1
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Thielemann-Kühn N, Amrhein T, Bronsch W, Jana S, Pontius N, Engel RY, Miedema PS, Legut D, Carva K, Atxitia U, van Kuiken BE, Teichmann M, Carley RE, Mercadier L, Yaroslavtsev A, Mercurio G, Le Guyader L, Agarwal N, Gort R, Scherz A, Dziarzhytski S, Brenner G, Pressacco F, Wang RP, Schunck JO, Sinha M, Beye M, Chiuzbăian GS, Oppeneer PM, Weinelt M, Schüßler-Langeheine C. Optical control of 4 f orbital state in rare-earth metals. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadk9522. [PMID: 38630818 PMCID: PMC11023516 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A change of orbital state alters the coupling between ions and their surroundings drastically. Orbital excitations are hence key to understand and control interaction of ions. Rare-earth elements with strong magneto-crystalline anisotropy (MCA) are important ingredients for magnetic devices. Thus, control of their localized 4f magnetic moments and anisotropy is one major challenge in ultrafast spin physics. With time-resolved x-ray absorption and resonant inelastic scattering experiments, we show for Tb metal that 4f-electronic excitations out of the ground-state multiplet occur after optical pumping. These excitations are driven by inelastic 5d-4f-electron scattering, altering the 4f-orbital state and consequently the MCA with important implications for magnetization dynamics in 4f-metals and more general for the excitation of localized electronic states in correlated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Thielemann-Kühn
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Amrhein
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wibke Bronsch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada statale 14 – km 163,5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Somnath Jana
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niko Pontius
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin Y. Engel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Piter S. Miedema
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Legut
- VSB - Technical University Ostrava, IT4Innovations, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, DCMP, 12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, CZ-121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Carva
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, DCMP, 12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Unai Atxitia
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Yaroslavtsev
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Uppsala University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, P.O. Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Naman Agarwal
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Rafael Gort
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Andres Scherz
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Günter Brenner
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Federico Pressacco
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ru-Pan Wang
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, Physics Department, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan O. Schunck
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, Physics Department, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mangalika Sinha
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beye
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gheorghe S. Chiuzbăian
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement,75005 Paris, France
| | - Peter M. Oppeneer
- Uppsala University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, P.O. Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Weinelt
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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2
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Engel RY, Alexander O, Atak K, Bovensiepen U, Buck J, Carley R, Cascella M, Chardonnet V, Chiuzbaian GS, David C, Döring F, Eschenlohr A, Gerasimova N, de Groot F, Guyader LL, Humphries OS, Izquierdo M, Jal E, Kubec A, Laarmann T, Lambert CH, Lüning J, Marangos JP, Mercadier L, Mercurio G, Miedema PS, Ollefs K, Pfau B, Rösner B, Rossnagel K, Rothenbach N, Scherz A, Schlappa J, Scholz M, Schunck JO, Setoodehnia K, Stamm C, Techert S, Vinko SM, Wende H, Yaroslavtsev AA, Yin Z, Beye M. Electron population dynamics in resonant non-linear x-ray absorption in nickel at a free-electron laser. Struct Dyn 2023; 10:054501. [PMID: 37841290 PMCID: PMC10576398 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Free-electron lasers provide bright, ultrashort, and monochromatic x-ray pulses, enabling novel spectroscopic measurements not only with femtosecond temporal resolution: The high fluence of their x-ray pulses can also easily enter the regime of the non-linear x-ray-matter interaction. Entering this regime necessitates a rigorous analysis and reliable prediction of the relevant non-linear processes for future experiment designs. Here, we show non-linear changes in the L 3 -edge absorption of metallic nickel thin films, measured with fluences up to 60 J/cm2. We present a simple but predictive rate model that quantitatively describes spectral changes based on the evolution of electronic populations within the pulse duration. Despite its simplicity, the model reaches good agreement with experimental results over more than three orders of magnitude in fluence, while providing a straightforward understanding of the interplay of physical processes driving the non-linear changes. Our findings provide important insights for the design and evaluation of future high-fluence free-electron laser experiments and contribute to the understanding of non-linear electron dynamics in x-ray absorption processes in solids at the femtosecond timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Alexander
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaan Atak
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Valentin Chardonnet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement LCPMR, Paris, France
| | - Gheorghe Sorin Chiuzbaian
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement LCPMR, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Andrea Eschenlohr
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank de Groot
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement LCPMR, Paris, France
| | - Adam Kubec
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jan Lüning
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Katharina Ollefs
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Pfau
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Nico Rothenbach
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heiko Wende
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Beye
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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3
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Le Guyader L, Eschenlohr A, Beye M, Schlotter W, Döring F, Carinan C, Hickin D, Agarwal N, Boeglin C, Bovensiepen U, Buck J, Carley R, Castoldi A, D’Elia A, Delitz JT, Ehsan W, Engel R, Erdinger F, Fangohr H, Fischer P, Fiorini C, Föhlisch A, Gelisio L, Gensch M, Gerasimova N, Gort R, Hansen K, Hauf S, Izquierdo M, Jal E, Kamil E, Karabekyan S, Kluyver T, Laarmann T, Lojewski T, Lomidze D, Maffessanti S, Mamyrbayev T, Marcelli A, Mercadier L, Mercurio G, Miedema PS, Ollefs K, Rossnagel K, Rösner B, Rothenbach N, Samartsev A, Schlappa J, Setoodehnia K, Sorin Chiuzbaian G, Spieker L, Stamm C, Stellato F, Techert S, Teichmann M, Turcato M, Van Kuiken B, Wende H, Yaroslavtsev A, Zhu J, Molodtsov S, David C, Porro M, Scherz A. Photon-shot-noise-limited transient absorption soft X-ray spectroscopy at the European XFEL. J Synchrotron Radiat 2023; 30:284-300. [PMID: 36891842 PMCID: PMC10000791 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond transient soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a very promising technique that can be employed at X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) to investigate out-of-equilibrium dynamics for material and energy research. Here, a dedicated setup for soft X-rays available at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL) is presented. It consists of a beam-splitting off-axis zone plate (BOZ) used in transmission to create three copies of the incoming beam, which are used to measure the transmitted intensity through the excited and unexcited sample, as well as to monitor the incoming intensity. Since these three intensity signals are detected shot by shot and simultaneously, this setup allows normalized shot-by-shot analysis of the transmission. For photon detection, an imaging detector capable of recording up to 800 images at 4.5 MHz frame rate during the FEL burst is employed, and allows a photon-shot-noise-limited sensitivity to be approached. The setup and its capabilities are reviewed as well as the online and offline analysis tools provided to users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Eschenlohr
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Martin Beye
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - William Schlotter
- Linear Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Lab, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | | | - David Hickin
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Naman Agarwal
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Christine Boeglin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Uwe Bovensiepen
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Jens Buck
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Carley
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Andrea Castoldi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dip. Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria and INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro D’Elia
- IOM-CNR, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, km 163.5, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Wajid Ehsan
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Robin Engel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Erdinger
- Institute for Computer Engineering, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hans Fangohr
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Fischer
- Institute for Computer Engineering, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carlo Fiorini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dip. Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria and INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Institute for Methods and Instrumentation for Synchrotron Radiation Research (PS-ISRR), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), Albert-Einstein Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Gelisio
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Gensch
- Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, DLR (German Aerospace Center), Rutherfordstrasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rafael Gort
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Karsten Hansen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Hauf
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ebad Kamil
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Tim Laarmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging CUI, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Lojewski
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - David Lomidze
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Stefano Maffessanti
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Augusto Marcelli
- INFN – Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, via Enrico Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy
- RICMASS – Rome International Center for Materials Science Superstripes, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Istituto Struttura della Materia, CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Piter S. Miedema
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Ollefs
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Kai Rossnagel
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht Haensel Laboratory, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Nico Rothenbach
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Gheorghe Sorin Chiuzbaian
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lea Spieker
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Christian Stamm
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Stellato
- Physics Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata and INFN-Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Simone Techert
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Heiko Wende
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | | | - Jun Zhu
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Matteo Porro
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy
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4
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Zhou Hagström N, Schneider M, Kerber N, Yaroslavtsev A, Burgos Parra E, Beg M, Lang M, Günther CM, Seng B, Kammerbauer F, Popescu H, Pancaldi M, Neeraj K, Polley D, Jangid R, Hrkac SB, Patel SKK, Ovcharenko S, Turenne D, Ksenzov D, Boeglin C, Baidakova M, von Korff Schmising C, Borchert M, Vodungbo B, Chen K, Luo C, Radu F, Müller L, Martínez Flórez M, Philippi-Kobs A, Riepp M, Roseker W, Grübel G, Carley R, Schlappa J, Van Kuiken BE, Gort R, Mercadier L, Agarwal N, Le Guyader L, Mercurio G, Teichmann M, Delitz JT, Reich A, Broers C, Hickin D, Deiter C, Moore J, Rompotis D, Wang J, Kane D, Venkatesan S, Meier J, Pallas F, Jezynski T, Lederer M, Boukhelef D, Szuba J, Wrona K, Hauf S, Zhu J, Bergemann M, Kamil E, Kluyver T, Rosca R, Spirzewski M, Kuster M, Turcato M, Lomidze D, Samartsev A, Engelke J, Porro M, Maffessanti S, Hansen K, Erdinger F, Fischer P, Fiorini C, Castoldi A, Manghisoni M, Wunderer CB, Fullerton EE, Shpyrko OG, Gutt C, Sanchez-Hanke C, Dürr HA, Iacocca E, Nembach HT, Keller MW, Shaw JM, Silva TJ, Kukreja R, Fangohr H, Eisebitt S, Kläui M, Jaouen N, Scherz A, Bonetti S, Jal E. Megahertz-rate ultrafast X-ray scattering and holographic imaging at the European XFEL. J Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:1454-1464. [PMID: 36345754 PMCID: PMC9641564 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522008414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The advent of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has revolutionized fundamental science, from atomic to condensed matter physics, from chemistry to biology, giving researchers access to X-rays with unprecedented brightness, coherence and pulse duration. All XFEL facilities built until recently provided X-ray pulses at a relatively low repetition rate, with limited data statistics. Here, results from the first megahertz-repetition-rate X-ray scattering experiments at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument of the European XFEL are presented. The experimental capabilities that the SCS instrument offers, resulting from the operation at megahertz repetition rates and the availability of the novel DSSC 2D imaging detector, are illustrated. Time-resolved magnetic X-ray scattering and holographic imaging experiments in solid state samples were chosen as representative, providing an ideal test-bed for operation at megahertz rates. Our results are relevant and applicable to any other non-destructive XFEL experiments in the soft X-ray range.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Schneider
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nico Kerber
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Yaroslavtsev
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erick Burgos Parra
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Boite Postale 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
| | - Marijan Beg
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Lang
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian M. Günther
- Technische Universität Berlin, Zentraleinrichtung Elektronenmikroskopie (ZELMI), Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Seng
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Institut Jean Lamour, Nancy, France
| | - Fabian Kammerbauer
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Horia Popescu
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Boite Postale 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Matteo Pancaldi
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kumar Neeraj
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Debanjan Polley
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rahul Jangid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stjepan B. Hrkac
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sheena K. K. Patel
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Diego Turenne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dmitriy Ksenzov
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät – Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Christine Boeglin
- University of Strasbourg – CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marina Baidakova
- Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | | | - Martin Borchert
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Vodungbo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kai Chen
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chen Luo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florin Radu
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Müller
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Riepp
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Grübel
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Carley
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - Rafael Gort
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Naman Agarwal
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000C Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Hickin
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - James Moore
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Jinxiong Wang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Kane
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Meier
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Janusz Szuba
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Hauf
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Jun Zhu
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Ebad Kamil
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Robert Rosca
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Michał Spirzewski
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), A. Solłana 7, 05-400 Otwock-Świerk, Poland
| | - Markus Kuster
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - David Lomidze
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Andrey Samartsev
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Engelke
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Matteo Porro
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia, Italy
| | | | - Karsten Hansen
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Erdinger
- Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Peter Fischer
- Institute of Computer Engineering, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Carlo Fiorini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Castoldi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Manghisoni
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Scienze Applicate, Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Dalmine, Italy
| | - Cornelia Beatrix Wunderer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eric E. Fullerton
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Oleg G. Shpyrko
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christian Gutt
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät – Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | | | - Hermann A. Dürr
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ezio Iacocca
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Hans T. Nembach
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Associate, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Mark W. Keller
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Justin M. Shaw
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Thomas J. Silva
- Quantum Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Roopali Kukreja
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hans Fangohr
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Max Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nicolas Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Boite Postale 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | | | - Stefano Bonetti
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venezia, Italy
| | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCPMR, 75005 Paris, France
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5
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Mercurio G, Chalupský J, Nistea IT, Schneider M, Hájková V, Gerasimova N, Carley R, Cascella M, Le Guyader L, Mercadier L, Schlappa J, Setoodehnia K, Teichmann M, Yaroslavtsev A, Burian T, Vozda V, Vyšín L, Wild J, Hickin D, Silenzi A, Stupar M, Torben Delitz J, Broers C, Reich A, Pfau B, Eisebitt S, La Civita D, Sinn H, Vannoni M, Alcock SG, Juha L, Scherz A. Real-time spatial characterization of micrometer-sized X-ray free-electron laser beams focused by bendable mirrors. Opt Express 2022; 30:20980-20998. [PMID: 36224830 DOI: 10.1364/oe.455948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A real-time and accurate characterization of the X-ray beam size is essential to enable a large variety of different experiments at free-electron laser facilities. Typically, ablative imprints are employed to determine shape and size of µm-focused X-ray beams. The high accuracy of this state-of-the-art method comes at the expense of the time required to perform an ex-situ image analysis. In contrast, diffraction at a curved grating with suitably varying period and orientation forms a magnified image of the X-ray beam, which can be recorded by a 2D pixelated detector providing beam size and pointing jitter in real time. In this manuscript, we compare results obtained with both techniques, address their advantages and limitations, and demonstrate their excellent agreement. We present an extensive characterization of the FEL beam focused to ≈1 µm by two Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirrors, along with optical metrology slope profiles demonstrating their exceptionally high quality. This work provides a systematic and comprehensive study of the accuracy provided by curved gratings in real-time imaging of X-ray beams at a free-electron laser facility. It is applied here to soft X-rays and can be extended to the hard X-ray range. Furthermore, curved gratings, in combination with a suitable detector, can provide spatial properties of µm-focused X-ray beams at MHz repetition rate.
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6
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Turenne D, Yaroslavtsev A, Wang X, Unikandanuni V, Vaskivskyi I, Schneider M, Jal E, Carley R, Mercurio G, Gort R, Agarwal N, Van Kuiken B, Mercadier L, Schlappa J, Le Guyader L, Gerasimova N, Teichmann M, Lomidze D, Castoldi A, Potorochin D, Mukkattukavil D, Brock J, Zhou Hagström N, Reid AH, Shen X, Wang XJ, Maldonado P, Kvashnin Y, Carva K, Wang J, Takahashi YK, Fullerton EE, Eisebitt S, Oppeneer PM, Molodtsov S, Scherz A, Bonetti S, Iacocca E, Dürr HA. Nonequilibrium sub-10 nm spin-wave soliton formation in FePt nanoparticles. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabn0523. [PMID: 35363518 PMCID: PMC10938569 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles such as FePt in the L10 phase are the bedrock of our current data storage technology. As the grains become smaller to keep up with technological demands, the superparamagnetic limit calls for materials with higher magnetocrystalline anisotropy. This, in turn, reduces the magnetic exchange length to just a few nanometers, enabling magnetic structures to be induced within the nanoparticles. Here, we describe the existence of spin-wave solitons, dynamic localized bound states of spin-wave excitations, in FePt nanoparticles. We show with time-resolved x-ray diffraction and micromagnetic modeling that spin-wave solitons of sub-10 nm sizes form out of the demagnetized state following femtosecond laser excitation. The measured soliton spin precession frequency of 0.1 THz positions this system as a platform to develop novel miniature devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Turenne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander Yaroslavtsev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Xiaocui Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Igor Vaskivskyi
- Complex Matter Department, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Robert Carley
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Rafael Gort
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Naman Agarwal
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Lomidze
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Andrea Castoldi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Dimitri Potorochin
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | | | - Jeffrey Brock
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0401, USA
| | | | - Alexander H. Reid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Xiaozhe Shen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Xijie J. Wang
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Pablo Maldonado
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yaroslav Kvashnin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karel Carva
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jian Wang
- Magnet Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yukiko K. Takahashi
- Magnet Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Eric E. Fullerton
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0401, USA
| | - Stefan Eisebitt
- Max-Born-Institut, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter M. Oppeneer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Serguei Molodtsov
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Scherz
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Stefano Bonetti
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy
| | - Ezio Iacocca
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA
| | - Hermann A. Dürr
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Khubbutdinov R, Gerasimova N, Mercurio G, Assalauova D, Carnis J, Gelisio L, Le Guyader L, Ignatenko A, Kim YY, Van Kuiken BE, Kurta RP, Lapkin D, Teichmann M, Yaroslavtsev A, Gorobtsov O, Menushenkov AP, Scholz M, Scherz A, Vartanyants IA. High spatial coherence and short pulse duration revealed by the Hanbury Brown and Twiss interferometry at the European XFEL. Struct Dyn 2021; 8:044305. [PMID: 34476285 PMCID: PMC8384452 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Second-order intensity interferometry was employed to study the spatial and temporal properties of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL). Measurements were performed at the soft x-ray Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE3) undulator beamline at a photon energy of 1.2 keV in the Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) mode. Two high-power regimes of the SASE3 undulator settings, i.e., linear and quadratic undulator tapering at saturation, were studied in detail and compared with the linear gain regime. The statistical analysis showed an exceptionally high degree of spatial coherence up to 90% for the linear undulator tapering. Analysis of the measured data in spectral and spatial domains provided an average pulse duration of about 10 fs in our measurements. The obtained results will be valuable for the experiments requiring and exploiting short pulse duration and utilizing high coherence properties of the EuXFEL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dameli Assalauova
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jerome Carnis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luca Gelisio
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Alexandr Ignatenko
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Young Yong Kim
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Dmitry Lapkin
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Oleg Gorobtsov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
| | - Alexey P. Menushenkov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe shosse 31, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Matthias Scholz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Granitzka PW, Jal E, Le Guyader L, Savoini M, Higley DJ, Liu T, Chen Z, Chase T, Ohldag H, Dakovski GL, Schlotter WF, Carron S, Hoffman MC, Gray AX, Shafer P, Arenholz E, Hellwig O, Mehta V, Takahashi YK, Wang J, Fullerton EE, Stöhr J, Reid AH, Dürr HA. Magnetic Switching in Granular FePt Layers Promoted by Near-Field Laser Enhancement. Nano Lett 2017; 17:2426-2432. [PMID: 28272897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Light-matter interaction at the nanoscale in magnetic materials is a topic of intense research in view of potential applications in next-generation high-density magnetic recording. Laser-assisted switching provides a pathway for overcoming the material constraints of high-anisotropy and high-packing density media, though much about the dynamics of the switching process remains unexplored. We use ultrafast small-angle X-ray scattering at an X-ray free-electron laser to probe the magnetic switching dynamics of FePt nanoparticles embedded in a carbon matrix following excitation by an optical femtosecond laser pulse. We observe that the combination of laser excitation and applied static magnetic field, 1 order of magnitude smaller than the coercive field, can overcome the magnetic anisotropy barrier between "up" and "down" magnetization, enabling magnetization switching. This magnetic switching is found to be inhomogeneous throughout the material with some individual FePt nanoparticles neither switching nor demagnetizing. The origin of this behavior is identified as the near-field modification of the incident laser radiation around FePt nanoparticles. The fraction of not-switching nanoparticles is influenced by the heat flow between FePt and a heat-sink layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Granitzka
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam , 1018XE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuelle Jal
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Loïc Le Guyader
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering Instrument, European XFEL GmbH , Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Matteo Savoini
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich , Auguste-Piccard-Hof 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Higley
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Tianmin Liu
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Zhao Chen
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Tyler Chase
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander X Gray
- Department of Physics, Temple University , 1925 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Padraic Shafer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elke Arenholz
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Olav Hellwig
- San Jose Research Center, HGST a Western Digital Company, 3403 Yerba Buena Road, San Jose, California 95135, United States
| | - Virat Mehta
- San Jose Research Center, HGST a Western Digital Company, 3403 Yerba Buena Road, San Jose, California 95135, United States
| | - Yukiko K Takahashi
- Magnetic Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science , Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Jian Wang
- Magnetic Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science , Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Eric E Fullerton
- Center for Memory and Recording Research, University of California San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0401, United States
| | - Joachim Stöhr
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Alexander H Reid
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hermann A Dürr
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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9
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Schick D, Le Guyader L, Pontius N, Radu I, Kachel T, Mitzner R, Zeschke T, Schüßler-Langeheine C, Föhlisch A, Holldack K. Analysis of the halo background in femtosecond slicing experiments. J Synchrotron Radiat 2016; 23:700-711. [PMID: 27140149 DOI: 10.1107/s160057751600401x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The slicing facility FemtoSpeX at BESSY II offers unique opportunities to study photo-induced dynamics on femtosecond time scales by means of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism, resonant and non-resonant X-ray diffraction, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments in the soft X-ray regime. Besides femtosecond X-ray pulses, slicing sources inherently also produce a so-called `halo' background with a different time structure, polarization and pointing. Here a detailed experimental characterization of the halo radiation is presented, and a method is demonstrated for its correct and unambiguous removal from femtosecond time-resolved data using a special laser triggering scheme as well as analytical models. Examples are given for time-resolved measurements with corresponding halo correction, and errors of the relevant physical quantities caused by either neglecting or by applying a simplified model to describe this background are estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schick
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Loïc Le Guyader
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Niko Pontius
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ilie Radu
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Kachel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Zeschke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Holldack
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Higley DJ, Hirsch K, Dakovski GL, Jal E, Yuan E, Liu T, Lutman AA, MacArthur JP, Arenholz E, Chen Z, Coslovich G, Denes P, Granitzka PW, Hart P, Hoffmann MC, Joseph J, Le Guyader L, Mitra A, Moeller S, Ohldag H, Seaberg M, Shafer P, Stöhr J, Tsukamoto A, Nuhn HD, Reid AH, Dürr HA, Schlotter WF. Femtosecond X-ray magnetic circular dichroism absorption spectroscopy at an X-ray free electron laser. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:033110. [PMID: 27036761 DOI: 10.1063/1.4944410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy using an X-ray free electron laser is demonstrated with spectra over the Fe L(3,2)-edges. The high brightness of the X-ray free electron laser combined with high accuracy detection of incident and transmitted X-rays enables ultrafast X-ray magnetic circular dichroism studies of unprecedented sensitivity. This new capability is applied to a study of all-optical magnetic switching dynamics of Fe and Gd magnetic sublattices in a GdFeCo thin film above its magnetization compensation temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Higley
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Konstantin Hirsch
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Georgi L Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Jal
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Edwin Yuan
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Tianmin Liu
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alberto A Lutman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - James P MacArthur
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Elke Arenholz
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Zhao Chen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Giacomo Coslovich
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Peter Denes
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Patrick W Granitzka
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Philip Hart
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Matthias C Hoffmann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - John Joseph
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Loïc Le Guyader
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ankush Mitra
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Stefan Moeller
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Hendrik Ohldag
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Matthew Seaberg
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Padraic Shafer
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Joachim Stöhr
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Arata Tsukamoto
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Nihon University, 7-24-1 Narashino-dai Funabashi, Chiba 274-8501, Japan
| | - Heinz-Dieter Nuhn
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Alex H Reid
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Hermann A Dürr
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - William F Schlotter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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Holldack K, Bahrdt J, Balzer A, Bovensiepen U, Brzhezinskaya M, Erko A, Eschenlohr A, Follath R, Firsov A, Frentrup W, Le Guyader L, Kachel T, Kuske P, Mitzner R, Müller R, Pontius N, Quast T, Radu I, Schmidt JS, Schüssler-Langeheine C, Sperling M, Stamm C, Trabant C, Föhlisch A. FemtoSpeX: a versatile optical pump-soft X-ray probe facility with 100 fs X-ray pulses of variable polarization. J Synchrotron Radiat 2014; 21:1090-1104. [PMID: 25177998 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514012247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Here the major upgrades of the femtoslicing facility at BESSY II (Khan et al., 2006) are reviewed, giving a tutorial on how elliptical-polarized ultrashort soft X-ray pulses from electron storage rings are generated at high repetition rates. Employing a 6 kHz femtosecond-laser system consisting of two amplifiers that are seeded by one Ti:Sa oscillator, the total average flux of photons of 100 fs duration (FWHM) has been increased by a factor of 120 to up to 10(6) photons s(-1) (0.1% bandwidth)(-1) on the sample in the range from 250 to 1400 eV. Thanks to a new beamline design, a factor of 20 enhanced flux and improvements of the stability together with the top-up mode of the accelerator have been achieved. The previously unavoidable problem of increased picosecond-background at higher repetition rates, caused by `halo' photons, has also been solved by hopping between different `camshaft' bunches in a dedicated fill pattern (`3+1 camshaft fill') of the storage ring. In addition to an increased X-ray performance at variable (linear and elliptical) polarization, the sample excitation in pump-probe experiments has been considerably extended using an optical parametric amplifier that supports the range from the near-UV to the far-IR regime. Dedicated endstations covering ultrafast magnetism experiments based on time-resolved X-ray circular dichroism have been either upgraded or, in the case of time-resolved resonant soft X-ray diffraction and reflection, newly constructed and adapted to femtoslicing requirements. Experiments at low temperatures down to 6 K and magnetic fields up to 0.5 T are supported. The FemtoSpeX facility is now operated as a 24 h user facility enabling a new class of experiments in ultrafast magnetism and in the field of transient phenomena and phase transitions in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Holldack
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Johannes Bahrdt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Andreas Balzer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Uwe Bovensiepen
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg 47048, Germany
| | - Maria Brzhezinskaya
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Alexei Erko
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Andrea Eschenlohr
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstrasse 1, Duisburg 47048, Germany
| | - Rolf Follath
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Alexander Firsov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Winfried Frentrup
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Loïc Le Guyader
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Torsten Kachel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Peter Kuske
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Roland Müller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Niko Pontius
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Torsten Quast
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Ilie Radu
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Jan Simon Schmidt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | | | - Mike Sperling
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Christian Stamm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Christoph Trabant
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Alexander Föhlisch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, Berlin 12489, Germany
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