium region for flows beyond the NS level, which enables the present solver to capture the nonequilibrium phenomenon with reasonable accuracy for rarefied flows at moderate Knudsen number.

Efficient high-order radial basis-function-based differential quadrature-finite volume method for incompressible flows on unstructured grids

This paper presents an efficient high-order radial basis-function-based differential quadrature-finite volume method for incompressible flows on unstructured grids. In this method, a high-order polynomial based on the Taylor series expansion is applied within each control cell to approximate the solution. The derivatives in the Taylor series expansion are approximated by the mesh-free radial basis-function-based differential quadrature method. The recently proposed lattice Boltzmann flux solver is applied to simultaneously evaluate the inviscid and viscous fluxes at the cell interface by the local solution of the lattice Boltzmann equation. In the present high-order method, a premultiplied coefficient matrix appears in the time-dependent term, reflecting the implicit nature. The implicit time-marching techniques, i.e., the lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seidel and the explicit first stage, singly diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta schemes, are incorporated to efficiently solve the resultant ordinary differential equations. Several numerical examples are tested to validate the accuracy, efficiency, and robustness of the present method on unstructured grids. Compared with the k-exact method, the present method enjoys higher accuracy and better computational efficiency.

Gas kinetic flux solver based high-order finite-volume method for simulation of two-dimensional compressible flows

In this work, a high-order gas kinetic flux solver (GKFS) is developed for simulation of two-dimensional (2D) compressible flows. Different from the conventional gas kinetic scheme, which uses the local integral solution to the Boltzmann equation to reconstruct the numerical fluxes of macroscopic governing equations, the GKFS evaluates the numerical fluxes by the local asymptotic solution to the Boltzmann equation. This local asymptotic solution consists of the equilibrium distribution function and its substantial derivative at the cell interface. To achieve high-order accuracy in the simulation, the substantial derivative is discretized by a difference scheme with second-order accuracy in time and fourth-order accuracy in space, which results in a polynomial of the equilibrium distribution function at different locations and time levels. The Taylor series expansion is then introduced to simplify this polynomial. As a result, a simple high-order accurate local asymptotic solution to the Boltzmann equation is obtained and the numerical fluxes of macroscopic governing equations are given explicitly. A series of numerical examples are presented to validate the accuracy and capability of the developed high-order GKFS. Numerical results demonstrate that the high-order GKFS can achieve the desired accuracy on both the quadrilateral mesh and the triangular mesh and it outperforms the second-order counterpart.

Phase-field-simplified lattice Boltzmann method for modeling solid-liquid phase change

This article proposes a phase-field-simplified lattice Boltzmann method (PF-SLBM) for modeling solid-liquid phase change problems within a pure material. The PF-SLBM consolidates the simplified lattice Boltzmann method (SLBM) as the flow solver and the phase-field method as the interface tracking algorithm. Compared with conventional lattice Boltzmann modelings, the SLBM shows advantages in memory cost, boundary treatment, and numerical stability, and thus is more suitable for the present topic which includes complex flow patterns and fluid-solid boundaries. In contrast to the sharp interface approach, the phase-field method utilized in this work represents a diffuse interface strategy and is more flexible in describing complicated fluid-solid interfaces. Through abundant benchmark tests, comprehensive validations of the accuracy, stability, and boundary treatment of the proposed PF-SLBM are carried out. The method is then applied to the simulations of partially melted or frozen cavities, which sheds light on the potential of the PF-SLBM in resolving practical problems.

Three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann flux solver for simulation of fluid-solid conjugate heat transfer problems with curved boundary

A three-dimensional (3D) lattice Boltzmann flux solver is presented in this work for simulation of fluid-solid conjugate heat transfer problems with a curved boundary. In this scheme, the macroscopic governing equations for mass, momentum, and energy conservation are discretized by the finite-volume method, and the numerical fluxes at the cell interface are reconstructed by the local solution of lattice Boltzmann equation. For solving the 3D fluid-solid conjugate heat transfer problems, the density distribution function (D3Q15 model) is utilized to compute the numerical fluxes of continuity and momentum equations, and the total enthalpy distribution function (D3Q7 model) is introduced to calculate the numerical flux of the energy equation. The connections between the macroscopic fluxes and the local solution of the lattice Boltzmann equation are provided by the Chapman-Enskog expansion analysis. As compared with the lattice Boltzmann method, in which the time step and grid spacing are correlated, the local solution of the lattice Boltzmann equation at each cell interface used in the present scheme is independent of each other. As a result, the drawback of the tie-up between the time step and grid spacing can be effectively removed and the developed method applies very well to nonuniform mesh and curved boundaries. To validate the performance of the developed method, the steady and unsteady natural convection in a finned 3D cavity and in a finned 3D annulus are simulated. Numerical results showed that the present scheme can effectively solve the 3D conjugate heat transfer problems with a curved boundary.

High-order least-square-based finite-difference-finite-volume method for simulation of incompressible thermal flows on arbitrary grids

In this work, a high-order (HO) least-square-based finite difference-finite volume (LSFD-FV) method together with thermal lattice Boltzmann flux solver (TLBFS) is presented for simulation of two-dimensional (2D) incompressible thermal flows on arbitrary grids. In the present method, a HO polynomial based on Taylor series expansion is applied within each control cell, where the unknown spatial derivatives at each cell center are approximated by least-square-based finite difference (LSFD) scheme. Then the recently developed TLBFS is applied to evaluate the convective and diffusive fluxes simultaneously at the cell interface by local reconstruction of thermal lattice Boltzmann solutions of the density and internal energy distribution functions. The present HO LSFD-FV method is verified and validated by 2D incompressible heat transfer problems. Numerical results indicate that the present method can be effectively and flexibly applied to solve thermal flow problems with curved boundaries on arbitrary grids. Compared with the conventional low-order finite volume method, higher efficiency and lower memory cost make the present HO method more promising for practical thermal flow problems.

LncRNA MEG3 participates in neuronal cell injury induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage via inhibiting the Pi3k/Akt pathway

OBJECTIVE

To explore the effect of LncRNA MEG3 in the subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and its underlying mechanism.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The expressions of lncRNA MEG3 in SAH patients and animal model were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). After LncRNA MEG3 was overexpressed in neurons by lentivirus, viability and apoptosis abilities were detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, flow cytometry, and TUNEL assay, respectively. The apoptosis-related genes and Pi3k/Akt pathway-related proteins were further detected by a Western blot.

RESULTS

The expressions of lncRNA MEG3 in SAH patients were remarkably higher than normal controls, which were positively correlated with SAH severity. After lncRNA MEG3 overexpression, neuronal cell activity was decreased and cell apoptosis was increased. Moreover, the expressions of Bax, p53, and cleaved Caspase-3 were increased, whereas the expression of Bcl-2 and Pi3k/Akt pathway-related proteins were decreased after lncRNA MEG3 overexpression.

CONCLUSIONS

LncRNA MEG3 is up-regulated in SAH, which may promote SAH-induced neuronal cell injury via inhibition of the Pi3k/Akt pathway.

[Correlation between DCE-MRI quantitative perfusion histogram parameters, apparent diffusion coefficient and Ki-67 in different pathological types of lung cancer]

Objective: To explore the efficacy of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) histogram molecular imaging index, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in different types of lung cancer and explore their correlation with Ki-67. Methods: A total of 33 cases of lung cancer patients confirmed by pathology in Shaoxing People's Hospital from March 2017 to March 2018 were collected, 28 males and 5 females aged 50-85 years old, including 15 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 12 cases of adenocarcinoma, and 6 cases of small cell carcinoma. All patients performed DCE-MRI and DWI imaging within one week before surgery or puncture. ADC values, DCE-MRI quantitative perfusion parameters by histogram metrics analysis (mean value, skewness, kurtosis, uniformity, entropy, energy, quantile) of K(trans), K(ep), V(e), and V(p) were then collected. Ki-67 expression in lung cancer tissue was detected by immunohistochemical method. One-way analysis of variance and least significant difference were used to compare the differences among the parameters of the three groups which were normal distribution and equal variances, while Kruskal-Walls test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the parameters that did not conform to normal distribution or variance. Pearson correlation analysis was used to compare the correlations between quantitative perfusion histogram parameters, ADC values and immunohistochemical scores of Ki-67. Results: The Ki-67 count in small cell lung cancer(458±82, P=0.011) and squamous cell carcinoma(355±277, P=0.034)were significantly higher than that in adenocarcinoma (168±164). The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between ADC values and Ki-67 (P=0.018, r=-0.416). And V(e) (Q5, Q10) was negatively related to Ki-67 (P=0.017, r=-0.420; P=0.040, r=-0.366). In squamous cell carcinoma patients, V(e) (homogeneity) was significantly negatively correlated with the expression of Ki-67 (P=0.033, r=-0.570). K(trans)(homogeneity) and V(e) (homogeneity, Q5, Q10, Q25) were significantly positively correlated with ADC values (P value from 0.001 to 0.035, r value from 0.545 to 0.765). Conclusion: DCE-MRI quantitative perfusion histogram parameters, ADC value can evaluate the lung cancer cell proliferation activity in different pathological types.

[The protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on acute lung injury induced by PFIB inhalation]

Objective: To study the protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on acute lung injury induced by PFIB inhalation and its mechanism. Methods: Survival experiment: 48 male ICR (CD-1) mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, i. e., PFIB control group, NAC prevention group, NAC treatment group, and NAC prevention + treatment group, each group contains 12 animals. The mice of PFIB C group were exposed to PFIB without any treatment. The mice of NAC P group were exposed to PFIB 30min after NAC administration. The mice of NAC T group were exposed to PFIB 1h before NAC administration, The mice of NAC P+T group were administrated with NAC twice (30 min before and 1h after PFIB inhalation) . 150 mg/kg NAC was given by each time. The 7 days survival rate of mice after lethal dose PFIB exposure was observed. 18 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups i.e., normal control group (N-C) , PFIB control group (PFIB-C) and NAC prevention group (NAC-P) , with each group contains 6 animals in the second experiment. The rats of N-C group received no treatment. The rats of NAC-P group and PFIB-C group were exposed to PFIB 30min after treatment of NAC (420 mg/Kg, i.p.) and saline, respectively. The respiratory functions of animals were tested before and 24 h after PFIB inhalation. The arterial blood gas was analyzed after rats were anesthetized 24 hours post sublethal dose PFIB exposure. Then samples of BALF, plasma and lung tissue were collected. Wet lung/body weight ratio, protein and phospholipid content in BALF, and T-SOD, GSH, GSH-Px in plasma and lung tissue were measured. The expression of Peroxiredoxin 2 was detected by Westernblot assay. Results: NAC prevention can significantly improve the survival of mice exposed to a lethal dose PFIB while NAC treatment is ineffective. Severe lung edema was observed in rats 24 h after PFIB exposure. Compared to N-C group, the wet lung/body weight ratio, protein and phospholipid content in BALF, and respiratory rate of PFIB control group all increased significantly (P<0.01) . The arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO(2)) reduced significantly (P<0.05) . The GSH-Px activity in lung tissue reduced significantly (P<0.01) while the expression of Peroxiredoxin 2 increased significantly (P<0.01) . NAC prophylaxis significantly reduced the wet lung/body weight ratio, protein and phospholipid content in BALF, respiratory rate of rats exposed to PFIB (P<0.01) . Compared with PFIB-C group, the PaO(2) (P<0.05) and the activity of GSH-Px (P<0.01) and the expression of Peroxiredoxin 2 in lung tissue (P<0.01) were increased significantly. Conclusion: Acute lung injury induced by PFIB inhalation is related to oxidative stress caused by the stimulation to lung. induced and pulmonary subjected to stimulate the generation of exposure, NAC prevention can regulation of the redox system in lung tissue and protect target organ of the treated animals effectively.

Development of an efficient gas kinetic scheme for simulation of two-dimensional incompressible thermal flows

In this work, an efficient gas kinetic scheme is presented for simulation of two-dimensional incompressible thermal flows. In the scheme, the macroscopic governing equations for mass, momentum, and energy conservation are discretized by the finite volume method and the numerical fluxes at the cell interface are reconstructed by the local solution of the Boltzmann equation. To compute these fluxes, two distribution functions are involved. One is the circular function, which is used to calculate the numerical fluxes of mass and momentum equations. Due to the incompressible limit, the circle at the cell interface can be approximately considered to be symmetric so that the expressions for the conservative variables and numerical fluxes at the cell interface can be given explicitly and concisely. Another one is the D2Q4 model, which is utilized to compute the numerical flux of the energy equation. By following the process for derivation of numerical fluxes of mass and momentum equations, the numerical flux of the energy equation can also be given explicitly. The accuracy, efficiency, and stability of the present scheme are validated by simulating several thermal flow problems. Numerical results showed that the present scheme can provide accurate numerical results for incompressible thermal flows at a wide range of Rayleigh numbers with less computational cost than that needed by the thermal lattice Boltzmann flux solver (TLBFS), which has been proven to be more efficient than the thermal lattice Boltzmann method (TLBM).

[Application on the quantitative perfusion parameters of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in the pathological subtype of uterine leiomyoma]

Objective: To analyze the value of the quantitative perfusion parameters of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI(DCE-MRI) in the pathological subtype of uterine leiomyoma. Methods: A total of 35 cases of uterine leiomyoma confirmed by surgery and pathology were retrospectively analyzed in Shaoxing People's Hospital from October 2015 to May 2016.All cases underwent DCE-MRI. Quantitative perfusion parameters were prospectively measured and analyzed, including transfer constant (K(trans)) , efflux rate constant (K(ep)), extravascular extracellular space volume ratio (V(e)), blood plasma volume ratio (V(p)), permeability surface area product (PS) and plasma flow (F(p)) , using signal-input two-compartment tracer kinetic models (Extended Tofts model and Exchange model) in 35 leiomyoma cases.After the operation, the 35 cases were divided into three groups according to the pathological classfication , the ordinary, the cellular and the degeneration type.To analyze the differences among the three groups about the quantitative perfusion parameters of uterine leiomyoma. Compared with the gold standard of pathological findings, the ROC curves were drawn to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of different quantitative perfusion parameters. Results: In the ordinary, cellular and degeneration type of uterine leiomyoma, K(trans) value were respectively(0.684±0.341), (1.897±0.458), (0.554±0.514)/min; K(ep) were respectively(1.004±0.685), (2.362±1.001), (1.274±1.093)/min; V(e) were respectively 0.789%±0.186%, 0.806%±0.203%, 0.537%±0.314%; V(p) were respectively 0.145%±0.196%, 0.502%±0.338%, 0.062%±0.106% and F(p) were respectively(0.792±0.461), (2.426±0.509), (0.628±0.551)ml/min.Among three groups, the value of K(trans), K(ep), V(e), V(p) and F(p) had statistical difference(all P<0.05), the value of PS didn't have statistical difference. The value of K(trans), K(ep), V(p) and F(p) in cellular type were higher than the ordinary type(all P<0.01); the value of K(trans), V(p) and F(p) in cellular type were higher than the degeneration type(all P<0.01); the value of V(e) in ordinary type was higher than the degeneration type(P<0.05). The area under ROC curve was 0.981 for K(trans), 0.904 for K(ep), 0.622 for V(e), 0.840 for V(p) and 0.994 for F(p). Conclusion: The quantitative perfusion parameters of DCE-MRI , especially the value of K(trans), K(ep), V(p) and F(p) have a great diagnostic efficacy in the pathological classfication of uterine leiomyoma which will become a predictive factor of pathological classfication in uterine leiomyoma.

[Prediction of occult carcinoma in contralateral nodules based on the ultrasonic features of unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma]

Objective: To investigate the occurrence of occult carcinoma in contralateral lobes based on the ultrasonic features of unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma. Methods: The study included 202 consecutives cases of unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma with benign nodules in the contralateral lobe identified by preoperative ultrasound or fine-needle aspiration from June 2014 to December 2015. All patients received total thyroidectomies, and with postoperative pathological examination they were divided into two groups, one including 60 cases with positive occult cancer and another one consisting of 142 cases with negative occult cancer. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to analyze the sonographic features of unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma relevant to the occurrence of occult carcinoma in the contralateral nodules. Results: Univariate analysis indicated occult carcinoma in the contralateral lobes was associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis(χ(2)=3.955, P=0.047), unclear border (χ(2)=4.375, P=0.036)and multifocality in the ipsilateral(χ(2)=7.375, P=0.007), but not with tumors maximum size, location, A/T, shape, internal structure, internal echo, acoustic halo, calcification, capsular invasion and blood flow signal in the lobe with carcinoma on another side. Multivariate analysis showed unclear border (OR=2.727, P=0.010) and multifocality in the ipsilateral(OR=2.807, P=0.005)of carcinoma were independent predictive factor for contralateral occult PTC. Conclusions: Unclear border and multifocality of PTC in the ipsilateral were closely relevant to the occurrence of occult carcinoma in the contralateral nodules.

Genetic analysis of floral organ size in broccoli × cabbage via a mixed inheritance model of a major gene plus polygene

Broccoli and cabbage are important vegetable crops that produce hybrid seeds after insect pollination; the size of floral organs is crucial for this process. To investigate the genetic characteristics of floral organ sizes (corolla width, petal length and width, and lengths of stamen, anther, style, and stigma) and to improve the flower size and breeding efficiency of broccoli, we used multi-generation analysis of a major gene plus polygene model. Six populations obtained from a broccoli inbred line 93219 (small floral organs) and cabbage inbred line 195 (large floral organs) were used for the analysis. Corolla and petal width and stamen and anther length were controlled by the additive-dominance-epistasis polygene model. The heritability of these traits in BC1, BC2, and F2 generations was high (72.80-93.76%). Petal and stigma length were governed by the two major genes of additive-dominance-epistasis effects plus additive-dominance polygene model; the major gene heritability in the F2 generation were 79.17 and 65.77%, respectively. Style length was controlled by one major gene of additive-dominance effects plus additive-dominance-epistasis polygene model; the major gene heritability in BC1, BC2, and F2 were 40.60, 10.35, and 38.44%, respectively; the polygene heritability varied from 41.85 to 68.44%. Our results provide important genetic information for breeding, which could guide improvement of flower-related traits and lay the foundation for quantitative trait loci mapping of the flower-size traits in Brassica.

Development of a discrete gas-kinetic scheme for simulation of two-dimensional viscous incompressible and compressible flows

In this work, a discrete gas-kinetic scheme (DGKS) is presented for simulation of two-dimensional viscous incompressible and compressible flows. This scheme is developed from the circular function-based GKS, which was recently proposed by Shu and his co-workers [L. M. Yang, C. Shu, and J. Wu, J. Comput. Phys. 274, 611 (2014)]. For the circular function-based GKS, the integrals for conservation forms of moments in the infinity domain for the Maxwellian function-based GKS are simplified to those integrals along the circle. As a result, the explicit formulations of conservative variables and fluxes are derived. However, these explicit formulations of circular function-based GKS for viscous flows are still complicated, which may not be easy for the application by new users. By using certain discrete points to represent the circle in the phase velocity space, the complicated formulations can be replaced by a simple solution process. The basic requirement is that the conservation forms of moments for the circular function-based GKS can be accurately satisfied by weighted summation of distribution functions at discrete points. In this work, it is shown that integral quadrature by four discrete points on the circle, which forms the D2Q4 discrete velocity model, can exactly match the integrals. Numerical results showed that the present scheme can provide accurate numerical results for incompressible and compressible viscous flows with roughly the same computational cost as that needed by the Roe scheme.

Inhibitory effect of berberine on human skin squamous cell carcinoma A431 cells

Berberine (BBR) is a natural alkaloid with significant anti-tumor activity against many types of cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms employed by BBR to repress the proliferation and growth of skin squamous cell carcinoma A431 cells. Berberine was reported to inhibit the proliferation of A431 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner and was observed to induce a series of biochemical events, including the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome-c to cytosol, induction of proteins of the Bcl-2 family and caspases, and the cleavage of poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase. This suggested its ability to induce apoptosis. The results of a wound healing test revealed that berberine inhibited the migration of A431 cells. Ezrin was transfected into A431 cells by RNA interference. The level of expression of Ezrin in the transfected A431 cells was observed to decrease with berberine treatment, which suggested that berberine might inhibit the invasion of A431 cells through Ezrin. The results of this study demonstrated that berberine could potentially inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, and inhibit the invasion of A431 cells.

Exposure to a novel stimulus environment alters patterns of lateralization in avian auditory cortex

Perceptual filters formed early in development provide an initial means of parsing the incoming auditory stream. However, these filters may not remain fixed, and may be updated by subsequent auditory input, such that, even in an adult organism, the auditory system undergoes plastic changes to achieve a more efficient representation of the recent auditory environment. Songbirds are an excellent model system for experimental studies of auditory phenomena due to many parallels between song learning in birds and language acquisition in humans. In the present study, we explored the effects of passive immersion in a novel heterospecific auditory environment on neural responses in caudo-medial neostriatum (NCM), a songbird auditory area similar to the secondary auditory cortex in mammals. In zebra finches, a well-studied species of songbirds, NCM responds selectively to conspecific songs and contains a neuronal memory for tutor and other familiar conspecific songs. Adult male zebra finches were randomly assigned to either a conspecific or heterospecific auditory environment. After 2, 4 or 9 days of exposure, subjects were presented with heterospecific and conspecific songs during awake electrophysiological recording. The neural response strength and rate of adaptation to the testing stimuli were recorded bilaterally. Controls exposed to conspecific environment sounds exhibited the normal pattern of hemispheric lateralization with higher absolute response strength and faster adaptation in the right hemisphere. The pattern of lateralization was fully reversed in birds exposed to heterospecific environment for 4 or 9 days and partially reversed in birds exposed to heterospecific environment for 2 days. Our results show that brief passive exposure to a novel category of sounds was sufficient to induce a gradual reorganization of the left and right secondary auditory cortices. These changes may reflect modification of perceptual filters to form a more efficient representation of auditory space.

Experimental research on end-to-side anastomosis of peripheral nerves and effect of FK506 on end-to-side anastomosis

OBJECTIVE

To study the effects of end-to-side anastomosis of initially-denatured nerves at different times.

METHOD

60 male Wistar albino rats were used to fabricate animal models for the experiment on end-to-side anastomosis of peripheral nerves and 50 female Wistar albino rats were used to fabricate animal models for the experiment on the effect of FK506 on end-to-side anastomosis. Bilateral common peroneal nerve, tibialis anterior muscle electrophysiological and histological examinations, tibialis anterior muscle wet muscle weight determination, and motor end plate examination were performed 3 months after operation.

RESULTS

All recovery rates of action potential, single muscle contraction force and tetanic contraction force of the FK506 experimental group are significantly higher than those of the control group and the sectional area of muscle fiber is also higher than that of the control group of normal saline.

CONCLUSION

The best time for end-to-side anastomosis of nerves should be controlled within 2 weeks and the effect of end-to-side anastomosis of nerves will gradually become unsatisfactory. FK506 plays a role in promoting functional rehabilitation following nerve end-to-side anastomosis (Tab. 7, Fig. 4, Ref. 31).

Torasemide reduces dilated cardiomyopathy, complication of arrhythmia, and progression to heart failure

The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and types of arrhythmia and their relationship with the severity and prognosis of chronic heart failure (CHF) in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and to investigate the therapeutic effect of torasemide versus furosemide on CHF and incidence of arrhythmia. DCM patients with NYHA cardiac function II-IV were continuously monitored using a 24-h dynamic electrocardiogram (Holter), and arrhythmia incidence was analyzed by computer automatic analysis combined with manual assessment. In total, 125 participants were evenly divided into two groups: torasemide group which received 10 mg oral torasemide once daily) and regular anti-heart failure treatment (N=65), and furosemide group which received torasemide (20 mg once daily orally) and regular antiheart failure treatment (N=60). Another 60 normal healthy persons served as the normal control group. Incidence and severity of arrhythmia increased when degree of CHF was elevated. Size of left atrium was related to atrial fibrillation and size of left ventricle was related to malignant arrhythmia. At 3 months after treatment, cardiac function in both groups improved and incidence and severity of arrhythmia in both groups were reduced. However, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was higher in the torasemide group than in the furosemide group, while incidence of arrhythmia was lower in the torasemide group. Arrhythmias frequently occurred in patients with DCM and HF. Type of cardiac arrhythmia is closely related to ventricular enlargement and cardiac function grade. Torasemide is better for improving cardiac function to reduce arrhythmia and CHF compared to furosemide.

Characterization of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells following tissue mass culture

The human umbilical cord represents a promising resource of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In order to improve our understanding of MSCs derived from human umbilical cord (UC-MSCs), we isolated UC-MSCs from human umbilical cord tissues through a direct culture approach. We performed a comprehensive characterization of these cells based on analyses of morphology, growth features, cell surface antigen markers and differentiation capacity. All these analyses validated their stem cell nature. The UC-MSCs presented a spindle-shaped morphology and could be subcultured for up to 15 passages without losing their cellular features. Moreover, these UC-SMCs presented an expression profile of cell surface antigens similar to other MSCs: positive for CD44, CD90, and CD105 expression and negative for CD34, CD31, and CD45 expression. Differentiation assays further validated the multipotency of UC-MSCs by inducing these cells into osteoblasts, adipocytes and functional hepatocytes. Our studies clearly demonstrated that UC-MSCs resemble other types of MSCs in many aspects and have a great potential to be applied in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Increased vesicular γ-GABA transporter and decreased phosphorylation of synapsin I in the rostral preoptic area is associated with decreased gonadotrophin-releasing hormone and c-Fos coexpression in middle-aged female mice

Hypothalamic glutamate (Glu) and γ-GABA neurotransmission are involved in the ovarian hormone-induced gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/luteinising hormone (LH) surge in rodents. Studies have shown that reduced Glu and increased γ-GABA in the rostral preoptic area (rPOA) of the hypothalamus, where most activated GnRH neurones are located, play a key role in decreasing the reproductive function of female rats. However, the mechanism underlying the altered balance of these neurotransmitters is poorly understood. In the present study, we observed a decline in the function of GnRH neurones in the rPOA at the time of the GnRH/LH surge in middle-aged intact female mice with regular oestrous cycles. In young mice, there is an increase of vesicular Glu transporter 2 on the pro-oestrus afternoon, which is not observed in middle-aged mice. By contrast, vesicular γ-GABA transporter levels in young mice decrease at the time of the LH surge, whereas they increase in middle-aged mice. Of note, we found that, in middle-aged mice at the time of the GnRH/LH surge, the phosphorylation of synapsin I at Ser603 and Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent kinase IIα was significantly lower than in young mice. These data suggest that, in middle-aged mice, higher levels of presynaptic stores of GABA, a lack of increase of Glu and a decreased ability of synaptic vesicle mobilisation could account for the imbalance of Glu and GABA in the rPOA, which decreases the activation of GnRH neurones.

Metamorphic In(0.20)Ga(0.80)As p-i-n photodetectors grown on GaAs substrates for near infrared applications

The growth and performance of top-illuminated metamorphic In(0.20)Ga(0.80)As p-i-n photodetectors grown on GaAs substrates using a step-graded In(x)Ga(1-x)As buffer is reported. The p-i-n photodetectors display a low room-temperature reverse bias dark current density of ~1.4×10(-7) A/cm(2) at -2 V. Responsivity and specific detectivity values of 0.72 A/W, 2.3×10(12) cm·Hz(1/2)/W and 0.69 A/W, 2.2×10(12) cm·Hz(1/2)/W are achieved for Yb:YAG (1030 nm) and Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser wavelengths at -2 V, respectively. A high theoretical bandwidth-responsivity product of 0.21 GHz·A/W was estimated at 1064 nm. Device performance metrics for these GaAs substrate-based detectors compare favorably with those based on InP technology due to the close tuning of the detector bandgap to the target wavelengths, despite the presence of a residual threading dislocation density. This work demonstrates the great potential for high performance metamorphic near-infrared InGaAs detectors with optimally tuned bandgaps, which can be grown on GaAs substrates, for a wide variety of applications.

Heme oxygenase-1 protects against radiocontrast-induced acute kidney injury by regulating anti-apoptotic proteins

Radiocontrast agents are thought to induce acute kidney injury in part through increased production of reactive oxygen species and increased cellular apoptosis. In this study we determined whether heme oxygenase-1 could prevent or reduce radiocontrast-induced acute kidney injury and, if so, what were the mechanisms by which this can occur. Sodium iothalamate was administered to uninephrectomized, salt-depleted male Sabra rats to initiate acute kidney injury. Heme oxygenase-1 was induced with cobalt protoporphyrin or inhibited with stannous mesoporphyrin. Inhibition of heme oxygenase exacerbated kidney injury as measured by an increase in plasma creatinine and in superoxide production. Heme oxygenase-1 induction prevented the increase in plasma creatinine and in superoxide in both the cortex and medulla compared to untreated rats with acute kidney injury. This protective effect of heme oxygenase-1 was associated with increased anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl and a decrease of pro-apoptotic caspase-3 and caspase-9 along with increased expression of inactive BAX. Our study suggests that increased levels of heme oxygenase-1 are protective against acute kidney injury due to radiocontrast exposure.

Synthesis of micrometer-sized hard silica spheres with uniform mesopore size and textural pores

Micrometer-sized silica spheres were prepared using a new pH-induced rapid colloid aggregation method in water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion separately with F127 and the mixture of Pluronic triblock copolymer (F127, P123, or P105) and PEG20000 as templates. All the mesoporous silica spheres exhibited high surface areas (657-1145 m2/g) and large pore volumes (0.46-2.16 ml/g). Through optimizing the synthetic conditions, hard silica spheres with narrow particle size distribution, uniform pore size, and textural pores were obtained. Finally, the mechanism of this synthetic route is discussed.

Expression of Interleukin-17 in Ischemic Brain Tissue

Ischemic brain injury is acute local inflammation, leading to accumulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokines influence the recruitment of leucocytes and play a key role in the inflammatory injury processes. Recently, a number of studies have demonstrated a close relationship between brain ischemia and cytokines. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a newly identified T-cell-specific cytokine. In this study, we evaluated the source and the action of IL-17 over the course of cerebral ischemia in rats (Sprague-Dawley) and humans. The levels of IL-17 in the ischemic hemisphere of the human brain, which was removed at necropsy, were assayed immunohistochemically. In rats, permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) was obtained by inserting nylon monofilament into the right external carotid artery, occluding the right middle cerebral artery. The expression of IL-17 mRNA in rat was assayed using oligoprobe in situ hybridization. IL-17 production by neuroglial cells was assayed by double-staining using antibody glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and antibody IL-17. Levels of IL-17 were elevated in the ischemic hemispheres of human brain compared with the opposite normal hemispheres and peaked at days 3-5 after brain ischemia. The IL-17-positive cells were found in the ischemic lesion region. IL-17 mRNA was also elevated in ischemic hemispheres of pMCAO-operated rats, which were slightly elevated after 1 h and peaked at 6 days. IL-17 and GFAP double-stained were extensive in rat ischemic hemisphere. The ischemia-induced IL-17 expression in human brain reported here for the first time was very similar to that in rat model except that the peak was slightly earlier. We found for the first time that IL-17 was involved in an intense inflammatory reaction of brain ischemic injury in human. In pMCAO-operated rats, our findings suggest that IL-17 is produced by the neuroglial cells in the brain region undergoing ischemic insult. We suggest that in additional to T cells the neuroglial cell may be another cellular origin of IL-17 in later progression of brain ischemia.

Heme oxygenase isoform-specific expression and distribution in the rat kidney

BACKGROUND

The heme oxygenase (HO) genes, HO-1 and HO-2, are the limiting steps in heme degradation and in the regulation of renal heme-dependent enzymes. Previously we reported that selective overexpression of renal HO-1 resulted in a decrease of microsomal heme and the cytochrome P450-dependent arachidonic acid metabolite, 20 HETE, a vasoconstrictor. The present study was undertaken to explore the relative expression and contribution of each of the HO isoforms to HO activity in the rat kidney. METHODS AND RESULTS. Renal HO activity increased above control levels after an injection of the inducers of HO activity, heme or SnCl2. Stannous Mesoporphyrin (SnMP), a nonselective inhibitor of HO, when used alone or in combination with heme or SnCl2, decreased HO activity. Heme alone and combined with SnCl2 decreased the levels of heme content by 13 and 35%, respectively. Western blot analysis showed that both SnCl2 and heme readily induced HO-1 protein, whereas HO-2 was constitutively expressed. Immunohistochemistry showed the distribution of the HO-1 isoform primarily in proximal convoluted tubules. Western blot analysis exhibited relatively higher levels of HO-1 in isolated proximal tubules and relatively higher HO-2 levels in the thick ascending limbs of the loop of Henle and preglomerular arterioles. In vivo administration of HO-1 and HO-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides further confirmed that HO-2, but not HO-1, contributed to the basal HO activity; however, following induction of HO with heme, antisense to HO-1, but not to HO-2, inhibited the induced levels of HO activity.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that HO-2 is constitutively expressed in the rat kidney mainly within tubular and arteriolar structures, and its activity may modulate physiological function under basal conditions. On the other hand, the basal levels of expression of HO-1 in the rat kidney are relatively low, and its contribution to HO activity and the regulation of hemoproteins such as cytochrome P450 become apparent only under pathophysiological conditions causing HO induction.

Sugar interaction with metal ions. Crystal structure and FT-IR spectroscopic study of strontium galactarate mono-hydrate

The crystal structure of strontium galactarate mono-hydrate, Sr2+ x C6H8O8(2-) x H2O, Mr = 313.76, monoclinic, P2(1)/c, a = 10.268(2), b = 10.333(2), c = 10.194(2) A, beta = 117.87(3) degrees, lambda(Mo K alpha) = 0.71073 A, Z = 4, Dx = 2.180 Mg m(-3), V = 956.1(3) A3, mu = 5.676 mm(-1), F(000) = 624, T = 293(2) K, R = 0.0260 for 1690 observed reflections and 145 parameters refined, has been determined. The galactarate ion is centro-symmetrical in the crystal structure, although it contains independent half-ions. The Sr2+ ion is nine-coordinated (tricapped trigonal prism) with five Sr-O bonds from carboxylic groups, and four from hydroxyl groups. The water molecule does not take part in the coordination. Six hydrogen bonds are formed, three of them related to the water molecule. The spectroscopic evidence shows that the carboxylic acid dimers of the free acid dissociate. The asymmetric stretching vibrations of the anionic COO groups in the salt are observed at 1609 and 1548, and 1581 cm(-1), assigned to a mono-dentate and a tetra-dentate coordination, respectively. The symmetric stretching vibration is located at 1397 cm(-1). The hydroxyl groups of the galactarate skeleton take part in the metal-oxygen interaction, and the hydrogen-bonding network is rearranged upon sugar metalation.

Sugar interaction with metal ions. FT-IR study on the structure of crystalline galactaric acid and its K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Ba2+, and La3+ complexes

The FT-IR spectra of galactaric acid and its K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Ba2+, and La3+ salts have been recorded and interpreted. Spectroscopic evidence shows that the dimeric carboxylic groups of the free acid are dissociated upon formation of the salt, and the asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of the anionic COO- group in these salts are observed at about 1600 and 1400 cm-1, respectively. The two carboxylic groups of the galactarate coordinate with Ca2+ ions in a monodentate form. One of the carboxylic groups in the Ba2+ salt coordinates in a monodentate state; another group interacts with three cations in a tetradentate form. In the K+, NH4+, and La3+ salts, the COO- groups coordinate in a polydentate manner with the cations. By comparison of the spectra of the salts with that of the free acid, it is concluded that the hydroxyl groups of the galactarate skeleton take part in metal-oxygen interaction, and the hydrogen-bonding network is rearranged upon sugar metalation. The degree of participation of the sugar OH groups in metal-galactarate interaction is varied from the K+ and NH4+ salts to the Ca2+, Ba2+, and La3+ salts.

Role of retinoid receptors in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer

Retinoids are vitamin A-related compounds that have been found to prevent cancer in animals and humans. In this review, we discuss the role of retinoids and their receptors in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. The retinoid receptors are expressed in normal and malignant breast cells, and are critical for normal development. In breast cells, when bound by retinoid hormones, these proteins regulate proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. The mechanism by which retinoids inhibit breast cell growth has not been completely elucidated, however, retinoids have been shown to affect multiple signal transduction pathways, including IGF-, TGFbeta-, and AP-1-dependent pathways. Retinoids have also been shown to suppress the growth and prevent the development of breast cancer in animals. These agents suppress tumorigenesis in carcinogen-treated rats and in transgenic mice, and inhibit the growth of transplanted breast tumors. These promising preclinical results have provided the rationale to test retinoids in clinical trials for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Several retinoids, including all trans retinoic acid and 9-cis retinoic acid, have been shown to have modest activity in the treatment of breast cancer, and these agents are now in clinical trials in combination with cytotoxic agents and anti-estrogens. Another retinoid, 4-HPR, is currently being tested in a human cancer prevention trial. Preliminary results suggest that 4-HPR may suppress breast cancer development in premenopausal women. Future clinical trials will focus on testing new synthetic retinoids that have reduced toxicity and enhanced therapeutic and preventive efficacy.

Anti-AIDS agents. 34. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of betulin derivatives as anti-HIV agents

Succinyl and 3'-substituted glutaryl betulin derivatives showed stronger anti-HIV activity and higher therapeutic index (TI) values than their dihydrobetulin counterparts, with ratios of 1.2:1 to 15:1 (cf. 7 and 15, 9 and 17, 10 and 18, 11 and 19, and 12 and 20). For various 3'-substituted glutaryl compounds, the order of anti-HIV effects, from strong to weak inhibition, was 3',3'-dimethyl, 3'-methyl, 3'-ethyl-3'-methyl, followed by 3',3'-tetramethylene glutaryl derivatives (10 > 9 > 11 > 12, 18 > 17 > 19 > 20). The most potent compound, 10, has two 3',3'-dimethylglutaryl groups and displays significant anti-HIV potency with an EC50 value of 0.000 66 microM and a TI of 21 515. Results for compounds (22 and 23) without a C-3 acyl group confirmed the importance of the C-3 acyl group to the anti-HIV effect. With 3',3'-tetramethylene glutaryl derivatives, triacyl 29 showed stronger inhibition than diacyl 12; in contrast, 3',3'-dimethylglutaryl compounds displayed opposite results. 3-Keto compounds (35 and 36) and 2,3-dihydro compounds (39 and 40) had EC50 values in the range of 4.3-10.0 microM, suggesting that A ring modification led to decreased potency. The reduced activity of amide (33 and 34), ester (41), and oxime (42) analogues suggested that the orientation and linkage of the C-3 acyl side chain play crucial roles in the potent anti-HIV activity. Finally, replacing the C-28 acyl group with a bulky non-carboxylic group produced a less potent compound (44). In the study of mechanism of action, our results indicated that fusion is not the primary target for the anti-HIV activity of 10. It appears to inhibit HIV replication at a late stage of the viral life cycle, i.e., after viral protein synthesis.

Active site of trichosanthin acting as a ribosome-inactivating protein

AIM

To localize the active site of ribosome inactivation of trichosanthin (Tri), a Chinese herb protein.

METHODS

Hydroxylamine was used to specifically cleave the unique Asn-Gly peptide bond of Tri. Preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was applied to get 2 cleaved fragments, HATf1 and HATf2. Western blotting was used to determine the different epitopes of Tri and screen the antibodies. A cell-free system, rabbit reticulocyte lysate, was introduced to quantitate the inhibitory activity of Tri and its fragments on protein biosynthesis.

RESULTS

HATf1 and HATf2 were separated with the purity of 96.9% and 80.5% respectively. HATf1, like intact Tri, retained the inhibitory activity on protein biosynthesis. The mAb No 14 and No 16 against Tri showed different immunoreactivities with 2 fragments and were selected as representatives in further blocking tests. The mAb No 14 hindered the activities of Tri and HATf1, whereas the mAb No 16 did not.

CONCLUSION

The active site of Tri responsible for inhibitory activity on protein biosynthesis was on the HATf1 side near the junction of two portions.

Identification of a chloroplast coenzyme A-binding protein related to the peroxisomal thiolases

A 30-kD coenzyme A (CoA)-binding protein was isolated from spinach (Spinacea oleracea) chloroplast soluble extracts using affinity chromatography under conditions in which 95% of the total protein was excluded. The 30-kD protein contains an eight-amino-acid sequence, DVRLYYGA, that is identical to a region in a 36-kD protein of unknown function that is encoded by a kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) cDNA. Southern blotting also detected a spinach gene that is related to the kiwifruit cDNA. The kiwifruit 36-kD protein that was synthesized in Escherichia coli was imported into chloroplasts and cleaved to a 30-kD form; it was processed to the same size in an organelle-free assay. Furthermore, the kiwifruit protein specifically bound to CoA. The kiwifruit protein contains a single cysteine within a domain that is related to the peroxisomal beta-ketoacyl-CoA thiolases, which catalyze the CoA-dependent degradative step of fatty acid beta-oxidation. Within 50 amino acids surrounding the cysteine, considered to be part of the thiolase active site, the kiwifruit protein shows approximately 26% sequence identity with the mango, cucumber, and rat peroxisomal thiolases. N-terminal alignment with these enzymes, relative to the cysteine, indicates that the 36-kD protein is cleaved after serine-58 during import, agreeing with the estimated size (approximately 6 kD) of a transit peptide. The 30-kD protein is also related to the E. coli and mitochondrial thiolases, as well as to the acetoacetyl-CoA thiolases of prokaryotes. Features distinguish it from members of the thiolase family, suggesting that it carries out a related but novel function. The protein is more distantly related to chloroplast beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III, the initial condensing enzyme of fatty acid synthetase that utilizes acetyl-CoA.

[Effects of microinjection of L-NNA and SNP into ventrolateral medulla on blood pressure, heart rate and renal sympathetic nerve activity in rats]

The effects of microinjection of a NO synthase inhibitor--N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) and NO donor-sodium nitroprusside (SNP) into ventrolateral medulla on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were examined in anesthetized rats to define the role of L-arginine: NO pathway in the central regulation of BP and to explore the underlying mechanism. The results obtained were as follows: (1) Following microinjection of L-NNA into rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), both of MAP and RSNA were increased. The effects lasted for more than 30 min and could be reversed by prior intravenous injection of L-arginine. (2) In response to microinjection of SNP into RVLM, MAP and RSNA were decreased, while HR showed no significant change. (3) During microinjection of L-NNA into caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM), MAP, HR and RSNA were decreased. (4) Upon injection of SNP into CVLM, MAP and RSNA were increased, but HR showed no significant change. The above-mentioned results indicate that the L-arginine: NO pathway may exhibit a modulatory action on the activity of ventrolateral medulla neurons.

[Effects of L-NNA and NO donors on spontaneous activity of rostral ventrolateral medulla neurons]

The effects of intravenous injection of a NO synthase inhibitor--N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) and NO donors--sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and SIN-1 on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and spontaneous activity of rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) neurons were examined in 22 anesthetized rats to define the action site of L-arginine: NO pathway in BP regulation. The results obtained were as follows. (1) Following i.v. injection of L-NNA, mean artery pressure (MAP), HR and spontaneous discharge rate of 14 RVLM neurons were all increased, all effects starting at 5 min after administration of L-NNA and lasting for more than 30 min. (2) In response to i.v. injection of SNP, MAP was decreased with concomitant increase in HR and the discharge rate of 23 RVLM neurons decreased in a dose-dependent manner. These effects were rapid in onset and also disappeared promptly. To exclude the effect of cerebral ischemia induced by decreased of BP, the effects of intracarotid injection of SNP were examined. Following i.a. injection, MAP was only slightly decreased and HR showed no significant change, but the discharge rate of 14 RVLM neurons was significantly decreased. (3) During i.v. injection of another NO donor--SIN-I, MAP and the spontaneous discharge rate of 11 RVLM neurons were decreased. The above results indicate that the L-arginine: NO pathway may exert a modulatory action on the blood pressure through rostral ventrolateral medulla.

Rapid purification of a chloroplast nucleoside diphosphate kinase using CoA-affinity chromatography

An 18 kDa protein from spinach chloroplasts was purified in one step to homogeneity using CoA-affinity chromatography. Its N-terminal sequence was identical to spinach nucleoside diphosphate kinase II (NDPK II). The kinase was isolated as a approximately 100 kDa complex. Immunoblotting detected NDPKII in plastids from leaves, roots, seeds and male flowers. NDPK I, an isoform of NDPK II, was not found in chloroplast soluble extracts, whereas NDPK III was present.

Acyl carrier protein (ACP) import into chloroplasts. Covalent modification by a stromal holoACP synthase is stimulated by exogenously added CoA and inhibited by adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate

During the import of the precursor for the acyl carrier protein (ACP) into chloroplasts, apoACP is converted to holoACP by the attachment of a phosphopantetheine group transferred from coenzyme A (CoA) by a chloroplast holoACP synthase [Fernandez, M. and Lamppa, G. (1990) Acyl carrier protein import into chloroplasts does not require the phosphopantetheine: evidence for a chloroplast holoACP synthase, Plant Cell 2, 195-206]. Here it is shown that exogenous addition of CoA to intact chloroplasts in the import assay stimulates the conversion of apoACP to holoACP. If adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate [Ado(3',5')P2], the byproduct of the transfer reaction, was also included the extent of conversion was greatly reduced. CoA has its effect after ACP precursor (pre-ACP) import and proteolytic removal of the transit peptide, thus indicating that the chloroplast holoACP synthase resides in the stroma where fatty acid synthase is found. When Ado(3',5')P2 was added alone to the import assay, it inhibited the synthesis of holoACP. Inhibition of the conversion of apo- to holoACP with Ado(3',5')P2 made it possible to examine whether the holoform of preACP could be imported into chloroplasts. Pre-apoACP was synthesized in Escherichia coli and shown to be competent for import in an ATP- and temperature-dependent manner. A partially purified chloroplast holoACP synthase converted 60-90% of the pre-apoACP to pre-holoACP. Pre-holoACP incubated with chloroplasts in the presence of Ado(3',5')P2 yielded > 60% holoACP, whereas the control reaction with pre-apoACP gave primarily apoACP. Hence the phosphopantetheine prosthetic group of ACP does not block precursor movement through the translocation apparatus of the chloroplast envelope.

Antitumor agents--CLI. Bis(helenalinyl)glutarate and bis(isoalantodiol-B)glutarate, potent inhibitors of human DNA topoisomerase II

Evaluation of a number of cytotoxic antitumor sesquiterpene lactones and their derivatives has led to the discovery of bis(helenalinyl)glutarate (4) and bis(isoalantodiol-B)glutarate (10) as potent inhibitors of human-derived topoisomerase II. Unlike etoposide, which inhibits by preventing the DNA rejoining process, compounds 4 and 10 inhibit topoisomerase II without causing DNA breakage. The structure-activity relationships of 4, 10, and related compounds are discussed.

Environmentally stable Kerr-type mode-locked erbium fiber laser producing 360-fs pulses

We demonstrate an environmentally stable Kerr-type mode-locked erbium fiber laser producing 360-fs near-bandwidth-limited pulses. Environmentally stable operation is possible in the presence of nonpolarization-maintaining fiber components provided that their overall length is short compared with the length of the polarization-maintaining fiber components. The pulses are generated at a stable repetition rate of 27 MHz and have an energy content of 60 pJ.

[Effects of angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic peptide III and arginine vasopressin on activity of paraventricular neurons of rat hypothalamic slices]

The effects of angiotensin II (AG II), atrial natriuretic peptide III (ANP III) and arginine vasopressin on 101 paraventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons from 28 brain slices of rats were observed. After perfusing the brain slices with AG II (10(-7) mol/L, 3 min), spontaneous discharge rate of 28/50 (56.0%) neurons was significantly increased, while that of 5/50 (10.0%) was significantly decreased and 17/50 (34.0%) neurons were non-responsive. Both of excitatory and inhibitory effects of AG II on neurons in PVN were completely blocked by AG II receptor blocker saralasin (10(-6) mol/L). As the brain slices were perfused with ANP III (10(-7) mol/L, 3 min), the firing rate of 16/26 (61.54%) neurons was decreased, while that of 1/26 (3.85%) neurons was increased and 9/26 (34.61%) neurons were non-responsive. During perfusing brain slices with AVP (10(-7) mol/L, 3 min), the firing rate of 19/25 (76.0%) neurons was significantly increased, while that of 1/25 (4.0%) neurons was decreased and 5/25 (20.0%) neurons were non-responsive. Twenty-five PVN neurons were successively perfused with three peptides. Among them, 4 were excited by both AG II and AVP, 2 were excited by AG II and inhibited by ANP III, and 7 were excited by AVP and inhibited by ANP III. The results show that the discharge rate of PVN neurons may be affected by AG II, ANP III and AVP. It is likely that PVN acts as an integrative site for neuroendocrine and autonomic functions.

[Effects of angiotensin II, atrial natriuretic peptide and arginine vasopressin on activity of subfornical organ neurons in rat brain slices]

The effects of angiotensin II (AG II), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) on 87 subfornical organ (SFO) neurons from 31 brain slices of rats were observed. After perfusing the brain slices with AG II (10(-7) mol/L, 3 min), spontaneous discharge rate of 40/55 (72.73%) neurons was significantly increased, while that of 3/55 (5.45%) was decreased and 12/55 (21.82%) neurons were non-responsive. The excitatory effects of AG II on neurons in SFO were completely blocked by AG II receptor blocker saralasin (10(-6) mol/L). As the brain slices were perfused with atrial peptide III (AP III) (10(-7) mol/L, 3 min), the firing rate of 7/17 (41.18%) neurons was significantly decreased, while that of 2/17 (11.76%) neurons was increased and 8/17 (47.06%) neurons were non-responsive. By perfusing brain slices with AVP (10(-7) mol/L, 3 min), the firing rate of 8/15 (53.33%) neurons was significantly increased, while that of 3/15 (20.00%) neurons was decreased and 4/15 (26.67%) neurons were non-responsive. Twelve SFO neurons were successively perfused with three peptides. Among them, one was excited by both AG II and AVP, 3 were excited by AG II and inhibited by AP III, and the other one was excited by AVP and inhibited by AP III. The results suggest that the discharge rate of SFO neurons is affected by AG II, ANP and AVP. SFO may be one of the central regions in regulation of water balance and blood pressure.

Demonstration of a B-lymphocyte mitogen produced by the Lyme disease pathogen, Borrelia burgdorferi

Lyme disease refers to the multisymptomatic illness in humans which results from infection with the tick-borne spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. The white-footed mouse is the major reservoir for B. burgdorferi and, upon infection, certain inbred mice develop symptoms similar to those reported in human disease. Sonicated preparations of washed spirochetes were found to have potent mitogenic activity when cultured with lymphocytes from naive C57BL/6, C3H/HeJ, or BALB/c mice. The activity of the B. burgdorferi sonicate was approximately fourfold greater than that of a similarly prepared Escherichia coli sonicate. Polymyxin B efficiently inhibited the mitogenic activity of the E. coli sonicate but only slightly inhibited that of the B. burgdorferi sonicate, suggesting that a lipid A-containing lipopolysaccharide was not responsible for the B. burgdorferi activity. Kinetic analysis indicated peak proliferation at 2 to 3 days of culturing, suggesting polyclonal activation. B- and T-lymphocyte depletion experiments indicated that the major cell type responding to the B. burgdorferi mitogen was the B lymphocyte. This mitogen stimulated murine B cells not only to proliferate but also to differentiate into antibody-secreting cells, as demonstrated by the production of immunoglobulin by stimulated splenocytes. Furthermore, the sonicated preparation stimulated the B-cell tumor line CH12.LX to secrete immunoglobulin in the absence of accessory cells. B. burgdorferi also stimulated interleukin-6 production in splenocyte cultures. The observation that B. burgdorferi can stimulate activation of and immunoglobulin production by normal B lymphocytes may directly reflect on the development of arthritis associated with persistent infection by this organism.