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Alrohimi A, Rose DZ, Burgin WS, Renati S, Hilker N, Deng W, Oliveira G, Beckie T, Labovitz AJ, Fradley MG, Tran N, Gioia L, Kate M, Ng KH, Dowlatshahi D, Field TS, Coutts SB, Siddiqui M, Hill MD, Miller J, Jickling GC, Shuaib A, Buck B, Sharma M, Butcher K. Risk of Hemorrhagic Transformation with Early Use of Direct Oral Anticoagulants after Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Pooled Analysis of Prospective Studies and Randomized Trials. Int J Stroke 2023:17474930231164891. [PMID: 36907985 DOI: 10.1177/17474930231164891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Precise risk of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains unknown, leading to delays in anticoagulation initiation for secondary stroke prevention. We sought to assess the rate of HT associated with direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) initiation within and beyond 48 hours post-AIS. METHODS A pooled analysis of DOAC initiation within 14 days of AIS or transient ischemic attack (TIA) was conducted with 6 studies (4 prospective open label treatment, blinded outcome studies and 2 randomized trials; NCT02295826 and NCT02283294). The primary endpoint was incident radiographic HT on follow-up imaging (day 7-30). Secondary endpoints included symptomatic HT, new parenchymal hemorrhage, recurrent ischemic events, extracranial hemorrhage, study-period mortality, and follow-up modified Rankin Scale score. The results were reported as odds ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS We evaluated 509 patients; median infarct volume was 1.5 (0.1-7.8) ml, and median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 2 (0-3). Incident radiographic HT was seen on follow-up scan in 34 (6.8%) patients. DOAC initiation within 48 hours from index event was not associated with incident HT (adjusted OR 0.67, [0.30 - 1.50] P=0.32). No patients developed symptomatic HT. Conversely, 31 (6.1%) patients developed recurrent ischemic events, 64% of which occurred within 14 days. Initiating a DOAC within 48 hours of onset was associated with similar recurrent ischemic event rates compared to those in which treatment was delayed (HR 0.42, [0.17 - 1.008] P=0.052). In contrast to HT, recurrent ischemic events were associated with poor functional outcomes (OR=6.8, [2.84 - 16.24], p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this pooled analysis, initiation of DOAC within 48 hours post-stroke was not associated with increased incident risk of HT, and none developed symptomatic HT. The analysis was underpowered to determine the effect of early DOAC use upon recurrent ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Alrohimi
- University of Alberta, Medicine, Edmonton, Canada 3158.,King Saud University, Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Cleveland Clinic, Cerebrovascular Canter, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David Z Rose
- University of South Florida, Neurology, Tampa, FL, USA 33697
| | | | - Swetha Renati
- University of South Florida, Neurology, Tampa, FL, USA 7831
| | | | - Wei Deng
- University of South Florida, Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA 7831
| | | | - Theresa Beckie
- University of South Florida, College of Nursing, Tampa, FL, USA 7831
| | | | | | - Nhi Tran
- University of South Florida, Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA 7831
| | - Laura Gioia
- University of Montreal, Neurology, Montreal, Canada 25443
| | - Mahesh Kate
- University of Alberta, Medicine, Edmonton, Canada 3158
| | - Kuan H Ng
- McMaster University, Medicine, Hamilton, Canada 3710
| | | | | | - Shelagh B Coutts
- University of Calgary, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Calgary, Canada 2129
| | | | - Michael D Hill
- University of Calgary, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Calgary, Canada 2129
| | - Jodi Miller
- McMaster University, Medicine, Hamilton, Canada 3710
| | | | - Ashfaq Shuaib
- University of Alberta, Medicine, Edmonton, Canada 3158
| | - Brian Buck
- University of Alberta, Medicine, Edmonton, Canada 25484
| | - Mukul Sharma
- McMaster University, Medicine, Hamilton, Canada 3710
| | - Kenneth Butcher
- University of Alberta, Medicine, Edmonton, Canada 6804.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Neves Briard J, Dufort G, Jacquin G, Alesefir W, Bereznyakova O, Boisseau W, Daneault N, Deschaintre Y, Diestro JDB, Ducroux C, Eneling J, Gioia L, Iancu DE, Odier C, Raymond J, Roy D, Stapf C, Weill A, Poppe AY. Three-month functional outcomes following endovascular thrombectomy during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: a Canadian single-center cohort study. J Neurointerv Surg 2022; 14:274-279. [PMID: 34078648 PMCID: PMC8174026 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-017664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted acute stroke care logistics, including delays in hyperacute management and decreased monitoring following endovascular therapy (EVT). We aimed to assess the impact of the pandemic on 90-day functional outcome among patients treated with EVT. METHODS This is an observational cohort study including all patients evaluated for an acute stroke between March 30, 2020 and September 30, 2020 (pandemic cohort) and 2019 (reference cohort) in a high-volume Canadian academic stroke center. We collected baseline characteristics, acute reperfusion treatment and management metrics. For EVT-treated patients, we assessed the modified Rankin score (mRS) at 90 days. We evaluated the impact of the pandemic on a 90-day favourable functional status (defined as mRS 0-2) and death using multivariable logistic regressions. RESULTS Among 383 and 339 patients included in the pandemic and reference cohorts, baseline characteristics were similar. Delays from symptom onset to evaluation and in-house treatment were longer during the early first wave, but returned to reference values in the subsequent months. Among the 127 and 136 EVT-treated patients in each respective cohort, favourable 90-day outcome occurred in 53/99 (53%) vs 52/109 (48%, p=0.40), whereas 22/99 (22%) and 28/109 (26%, p=0.56) patients died. In multivariable regressions, the pandemic period was not associated with 90-day favourable functional status (aOR 1.27, 95% CI 0.60 to 2.56) or death (aOR 0.74, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.63). CONCLUSION In this single-center cohort study conducted in a Canadian pandemic epicenter, the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic did not impact 90-day functional outcomes or death among EVT-treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Neves Briard
- Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neurology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Dufort
- Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neurology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Grégory Jacquin
- Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neurology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Walid Alesefir
- Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neurology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olena Bereznyakova
- Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neurology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William Boisseau
- Radiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Radiology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole Daneault
- Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neurology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yan Deschaintre
- Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neurology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Célina Ducroux
- Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neurology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Johanna Eneling
- Radiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Radiology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura Gioia
- Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neurology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniela E Iancu
- Radiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Radiology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Céline Odier
- Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neurology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean Raymond
- Radiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Radiology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Roy
- Radiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Radiology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christian Stapf
- Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neurology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alain Weill
- Radiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Radiology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Y Poppe
- Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Neurology, CHUM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Dubé M, Ducroux C, Romanelli G, Gioia L. PREDICTORS OF STROKE IN PATIENTS ON ORAL ANTICOAGULANT: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY. Can J Cardiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.07.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Wein T, Lindsay MP, Gladstone DJ, Poppe A, Bell A, Casaubon LK, Foley N, Coutts SB, Cox J, Douketis J, Field T, Gioia L, Habert J, Lang E, Mehta SR, Papoushek C, Semchuk W, Sharma M, Udell JA, Lawrence S, Mountain A, Gubitz G, Dowlatshahi D, Simard A, de Jong A, Smith EE. Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations, seventh edition: acetylsalicylic acid for prevention of vascular events. CMAJ 2020; 192:E302-E311. [PMID: 32392513 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.191599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Wein
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - M Patrice Lindsay
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.
| | - David J Gladstone
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Alexandre Poppe
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Alan Bell
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Leanne K Casaubon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Norine Foley
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Jafna Cox
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - James Douketis
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Thalia Field
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Laura Gioia
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Jeffrey Habert
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Eddy Lang
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Shamir R Mehta
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Christine Papoushek
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - William Semchuk
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Mikul Sharma
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Jacob A Udell
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Stephanie Lawrence
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Anita Mountain
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Gord Gubitz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Dar Dowlatshahi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Anne Simard
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Andrea de Jong
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Eric E Smith
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (Wein), McGill University, Montréal, Que.; the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong); Division of Neurology (Gladstone, Casaubon), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Division of Neurology (Gladstone), Department of Medicine, Regional Stroke Centre; Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program (Gladstone), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Sunnybrook Research Institute (Gladstone); Toronto, Ont.; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) (Poppe, Gioia), Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Que.; Department of Family Medicine (Bell, Habert), University of Toronto; Toronto Western Hospital Stroke Program (Casaubon), University Health Network, Toronto, Ont.; workHORSE Consulting Ltd. (Foley), London, Ont.; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Coutts, Smith), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Faculty of Medicine (Cardiology) (Cox), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Department of Medicine (Douketis), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Neurology (Field), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC; Department of Emergency Medicine (Lang), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Cardiology (Mehta), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Papoushek), Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; College of Pharmacy (Semchuk), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask.; Division of Neurology (Sharma), Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Cardiovascular Division (Udell), Department of Medicine Women's College Hospital; Peter Munk Cardiac Centre (Udell), Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Divisions Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) (Mountain) and Neurology (Gubitz), Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University; Division of Neurology (Dowlatshahi), Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont
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Wein T, Lindsay MP, Gladstone DJ, Poppe A, Bell A, Casaubon LK, Foley N, Coutts SB, Cox J, Douketis J, Field T, Gioia L, Habert J, Lang E, Mehta SR, Papoushek C, Semchuk W, Sharma M, Udell JA, Lawrence S, Mountain A, Gubitz G, Dowlatshahi D, Simard A, de Jong A, Smith EE. Recommandations canadiennes pour les pratiques optimales de soins de l’AVC, septième édition : l’acide acétylsalicylique pour la prévention d’événements vasculaires. CMAJ 2020; 192:E1174-E1184. [PMID: 33020129 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.191599-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Wein
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - M Patrice Lindsay
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.).
| | - David J Gladstone
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Alexandre Poppe
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Alan Bell
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Leanne K Casaubon
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Norine Foley
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Jafna Cox
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - James Douketis
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Thalia Field
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Laura Gioia
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Jeffrey Habert
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Eddy Lang
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Shamir R Mehta
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Christine Papoushek
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - William Semchuk
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Mikul Sharma
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Jacob A Udell
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Stephanie Lawrence
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Anita Mountain
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Gord Gubitz
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Dar Dowlatshahi
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Anne Simard
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Andrea de Jong
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
| | - Eric E Smith
- Département de neurologie et neurochirurgie [Wein], Université McGill, Montréal (Qc); Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC du Canada [Lindsay, Lawrence, Simard, de Jong]; Division de neurologie [Gladstone, Casaubon], Département de médecine, Université de Toronto; Division de neurologie [Gladstone], Service de médecine, Centre régional de traitement des AVC; Programme de sciences neurologiques Hurvitz [Gladstone], Centre des sciences de la santé Sunnybrook; Institut de recherche Sunnybrook [Gladstone], Toronto (Ont.); Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) [Poppe, Gioia], Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal (Qc); Département de médecine familiale [Bell, Habert], Université de Toronto; Programme de traitement des AVC de l'hôpital Toronto Western [Casaubon], Réseau universitaire de santé, Toronto (Ont.); workHORSE Consulting Ltd. [Foley], London (Ont.); Département de neurosciences cliniques [Coutts, Smith], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary (Alb.); Faculté de médecine (cardiologie) [Cox], Université Dalhousie, Halifax (N.-É.); Département de médecine [Douketis], Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division de neurologie [Field], Département de médecine, Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver (C.-B.); Département de médecine d'urgence [Lang], École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary, Calgary Alb.); Division de cardiologie [Mehta], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Département de médecine familiale et communautaire [Papoushek], Faculté de pharmacie Leslie-Dan, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); École de pharmacie [Semchuk], Université de la Saskatchewan, Saskatoon (Sask.); Division de neurologie [Sharma], Département de médecine, Université McMaster, Hamilton (Ont.); Division cardiovasculaire [Udell], Service de médecine, Hôpital Women's College; Centre de cardiologie Peter-Munk [Udell], Hôpital général de Toronto, Université de Toronto, Toronto (Ont.); Divisions de physiatrie et réadaptation [Mountain] et de neurologie [Gubitz], Département de médecine, Université Dalhousie; Division de neurologie [Dowlatshahi], Faculté de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa (Ont.)
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6
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De Filippis A, Nocera FP, Tafuri S, Ciani F, Staropoli A, Comite E, Bottiglieri A, Gioia L, Lorito M, Woo SL, Vinale F, De Martino L. Antimicrobial activity of harzianic acid against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Nat Prod Res 2020; 35:5440-5445. [PMID: 32538678 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2020.1779714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emerging concern about the increase of antibiotic resistance has encouraged research efforts to develop effective alternatives to counteract bacterial infections. Herein, we studied a new perspective to therapeutic treatment against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, an opportunistic pathogen documented as the major cause of skin, ear, and post-operative bacterial infections in dogs and cats. Antimicrobial activity of secondary metabolites produced by selected microbial strains belonging to Trichoderma, Talaromyces, Clonostachys and Coniothyrium fungal genera has been tested against S. pseudintermedius. Several extracts, particularly those obtained from Trichoderma harzianum E45 and ET45, showed a significant antimicrobial activity towards S. pseudintermedius methicillin-resistant (MRSP) and methicillin-susceptible (MSSP) strains. Bioassay-guided fractionation of E45 and ET45 extracts allowed to isolate harzianic acid as the major compound responsible for biological activities (e.g. antimicrobial, antibiofilm formation and biofilm disaggregation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Filippis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Paola Nocera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Tafuri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Ciani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Staropoli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
| | - Ernesto Comite
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Assunta Bottiglieri
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Gioia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
| | - Sheridan Lois Woo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Portici, Italy
| | - Luisa De Martino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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7
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Volders D, Labrie M, Keezer M, Poppe AY, Jacquin G, Stapf C, Gioia L, Deschaintre Y, Odier C, Daneault N, Iancu D, Raymond J, Roy D, Weill A. Exophthalmos following mechanical thrombectomy for anterior circulation stroke: A retrospective study and review of literature. Interv Neuroradiol 2020; 26:416-419. [PMID: 32408783 DOI: 10.1177/1591019920926079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anecdotal cases of exophthalmos after acute mechanical thrombectomy have been described. We sought to estimate the incidence in a large cohort of patients with acute anterior circulation stroke treated with mechanical thrombectomy. Secondarily, we aimed to evaluate the underlying mechanism and to differentiate it on imaging from other pathology with similar clinical orbital features. METHODS Between November 2016 and November 2018, we performed a retrospective single-center study of 250 patients who underwent anterior circulation mechanical thrombectomy. Development of exophthalmos was independently evaluated by two readers on preprocedure and 24-h postprocedure non-contrast cerebral CT. RESULTS In the mechanical thrombectomy cohort, six individuals (2.4%) developed interval ipsilateral exophthalmos at 24 h. Of these, at least two patients developed clinical symptoms. There was almost perfect agreement between assessments of the two readers (Cohen's kappa = 0.907 (95% confidence interval: 0.726, 1.000)). In two patients, there was delayed ophthalmic artery filling on digital subtraction angiography. None of the patients had features of a direct carotid-cavernous fistula. CONCLUSIONS Exophthalmos is not uncommon after mechanical thrombectomy (2.4%). The underlying mechanism is difficult to confirm, but it is most likely due to orbital ischemia from hypoperfusion or distal emboli.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Volders
- Department of Radiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M Labrie
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M Keezer
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - A Y Poppe
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - G Jacquin
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - C Stapf
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - L Gioia
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Y Deschaintre
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - C Odier
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - N Daneault
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - D Iancu
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - J Raymond
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - D Roy
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - A Weill
- Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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8
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Wang C, Gioia L, Burkov AA. Fractional Quantum Hall Effect in Weyl Semimetals. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:096603. [PMID: 32202893 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.096603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Weyl semimetal may be thought of as a gapless topological phase protected by the chiral anomaly, where the symmetries involved in the anomaly are the U(1) charge conservation and the crystal translational symmetry. The absence of a band gap in a weakly interacting Weyl semimetal is mandated by the electronic structure topology and is guaranteed as long as the symmetries and the anomaly are intact. The nontrivial topology also manifests in the Fermi arc surface states and topological response, in particular taking the form of an anomalous Hall effect in magnetic Weyl semimetals, whose magnitude is only determined by the location of the Weyl nodes in the Brillouin zone. Here we consider the situation when the interactions are not weak and ask whether it is possible to open a gap in a magnetic Weyl semimetal while preserving its nontrivial electronic structure topology along with the translational and the charge conservation symmetries. Surprisingly, the answer turns out to be yes. The resulting topologically ordered state provides a nontrivial realization of the fractional quantum Hall effect in three spatial dimensions in the absence of an external magnetic field, which cannot be viewed as a stack of two dimensional states. Our state contains loop excitations with nontrivial braiding statistics when linked with lattice dislocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
| | - L Gioia
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - A A Burkov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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9
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Román LS, Menon BK, Blasco J, Hernández-Pérez M, Dávalos A, Majoie CBLM, Campbell BCV, Guillemin F, Lingsma H, Anxionnat R, Epstein J, Saver JL, Marquering H, Wong JH, Lopes D, Reimann G, Desal H, Dippel DWJ, Coutts S, du Mesnil de Rochemont R, Yavagal D, Ferre JC, Roos YBWEM, Liebeskind DS, Lenthall R, Molina C, Al Ajlan FS, Reddy V, Dowlatshahi D, Sourour NA, Oppenheim C, Mitha AP, Davis SM, Weimar C, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Cobo E, Kleinig TJ, Donnan GA, van der Lugt A, Demchuk AM, Berkhemer OA, Boers AMM, Ford GA, Muir KW, Brown BS, Jovin T, van Zwam WH, Mitchell PJ, Hill MD, White P, Bracard S, Goyal M, Berkhemer OA, Fransen PSS, Beumer D, van den Berg LA, Lingsma HF, Yoo AJ, Schonewille WJ, Vos JA, Nederkoorn PJ, Wermer MJH, van Walderveen MAA, Staals J, Hofmeijer J, van Oostayen JA, Lycklama à Nijeholt GJ, Boiten J, Brouwer PA, Emmer BJ, de Bruijn SF, van Dijk LC, Kappelle J, Lo RH, van Dijk EJ, de Vries J, de Kort PL, van Rooij WJJ, van den Berg JS, van Hasselt BA, Aerden LA, Dallinga RJ, Visser MC, Bot JC, Vroomen PC, Eshghi O, Schreuder TH, Heijboer RJ, Keizer K, Tielbeek AV, den Hertog HM, Gerrits DG, van den Berg-Vos RM, Karas GB, Steyerberg EW, Flach Z, Marquering HA, Sprengers ME, Jenniskens SF, Beenen LF, Zech M, Kowarik M, Seifert C, Schwaiger B, Puri A, Hou S, Wakhloo A, Moonis M, Henniger N, Goddeau R, van den Berg R, Massari F, Minaeian A, Lozano JD, Ramzan M, Stout C, Patel A, Tunguturi A, Onteddu S, Carandang R, Howk M, Koudstaal PJ, Ribó M, Sanjuan E, Rubiera M, Pagola J, Flores A, Muchada M, Meler P, Huerga E, Gelabert S, Coscojuela P, van Zwam WH, Tomasello A, Rodriguez D, Santamarina E, Maisterra O, Boned S, Seró L, Rovira A, Molina CA, Millán M, Muñoz L, Roos YB, Pérez de la Ossa N, Gomis M, Dorado L, López-Cancio E, Palomeras E, Munuera J, García Bermejo P, Remollo S, Castaño C, García-Sort R, van der Lugt A, Cuadras P, Puyalto P, Hernández-Pérez M, Jiménez M, Martínez-Piñeiro A, Lucente G, Dávalos A, Chamorro A, Urra X, Obach V, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Cervera A, Amaro S, Llull L, Codas J, Balasa M, Navarro J, Ariño H, Aceituno A, Rudilosso S, Renu A, Majoie CB, Macho JM, San Roman L, Blasco J, López A, Macías N, Cardona P, Quesada H, Rubio F, Cano L, Lara B, Dippel DW, de Miquel MA, Aja L, Serena J, Cobo E, Albers GW, Lees KR, Arenillas J, Roberts R, Minhas P, Al-Ajlan F, Brown MM, Salluzzi M, Zimmel L, Patel S, Eesa M, Martí-Fàbregas J, Jankowitz B, Serena J, Salvat-Plana M, López-Cancio E, Bracard S, Liebig T, Ducrocq X, Anxionnat R, Baillot PA, Barbier C, Derelle AL, Lacour JC, Richard S, Samson Y, Sourour N, Baronnet-Chauvet F, Stijnen T, Clarencon F, Crozier S, Deltour S, Di Maria F, Le Bouc R, Leger A, Mutlu G, Rosso C, Szatmary Z, Yger M, Andersson T, Zavanone C, Bakchine S, Pierot L, Caucheteux N, Estrade L, Kadziolka K, Leautaud A, Renkes C, Serre I, Desal H, Mattle H, Guillon B, Boutoleau-Bretonniere C, Daumas-Duport B, De Gaalon S, Derkinderen P, Evain S, Herisson F, Laplaud DA, Lebouvier T, 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Nikneshan D, Blayney S, Reddy R, Choi P, Horton M, Musuka T, Dubuc V, Field TS, Desai J, Adatia S, Alseraya A, Nambiar V, van Dijk R, Wong JH, Mitha AP, Morrish WF, Eesa M, Newcommon NJ, Shuaib A, Schwindt B, Butcher KS, Jeerakathil T, Buck B, Khan K, Naik SS, Emery DJ, Owen RJ, Kotylak TB, Ashforth RA, Yeo TA, McNally D, Siddiqui M, Saqqur M, Hussain D, Kalashyan H, Manosalva A, Kate M, Gioia L, Hasan S, Mohammad A, Muratoglu M, Williams D, Thornton J, Cullen A, Brennan P, O'Hare A, Looby S, Hyland D, Duff S, McCusker M, Hallinan B, Lee S, McCormack J, Moore A, O'Connor M, Donegan C, Brewer L, Martin A, Murphy S, O'Rourke K, Smyth S, Kelly P, Lynch T, Daly T, O'Brien P, O'Driscoll A, Martin M, Daly T, Collins R, Coughlan T, McCabe D, Murphy S, O'Neill D, Mulroy M, Lynch O, Walsh T, O'Donnell M, Galvin T, Harbison J, McElwaine P, Mulpeter K, McLoughlin C, Reardon M, Harkin E, Dolan E, Watts M, Cunningham N, Fallon C, Gallagher S, Cotter P, Crowe M, Doyle R, Noone I, Lapierre M, Coté VA, Lanthier S, Odier C, Durocher A, Raymond J, Weill A, Daneault N, Deschaintre Y, Jankowitz B, Baxendell L, Massaro L, Jackson-Graves C, Decesare S, Porter P, Armbruster K, Adams A, Billigan J, Oakley J, Ducruet A, Jadhav A, Giurgiutiu DV, Aghaebrahim A, Reddy V, Hammer M, Starr M, Totoraitis V, Wechsler L, Streib S, Rangaraju S, Campbell D, Rocha M, Gulati D, Silver FL, Krings T, Kalman L, Cayley A, Williams J, Stewart T, Wiegner R, Casaubon LK, Jaigobin C, del Campo JM, Elamin E, Schaafsma JD, Willinsky RA, Agid R, Farb R, ter Brugge K, Sapkoda BL, Baxter BW, Barton K, Knox A, Porter A, Sirelkhatim A, Devlin T, Dellinger C, Pitiyanuvath N, Patterson J, Nichols J, Quarfordt S, Calvert J, Hawk H, Fanale C, Frei DF, Bitner A, Novak A, Huddle D, Bellon R, Loy D, Wagner J, Chang I, Lampe E, Spencer B, Pratt R, Bartt R, Shine S, Dooley G, Nguyen T, Whaley M, McCarthy K, Teitelbaum J, Tampieri D, Poon W, Campbell N, Cortes M, Dowlatshahi D, Lum C, Shamloul R, Robert S, Stotts G, Shamy M, Steffenhagen N, Blacquiere D, Hogan M, AlHazzaa M, Basir G, Lesiuk H, Iancu D, Santos M, Choe H, Weisman DC, Jonczak K, Blue-Schaller A, Shah Q, MacKenzie L, Klein B, Kulandaivel K, Kozak O, Gzesh DJ, Harris LJ, Khoury JS, Mandzia J, Pelz D, Crann S, Fleming L, Hesser K, Beauchamp B, Amato-Marzialli B, Boulton M, Lopez-Ojeda P, Sharma M, Lownie S, Chan R, Swartz R, Howard P, Golob D, Gladstone D, Boyle K, Boulos M, Hopyan J, Yang V, Da Costa L, Holmstedt CA, Turk AS, Navarro R, Jauch E, Ozark S, Turner R, Phillips S, Shankar J, Jarrett J, Gubitz G, Maloney W, Vandorpe R, Schmidt M, Heidenreich J, Hunter G, Kelly M, Whelan R, Peeling L, Burns PA, Hunter A, Wiggam I, Kerr E, Watt M, Fulton A, Gordon P, Rennie I, Flynn P, Smyth G, O'Leary S, Gentile N, Linares G, McNelis P, Erkmen K, Katz P, Azizi A, Weaver M, Jungreis C, Faro S, Shah P, Reimer H, Kalugdan V, Saposnik G, Bharatha A, Li Y, Kostyrko P, Santos M, Marotta T, Montanera W, Sarma D, Selchen D, Spears J, Heo JH, Jeong K, Kim DJ, Kim BM, Kim YD, Song D, Lee KJ, Yoo J, Bang OY, Rho S, Lee J, Jeon P, Kim KH, Cha J, Kim SJ, Ryoo S, Lee MJ, Sohn SI, Kim CH, Ryu HG, Hong JH, Chang HW, Lee CY, Rha J, Davis SM, Donnan GA, Campbell BCV, Mitchell PJ, Churilov L, Yan B, Dowling R, Yassi N, Oxley TJ, Wu TY, Silver G, McDonald A, McCoy R, Kleinig TJ, Scroop R, Dewey HM, Simpson M, Brooks M, Coulton B, Krause M, Harrington TJ, Steinfort B, Faulder K, Priglinger M, Day S, Phan T, Chong W, Holt M, Chandra RV, Ma H, Young D, Wong K, Wijeratne T, Tu H, Mackay E, Celestino S, Bladin CF, Loh PS, Gilligan A, Ross Z, Coote S, Frost T, Parsons MW, Miteff F, Levi CR, Ang T, Spratt N, Kaauwai L, Badve M, Rice H, de Villiers L, Barber PA, McGuinness B, Hope A, Moriarty M, Bennett P, Wong A, Coulthard A, Lee A, Jannes J, Field D, Sharma G, Salinas S, Cowley E, Snow B, Kolbe J, Stark R, King J, Macdonnell R, Attia J, D'Este C, Saver JL, Goyal M, Diener HC, Levy EI, Bonafé A, Mendes Pereira V, Jahan R, Albers GW, Cognard C, Cohen DJ, Hacke W, Jansen O, Jovin TG, Mattle HP, Nogueira RG, Siddiqui AH, Yavagal DR, von Kummer R, Smith W, Turjman F, Hamilton S, Chiacchierini R, Amar A, Sanossian N, Loh Y, Devlin T, Baxter B, Hawk H, Sapkota B, Quarfordt S, Sirelkhatim A, Dellinger C, Barton K, Reddy VK, Ducruet A, Jadhav A, Horev A, Giurgiutiu DV, Totoraitis V, Hammer M, Jankowitz B, Wechsler L, Rocha M, Gulati D, Campbell D, Star M, Baxendell L, Oakley J, Siddiqui A, Hopkins LN, Snyder K, Sawyer R, Hall S, Costalat V, Riquelme C, Machi P, Omer E, Arquizan C, Mourand I, Charif M, Ayrignac X, Menjot de Champfleur N, Leboucq N, Gascou G, Moynier M, du Mesnil de Rochemont R, Singer O, Berkefeld J, Foerch C, Lorenz M, Pfeilschifer W, Hattingen E, Wagner M, You SJ, Lescher S, Braun H, Dehkharghani S, Belagaje SR, Anderson A, Lima A, Obideen M, Haussen D, Dharia R, Frankel M, Patel V, Owada K, Saad A, Amerson L, Horn C, Doppelheuer S, Schindler K, Lopes DK, Chen M, Moftakhar R, Anton C, Smreczak M, Carpenter JS, Boo S, Rai A, Roberts T, Tarabishy A, Gutmann L, Brooks C, Brick J, Domico J, Reimann G, Hinrichs K, Becker M, Heiss E, Selle C, Witteler A, Al-Boutros S, Danch MJ, Ranft A, Rohde S, Burg K, Weimar C, Zegarac V, Hartmann C, Schlamann M, Göricke S, Ringlestein A, Wanke I, Mönninghoff C, Dietzold M, Budzik R, Davis T, Eubank G, Hicks WJ, Pema P, Vora N, Mejilla J, Taylor M, Clark W, Rontal A, Fields J, Peterson B, Nesbit G, Lutsep H, Bozorgchami H, Priest R, Ologuntoye O, Barnwell S, Dogan A, Herrick K, Takahasi C, Beadell N, Brown B, Jamieson S, Hussain MS, Russman A, Hui F, Wisco D, Uchino K, Khawaja Z, Katzan I, Toth G, Cheng-Ching E, Bain M, Man S, Farrag A, George P, John S, Shankar L, Drofa A, Dahlgren R, Bauer A, Itreat A, Taqui A, Cerejo R, Richmond A, Ringleb P, Bendszus M, Möhlenbruch M, Reiff T, Amiri H, Purrucker J, Herweh C, Pham M, Menn O, Ludwig I, Acosta I, Villar C, Morgan W, Sombutmai C, Hellinger F, Allen E, Bellew M, Gandhi R, Bonwit E, Aly J, Ecker RD, Seder D, Morris J, Skaletsky M, Belden J, Baker C, Connolly LS, Papanagiotou P, Roth C, Kastrup A, Politi M, Brunner F, Alexandrou M, Merdivan H, Ramsey C, Given II C, Renfrow S, Deshmukh V, Sasadeusz K, Vincent F, Thiesing JT, Putnam J, Bhatt A, Kansara A, Caceves D, Lowenkopf T, Yanase L, Zurasky J, Dancer S, Freeman B, Scheibe-Mirek T, Robison J, Rontal A, Roll J, Clark D, Rodriguez M, Fitzsimmons BFM, Zaidat O, Lynch JR, Lazzaro M, Larson T, Padmore L, Das E, Farrow-Schmidt A, Hassan A, Tekle W, Cate C, Jansen O, Cnyrim C, Wodarg F, Wiese C, Binder A, Riedel C, Rohr A, Lang N, Laufs H, Krieter S, Remonda L, Diepers M, Añon J, Nedeltchev K, Kahles T, Biethahn S, Lindner M, Chang V, Gächter C, Esperon C, Guglielmetti M, Arenillas Lara JF, Martínez Galdámez M, Calleja Sanz AI, Cortijo Garcia E, Garcia Bermejo P, Perez S, Mulero Carrillo P, Crespo Vallejo E, Ruiz Piñero M, Lopez Mesonero L, Reyes Muñoz FJ, Brekenfeld C, Buhk JH, Krützelmann A, Thomalla G, Cheng B, Beck C, Hoppe J, Goebell E, Holst B, Grzyska U, Wortmann G, Starkman S, Duckwiler G, Jahan R, Rao N, Sheth S, Ng K, Noorian A, Szeder V, Nour M, McManus M, Huang J, Tarpley J, Tateshima S, Gonzalez N, Ali L, Liebeskind D, Hinman J, Calderon-Arnulphi M, Liang C, Guzy J, Koch S, DeSousa K, Gordon-Perue G, Haussen D, Elhammady M, Peterson E, Pandey V, Dharmadhikari S, Khandelwal P, Malik A, Pafford R, Gonzalez P, Ramdas K, Andersen G, Damgaard D, Von Weitzel-Mudersbach P, Simonsen C, Ruiz de Morales Ayudarte N, Poulsen M, Sørensen L, Karabegovich S, Hjørringgaard M, Hjort N, Harbo T, Sørensen K, Deshaies E, Padalino D, Swarnkar A, Latorre JG, Elnour E, El-Zammar Z, Villwock M, Farid H, Balgude A, Cross L, Hansen K, Holtmannspötter M, Kondziella D, Hoejgaard J, Taudorf S, Soendergaard H, Wagner A, Cronquist M, Stavngaard T, Cortsen M, Krarup LH, Hyldal T, Haring HP, Guggenberger S, Hamberger M, Trenkler J, Sonnberger M, Nussbaumer K, Dominger C, Bach E, Jagadeesan BD, Taylor R, Kim J, Shea K, Tummala R, Zacharatos H, Sandhu D, Ezzeddine M, Grande A, Hildebrandt D, Miller K, Scherber J, Hendrickson A, Jumaa M, Zaidi S, Hendrickson T, Snyder V, Killer-Oberpfalzer M, Mutzenbach J, Weymayr F, Broussalis E, Stadler K, Jedlitschka A, Malek A, Mueller-Kronast N, Beck P, Martin C, Summers D, Day J, Bettinger I, Holloway W, Olds K, Arkin S, Akhtar N, Boutwell C, Crandall S, Schwartzman M, Weinstein C, Brion B, Prothmann S, Kleine J, Kreiser K, Boeckh-Behrens T, Poppert H, Wunderlich S, Koch ML, Biberacher V, Huberle A, Gora-Stahlberg G, Knier B, Meindl T, Utpadel-Fischler D. Imaging features and safety and efficacy of endovascular stroke treatment: a meta-analysis of individual patient-level data. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:895-904. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fahed R, Finitsis S, Khoury N, Deschaintre Y, Daneault N, Gioia L, Jacquin G, Odier C, Poppe AY, Weill A, Roy D, Darsaut TE, Nguyen TN, Raymond J. A randomized pragmatic care trial on endovascular acute stroke interventions (EASI): criticisms, responses, and ethics of integrating research and clinical care. Trials 2018; 19:508. [PMID: 30231915 PMCID: PMC6146964 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Endovascular Acute Stroke Intervention (EASI) trial was conceived as a pragmatic care trial, designed to integrate trial methods with clinical practice. Reporting the EASI experience was met with objections and criticisms during peer review concerning both scientific and ethical issues. Our goal is to discuss these criticisms in order to promote the pragmatic approach of care trials in outcome-based medical care. METHODS The comments and criticisms of 11 reviewers from 5 journals were collected and analyzed. The EASI protocol was also compared to the protocols of seven thrombectomy trials using the pragmatic-explanatory continuum indicator summary (PRECIS). RESULTS Main criticisms of EASI concerned selection criteria that were judged to be too vague and too inclusive, brain and vascular imaging methods that were not sufficiently prescribed by protocol, lack of blinding of outcome assessment, and lack of power. EASI was at the pragmatic end of the spectrum of thrombectomy trials. CONCLUSION The pragmatic care trial methodology is not currently well-established. More work needs to be done to integrate scientific methods and ethical care in the best medical interest of current patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fahed
- Department of Radiology, Service of Neuroradiology, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Montreal, D03.5462B, 1000 Saint-Denis, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0C1 Canada
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Stefanos Finitsis
- Department of Radiology, Service of Neuroradiology, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Montreal, D03.5462B, 1000 Saint-Denis, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0C1 Canada
| | - Naim Khoury
- Department of Radiology, Service of Neuroradiology, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Montreal, D03.5462B, 1000 Saint-Denis, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0C1 Canada
| | - Yan Deschaintre
- Neurovascular Team, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec Canada
| | - Nicole Daneault
- Neurovascular Team, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec Canada
| | - Laura Gioia
- Neurovascular Team, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec Canada
| | - Gregory Jacquin
- Neurovascular Team, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec Canada
| | - Céline Odier
- Neurovascular Team, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec Canada
| | - Alexande Y. Poppe
- Neurovascular Team, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Centre hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec Canada
| | - Alain Weill
- Department of Radiology, Service of Neuroradiology, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Montreal, D03.5462B, 1000 Saint-Denis, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0C1 Canada
| | - Daniel Roy
- Department of Radiology, Service of Neuroradiology, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Montreal, D03.5462B, 1000 Saint-Denis, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0C1 Canada
| | - Tim E. Darsaut
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alberta hospital, Mackenzie Health Sciences Center, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Thanh N. Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jean Raymond
- Department of Radiology, Service of Neuroradiology, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), University of Montreal, D03.5462B, 1000 Saint-Denis, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0C1 Canada
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Fiorentino N, Ventorino V, Woo SL, Pepe O, De Rosa A, Gioia L, Romano I, Lombardi N, Napolitano M, Colla G, Rouphael Y. Trichoderma-Based Biostimulants Modulate Rhizosphere Microbial Populations and Improve N Uptake Efficiency, Yield, and Nutritional Quality of Leafy Vegetables. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:743. [PMID: 29922317 PMCID: PMC5996573 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbial inoculants such as Trichoderma-based products are receiving great interest among researchers and agricultural producers for their potential to improve crop productivity, nutritional quality as well as resistance to plant pathogens/pests and numerous environmental stresses. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the effects of Trichoderma-based biostimulants under suboptimal, optimal and supraoptimal levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization in two leafy vegetables: Iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.). The yield, nutritional characteristics, N uptake and mineral composition were analyzed for each vegetable crop after inoculation with Trichoderma strains T. virens (GV41) or T. harzianum (T22), and results were compared to non-inoculated plants. In addition, the effect of the Trichoderma-based biostimulants on microbes associated with the rhizosphere in terms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic composition and concentration using DGGE was also evaluated. Trichoderma-based biostimulants, in particular GV41, positively increased lettuce and rocket yield in the unfertilized plots. The highest marketable lettuce fresh yield was recorded with either of the biostimulant inoculations when plants were supplied with optimal levels of N. The inoculation of rocket with GV41, and to a lesser degree with T22, elicited an increase in total ascorbic acid under both optimal and high N conditions. T. virens GV41 increased N-use efficiency of lettuce, and favored the uptake of native N present in the soil of both lettuce and rocket. The positive effect of biostimulants on nutrient uptake and crop growth was species-dependent, being more marked with lettuce. The best biostimulation effects from the Trichoderma treatments were observed in both crops when grown under low N availability. The Trichoderma inoculation strongly influenced the composition of eukaryotic populations in the rhizosphere, in particularly exerting different effects with low N levels in comparison to the N fertilized plots. Overall, inoculations with Trichoderma may be considered as a viable strategy to manage the nutrient content of leafy horticulture crops cultivated in low fertility soils, and assist vegetable growers in reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers, developing sustainable management practices to optimize N use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Fiorentino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- CIRAM-Interdepartmental Center for Environmental Research, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Ventorino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sheridan L. Woo
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Portici, Italy
| | - Olimpia Pepe
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Armando De Rosa
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Laura Gioia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Ida Romano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Nadia Lombardi
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Portici, Italy
| | - Mauro Napolitano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Colla
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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Beaulieu MC, Karkri F, Poppe AY, Gioia L, Deschaintre Y, Jacquin G, Daneault N, Stapf C, Odier C. Abstract WMP9: Real-World Outcomes of Patients Presenting with Acute Ischemic Stroke >6 Hours Since Symptom Onset Treated With Endovascular Therapy. Stroke 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/str.49.suppl_1.wmp9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Endovascular therapy(EVT) is proven effective for patients with acute ischemic stroke with proximal vessel occlusion, treated within 6 hours since symptom onset. However, up to 30% of stroke patients wake up with their symptoms (“wake-up stroke” (WUS)) or have an unknown time of onset. Canadian guidelines suggest that EVT may also be effective up to 12 hours after onset and yet-to-be published data from the DAWN trial also suggest a strong benefit of EVT for these patients if selected by perfusion imaging. We aimed to examine the real-world effectiveness of EVT in late-presenting stroke patients selected for EVT with a simple non-contrast CT (NCCT) and simple phase CT angiogram (CTA).
Methods:
We analyzed a prospectively collected registry of epidemiological, clinical and imaging data of patients treated for acute ischemic stroke ≥6 hours since symptom onset or WUS in a tertiary stroke center (Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal) between 2016 and 2017. Eligibility for EVT was based on a combination of disabling neurological deficit, a NCCT with salvageable brain tissue (ASPECTS >5), and presence of a LVO on CTA.
Results:
Over a 16-month period, a total of 366 patients were treated with IV thrombolysis and/or EVT. Of these, 46 had WUS or presented ≥ 6 hours since symptom onset and received EVT. Median age was 70, median baseline mRS score 1, median NIHSS at arrival 17 and median ASPECTS 9. Good collaterals on CTA were noted in 63%(29) of patients. 5 patients had posterior circulation stroke with basilar occlusion. Median time from last time seen normal to admission was 9h17(IQR, 6h44-12h46). 31 (67.4%) NCCTs were done at a referent center and not repeated locally to avoid treatment delays. At 3-month follow-up, functional autonomy(mRS
≤
2) was found in 15 (32.6%) patients while 15 (32,6%) died (mRS=6). Symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation occurred in 3(6.5%) patients.
Conclusions:
In a real-world setting, EVT is feasible in late-presenting stroke patients selected by NCCT and yields favorable outcomes similar to those seen in the more pragmatic EVT trials.
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13
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Klahr AC, Dowlatshahi D, Buck B, Gioia L, Kalashyan H, Wilman A, Jeerakathil T, Emery D, Butcher K. Abstract WP339: Arterial Spin Labelling Cerebral Perfusion Measurements Demonstrate Normal Blood Flow in Subacute Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients. Stroke 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/str.49.suppl_1.wp339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Perihematomal hypoperfusion in acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been demonstrated using CT perfusion. Although blood pressure (BP) reduction does not appear to impact perihematomal Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF), measurements using contrast are limited to a single time point. It has also been shown that up to 41% of ICH patients develop subacute diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesions on MRI. Arterial Spin Labelling (ASL) is an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that allows measurement of CBF without a contrast agent, making it suitable for serial measurements. We assessed CBF in ICH patients using ASL and tested the hypothesis that perihematoma perfusion is related to BP.
Methods:
Patients with CT scan confirmed ICH were prospectively recruited within 6 hours of symptom onset. Acute systolic BP (SBP) targets were randomly assigned as part of an ongoing trial. The SBP target remained blinded for this analysis. Patients were assessed with ASL at 48 hours post ICH. The perihematoma region was defined using co-registered susceptibility weighted images to delineate the hematoma border. Relative CBF (rCBF) was calculated as a ratio of the ipsilateral to contralateral ASL measurements.
Results:
Perfusion was measured in 6 ICH patients, none of whom had DWI lesions, 55.38 (43.72, 59.75) hours after onset. Median 48 hour hematoma volume was 23.40 (18.10, 99.90) ml. Mean±SD SBP at 48 hours was 140.20 ± 10.64 mmHg. Mean perihematomal rCBF was 0.95±0.37. Mean hemispheric rCBF was 0.95 ± 0.17. Perihematomal and hemispheric CBF was not lower in the side of the hematoma (
p
>0.583). Hematoma size was unrelated to rCBF (perihematomal R=0.039, 95% CI [-0.880, 0.959],
p
=0.682; hemispheric R=0.00, 95% CI [-0.005, 0.006],
p
=0.932). Systolic BP at the time of the scan, difference between baseline SBP and SBP at the time of the scan, and time spent with SBP <140 mmHg were all not associated with perihematomal or hemispheric rCBF (
p
>0.170).
Conclusion:
It is feasible to measure perihematoma and hemispheric perfusion in ICH patients using ASL, which may be useful for serial CBF assessment, particularly in patients with MRI evidence of ischemia.
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14
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Klahr AC, Dowlatshahi D, Buck B, Gioia L, Kalashyan H, Wilman A, Jeerakathil T, Emery D, Butcher K. Abstract WMP104: Sub-Acute Diffusion-Weighted MRI Lesions in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients are Unrelated to Blood Pressure. Stroke 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/str.49.suppl_1.wmp104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Diffusion-Weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) studies have demonstrated sub-acute ischemic lesions in up to 41% of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Retrospective studies indicated an association with acute blood pressure (BP) reduction. We conducted a prospective study of DWI lesion incidence in ICH patients.
Methods:
Patients with computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed ICH were prospectively recruited within 6 hours of symptom onset. Acute systolic BP (SBP) targets were randomly assigned as part of an ongoing trial. The SBP target remained blinded for this analysis. Patients were assessed with serial DWI at 48 hours.
Results:
Eighty-three patients (48.2% male, mean±SD age 71.9±13.4) were enrolled. MRI was obtained in 42 patients. (11 patients were medically unstable, 11 refused consent, 19 died or were treated palliatively prior to the first MRI). Median (IQR) acute hematoma volume of the patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging was 14.11 (4.40, 38.06) ml. Median baseline NIHSS score was 12.50 (9, 20). Median (IQR) 48 hour hematoma volume was 23.30 (9.10, 65.30) ml. DWI lesions were present in 13 (31%) of patients at 48 hours (median time to scan 54.22 (39.83, 65.5) hours). Mean SBP at 48 hours in patients with lesions (154.55±27.02 mmHg) was similar to those without (149.04±27.02;
p
= 0.514). Systolic BP at the time of the MRI was not a predictor of ischemic lesion development at 48 hours (OR=1.015, [0.972, 1.059],
p
=0.507), nor was the change in BP between baseline and the scan (OR=0.994, [0.962, 1.027],
p
=0.716). The only predictor of 48 hour DWI incidence was hematoma volume at 48 hours (OR= 1.025, 95% CI [1.001, 1.050],
p
=0.044).
Discussion:
When enrolled prospectively within 6 hours of onset, DWI was obtained in approximately half of all ICH patients. This selection bias may be relevant to the results of both retrospective and prospective DWI studies. This study demonstrated no evidence of a relationship between actual BP achieved and DWI incidence after ICH.
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15
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Campbell BCV, van Zwam WH, Goyal M, Menon BK, Dippel DWJ, Demchuk AM, Bracard S, White P, Dávalos A, Majoie CBLM, van der Lugt A, Ford GA, de la Ossa NP, Kelly M, Bourcier R, Donnan GA, Roos YBWEM, Bang OY, Nogueira RG, Devlin TG, van den Berg LA, Clarençon F, Burns P, Carpenter J, Berkhemer OA, Yavagal DR, Pereira VM, Ducrocq X, Dixit A, Quesada H, Epstein J, Davis SM, Jansen O, Rubiera M, Urra X, Micard E, Lingsma HF, Naggara O, Brown S, Guillemin F, Muir KW, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Saver JL, Jovin TG, Hill MD, Mitchell PJ, Berkhemer OA, Fransen PSS, Beumer D, van den Berg LA, Lingsma HF, Yoo AJ, Schonewille WJ, Vos JA, Nederkoorn PJ, Wermer MJH, van Walderveen MAA, Staals J, Hofmeijer J, van Oostayen JA, Lycklama à Nijeholt GJ, Boiten J, Brouwer PA, Emmer BJ, de Bruijn SF, van Dijk LC, Kappelle J, Lo RH, van Dijk EJ, de Vries J, de Kort PL, van Rooij WJJ, van den Berg JS, van Hasselt BA, Aerden LA, Dallinga RJ, Visser MC, Bot JC, Vroomen PC, Eshghi O, Schreuder TH, Heijboer RJ, Keizer K, Tielbeek AV, den Hertog HM, Gerrits DG, van den Berg-Vos RM, Karas GB, Steyerberg EW, Flach Z, Marquering HA, Sprengers ME, Jenniskens SF, Beenen LF, van den Berg R, Koudstaal PJ, van Zwam WH, Roos YB, van der Lugt A, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Wakhloo A, Moonis M, Henninger N, Goddeau R, Massari F, Minaeian A, Lozano JD, Ramzan M, Stout C, Patel A, Majoie CB, Tunguturi A, Onteddu S, Carandang R, Howk M, Ribó M, Sanjuan E, Rubiera M, Pagola J, Flores A, Muchada M, Dippel DW, Meler P, Huerga E, Gelabert S, Coscojuela P, Tomasello A, Rodriguez D, Santamarina E, Maisterra O, Boned S, Seró L, Brown MM, Rovira A, Molina CA, Millán M, Muñoz L, Pérez de la Ossa N, Gomis M, Dorado L, López-Cancio E, Palomeras E, Munuera J, Liebig T, García Bermejo P, Remollo S, Castaño C, García-Sort R, Cuadras P, Puyalto P, Hernández-Pérez M, Jiménez M, Martínez-Piñeiro A, Lucente G, Stijnen T, Dávalos A, Chamorro A, Urra X, Obach V, Cervera A, Amaro S, Llull L, Codas J, Balasa M, Navarro J, Andersson T, Ariño H, Aceituno A, Rudilosso S, Renu A, Macho JM, San Roman L, Blasco J, López A, Macías N, Cardona P, Mattle H, Quesada H, Rubio F, Cano L, Lara B, de Miquel MA, Aja L, Serena J, Cobo E, Albers GW, Lees KR, Wahlgren N, Arenillas J, Roberts R, Minhas P, Al-Ajlan F, Salluzzi M, Zimmel L, Patel S, Eesa M, Martí-Fàbregas J, Jankowitz B, van der Heijden E, Serena J, Salvat-Plana M, López-Cancio E, Bracard S, Ducrocq X, Anxionnat R, Baillot PA, Barbier C, Derelle AL, Lacour JC, Ghannouti N, Richard S, Samson Y, Sourour N, Baronnet-Chauvet F, Clarencon F, Crozier S, Deltour S, Di Maria F, Le Bouc R, Leger A, Fleitour N, Mutlu G, Rosso C, Szatmary Z, Yger M, Zavanone C, Bakchine S, Pierot L, Caucheteux N, Estrade L, Kadziolka K, Hooijenga I, Leautaud A, Renkes C, Serre I, Desal H, Guillon B, Boutoleau-Bretonniere C, Daumas-Duport B, De Gaalon S, Derkinderen P, Evain S, Puppels C, Herisson F, Laplaud DA, Lebouvier T, Lintia-Gaultier A, Pouclet-Courtemanche H, Rouaud T, Rouaud Jaffrenou V, Schunck A, Sevin-Allouet M, Toulgoat F, Pellikaan W, Wiertlewski S, Gauvrit JY, Ronziere T, Cahagne V, Ferre JC, Pinel JF, Raoult H, Mas JL, Meder JF, Al Najjar-Carpentier AA, Geerling A, Birchenall J, Bodiguel E, Calvet D, Domigo V, Godon-Hardy S, Guiraud V, Lamy C, Majhadi L, Morin L, Naggara O, Lindl-Velema A, Trystram D, Turc G, Berge J, Sibon I, Menegon P, Barreau X, Rouanet F, Debruxelles S, Kazadi A, Renou P, van Vemde G, Fleury O, Pasco-Papon A, Dubas F, Caroff J, Godard Ducceschi S, Hamon MA, Lecluse A, Marc G, Giroud M, Ricolfi F, de Ridder A, Bejot Y, Chavent A, Gentil A, Kazemi A, Osseby GV, Voguet C, Mahagne MH, Sedat J, Chau Y, Suissa L, Greebe P, Lachaud S, Houdart E, Stapf C, Buffon Porcher F, Chabriat H, Guedin P, Herve D, Jouvent E, Mawet J, Saint-Maurice JP, de Bont-Stikkelbroeck J, Schneble HM, Turjman F, Nighoghossian N, Berhoune NN, Bouhour F, Cho TH, Derex L, Felix S, Gervais-Bernard H, Gory B, de Meris J, Manera L, Mechtouff L, Ritzenthaler T, Riva R, Salaris Silvio F, Tilikete C, Blanc R, Obadia M, Bartolini MB, Gueguen A, Janssen K, Piotin M, Pistocchi S, Redjem H, Drouineau J, Neau JP, Godeneche G, Lamy M, Marsac E, Velasco S, Clavelou P, Struijk W, Chabert E, Bourgois N, Cornut-Chauvinc C, Ferrier A, Gabrillargues J, Jean B, Marques AR, Vitello N, Detante O, Barbieux M, Licher S, Boubagra K, Favre Wiki I, Garambois K, Tahon F, Ashok V, Voguet C, Coskun O, Guedin P, Rodesch G, Lapergue B, Boodt N, Bourdain F, Evrard S, Graveleau P, Decroix JP, Wang A, Sellal F, Ahle G, Carelli G, Dugay MH, Gaultier C, Ros A, Lebedinsky AP, Lita L, Musacchio RM, Renglewicz-Destuynder C, Tournade A, Vuillemet F, Montoro FM, Mounayer C, Faugeras F, Gimenez L, Venema E, Labach C, Lautrette G, Denier C, Saliou G, Chassin O, Dussaule C, Melki E, Ozanne A, Puccinelli F, Sachet M, Slokkers I, Sarov M, Bonneville JF, Moulin T, Biondi A, De Bustos Medeiros E, Vuillier F, Courtheoux P, Viader F, Apoil-Brissard M, Bataille M, Ganpat RJ, Bonnet AL, Cogez J, Kazemi A, Touze E, Leclerc X, Leys D, Aggour M, Aguettaz P, Bodenant M, Cordonnier C, Mulder M, Deplanque D, Girot M, Henon H, Kalsoum E, Lucas C, Pruvo JP, Zuniga P, Bonafé A, Arquizan C, Costalat V, Saiedie N, Machi P, Mourand I, Riquelme C, Bounolleau P, Arteaga C, Faivre A, Bintner M, Tournebize P, Charlin C, Darcel F, Heshmatollah A, Gauthier-Lasalarie P, Jeremenko M, Mouton S, Zerlauth JB, Lamy C, Hervé D, Hassan H, Gaston A, Barral FG, Garnier P, Schipperen S, Beaujeux R, Wolff V, Herbreteau D, Debiais S, Murray A, Ford G, Muir KW, White P, Brown MM, Clifton A, Vinken S, Freeman J, Ford I, Markus H, Wardlaw J, Lees KR, Molyneux A, Robinson T, Lewis S, Norrie J, Robertson F, van Boxtel T, Perry R, Dixit A, Cloud G, Clifton A, Madigan J, Roffe C, Nayak S, Lobotesis K, Smith C, Herwadkar A, Koets J, Kandasamy N, Goddard T, Bamford J, Subramanian G, Lenthall R, Littleton E, Lamin S, Storey K, Ghatala R, Banaras A, Boers M, Aeron-Thomas J, Hazel B, Maguire H, Veraque E, Harrison L, Keshvara R, Cunningham J, Santos E, Borst J, Jansen I, Kappelhof M, Lucas M, Geuskens R, Barros RS, Dobbe R, Csizmadia M, Hill MD, Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Menon BK, Eesa M, Ryckborst KJ, Wright MR, Kamal NR, Andersen L, Randhawa PA, Stewart T, Patil S, Minhas P, Almekhlafi M, Mishra S, Clement F, Sajobi T, Shuaib A, Montanera WJ, Roy D, Silver FL, Jovin TG, Frei DF, Sapkota B, Rempel JL, Thornton J, Williams D, Tampieri D, Poppe AY, Dowlatshahi D, Wong JH, Mitha AP, Subramaniam S, Hull G, Lowerison MW, Sajobi T, Salluzzi M, Wright MR, Maxwell M, Lacusta S, Drupals E, Armitage K, Barber PA, Smith EE, Morrish WF, Coutts SB, Derdeyn C, Demaerschalk B, Yavagal D, Martin R, Brant R, Yu Y, Willinsky RA, Montanera WJ, Weill A, Kenney C, Aram H, Stewart T, Stys PK, Watson TW, Klein G, Pearson D, Couillard P, Trivedi A, Singh D, Klourfeld E, Imoukhuede O, Nikneshan D, Blayney S, Reddy R, Choi P, Horton M, Musuka T, Dubuc V, Field TS, Desai J, Adatia S, Alseraya A, Nambiar V, van Dijk R, Wong JH, Mitha AP, Morrish WF, Eesa M, Newcommon NJ, Shuaib A, Schwindt B, Butcher KS, Jeerakathil T, Buck B, Khan K, Naik SS, Emery DJ, Owen RJ, Kotylak TB, Ashforth RA, Yeo TA, McNally D, Siddiqui M, Saqqur M, Hussain D, Kalashyan H, Manosalva A, Kate M, Gioia L, Hasan S, Mohammad A, Muratoglu M, Williams D, Thornton J, Cullen A, Brennan P, O'Hare A, Looby S, Hyland D, Duff S, McCusker M, Hallinan B, Lee S, McCormack J, Moore A, O'Connor M, Donegan C, Brewer L, Martin A, Murphy S, O'Rourke K, Smyth S, Kelly P, Lynch T, Daly T, O'Brien P, O'Driscoll A, Martin M, Daly T, Collins R, Coughlan T, McCabe D, Murphy S, O'Neill D, Mulroy M, Lynch O, Walsh T, O'Donnell M, Galvin T, Harbison J, McElwaine P, Mulpeter K, McLoughlin C, Reardon M, Harkin E, Dolan E, Watts M, Cunningham N, Fallon C, Gallagher S, Cotter P, Crowe M, Doyle R, Noone I, Lapierre M, Coté VA, Lanthier S, Odier C, Durocher A, Raymond J, Weill A, Daneault N, Deschaintre Y, Jankowitz B, Baxendell L, Massaro L, Jackson-Graves C, Decesare S, Porter P, Armbruster K, Adams A, Billigan J, Oakley J, Ducruet A, Jadhav A, Giurgiutiu DV, Aghaebrahim A, Reddy V, Hammer M, Starr M, Totoraitis V, Wechsler L, Streib S, Rangaraju S, Campbell D, Rocha M, Gulati D, Silver FL, Krings T, Kalman L, Cayley A, Williams J, Stewart T, Wiegner R, Casaubon LK, Jaigobin C, del Campo JM, Elamin E, Schaafsma JD, Willinsky RA, Agid R, Farb R, ter Brugge K, Sapkoda BL, Baxter BW, Barton K, Knox A, Porter A, Sirelkhatim A, Devlin T, Dellinger C, Pitiyanuvath N, Patterson J, Nichols J, Quarfordt S, Calvert J, Hawk H, Fanale C, Frei DF, Bitner A, Novak A, Huddle D, Bellon R, Loy D, Wagner J, Chang I, Lampe E, Spencer B, Pratt R, Bartt R, Shine S, Dooley G, Nguyen T, Whaley M, McCarthy K, Teitelbaum J, Tampieri D, Poon W, Campbell N, Cortes M, Dowlatshahi D, Lum C, Shamloul R, Robert S, Stotts G, Shamy M, Steffenhagen N, Blacquiere D, Hogan M, AlHazzaa M, Basir G, Lesiuk H, Iancu D, Santos M, Choe H, Weisman DC, Jonczak K, Blue-Schaller A, Shah Q, MacKenzie L, Klein B, Kulandaivel K, Kozak O, Gzesh DJ, Harris LJ, Khoury JS, Mandzia J, Pelz D, Crann S, Fleming L, Hesser K, Beauchamp B, Amato-Marzialli B, Boulton M, Lopez- Ojeda P, Sharma M, Lownie S, Chan R, Swartz R, Howard P, Golob D, Gladstone D, Boyle K, Boulos M, Hopyan J, Yang V, Da Costa L, Holmstedt CA, Turk AS, Navarro R, Jauch E, Ozark S, Turner R, Phillips S, Shankar J, Jarrett J, Gubitz G, Maloney W, Vandorpe R, Schmidt M, Heidenreich J, Hunter G, Kelly M, Whelan R, Peeling L, Burns PA, Hunter A, Wiggam I, Kerr E, Watt M, Fulton A, Gordon P, Rennie I, Flynn P, Smyth G, O'Leary S, Gentile N, Linares G, McNelis P, Erkmen K, Katz P, Azizi A, Weaver M, Jungreis C, Faro S, Shah P, Reimer H, Kalugdan V, Saposnik G, Bharatha A, Li Y, Kostyrko P, Santos M, Marotta T, Montanera W, Sarma D, Selchen D, Spears J, Heo JH, Jeong K, Kim DJ, Kim BM, Kim YD, Song D, Lee KJ, Yoo J, Bang OY, Rho S, Lee J, Jeon P, Kim KH, Cha J, Kim SJ, Ryoo S, Lee MJ, Sohn SI, Kim CH, Ryu HG, Hong JH, Chang HW, Lee CY, Rha J, Davis SM, Donnan GA, Campbell BCV, Mitchell PJ, Churilov L, Yan B, Dowling R, Yassi N, Oxley TJ, Wu TY, Silver G, McDonald A, McCoy R, Kleinig TJ, Scroop R, Dewey HM, Simpson M, Brooks M, Coulton B, Krause M, Harrington TJ, Steinfort B, Faulder K, Priglinger M, Day S, Phan T, Chong W, Holt M, Chandra RV, Ma H, Young D, Wong K, Wijeratne T, Tu H, Mackay E, Celestino S, Bladin CF, Loh PS, Gilligan A, Ross Z, Coote S, Frost T, Parsons MW, Miteff F, Levi CR, Ang T, Spratt N, Kaauwai L, Badve M, Rice H, de Villiers L, Barber PA, McGuinness B, Hope A, Moriarty M, Bennett P, Wong A, Coulthard A, Lee A, Jannes J, Field D, Sharma G, Salinas S, Cowley E, Snow B, Kolbe J, Stark R, King J, Macdonnell R, Attia J, D'Este C, Saver JL, Goyal M, Diener HC, Levy EI, Bonafé A, Mendes Pereira V, Jahan R, Albers GW, Cognard C, Cohen DJ, Hacke W, Jansen O, Jovin TG, Mattle HP, Nogueira RG, Siddiqui AH, Yavagal DR, von Kummer R, Smith W, Turjman F, Hamilton S, Chiacchierini R, Amar A, Sanossian N, Loh Y, Devlin T, Baxter B, Hawk H, Sapkota B, Quarfordt S, Sirelkhatim A, Dellinger C, Barton K, Reddy VK, Ducruet A, Jadhav A, Horev A, Giurgiutiu DV, Totoraitis V, Hammer M, Jankowitz B, Wechsler L, Rocha M, Gulati D, Campbell D, Star M, Baxendell L, Oakley J, Siddiqui A, Hopkins LN, Snyder K, Sawyer R, Hall S, Costalat V, Riquelme C, Machi P, Omer E, Arquizan C, Mourand I, Charif M, Ayrignac X, Menjot de Champfleur N, Leboucq N, Gascou G, Moynier M, du Mesnil de Rochemont R, Singer O, Berkefeld J, Foerch C, Lorenz M, Pfeilschifer W, Hattingen E, Wagner M, You SJ, Lescher S, Braun H, Dehkharghani S, Belagaje SR, Anderson A, Lima A, Obideen M, Haussen D, Dharia R, Frankel M, Patel V, Owada K, Saad A, Amerson L, Horn C, Doppelheuer S, Schindler K, Lopes DK, Chen M, Moftakhar R, Anton C, Smreczak M, Carpenter JS, Boo S, Rai A, Roberts T, Tarabishy A, Gutmann L, Brooks C, Brick J, Domico J, Reimann G, Hinrichs K, Becker M, Heiss E, Selle C, Witteler A, Al-Boutros S, Danch MJ, Ranft A, Rohde S, Burg K, Weimar C, Zegarac V, Hartmann C, Schlamann M, Göricke S, Ringlestein A, Wanke I, Mönninghoff C, Dietzold M, Budzik R, Davis T, Eubank G, Hicks WJ, Pema P, Vora N, Mejilla J, Taylor M, Clark W, Rontal A, Fields J, Peterson B, Nesbit G, Lutsep H, Bozorgchami H, Priest R, Ologuntoye O, Barnwell S, Dogan A, Herrick K, Takahasi C, Beadell N, Brown B, Jamieson S, Hussain MS, Russman A, Hui F, Wisco D, Uchino K, Khawaja Z, Katzan I, Toth G, Cheng-Ching E, Bain M, Man S, Farrag A, George P, John S, Shankar L, Drofa A, Dahlgren R, Bauer A, Itreat A, Taqui A, Cerejo R, Richmond A, Ringleb P, Bendszus M, Möhlenbruch M, Reiff T, Amiri H, Purrucker J, Herweh C, Pham M, Menn O, Ludwig I, Acosta I, Villar C, Morgan W, Sombutmai C, Hellinger F, Allen E, Bellew M, Gandhi R, Bonwit E, Aly J, Ecker RD, Seder D, Morris J, Skaletsky M, Belden J, Baker C, Connolly LS, Papanagiotou P, Roth C, Kastrup A, Politi M, Brunner F, Alexandrou M, Merdivan H, Ramsey C, Given II C, Renfrow S, Deshmukh V, Sasadeusz K, Vincent F, Thiesing JT, Putnam J, Bhatt A, Kansara A, Caceves D, Lowenkopf T, Yanase L, Zurasky J, Dancer S, Freeman B, Scheibe-Mirek T, Robison J, Rontal A, Roll J, Clark D, Rodriguez M, Fitzsimmons BFM, Zaidat O, Lynch JR, Lazzaro M, Larson T, Padmore L, Das E, Farrow-Schmidt A, Hassan A, Tekle W, Cate C, Jansen O, Cnyrim C, Wodarg F, Wiese C, Binder A, Riedel C, Rohr A, Lang N, Laufs H, Krieter S, Remonda L, Diepers M, Añon J, Nedeltchev K, Kahles T, Biethahn S, Lindner M, Chang V, Gächter C, Esperon C, Guglielmetti M, Arenillas Lara JF, Martínez Galdámez M, Calleja Sanz AI, Cortijo Garcia E, Garcia Bermejo P, Perez S, Mulero Carrillo P, Crespo Vallejo E, Ruiz Piñero M, Lopez Mesonero L, Reyes Muñoz FJ, Brekenfeld C, Buhk JH, Krützelmann A, Thomalla G, Cheng B, Beck C, Hoppe J, Goebell E, Holst B, Grzyska U, Wortmann G, Starkman S, Duckwiler G, Jahan R, Rao N, Sheth S, Ng K, Noorian A, Szeder V, Nour M, McManus M, Huang J, Tarpley J, Tateshima S, Gonzalez N, Ali L, Liebeskind D, Hinman J, Calderon-Arnulphi M, Liang C, Guzy J, Koch S, DeSousa K, Gordon-Perue G, Haussen D, Elhammady M, Peterson E, Pandey V, Dharmadhikari S, Khandelwal P, Malik A, Pafford R, Gonzalez P, Ramdas K, Andersen G, Damgaard D, Von Weitzel-Mudersbach P, Simonsen C, Ruiz de Morales Ayudarte N, Poulsen M, Sørensen L, Karabegovich S, Hjørringgaard M, Hjort N, Harbo T, Sørensen K, Deshaies E, Padalino D, Swarnkar A, Latorre JG, Elnour E, El-Zammar Z, Villwock M, Farid H, Balgude A, Cross L, Hansen K, Holtmannspötter M, Kondziella D, Hoejgaard J, Taudorf S, Soendergaard H, Wagner A, Cronquist M, Stavngaard T, Cortsen M, Krarup LH, Hyldal T, Haring HP, Guggenberger S, Hamberger M, Trenkler J, Sonnberger M, Nussbaumer K, Dominger C, Bach E, Jagadeesan BD, Taylor R, Kim J, Shea K, Tummala R, Zacharatos H, Sandhu D, Ezzeddine M, Grande A, Hildebrandt D, Miller K, Scherber J, Hendrickson A, Jumaa M, Zaidi S, Hendrickson T, Snyder V, Killer-Oberpfalzer M, Mutzenbach J, Weymayr F, Broussalis E, Stadler K, Jedlitschka A, Malek A, Mueller-Kronast N, Beck P, Martin C, Summers D, Day J, Bettinger I, Holloway W, Olds K, Arkin S, Akhtar N, Boutwell C, Crandall S, Schwartzman M, Weinstein C, Brion B, Prothmann S, Kleine J, Kreiser K, Boeckh-Behrens T, Poppert H, Wunderlich S, Koch ML, Biberacher V, Huberle A, Gora-Stahlberg G, Knier B, Meindl T, Utpadel-Fischler D, Zech M, Kowarik M, Seifert C, Schwaiger B, Puri A, Hou S. Effect of general anaesthesia on functional outcome in patients with anterior circulation ischaemic stroke having endovascular thrombectomy versus standard care: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(17)30407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wein T, Lindsay MP, Côté R, Foley N, Berlingieri J, Bhogal S, Bourgoin A, Buck BH, Cox J, Davidson D, Dowlatshahi D, Douketis J, Falconer J, Field T, Gioia L, Gubitz G, Habert J, Jaspers S, Lum C, McNamara Morse D, Pageau P, Rafay M, Rodgerson A, Semchuk B, Sharma M, Shoamanesh A, Tamayo A, Smitko E, Gladstone DJ. Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: Secondary prevention of stroke, sixth edition practice guidelines, update 2017. Int J Stroke 2017; 13:420-443. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493017743062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The 2017 update of The Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations for the Secondary Prevention of Stroke is a collection of current evidence-based recommendations intended for use by clinicians across a wide range of settings. The goal is to provide guidance for the prevention of ischemic stroke recurrence through the identification and management of modifiable vascular risk factors. Recommendations include those related to diagnostic testing, diet and lifestyle, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies, carotid artery disease, atrial fibrillation, and other cardiac conditions. Notable changes in this sixth edition include the development of core elements for delivering secondary stroke prevention services, the addition of a section on cervical artery dissection, new recommendations regarding the management of patent foramen ovale, and the removal of the recommendations on management of sleep apnea. The Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations include a range of supporting materials such as implementation resources to facilitate the adoption of evidence to practice, and related performance measures to enable monitoring of uptake and effectiveness of the recommendations. The guidelines further emphasize the need for a systems approach to stroke care, involving an interprofessional team, with access to specialists regardless of patient location, and the need to overcome geographic barriers to ensure equity in access within a universal health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Wein
- McGill University, Canada
- Montreal General Hospital, Canada
| | | | - Robert Côté
- McGill University, Canada
- Montreal General Hospital, Canada
| | - Norine Foley
- Western University, Canada
- workHORSE Consulting, London
| | | | | | | | - Brian H Buck
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Jafna Cox
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada
| | | | | | - Jim Douketis
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine, Hematology and Thromboembolism, McMaster University Department of Medicine, Canada
- Thrombosis Canada, Canada
| | | | - Thalia Field
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura Gioia
- Department of Neurosciences, CHUM-Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Hôpital Notre Dame, Canada
| | - Gord Gubitz
- Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Canada
- Queen Elizabeth II Stroke Program, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Habert
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Cheemun Lum
- Stroke Program, Ottawa Civic Hospital, Canada
| | | | - Paul Pageau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Mubeen Rafay
- Winnipeg Children’s Hospital, Canada
- University of Manitoba, Canada
| | | | | | - Mukul Sharma
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Canada
| | | | | | | | - David J Gladstone
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto Department of Medicine, Toronto, Canada
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Ng KH, Sharma M, Benavente O, Gioia L, Field TS, Hill MD, Coutts SB, Butcher K. Dabigatran following acute transient ischemic attack and minor stroke II (DATAS II). Int J Stroke 2017; 12:910-914. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493017711947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Patients with transient ischemic attack or minor stroke are at high risk of early recurrent cerebrovascular events. Anticoagulation with heparin or warfarin acutely after ischemic stroke is at least as efficacious as aspirin for preventing recurrent events but is associated with an increased risk of clinical worsening due to hemorrhagic transformation. Aim and hypothesis We aim to demonstrate the safety of early anticoagulation with dabigatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, in acute cerebrovascular syndrome patients. The primary hypothesis is that symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation rates in dabigatran and aspirin-treated patients will be similar. Sample size estimates At least 136 participants in two groups required to demonstrate an absolute between-group difference in the rate of hemorrhagic transformation of 5.6% with 80% power, assuming alpha = 5%. Methods and design A randomized, multicenter open-label clinical trial (NCT02295826). Three-hundred participants with a transient ischemic attack/ischemic stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale ≤ 9) will undergo magnetic resonance imaging within 72 h of symptom onset and will be randomized to aspirin 81 mg daily or dabigatran 150 mg twice daily for 30 days. Participants undergo repeat magnetic resonance imaging at 30 days and clinical assessment to 90 days. Study outcomes The primary outcome is the symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation rate. Secondary outcomes include recurrent stroke and new ischemic lesions on repeat magnetic resonance imaging. Discussion This study will determine the safety of early anticoagulation with dabigatran in patients with acute transient ischemic attack/ischemic stroke and will inform the design of a phase III randomized trial aimed at demonstrating reduced recurrent early ischemic events after acute transient ischemic attack/stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan H Ng
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Gioia L, Klahr A, Kate M, Buck B, Dowlatshahi D, Jeerakathil T, Emery D, Butcher K. The intracerebral hemorrhage acutely decreasing arterial pressure trial II (ICH ADAPT II) protocol. BMC Neurol 2017; 17:100. [PMID: 28525977 PMCID: PMC5437568 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-0884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aggressively lowering blood pressure (BP) in acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) may improve outcome. Although there is no evidence that BP reduction changes cerebral blood flow, retrospective magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have demonstrated sub-acute ischemic lesions in ICH patients. The primary aim of this study is to assess ischemic lesion development in patients randomized to two different BP treatment strategies. We hypothesize aggressive BP reduction is not associated with ischemic injury after ICH. Methods The Intracerebral Hemorrhage Acutely Decreasing Blood Pressure Trial II (ICH ADAPT II) is a phase II multi-centre randomized open-label, blinded-endpoint trial. Acute ICH patients (N = 270) are randomized to a systolic blood pressure (SBP) target of <140 or <180 mmHg. Acute ICH patients within 6 h of onset and two SBP measurements ≥140 mmHg recorded >2 mins apart qualify. SBP is managed with a pre-defined treatment protocol. Patients undergo MRI at 48 h, Days 7 and 30, with clinical assessment at Day 30 and 90. The primary outcome is diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) lesion frequency at 48 h. Secondary outcomes include cumulative DWI lesion rate frequency within 30 days, absolute hematoma growth, prediction of DWI lesion incidence, 30-day mortality rates, day 90 functional outcome, and cognitive status. Discussion This trial will assess the impact of hypertensive therapies on physiological markers of ischemic injury. The findings of this study will provide evidence for the link, or lack thereof, between BP reduction and ischemic injury in ICH patients. Trial registration This study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02281838, first received October 29, 2014). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-017-0884-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gioia
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 7th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83rd Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Ana Klahr
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 7th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83rd Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Mahesh Kate
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 7th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83rd Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Brian Buck
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 7th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83rd Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | | | - Thomas Jeerakathil
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 7th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83rd Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Derek Emery
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kenneth Butcher
- Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 7th Floor Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83rd Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.
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Fiorentino N, Ventorino V, Rocco C, Cenvinzo V, Agrelli D, Gioia L, Di Mola I, Adamo P, Pepe O, Fagnano M. Giant reed growth and effects on soil biological fertility in assisted phytoremediation of an industrial polluted soil. Sci Total Environ 2017; 575:1375-1383. [PMID: 27720598 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is a cost-effective "green technology" that uses plants to improve the soil properties of polluted sites, preventing the dispersion of pollutants and reducing the mobility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) through their adsorption and accumulation by roots or precipitation within the root zone. Being highly tolerant to pollutants and other abiotic stresses, giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is a suitable biomass crop for phytoremediation of contaminated soils. We report the results of a two-year open-air lysimeter study aimed at assessing the adaptability of giant reed to grow on industrial substrates polluted by Pb and Zn and at testing commercial humic acids from leonardite as improvers of plant performance. We evaluated giant reed potential for: 1) biomass production for energy or biomaterial recovery; 2) PTE phytoextraction and 3) soil fertility restoration. Chemical fertility was monitored by measuring soil C while soil biological fertility was estimated by quantifying the abundance of bacterial functional genes regulating nitrogen fixation (nifH) and nitrification (amoA). Giant reed above-ground growth on the polluted soils was slightly lower (-16%) than on a non-polluted soil, with a preferential storage of biomass in the rhizome acting as a survival strategy in limiting growing conditions. Humic acids improved plant stress tolerance and production levels. As aerial biomass (shoots) did not accumulate PTEs, the plant in question can be used for bioenergy or biopolymer production. In contrast, below-ground biomass (rhizomes) accumulated PTEs, and can thus be harvested and removed from soil to improve phytoremediation protocols and also used as industrial biofuel. Giant reed growth increased the abundance of N-cycling bacteria and soil C in the rhizospheric soil, as well as reduced soil Pb and Zn EDTA extractable fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fiorentino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100, 8055 Portici, Italy.
| | - V Ventorino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100, 8055 Portici, Italy
| | - C Rocco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100, 8055 Portici, Italy
| | - V Cenvinzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100, 8055 Portici, Italy
| | - D Agrelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100, 8055 Portici, Italy
| | - L Gioia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100, 8055 Portici, Italy
| | - I Di Mola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100, 8055 Portici, Italy
| | - P Adamo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100, 8055 Portici, Italy
| | - O Pepe
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100, 8055 Portici, Italy
| | - M Fagnano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università, 100, 8055 Portici, Italy
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McCourt R, Guinand T, Gioia L, Kate M, Treit S, Beaulieu C, Butcher K. Abstract TP373: Tracts Enfolded by Small Hematomas Remain Intact in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/str.47.suppl_1.tp373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Mortality can be predicted by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) volume, but motor recovery in survivors is variable. Motor impairment is likely related to the spatial relationship between the hematoma and corticospinal tract (CST). Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) tractography can be used to visualize white matter tracts in three dimensions. We hypothesized that the interaction between the hematoma and CST would predict motor impairment in ICH patients.
Methods:
ICH patients with small-moderate hematomas were prospectively imaged with CT and DTI within 14 days of onset. Hematoma volume was assessed on CT using planimetric techniques. Three-dimensional recreations of the ipsilateral CST and the hematoma were made for each patient. The CST was categorized by interaction with the ICH as CST: Unaffected, Displaced, Partially Severed, Completely Severed, and Splitting the ICH. Motor function was classified as 'good' (NIHSS motor subscale 0-2) or 'poor' (3-8).
Results:
Thirty patients (mean age 68±13) underwent CT at a median (IQR) of 2.3 (3.5)h and DTI at 2.0 (3.6, range 0.6-13) days. Median hematoma volume was 8.2 (23) ml.
Lesion distribution was: lobar 11 (37%), basal ganglia 18 (60%), brainstem 1 (3%). CSTs were primarily Displaced (n=9) or Unaffected (8), with the remainder being Partially Severed (4), Completely Severed (5), and Splitting the ICH (4). The latter 4 (13%) patients had small (<6ml, median 2.5 [3.0] ml) basal ganglia bleeds which enfolded the intact CST.
Motor score at Day 7 was good in 50% of patients. Good outcome was seen in 8 (100%) Unaffected, 4 (44%) Displaced, 1 (25%) Partially Severed, 0 (0%) Severed and 2 (50%) Splitting the ICH patients. Logistic regression indicated that good motor score was predicted by CST category (r=2.3, p=0.016).
Conclusion:
CST integrity can be maintained when enfolded by small basal ganglia bleeds. Diffusion tractography patterns may be useful for predicting motor scores in small to moderate-sized hematomas.
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McCourt R, Misaghi E, Guinand T, Kate M, Gioia L, Treit S, Beaulieu C, Butcher K. Abstract 214: Corticospinal Tract Integrity is Acutely Maintained Within Perihematoma Edema. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1161/str.47.suppl_1.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Perihematoma edema in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is thought to be associated with tissue injury. Fractional Anisotropy (FA), as measured with Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), can be used to assess white matter integrity. We tested the hypotheses that sections of the Corticospinal Tract (CST) passing directly through edema would 1) have low FA relative to the entire tract and 2) predict motor score in ICH patients.
Methods:
Patients were prospectively imaged with DTI within 14 days of symptom onset. Hematoma volume was measured on CT using planimetric techniques. Edema volume was assessed on CT using a 5-23 Hounsfield Unit threshold. Mean FA was measured in the edematous region (‘perihematoma edema'), the entire ipsilateral CST, and in the portion of CST passing through the perihematoma edema ('edematous CST'). Motor function was evaluated with a composite of the upper and lower extremity NIHSS motor score (0=normal, 8=hemiplegia).
Results:
Patients (n=27, mean age 67±13) were scanned with DTI at a median of 2 (3) days. Hematoma distribution was: lobar 5 (18%), basal ganglia 21 (78%), and brainstem 1 (4%). Median acute ICH volume was 8.2 (22) ml at 2 (2)h. Acute edema volume was 0.9 (1.8) ml and grew to 1.9 (3.9) ml at 26h (26). NIHSS motor score was 3 (6) at 72h and 3 (7) at day 7.
FA in the edema was significantly lower (0.23±0.06) than in contralateral mirror regions (0.37 ±0.07, p<0.0001). Mean FA in the edematous CST was lower (0.34±0.08) than FA in the entire ipsilateral CST (0.44±0.04, p<0.0001), but higher than FA in the perihematoma edema (0.25±0.06, p<0.0001).
There was a weak correlation between FA in the edematous CST and 72h motor score (r= -0.40, p=0.050,) which disappeared at day 7 (r= -0.34, p=0.131). FA in the edematous CST was not related to time to scan (r=-0.027, p=0.892).
Hematoma volume predicted FA in the edematous CST (ß=-0.46, 95% CI:[-0.05- -0.01]; p=0.015). Perihematoma edema volume did not predict FA in the edematous CST independently of the ICH (ß=-0.29, [-0.1-0.04]; p=0.475).
Conclusion:
FA is decreased in the CST where it passes through the edema, though not to the extent of the surrounding edema. The transient relationship between decreased FA and motor function suggests that edema temporarily impairs tract function but not integrity.
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Gioia L, Barboni B, Turriani M, Capacchietti G, Ioannoni A, Lucidi P, Pistilli G, Mattioli M. P-Type Ca Channel Activation by Membrane Depolarisation Induces Maturation in Pig Oocytes. Vet Res Commun 2015; 29 Suppl 2:195-8. [PMID: 16244954 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-005-0041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Gioia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Comparate, Sezione di Fisiologia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Teramo, Italy.
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Kate M, Gioia L, Buck B, Sivakumar L, Jeerakathil T, Shuaib A, Butcher K. Dabigatran Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Without Atrial Fibrillation. Stroke 2015; 46:2685-7. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.010383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Acute ischemic stroke patients are at risk of early recurrence. We tested the feasibility and safety of initiating dabigatran in patients, within 24 hours of minor stroke in patients without atrial fibrillation.
Methods—
Minor stroke patients (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score ≤3) without atrial fibrillation and evidence of acute infarction on magnetic resonance imaging were treated with dabigatran. Treatment began within 24 hours of onset and was continued for 30 days. The primary end point was symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation.
Results—
A total of 53 patients with median (interquartile range) age of 68 (57–77) years and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 1 (0–2) were enrolled. Baseline diffusion-weighted imaging volume was 0.8 (0.3–2.4) mL. No patients experienced symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation. Three patients had evidence of asymptomatic petechial hemorrhagic transformation on day 7, which remained stable at day 30, while continuing dabigatran.
Conclusions—
Dabigatran treatment within 24 hours of minor stroke is feasible. A larger randomized trial is required to confirm the safety and efficacy of this treatment approach.
Clinical Trial Registration—
URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT 01769703.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kate
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laura Gioia
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brian Buck
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leka Sivakumar
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas Jeerakathil
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ashfaq Shuaib
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kenneth Butcher
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Kamal N, Hill MD, Blacquiere DPV, Boulanger JM, Boyle K, Buck B, Butcher K, Camden MC, Casaubon LK, Côté R, Demchuk AM, Dowlatshahi D, Dubuc V, Field TS, Ghrooda E, Gioia L, Gladstone DJ, Goyal M, Gubitz GJ, Harris D, Hart RG, Hunter G, Jeerakathil T, Jin A, Khan K, Lang E, Lanthier S, Lindsay MP, Mackey A, Mandzia J, Mehdiratta M, Minuk J, Oczkowski W, Odier C, Penn A, Perry J, Pettersen JA, Phillips SJ, Poppe AY, Saposnik G, Selchen D, Shamy M, Sharma M, Shoamanesh A, Shuaib A, Silver F, Stotts G, Swartz R, Tamayo A, Teitelbaum J, Verreault S, Wein T, Yip S, Coutts SB. Rapid Assessment and Treatment of Transient Ischemic Attacks and Minor Stroke in Canadian Emergency Departments: Time for a Paradigm Shift. Stroke 2015; 46:2987-90. [PMID: 26316346 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Kamal
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Michael D Hill
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Dylan P V Blacquiere
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Jean-Martin Boulanger
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Karl Boyle
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Brian Buck
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Kenneth Butcher
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Marie-Christine Camden
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Leanne K Casaubon
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Robert Côté
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Andrew M Demchuk
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Dar Dowlatshahi
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Veronique Dubuc
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Thalia S Field
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Esseddeeg Ghrooda
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Laura Gioia
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - David J Gladstone
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Mayank Goyal
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Gordon J Gubitz
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Devin Harris
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Robert G Hart
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Gary Hunter
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Thomas Jeerakathil
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Albert Jin
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Khurshid Khan
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Eddy Lang
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Sylvain Lanthier
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - M Patrice Lindsay
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Ariane Mackey
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Jennifer Mandzia
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Manu Mehdiratta
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Jeffrey Minuk
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Wieslaw Oczkowski
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Céline Odier
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Andrew Penn
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Jeffery Perry
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Jacqueline A Pettersen
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Stephen J Phillips
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Alexandre Y Poppe
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Gustavo Saposnik
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Daniel Selchen
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Michel Shamy
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Mike Sharma
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Ashkan Shoamanesh
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Ashfaq Shuaib
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Frank Silver
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Grant Stotts
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Rick Swartz
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Arturo Tamayo
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Jeanne Teitelbaum
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Steve Verreault
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Theodore Wein
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Samuel Yip
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- From the Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (N.K., M.D.H., A.M.D., S.B.C., M.G.), Emergency Medicine (E.L.), and Radiology (M.G.), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, AB; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University (New Brunswick), Horizon Health Network, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, NB (D.P.V.B.); Department of Neurology, Sherbrooke University, Charles-LeMoyne Hospital, Greenfield Park, QC (J.-M.B.); Department of Medicine (Neurology) (K.B., D.J.G.), University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (B.B., K.B., T.J., K.K., A.S.), University of Alberta, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, AB; Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Centre Hospitalier Affilié Universitaire de Québec, Hôpital de l'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, QC (M.-C.C.); Division of Neurology, TIA and Minor Stroke (TAMS) Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON (L.K.C.); Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, McGill University, McGill University Health Center Stroke Prevention Clinic, Montréal, QC (R.C.); Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (D.D.); Neurologue Spécialisée en Maladies Vasculaires Cérébrales, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC (V.D.); Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC (T.S.F.); Section of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN (E.G., A.T.); Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Neurovascular Programme, CHUM, Montréal, QC (L.G., S.L., C.O., A.Y.P.); Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (G.J.G., S.J.P.), Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia Health Authority, Halifax, NS; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna General Hospit
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Baron CA, Kate M, Gioia L, Butcher K, Emery D, Budde M, Beaulieu C. Reduction of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Contrast of Acute Ischemic Stroke at Short Diffusion Times. Stroke 2015; 46:2136-41. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.008815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of tissue water is a sensitive and specific indicator of acute brain ischemia, where reductions of the diffusion of tissue water are observed acutely in the stroke lesion core. Although these diffusion changes have been long attributed to cell swelling, the precise nature of the biophysical mechanisms remains uncertain.
Methods—
The potential cause of diffusion reductions after stroke was investigated using an advanced DWI technique, oscillating gradient spin-echo DWI, that enables much shorter diffusion times and can improve specificity for alterations of structure at the micron level.
Results—
Diffusion measurements in the white matter lesions of patients with acute ischemic stroke were reduced by only 8% using oscillating gradient spin-echo DWI, in contrast to a 37% decrease using standard DWI. Neurite beading has recently been proposed as a mechanism for the diffusion changes after ischemic stroke with some ex vivo evidence. To explore whether beading could cause such differential results, simulations of beaded cylinders and axonal swelling were performed, yielding good agreement with experiment.
Conclusions—
Short diffusion times result in dramatically reduced diffusion contrast of human stroke. Simulations implicate a combination of neuronal beading and axonal swelling as the key structural changes leading to the reduced apparent diffusion coefficient after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey Allan Baron
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.A.B., C.B.), Department of Neurology (M.K., L.G., K.B.), and Department of Radiology (D.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.B.)
| | - Mahesh Kate
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.A.B., C.B.), Department of Neurology (M.K., L.G., K.B.), and Department of Radiology (D.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.B.)
| | - Laura Gioia
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.A.B., C.B.), Department of Neurology (M.K., L.G., K.B.), and Department of Radiology (D.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.B.)
| | - Kenneth Butcher
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.A.B., C.B.), Department of Neurology (M.K., L.G., K.B.), and Department of Radiology (D.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.B.)
| | - Derek Emery
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.A.B., C.B.), Department of Neurology (M.K., L.G., K.B.), and Department of Radiology (D.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.B.)
| | - Matthew Budde
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.A.B., C.B.), Department of Neurology (M.K., L.G., K.B.), and Department of Radiology (D.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.B.)
| | - Christian Beaulieu
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.A.B., C.B.), Department of Neurology (M.K., L.G., K.B.), and Department of Radiology (D.E.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (M.B.)
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Kate MP, Riaz P, Gioia L, Sivakumar L, Jeerakathil T, Buck B, Beaulieu C, Butcher K. Dynamic Evolution of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Lesions in Patients With Minor Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2015; 46:2318-21. [PMID: 26081842 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.009775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesion volume on magnetic resonance imaging is increasingly being used as a surrogate outcome measure in clinical trials. We aimed to characterize the evolution of DWI lesion volumes within 30 days of symptom onset after minor stroke. METHODS Minor stroke patients with DWI lesions on magnetic resonance imaging within 48 hours of symptom onset were prospectively followed with magnetic resonance imaging brain scan at 7 and 30 days. Change in the lesion volume was defined as the difference between day 30 Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery and baseline DWI lesion volumes. RESULTS Three patterns of infarct evolution were observed: reduction (72 [63%]), no change (26 [23%]), and growth (16 [14%]). Patients with infarct reduction at 30 days had larger baseline DWI lesion volumes (2.5 [0.9-8.5] mL) than those with stable infarcts (0.5 [0.3-0.9] mL; P=0.01). Complete DWI reversal at day 30, was seen in only 6 (5.3%) patients. CONCLUSIONS The most common pattern of infarct evolution in patients with minor stroke is a reduction in volume, but complete resolution is uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh P Kate
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (M.P.K., P.R., L.G., L.S., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Parnian Riaz
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (M.P.K., P.R., L.G., L.S., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Laura Gioia
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (M.P.K., P.R., L.G., L.S., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Leka Sivakumar
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (M.P.K., P.R., L.G., L.S., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Thomas Jeerakathil
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (M.P.K., P.R., L.G., L.S., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Brian Buck
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (M.P.K., P.R., L.G., L.S., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Christian Beaulieu
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (M.P.K., P.R., L.G., L.S., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kenneth Butcher
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (M.P.K., P.R., L.G., L.S., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.B.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Kate M, Asdaghi N, Gioia L, Buck B, Jeerakathil T, Shuaib A, Butcher K. Abstract W P60: Blood Pressure Reduction In Acute Ischemic Stroke Does Not Affect Ischemic Core Tissue Perfusion. Stroke 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/str.46.suppl_1.wp60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Blood pressure (BP) reduction in acute ischemic stroke patients can potentially decrease cerebral blood flow (CBF) in ischemic tissue due to disrupted autoregulation, particularly in the ischemic core. We tested this hypothesis using a 3 group non-randomized controlled study of serial CBF measurements in ischemic stroke patients.
Methods:
Patients with acute ischemic stroke ≤72h of symptom onset were recruited. Groups were assigned according to baseline mean arterial blood pressure (MAP): patients with MAP >120mmHg were treated with intravenous labetalol and sublingual (SL) nitroglycerin and those with MAP 100-120 mmHg were treated with SL nitroglycerin. The BP reduction target was 10% of the baseline MAP. Patients with MAP<100 mmHg formed the control group. Patients underwent MR perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) before and after BP reduction. Blinded planimetric assessment was done to determine PWI deficits and DWI lesion volumes in the ischemic core region.
Results:
A total of 48 patients with mean±SD age of 65.4±13.2 years were enrolled at 23.4±15.3h after symptom onset. The mean time difference between perfusion scans was 25.6±9.5 min.Median(IQR) DWI volume was 11.1 (96.8) ml. Mean MAP was 126±7.5 mmHg in the MAP>120 group(n=13), 109.9±4.9 mmHg in the MAP 100-120 group (n=16), and 89.9±6.2 mmHg in the controls (n=19). Mean BP reduction in the treated patients was 11.9±6.7 mmHg (95% CI 15.6-3; p=0.04). Baseline mean relative CBF (rCBF) in ischemic core tissue was 1.1±0.47 in the MAP >120 group, 0.87±0.35 in the MAP 100-120 group and 0.78±0.32 in controls. The mean change in rCBF following BP reduction did not differ between the MAP >120 group (0.03±0.17), MAP 100-120 group (0.06±0.17) and controls (0.08±0.25) (p=0.28). Similarly, there was no difference in the mean relative cerebral blood volume (p=0.3) and relative mean transit time (p=0.58) before and after BP reduction. In patients treated with SL nitroglycerin (n=17), there was no improvement in mean lesional rCBF (0.04±0.17 vs.-0.02±0.18, p=0.25).
Conclusion:
Modest BP reduction does not lead to an immediate decrease in CBF, within the ischemic core. Acute antihypertensive therapy may be less directly harmful than has been postulated.
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Phoa K, Kate M, Gioia L, Buck B, Butcher K. Abstract W P306: Novel Oral Anticoagulant Initiation Within 14 days of Stroke Is Not Associated with Excess Hemorrhagic Transformation Rates. Stroke 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/str.46.suppl_1.wp306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
The risk of early recurrent stroke after a cerebrovascular event is elevated. Despite a lack of safety data related to oral anticoagulation (OAC) after TIA/stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), particularly with respect to novel OACs (NOACs), many physicians do initiate therapy within 14 days of symptom onset. We aimed to assess current practice patterns and hemorrhagic transformation rates associated with early OAC use in AF patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of AF patients admitted to a single stroke unit over a 24-month period. OAC agents and time from onset to initiation were recorded. Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) was assessed on CT scans and graded using the ECASS classification system (Hemorrhagic Infarction; HI and Parenchymal Hemorrhage; PH). Results: A total of 402 AF patients, with a mean age of 78.0±11.4 years (196 female), were included. OACs were initiated in 233 (58.0%) patients within 14 days of symptom onset. Of these 233 patients, warfarin was started in 136 (58.4%), dabigatran in 52 (22.3%), rivaroxaban in 40 (17.2%), and apixaban in 5 (2.1%). The median(IQR) number of days from onset to OAC initiation was similar between patients treated with warfarin (2.0(6.0)), dabigatran (2.0(3.8)), rivaroxaban (3.0(6.8)), and apixaban (3.0(5.5), P=0.44). HT was found in 10 patients, 7 (5.1%) of whom were initiated on warfarin and 3 (5.8%) on dabigatran (λ2= 2.9, P=0.14). Of the 7 warfarin related HT cases, 6 were asymptomatic HI and 1 was a symptomatic PH. All 3 dabigatran related HT cases were asymptomatic HI. HT was detected at a median of 3(4) days following OAC initiation. Systemic bleeding was seen in 7 patients, all of whom were taking warfarin (4 gastrointestinal bleeds, 2 retroperitoneal, and 1 ureteral hematoma). Conclusion: Off-label use of NOACs in acute stroke is common. Although hemorrhagic transformation rates appear to be no higher than those associated with warfarin, early NOAC initiation after stroke should be studied in a prospective fashion.
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Kate M, Boyko M, Gioia L, Kosior J, McCourt R, Butcher K. Abstract W MP112: Hematoma Contraction In Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage Is Associated With Short-term Functional Outcome. Stroke 2015. [DOI: 10.1161/str.46.suppl_1.wmp112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Although blood clot retraction is a normal part of wound healing, this process has never been documented in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Using a serial imaging approach, we aimed to assess the frequency of hematoma contraction in ICH patients. We also tested the hypothesis that hematoma contraction is associated with increased perihematoma edema volumes.
Methods:
We conducted a retrospective imaging study in primary ICH patients with a non-contrast CT (NCCT) study within 24h of symptom onset. All patients had a follow-up NCCT within 48h of the baseline scan. Patients who underwent any surgical intervention were excluded. Two blinded assessors, planimetrically measured hematoma and perihematoma edema volumes. Hematoma contraction was defined a priori as ≥10% reduction in ICH volume from baseline.
Results:
A total of 202 patients with a mean±SD age of 67.9±15.1 years were included. The mean baseline ICH volume was 22.5±23.8ml. The mean difference in ICH volume between the two raters was 0.2±0.8ml (Intraclass correlation coefficient-0.93; 95% Limits of Agreement=0.82-0.95). Hematoma contraction of at least 10% from baseline was seen in 22 (10.9%) patients. The mean absolute change in volume in these patients was -3.9±4.2ml. Hematoma expansion occurred in 51 (25.2%) patients. There is no difference in mean interscan interval between patients with ICH contraction (26.1±11.7h), expansion (20.7±11.8h) or stability (24.2±10.6h, p=0.96). Baseline perihematoma edema volumes were larger in patients with subsequent hematoma contraction (8.9±9.7ml) than those with stable (2.6±2.8 ml) or expanding ICH (3.5±4.4 ml, p<0.0001). Perihematoma edema volume growth was greater in patients with hematoma expansion (7.8±12.11ml) than those with contracting (3.4±4.7ml), or stable ICH (1.6±3.2ml, p=0.004). Median (IQR) modified Rankin scale scores were lower in patients with hematoma contraction (3(2)) or stable hematomas (3(3)) than those with expansion (6(2), p<0.0001).
Conclusions:
Hematoma contraction is evident in approximately 10% of ICH patients. Baseline perihematoma edema volume in patients with subsequent hematoma contraction is larger, which is consistent with the hypothesis that acute edema represents successful hemostasis.
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Sivakumar L, Kate M, Gioia L, Camicioli R, Butcher K. Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Serial Montreal Cognitive Assessments Demonstrate Reversible Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Acute Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Stroke”. Stroke 2014; 45:e194. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leka Sivakumar
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mahesh Kate
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laura Gioia
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Camicioli
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kenneth Butcher
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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McCourt R, Gould B, Gioia L, Kate M, Coutts SB, Dowlatshahi D, Asdaghi N, Jeerakathil T, Hill MD, Demchuk AM, Buck B, Emery D, Butcher K. Cerebral Perfusion and Blood Pressure Do Not Affect Perihematoma Edema Growth in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2014; 45:1292-8. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.003194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca McCourt
- From the Division of Neurology (R.M., B.G., L.G., M.K., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (N.A.); Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (D.D.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.C., M.D.H., A.M.D.)
| | - Bronwen Gould
- From the Division of Neurology (R.M., B.G., L.G., M.K., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (N.A.); Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (D.D.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.C., M.D.H., A.M.D.)
| | - Laura Gioia
- From the Division of Neurology (R.M., B.G., L.G., M.K., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (N.A.); Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (D.D.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.C., M.D.H., A.M.D.)
| | - Mahesh Kate
- From the Division of Neurology (R.M., B.G., L.G., M.K., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (N.A.); Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (D.D.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.C., M.D.H., A.M.D.)
| | - Shelagh B. Coutts
- From the Division of Neurology (R.M., B.G., L.G., M.K., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (N.A.); Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (D.D.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.C., M.D.H., A.M.D.)
| | - Dariush Dowlatshahi
- From the Division of Neurology (R.M., B.G., L.G., M.K., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (N.A.); Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (D.D.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.C., M.D.H., A.M.D.)
| | - Negar Asdaghi
- From the Division of Neurology (R.M., B.G., L.G., M.K., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (N.A.); Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (D.D.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.C., M.D.H., A.M.D.)
| | - Thomas Jeerakathil
- From the Division of Neurology (R.M., B.G., L.G., M.K., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (N.A.); Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (D.D.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.C., M.D.H., A.M.D.)
| | - Michael D. Hill
- From the Division of Neurology (R.M., B.G., L.G., M.K., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (N.A.); Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (D.D.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.C., M.D.H., A.M.D.)
| | - Andrew M. Demchuk
- From the Division of Neurology (R.M., B.G., L.G., M.K., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (N.A.); Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (D.D.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.C., M.D.H., A.M.D.)
| | - Brian Buck
- From the Division of Neurology (R.M., B.G., L.G., M.K., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (N.A.); Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (D.D.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.C., M.D.H., A.M.D.)
| | - Derek Emery
- From the Division of Neurology (R.M., B.G., L.G., M.K., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (N.A.); Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (D.D.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.C., M.D.H., A.M.D.)
| | - Kenneth Butcher
- From the Division of Neurology (R.M., B.G., L.G., M.K., T.J., B.B., K.B.) and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (D.E.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (N.A.); Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada (D.D.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.C., M.D.H., A.M.D.)
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Butcher K, Kate M, Gioia L, Jeerakathil T, Buck B, Emery D, Khan K, Saqqur M, Shuaib A. Abstract 61: Safety and Feasibility of Acute Dabigatran Therapy in Minor Ischemic Stroke Patients Without Atrial Fibrillation. Stroke 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/str.45.suppl_1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) and Minor ischemic stroke (MIS) patients are at high risk for recurrent events. Older anticoagulants are associated with a reduction in recurrent events, but also an increase in hemorrhagic transformation (HT). Dabigatran etexilate (DE), a novel oral anticoagulant that is associated with reduced risk of intracranial bleeding in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, may be an effective therapy in this population. DE is not indicated within 14 days of ischemic stroke, due to an absence of data. We tested the feasibility and safety of initiating DE therapy within 24 h of TIA/MIS.
Methods:
We designed a 50 patient single arm open label treatment trial. The primary endpoint was symptomatic HT within 30 days of enrolment. All patients underwent MRI prior to treatment. TIA/MIS patients (NIHSS score ≤3) with a DWI lesion were prospectively treated with DE 150 mg BID (110 mg BID in patients ≥ 80 or if CrCl <40 ml/min). Treatment began within 24 h of onset and continued for 30 days. Patients with known atrial fibrillation (AF) were excluded. Patients were re-imaged at day 7 and 30, with clinical assessment to 90 days.
Results:
Forty-three of 50 patients have been enrolled to date (March 2012-August 2013). The mean age was 66±12 years and median (IQR) NIHSS was 1 (2). Median baseline DWI volume was 0.89(1.9) ml. The median time from onset to initial DE dose was 18.5 (12.2) h. Therapy was completed in 41 patients and discontinued in two (withdrawal of consent (1) and dysphagia (1)). Two patients died within the 90 day study period, both after completion of DE therapy. No patients experienced systemic bleeding or symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. One patient had asymptomatic HT (ECASS grade, HI1) on day 7, which resolved by day 30 despite continuing DE. No patients experienced recurrent clinical stroke. New asymptomatic DWI lesions developed in 7 (16%) patients by day 30.
Conclusion:
These preliminary data suggest DE may be used safely in acute TIA/MIS patients and larger randomized trials are warranted. The low HT rate may make DE an ideal antithrombotic for use immediately after TIA/ischemic stroke.
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Kate M, Gould B, McCourt R, Gioia L, Hill M, Asdaghi N, Dowlatshahi D, Coutts S, Demchuk A, Buck B, Emery D, Jeerakathil T, Butcher K. Abstract 33: Cerebral Blood Flow in Leukoaraiosis Regions is Unaffected by Acute Lowering of Blood Pressure in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients. Stroke 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/str.45.suppl_1.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Leukoariosis(LA) is associated with poor prognosis in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients. Patients with chronic small vessel ischemic changes may be more vulnerable to decreases in cerebral perfusion, in both LA and perihematoma(PH) regions. We tested the hypotheses that acute blood pressure reduction (BP) in ICH patients is associated with decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) in areas of LA and the PH region.
Methods:
In the ICH Acutely Decreasing Arterial Pressure Trial (ICH ADAPT), patients with ICH <24 hours duration were randomized to two systolic BP (SBP) target groups (<150 mmHg vs. <180 mmHg). Computed tomography (CT) perfusion imaging was performed 2 h post-randomization. LA tissue volume was planimetrically measured on the acute non-contrast CT, using Hounsfield Unit thresholds of 15-25. CBF, cerebral blood volume (CBV), and Tmax were measured in the LA regions.
Results:
Seventy-one patients were included with a mean age of 69.3±11.5 years and median (IQR) baseline NIHSS score of 10(11). LA was present in 74.6% (53/71) and the median volume was 8.5(20.6) ml. LA was associated with older age (70.9± 11.2 vs. 64.8 ±11.6, p=0.05) and larger ICH volumes (19.52(29.78) vs. 9.52(16.02) ml, p=0.007). Mean CBF in LA regions (32.5±13.5) was similar to that in normal appearing white matter (35.6±12.1, p=0.3). Despite a significant drop in SBP between aggressive (36.25(40) mmHg) and conservative (18.5(29) mmHg, p=0.01) treatment groups, relative CBF (rCBF) in LA regions was unaffected (0.88±0.1 vs. 0.89±0.09, p=0.6). Similarly, aggressive BP treatment did not affect relative CBV (0.83±0.16 vs. 0.82± 0.15, p=0.8) or Tmax (7.3±3.2 s vs. 6.5 ±2.4 s, p=0.3). The rCBF in the PH regions in patients’ with/without LA was similar (0.88±0.09 vs. 0.86±0.1, p=0.5). There was a trend to worse functional outcome at 90 days, measured with the modified Rankin Scale in patients with LA (4(4) vs. 2(1), p=0.06).
Conclusion:
LA is associated with larger baseline ICH volumes, but no differences in perihematoma CBF or the response to BP reduction. CBF in LA tissue is also unaffected by BP reduction. These data do not support a less aggressive approach to BP reduction in elderly patients with imaging evidence of chronic small vessel ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Negar Asdaghi
- MEDICINE, Univ of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Brian Buck
- MEDICINE, Univ of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Abstract
Background The insula is a small but complex structure located in the depth of the sylvian fissure, covered by the frontal, parietal and temporal operculum. Ischemic strokes limited to the insula are rare and have not been well studied. Our objective is to better define the clinical presentation and outcome of insular ischemic strokes (IIS). Methods We reviewed the institutional prospective, consecutive stroke database from two centers to identify patients with IIS seen between 2008 and 2010. We also searched the Medline database using the keywords insula(r), infarction and stroke to identify previously published IIS cases confirmed by MRI. Minimal extension to an adjacent operculum or subinsular area was accepted. Clinicoradiological correlation was performed by distinguishing IIS involving the anterior (AIC) or posterior insular cortex (PIC). We collected clinical, demographic and radiological data. The outcome was determined using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Results We identified 7 patients from our institutions and 16 previously published cases of IIS. Infarcts were limited to the AIC (n = 4) or the PIC (n = 12) or affected both (n = 7). The five most frequent symptoms were somatosensory deficits (n = 10), aphasia (n = 10), dysarthria (n = 10), a vestibular-like syndrome (n = 8) and motor deficits (n = 6). A significant correlation was found between involvement of the PIC and somatosensory manifestations (p = 0.04). No other statistically significant associations were found. IIS presentation resembled a partial anterior circulation infarct (n = 9), a lacunar infarct (n = 2) or a posterior circulation infarct (n = 2). However, most cases presented findings that did not fit with these classical patterns (n = 10). At the 6 month follow up, mRS was 0 in 8/23 (35%) patients, 1–2 in 7/23 (30%) and unknown in 8/23 (35%). Conclusions IIS presentation is variable. Due to the confluence of functions in a restricted region, it results in multimodal deficits. It should be suspected when vestibular-like or motor but especially somatosensory, speech or language disturbances are combined in the same patient. The outcome of IIS is often favorable. Larger prospective studies are needed to better define the clinical presentation and outcome of IIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lemieux
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Qué., Canada
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Basta B, Gioia L, Gemma M, Dedola E, Bianchi I, Fasce F, Beretta L. Systemic adverse events during 2005 phacoemulsifications under monitored anesthesia care: a prospective evaluation. Minerva Anestesiol 2011; 77:877-883. [PMID: 21878869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to evaluate the systemic adverse events triggering on-call anesthesiologist's intervention during 2005 phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia on a day-surgery monitored anesthesia care regimen. METHODS Adverse events triggering an anesthesiologist call by the attending nurse were registered. Comorbidities (7 categories), age, gender, body mass index, ASA status, length of surgery, time of the day of surgery and operated eye (first/second) were analyzed as potentially predictive factors. Odds Ratios are expressed as OR (95% CI). RESULTS The anesthesiologist was called in 433 (21.6%) cases: age (5-yr-OR 0.95 [0.91-0.99]), ASA status 3-4 (OR 1.37 [1.02-1.85]), positive neurological history (OR 1.60 [1.06-2.40]), positive psychiatric history (OR 2.56 [1.34-4.93]) and length of surgery (OR 1.03 [1.01-1.06]) were predictive of the anesthesiologist call. Arterial hypertension (10.3%) and agitation (9.5%) were the most frequent adverse events. Age (5-yr-OR 1.27 [1.16-1.38]) and ASA status 3-4 (OR 1.83 [1.30-2.56]) were predictive of arterial hypertension. Age (5-yr-OR 0.80 [0.76-0.85]), positive neurological history (OR 1.86 [1.10-3.14]) and positive psychiatric history (OR 4.48 [2.26-8.88]) were predictive of agitation. Interruption of surgery was never required. CONCLUSION One-day cataract surgery performed under topical anesthesia with monitored anesthesia care required anesthesiologist intervention in 21.6% of cases, mainly because of agitation or hypertension. Agitation occurred more often in younger patients with neurological or psychiatric comorbidities. Hypertension occurred more often in older patients with higher ASA scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Basta
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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Gioia L, Poppe AY, Lanthier S. Primary Angiitis of the Central Nervous System - Clinical Approaches, Challenges and Controversies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.17925/enr.2011.06.03.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare and life-threatening form of vasculitis confined to the CNS. A timely diagnosis is a real challenge because clinical manifestations of PACNS are diverse and nonspecific. Headaches, cerebrospinal fluid inflammation and abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging are prevalent. When PACNS is suspected, a thorough investigation is mandatory to rule out several potential simulators and confirm the diagnosis. Treatment of PACNS is also a challenge involving competing forces, which include the threat of serious adverse effects of potent immunosuppressive agents and the risk of neurological deteriorations due to insufficient immunosuppressant therapy. Efforts are ongoing to delineate subtypes requiring different therapeutic approaches and having distinct prognoses. Despite recent progress, PACNS is still fatal in as much as one-sixth of cases. Long-term follow-up is mandatory in patients with PACNS.
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Acar-Perk B, Weimer J, Koch K, Salmassi A, Arnold N, Mettler L, Schmutzler AG, Ottolini CS, Griffin DK, Handyside AH, Summers MC, Thornhill AR, Montjean D, Benkhalifa M, Cohen-Bacrie P, Siffroi JP, Mandelbaum J, Berthaut I, Bashamboo A, Ravel C, McElreavey K, Ao A, Zhang XY, Yilmaz A, Chung JT, Demirtas E, Son WY, Dahan M, Buckett W, Holzer H, Tan SL, Perheentupa A, Vierula M, Jorgensen N, Skakkebaek NE, Chantot-Bastaraud S, McElreavey K, Toppari J, Muzii L, Magli MC, Gioia L, Mattioli M, Ferraretti AP, Gianaroli L, Koscinski I, Elinati E, Fossard C, Kuentz P, Kilani Z, Demirol A, Gurgan T, Schmitt F, Velez de la Calle J, Iqbal N, Louanjli N, Pasquier M, Carre-Pigeon F, Muller J, Barratt C, Viville S, Magli C, Grugnetti C, Castelletti E, Paviglianiti B, Gianaroli L, Pepas L, Braude P, Grace J, Bolton V, Khalaf Y, El-Toukhy T, Galeraud-Denis I, Bouraima H, Sibert L, Rives N, Carreau S, Janse F, de With LM, Fauser BCJM, Lambalk CB, Laven JSE, Goverde AJ, Giltay JC, De Leo V, Governini L, Quagliariello A, Margollicci MA, Piomboni P, Luddi A, Miyamura H, Nishizawa H, Ota S, Suzuki M, Inagaki A, Egusa H, Nishiyama S, Kato T, Nakanishi I, Fujita T, Imayoshi Y, Markoff A, Yanagihara I, Udagawa Y, Kurahashi H, Alvaro Mercadal B, Imbert R, Demeestere I, De Leener A, Englert Y, Costagliola S, Delbaere A, Velilla E, Colomar A, Toro E, Chamosa S, Alvarez J, Lopez-Teijon M, Fernandez S, Hosoda Y, Hasegawa A, Morimoto N, Wakimoto Y, Ito Y, Komori S, Sati L, Zeiss C, Demir R, McGrath J, Ku SY, Kim YJ, Kim YY, Kim HJ, Park KE, Kim SH, Choi YM, Moon SY, Minor A, Chow V, Ma S, Martinez Mendez E, Gaytan M, Linan A, Pacheco A, San Celestino M, Nogales C, Ariza M, Cernuda D, Bronet F, Lendinez Ramirez AM, Palomares AR, Perez-Nevot B, Urraca V, Ruiz Martin A, Reche A, Ruiz Galdon M, Reyes-Engel A, Treff NR, Tao X, Taylor D, Levy B, Ferry KM, Scott Jr. RT, Vasan S, Acharya KK, Vasan B, Yalaburgi R, Ganesan KK, Darshan SC, Neelima CH, Deepa P, Akhilesh B, Sravanthi D, Sreelakshmi KS, Deepti H, van Doorninck JH, Eleveld C, van der Hoeven M, Birnie E, Steegers EAP, Galjaard RJ, Laven JSE, van den Berg IM, Fiorentino F, Spizzichino L, Bono S, Biricik A, Kokkali G, Rienzi L, Ubaldi FM, Iammarrone E, Gordon A, Pantos K, Oitmaa E, Tammiste A, Suvi S, Punab M, Remm M, Metspalu A, Salumets A, Rodrigo L, Mir P, Cervero A, Mateu E, Mercader A, Vidal C, Giles J, Remohi J, Pellicer A, Martin J, Rubio C, Mozdarani H, Moghbeli Nejad S, Behmanesh M, Alleyasin A, Ghedir H, Ibala-Romdhane S, Mamai O, Brahem S, Elghezal H, Ajina M, Gribaa M, Saad A, Mateu E, Rodrigo L, Martinez MC, Mercader A, Peinado V, Milan M, Al-Asmar N, Pellicer A, Remohi J, Rubio C, Mercader A, Buendia P, Delgado A, Escrich L, Amorocho B, Simon C, Remohi J, Pellicer A, Martin J, Rubio C, Petrussa L, Van de Velde H, De Munck N, De Rycke M, Altmae S, Martinez-Conejero JA, Esteban FJ, Ruiz-Alonso M, Stavreus-Evers A, Horcajadas JA, Salumets A, Bug B, Raabe-Meyer G, Bender U, Zimmer J, Schulze B, Vogt PH, Laisk T, Peters M, Salumets A, Grabar V, Feskov A, Zhilkova E, Sugawara N, Maeda M, Seki T, Manome T, Nagai R, Araki Y, Georgiou I, Lazaros L, Xita N, Chatzikyriakidou A, Kaponis A, Grigoriadis N, Hatzi E, Grigoriadis I, Sofikitis N, Zikopoulos K, Gunn M, Brezina PR, Benner A, Du L, Kearns WG, Shen X, Zhou C, Xu Y, Zhong Y, Zeng Y, Zhuang G, Benner A, Brezina PR, Gunn MC, Du L, Richter K, Kearns WG, Andreeva P, Dimitrov I, Konovalova M, Kyurkchiev S, Shterev A, Daser A, Day E, Turley H, Immesberger A, Haaf T, Hahn T, Dear PH, Schorsch M, Don J, Golan N, Eldar T, Yaverboim R. POSTER VIEWING SESSION - REPRODUCTIVE (EPI) GENETICS. Hum Reprod 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/26.s1.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Versieren K, Heindryckx B, Qian C, Gerris J, De Sutter P, Exposito Navarro A, Ametzazurra A, Nagore D, Crisol L, Aspichueta F, Mendoza R, Matorras R, Garcia MM, Valley JK, Swinton PS, Boscardin WJ, Lue TF, P. Rinaudo, Wu MC, Bern O, Strassburger D, Komarovsky D, Kasterstein E, Komsky A, Maslansky B, Raziel A, Friedler S, Gidoni Y, Ron-El R, Tang J, Fang C, Zhang MF, Li T, Zhuang GL, Suh DS, Joo JK, Choi JR, Kim SC, JO MS, Kim KH, Lee KS, Katz-Jaffe MG, Stevens J, McCormick S, Smith R, Schoolcraft WB, Ben-Ami I, Komsky A, Strassburger D, Bern O, Komarovsky D, Kasterstein E, Maslansky B, Raziel A, Friedler S, Gidoni Y, Ron-El R, Koch J, Costello M, Kilani S, Namm A, Arend A, Aunapuu M, Joo JK, Lee KS, Choi YM, Cho JD, Sipe C, Pelts EJ, Matthews JM, Sanchez SR, Brohammer RLB, Wagner Y, Liebermann J, Uhler M, Beltsos A, Chen MJ, Guu HF, Chen YF, Yih YJ, Ho JYP, Lin TY, Ho ESC, Lopes FB, Figueira RCS, Braga DPAF, Ferreira RC, Aoki T, Iaconelli A, Borges E, Van de Velde H, Cauffman G, Verloes A, De Paepe C, Sterckx J, Van Ranst H, Devroey P, Tournaye H, Liebaers I, Santos MA, Teklenburg G, Macklon NS, Van Opstal D, Schuring-Blom GH, Krijtenburg PJ, de Vreeden-Elbertse J, Fauser BC, Baart EB, Cawood S, Doshi A, Gotts S, Serhal P, Milachich T, Petkova L, Barov D, Shterev A, Esteves TC, Balbach ST, Arauzo-Bravo MJ, Pfeiffer MJ, Boiani M, Le Gac S, van Rossem F, Esteves T, Bioani M, van den Berg A, Valeri C, Pappalardo S, De Felici M, Manna C, Ryu H, Park CY, Min SH, Choi SK, Park C, Lee SH, Kim KR, Jeong H, Chi HJ, Wittemer C, Celebi C, Viville S, Luceno Maestre F, Castilla Alcala JA, Gomez-Palomares JL, Cabello Y, Hernandez J, Marqueta J, Herrero J, Vidal E, Fernandez-Shaw S, Coroleu B, McRae C, Baskind E, Sharma V, Fisher J, Boldi Cotti P, Colasante C, Perego L, De Lauretis L, Montag M, Koster M, Nikolov A, van der Ven H, Lee SG, Lee YC, Kang SM, Kang YJ, Shin YK, Jung JH, Lim JH, Dorfmann A, Carroll K, Sisson M, Geltinger M, Yap S, Iwaszko M, Hara T, Naruse K, Matsuura K, Kodama T, Sato K, Tateaki Y, Tanaka J, Minasi MG, Scarselli F, Rubino P, Casciani V, Colasante A, Lobascio M, Alviggi E, Ferrero S, Litwicka K, Iammarrone E, Cucinelli F, Giannini PG, Tocci A, Nagy ZP, Greco E, Borini A, Tarozzi N, Fiorentin D, Bonu MA, Nadalini M, Johnson J, De Santis L, Bianchi V, Casciani V, Rubino P, Minasi MG, Colasante A, Scarselli F, Lobascio AM, Arizzi L, Iammarrone E, Litwicka K, Ferrero S, Tocci A, Piscitelli C, Cucinelli F, Nagy ZP, Greco E, Mesut N, Ciray HN, Mesut A, Aksoy T, Bahceci M, Lee YM, Chen HW, Wu P, Tzeng CR, Antonova I, Milachich T, Petkova L, Yunakova M, Chaveeva P, A. Shterev, Hlinka D, Dudas M, Rutarova J, Rezacova J, Lazarovska S, Aoi Y, Takahashi H, Saitou H, Takiue C, Kawakami N, Tone M, Hirata R, Terada S, Yoshioka N, Habara T, Hayashi N, Montagut J, Bonald F, Guillen N, Guitard V, Balu-Genvrin E, Crae E, Nogueira D, Silva J, Cunha M, Viana P, Teixeira da Silva JM, Oliveira C, Goncalves A, Barros N, Sousa M, Barros A, van de Werken C, Jahr H, Laven JSE, Baart EB, Gamiz Izquierdo P, De los Santos JM, Tejera A, Pellicer A, Romero JL, Galan A, Albert C, Santos MJDL, Adriaenssens T, Wathlet S, Segers I, Verheyen G, Van De Velde H, Coucke W, Devroey P, Smitz J, Paternot G, D'Hooghe TM, Debrock S, Spiessens C, Hwang HK, Kim HM, Lee JH, Jung YJ, Kang A, Kook MJ, Jung JY, An SJ, Kwon HC, Lee SJ, Somova O, Feskov A, Feskova I, Chumakova N, Zozulina O, Zhilkova YE, Binda M, Campo R, Van Kerkhoven G, Frederickx V, Serneels A, Roziers P, Vranken I, Lopes AS, Van Nuland A, Gordts S, Puttemans P, Valkenburg M, Gordts S, Rodriguez-Arnedo A, Ten J, Guerrero J, Lledo B, Carracedo MA, Ortiz JA, Llacer J, Bernabeu R, Usui K, Nakajo Y, Ota M, Hattori H, Kyoya T, Takisawa T, Kyono K, Ferrieres A, Poulain M, Loup V, Anahory T, Dechaud H, Hamamah S, Eckert J, Premkumar G, Lock F, Brooks S, Haque S, Cameron IT, Cheong Y, Fleming TP, Prados N, Ruiz M, Garcia-Ortega J, Vime P, Hernaez MJ, Crespo M, Fernandez-Sanchez M, Pellicer A, Hashimoto S, Kato N, Saeki K, Morimoto Y, Leung CON, Pang RTK, Liu WM, Lee KF, Yeung WSB, Wada T, Elliott T, Kahn J, Lowderman J, Wright G, Chang C, Bernal D, Kort H, Nagy Z, de los Santos JM, Escrich L, Grau N, Pellicer A, Romero JL, Escriba MJ, Escriba M, Grau N, Escrich L, de los Santos JM, Pellicer A, Romero JL, Tasker F, Hamoda H, Wilner H, Grace J, Khalaf Y, Miyaji S, Mizuno S, Horiuchi L, Haruki A, Fukuda A, Morimoto Y, Utsunomiya T, Kumasako Y, Ito H, Goto K, Koike M, Abe H, Sakamoto T, Kojima F, Koshika T, Muzii L, Magli MC, Gioia L, Scaravelli G, Ferraretti AP, Gianaroli L, Capoti A, Magli MC, Lappi M, Maggi E, Ferraretti AP, Gianaroli L, Scott L, Finn A, Kloos B, Davies D, Yamada M, Hamatani T, Akutsu H, Chikazawa N, Ogawa S, Okumura N, Mochimaru Y, Kuji N, Aoki D, Yoshimura Y, Umezawa A, Aprysko VP, Yakovenko SA, Seregina EA, Yutkin EV, Yelke H, Milik S, Candan ZN, Altin G, Unal S, Atayurt Z, Y. Kumtepe, Chung JT, Son WY, Zhang X, Tan SL, Ao A, Seli E, Botros L, Henson M, Roos P, Judge K, Sakkas D, group MSGMS, Feliciano M, Monahan D, Ermolovich E, Rosenwaks Z, Palermo GD, Mantikou E, van Echten-Arends J, Sikkema-Raddatz B, van der Veen F, Repping S, Mastenbroek S, Botros L, Seli E, Henson M, Roos P, Judge K, Sakkas D, Group MBS, Wells V, Thum MY, Abdalla HI, Machiya R, Akimoto S, Nobuyoshi T, Yoshii N, Hosaka T, Odawara Y, Heindryckx B, Vanden Meerschaut F, Lierman S, Qian C, O'Leary T, Gerris J, De Sutter P, Assou S, Haouzi D, Pellestor F, Monzo C, Dechaud H, De Vos J, Hamamah S, Conaghan J, Fischer E, Popwell J, Ryan I, Chenette P, Givens C, Schriock E, Herbert C, Ermolovich E, Monahan D, Neri QV, Rosenwaks Z, Palermo GD, Verheyen G, Camus M, Van de Velde H, Haentjens P, Devroey P, Mugica A, Esbert M, Molina JM, Garrido N, Pellicer A, Ballesteros A, Calderon G, Rossi ALS, Rocha AM, Alegretti JR, Hassun PA, Gomes LP, Criscuollo T, Serafini P, Motta ELA, Munoz M, Meseguer M, Cruz M, Perez-Cano I, Pellicer A, Gadea B, Martinez M, Fortuno S, Gundersen J, Garrido N, Cruz M, Garrido N, Perez-Cano I, Munoz M, Pellicer A, Martinez M, Gadea B, Selles E, Betersen J, Meseguer M, Le Meaux E, Assou S, Haouzi D, Loup V, Dechaud H, De Vos J, Hamamah S, Ouandaogo G, Assou S, Haouzi D, Ferrieres A, Anahory T, De Vos J, Hamamah S, Monzo C, Assou S, Haouzi D, Pellestor F, Dechaud H, De Vos J, S. Hamamah, Gismano E, Borini A, Cino I, Calzi F, Rabellotti E, Papaleo E, Bianchi V, De Santis L, Sunkara SK, Siozos A, Bolton V, Khalaf Y, Braude P, El-Toukhy T, Cho YS, Ambruosi B, Totaro P, Dell'Aquila ME, Gioacchini G, Bizzaro D, Giorgini E, Ferraris P, Sabbatini S, Carnevali O, Knaggs P, Chau A, Khalil S, Trew G, Lavery S, Jovanovic VP, Gomez R, Sauer CM, Shawber CJ, Outtz HH, Wang X, Sauer MV, Kitajewski J, Zimmermann RC, Mahrous E, Clarke H, Virant-Klun I, Bacer-Kermavner L, Mivsek J, Tomazevic T, Pozlep B, Zorn B, Vrtacnik-Bokal E, Dundure I, Bazarova J, Fodina V, Brikune J, Lakutins J, Jee B, Jo J, Lee J, Suh C, Kim S, Moon S, Shufaro Y, Lebovich M, Aizenman E, Simon A, Laufer N, A. Saada Reisch, Ribeiro MA, Pinto A, Gomes F, Silva Carvalho JL, Almeida H, Massaro FC, Petersen CG, Mauri AL, Silva LFI, Nicoletti APM, Cavagna M, Pontes A, Baruffi RLR, Oliveira JBA, Franco JG, Valcarcel A, Viglierchio MI, Tiveron M, Guidobono M, Inza R, Vilela M, Vilela M, Valcarcel A, Viglierchio MI, Kenny A, Lombardi C, Marconi G. Posters * Embryology (Embryo Selection). Hum Reprod 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/de.25.s1.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
The research has been designed to investigate whether acrosome-reacted spermatozoa can fuse with somatic cells and to check whether this event may involve the molecular machinery implicated in the sperm–egg fusion. Boar spermatozoa were capacitatedin vitroand then treated with A23187 to induce acrosome reaction and activate their fusogenic potential. Reacted spermatozoa, loaded with the membrane-permeant fluorescent dye calcein AM, were incubated with plated granulosa cells or cells derived from stable cell lines: CRFK, VERO, and ESK4. The fusion between spermatozoa and somatic cells was revealed by the diffusion of the fluorescent dye from the sperm to the cell as membrane fusion and cytoplasmic continuity between the two cells were established. The involvement of integrin α6 and tetraspanin CD9 in the process of fusion was assessed by carrying out the experiment in the presence of antibodies against these molecules. Moreover, the incidence of fusion displayed by the different cell types used was analyzed in relation to their content in the above molecules assessed by western blot and immunostaining. The role of CD9 was additionally investigated by using CD9-negative cells. The data presented demonstrate that boar spermatozoa can fuse with different somatic cell types derived from different species and the process requires the combined presence of both integrin and tetraspanin molecules on the cell plasma membrane.
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Martelli A, Berardinelli P, Russo V, Mauro A, Bernabò N, Gioia L, Mattioli M, Barboni B. Spatio-temporal analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and blood vessel remodelling in pig ovarian follicles during the periovulatory period. J Mol Endocrinol 2006; 36:107-19. [PMID: 16461931 DOI: 10.1677/jme.1.01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression pattern and blood vessel remodelling were evaluated during the transition from the preovulatory follicle to the corpus luteum (CL). To this end, prepubertal gilts were treated with equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) to collect preovulatory follicles (60 h after eCG) and with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) to obtain periovulatory follicles 18 h and 36 h later. The VEGF mRNA content was analysed by in situ hybridization, while protein localization in follicular fluid (FF) and in granulosa and theca compartments was evaluated by ELISA, immunohistochemistry or western blot. Blood vessel architecture and vascular area (VA) were investigated using immunohistochemistry for von Willenbrand Factor, a specific endothelial marker. Vascular remodelling was finally tested using Ki-67 immunocytochemistry as a proliferation marker, or alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) as a specific mural cell marker. eCG-treated follicles showed high VEGF levels and two concentric blood vessel networks composed of proliferating endothelial cells without any association with mural components. hCG injection inhibited VEGF synthesis in the granulosa compartment and, as a consequence, the protein fell within the FF. In parallel, endothelial cell proliferation stopped and the VA decreased. Close to ovulation, VEGF production restarted in both follicular compartments and VEGF mRNA content significantly increased in the theca layer. Changes in follicular VEGF secretion were observed; the protein disappeared from FF and was observed in the extracellular matrix. An active angiogenesis characterized the follicle; endothelial cell proliferation was associated with a recruitment of alpha-SMA-positive mural cells. The data presented in this work showed that, in the phases preceding ovulation, a complete vascular remodelling occurs, characterized by both an evident neovascularization and the appearance of blood vessels presenting smooth musculature which could be involved in CL formation after ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Piazza A. Moro, 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Mattioli M, Gioia L, Turriani M, Capacchietti G, Loi P, Ptak G. Oocyte maturation is required for correct sperm chromatin rearrangement. Vet Res Commun 2004; 28 Suppl 1:205-8. [PMID: 15372958 DOI: 10.1023/b:verc.0000045407.33906.c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Comparate--Sezione di Fisiologia--Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria--Università di Teramo, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Capacchietti
- Dip. Scienze Biomediche Comparate, Università degli Studi di Teramo, Italy
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Barboni B, Mattioli M, Gioia L, Turriani M, Capacchietti G, Lucidi P. Apoptosis in Cooled Porcine Oocytes: Role of Calcium (Ca2+) and Ca2+-dependent Enzymes. Vet Res Commun 2003; 27 Suppl 1:203-6. [PMID: 14535390 DOI: 10.1023/b:verc.0000014140.25430.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Barboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Comparate, Sezione di Fisiologia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100, Italy.
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Freeman WM, Nader MA, Nader SH, Robertson DJ, Gioia L, Mitchell SM, Daunais JB, Porrino LJ, Friedman DP, Vrana KE. Chronic cocaine-mediated changes in non-human primate nucleus accumbens gene expression. J Neurochem 2001; 77:542-9. [PMID: 11299316 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cocaine use elicits changes in the pattern of gene expression within reinforcement-related, dopaminergic regions. cDNA hybridization arrays were used to illuminate cocaine-regulated genes in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) of non-human primates (Macaca fascicularis; cynomolgus macaque), treated daily with escalating doses of cocaine over one year. Changes seen in mRNA levels by hybridization array analysis were confirmed at the level of protein (via specific immunoblots). Significantly up-regulated genes included: protein kinase A alpha catalytic subunit (PKA(calpha)); cell adhesion tyrosine kinase beta (PYK2); mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1); and beta-catenin. While some of these changes exist in previously described cocaine-responsive models, others are novel to any model of cocaine use. All of these adaptive responses coexist within a signaling scheme that could account for known inductions of genes(e.g. fos and jun proteins, and cyclic AMP response element binding protein) previously shown to be relevant to cocaine's behavioral actions. The complete data set from this experiment has been posted to the newly created Drug and Alcohol Abuse Array Data Consortium (http://www.arraydata.org) for mining by the general research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Freeman
- Center for the Neurobiological Investigation of Drug Abuse, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Freeman WM, Yohrling GJ, Daunais JB, Gioia L, Hart SL, Porrino LJ, Davies HM, Vrana KE. A cocaine analog, 2beta-propanoyl-3beta-(4-tolyl)-tropane (PTT), reduces tyrosine hydroxylase in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000; 61:15-21. [PMID: 11064180 DOI: 10.1016/s0376-8716(00)00119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis. Previously published results have established that chronic cocaine administration (30-45 mg/kg per day, 10-14 days) resulted in an upregulation of TH gene expression in dopaminergic pathways of rats. The present studies tested the effects of a tropane analog, PTT (2beta-propanoyl-3beta-(4-tolyl)-tropane), on TH expression. This drug has similar actions to cocaine, but possesses markedly different pharmacokinetics (20 times more potent at binding the dopamine transporter, markedly increased metabolic stability, and 10-20 times more potent in behavioral measures). Moreover, PTT demonstrates an increased selectivity for the dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) transporters compared with cocaine. In direct contrast to the previously reported effects of cocaine, 10 days of PTT administration (3.0 mg/kg per day, i.p.) produced a uniform downregulation of TH protein and activity gene expression. TH activity and immunoreactive protein where decreased by 54 and 69%, respectively in the nucleus accumbens. Within the ventral tegmental area, TH activity and protein were decreased by 33 and 19%, respectively. The underlying mechanisms for these fundamental differences are unclear, but likely reflect varying and selective affinities and lengths of occupancy at biogenic amine transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Freeman
- Center for the Neurobiological Investigation of Drug Abuse, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA
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Abstract
Despite their continuous turnover, sheep antral follicles are always regularly innervated. The local production of neurotrophins is probably involved in the control of ovarian innervation. In this context the present investigation was designed to evaluate the ability of sheep antral follicles to produce neurotrophic factors. In the first part of the paper neurotrophic activity was measured in follicular fluid of sheep antral follicles of different size. Using an in vitro model the effect of gonadotrophins on neurotrophin production was then evaluated. The levels of neurotrophic activity in conditioned medium or follicular fluid and the kind of neurotrophin produced were determined by using the chicken embryo dorsal root ganglia test combined with an immunoneutralization step. Follicular fluid from medium-large follicles (>4 mm) contains high levels of NGF (240-250 ng/ml), whereas the factor is nearly undetectable in small follicles (<3 mm) and in early atretic follicles. Experiments in vitro based on the culture of follicle shells for 12 hr confirmed that medium-large follicles can produce NGF. The production is strictly dependent on gonadotrophin stimulation. When gonadotrophins were not added or were added separately, no detectable levels of neurotrophic activity accumulated in medium. By contrast, in the presence of both LH and FSH the production of NGF became apparent showing a clear dose-response behavior. In addition, this production increased progressively with increasing follicle size from 4 to >5 mm up to values of about 60 ng/follicle, whereas follicles with a diameter of less than 3 mm were insensitive to gonadotrophins stimulation and did not produce significant amount of NGF. The data presented demonstrate that sheep follicles produce relevant amounts of NGF as long as the correct hormonal milieu is provided. Under these conditions the production of the NGF increases with increasing follicle size. This may be responsible for the rapid innervation of the wall of growing follicles and/or take part in other non-neural processes that are generally attributed to gonadotrophin stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mattioli
- Istituto di Fisiologia Veterinaria, Facolta' di Medicina Veterinaria, Localita' Piano D'Accio, Nepezzano (Teramo), Italy.
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Gioia L, Prandi E, Codenotti M, Casati A, Fanelli G, Torri TM, Azzolini C, Torri G. Peribulbar anesthesia with either 0.75% ropivacaine or a 2% lidocaine and 0.5% bupivacaine mixture for vitreoretinal surgery: a double-blinded study. Anesth Analg 1999; 89:739-42. [PMID: 10475316 DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199909000-00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED No study has evaluated the efficacy of ropivacaine in peribulbar block for ophthalmic surgery. The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study was to compare ropivacaine and a lidocaine-bupivacaine mixture in peribulbar anesthesia. Sixty ASA physical status I or II patients scheduled for elective vitreoretinal surgery were randomized to receive a peribulbar block with 8 mL of either 0.75% ropivacaine (ropivacaine group, n = 30) or a 1:1 mixture of 2% plain lidocaine and 0.5% plain bupivacaine (lido-bupivacaine group, n = 30). Time required for onset of surgical anesthesia, quality of postoperative analgesia, incidence of side effects, and analgesic consumption were recorded. Surgical block was achieved after 8 +/- 5 min in the lido-bupivacaine group and after 10 +/- 5 min in the ropivacaine group (P = 0.23). A 3-mL supplemental injection 15 min after block placement was required in 6 patients in the lido-bupivacaine group (20%) and in 10 patients in the ropivacaine group (33%) due to inadequate motor block (P = 0.38). On Postoperative Day 1, 26 patients in the ropivacaine group (87%) reported no pain at the verbal rating score, compared with 18 patients in the lido-bupivacaine group (60%) (P = 0.005). We conclude that 0.75% ropivacaine may be a suitable choice when performing peribulbar anesthesia for vitreoretinal surgery. IMPLICATIONS Quick onset of block with prolonged postoperative analgesia is an important goal in regional anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery. Evaluating clinical properties of 0.75% ropivacaine and a 1:1 mixture of 2% lidocaine and 0.5% bupivacaine for peribulbar anesthesia, we demonstrated that ropivacaine has an onset similar to that of the lidocaine-bupivacaine mixture and provides a better quality of postoperative analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gioia
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Milan, IRCCS H. San Raffaele, Italy
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Casati A, Aldegheri G, Fanelli G, Gioia L, Colnaghi E, Magistris L, Torri G. Lightwand intubation does not reduce the increase in intraocular pressure associated with tracheal intubation. J Clin Anesth 1999; 11:216-9. [PMID: 10434217 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-8180(99)00029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the changes in hemodynamic variables and intraocular pressure (IOP) after tracheal intubation using either lightwand or direct-vision laryngoscopy techniques. DESIGN Prospective, randomized study. SETTING Inpatient anesthesia at a University Anesthesia Department. PATIENTS 50 normotensive, ASA physical status I and II patients, without ocular or cardiovascular diseases, and with a Mallampati score no greater than 2. INTERVENTIONS After intravenous (i.v.) midazolam premedication (0.05 mg.kg-1), general anesthesia was induced with fentanyl (1 microgram.g-1) and thiopental sodium (5 mg.g-1) followed by vecuronium bromide (0.1 mg.g-1), then patients were randomly allocated to receive either the lightwand (Trachlight, n = 25) or direct-vision laryngoscopy (Laryngoscopy, n = 25) intubating techniques. General anesthesia was maintained with 1% isoflurane and 60% nitrous oxide in oxygen mixture for 5 minutes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Baseline hemodynamic variables were recorded 10 minutes after i.v. premedication, and then every minute after tracheal intubation. Intraocular pressure measurements were performed by means of a computerized indentation tonometer after general anesthesia induction and then 1 and 5 minutes after tracheal intubation. In both groups, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate increased from baseline, without differences between the two groups. One minute after intubation, IOP increased in both groups: the mean percentage increase was 32% in the Laryngoscopy group and 16% in the Trachlight group. However, this difference was not statistically significant. Five minutes after intubation, IOP decreased to baseline values in both groups. CONCLUSION We conclude that in healthy patients without ocular disease, using a lightwand intubating technique does not reduce the hemodynamic responses and increase in IOP associated with tracheal intubation as compared with conventional direct-vision laryngoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casati
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Milan, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Freeman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Tatone C, Iorio R, Francione A, Gioia L, Colonna R. Biochemical and biological effects of KN-93, an inhibitor of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, on the initial events of mouse egg activation induced by ethanol. J Reprod Fertil 1999; 115:151-7. [PMID: 10341733 DOI: 10.1530/jrf.0.1150151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is transiently activated in mouse eggs by the increase in calcium that occurs upon activation with ethanol. This study investigated the biological and biochemical effects of KN-93, a reported selective inhibitor of CaMKII, to explore the potential role of this kinase in the initial events of egg activation. Mouse eggs were incubated for 30 min in the presence of different concentrations of KN-93 and induced to activate by 7% ethanol. KN-93 elicited a dose-dependent inhibition of polar body emission that resulted from the failure of the eggs to undergo meiosis resumption and inactivation of maturation-promoting factor (MPF). Furthermore, 15 mumol KN-93 l-1 produced a marked reduction in ethanol-induced loss of cortical granules. In vivo biochemical analysis revealed that 15 mumol KN-93 l-1 was responsible for significant inhibition of ethanol-stimulated CaMKII. The activity of the enzyme remained at a resting value, in spite of the presence of a calcium signal similar to that measured in control activated eggs. The inhibitory effects of KN-93 on the parameters tested in this study could not be mimicked by the inactive analogue KN-92. These results show that in mouse eggs, when ethanol-induced CaMKII activation was prevented, cortical granule exocytosis and meiosis resumption were inhibited. This suggests that CaMKII acts as a switch in the transduction of the calcium signal triggering mammalian egg activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tatone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, University of L'Aquila, Italy
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