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Alanezi S, Cronin M, Gobbo O, O’Mara S, O’Connor W, Gilchrist M, Colgan N. Identifying dynamic changes following traumatic brain injury using high resolution magnetic resonance images derived texture analysis. Phys Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1120-1797(22)00498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Kosziwka G, Champoux L, Cournoyer J, Gilchrist M, Hoshizaki T. Risk of head injury associated with distinct head impact events in elite women's hockey. Journal of Concussion 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/20597002211058894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Head injuries are a major health concern for sport participants as 90% of emergency department visits for sport-related brain injuries are concussion related.1 Recently, reports have shown a higher incidence of sport-related concussion in female athletes compared to males.3 Few studies have described the events by which concussions occur in women's hockey,2,7,8 however a biomechanical analysis of the risk of concussion has not yet been conducted. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the highest risk concussive events in elite women's hockey and characterize these events through reconstructions to identify the associated levels of peak linear and angular acceleration and strain from finite element analysis. 44 head impact events were gathered from elite women's hockey game video and analyzed for impact event, location and velocity. In total, 27 distinct events based on impact event, location and velocity were reconstructed using a hybrid III headform and various testing setups to obtain dynamic response and brain tissue response. A three-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was conducted to determine the influence of event, location and velocity. The results of this study show that head- to-ice impacts resulted in significantly higher responses compared to shoulder-to- head collisions and head-to boards impacts however, shoulder and boards impacts were more frequent. All events produced responses comparable to proposed concussion threshold values.21 This research demonstrates the importance of considering the event, the impact characteristics, the magnitude of response, and the frequency of these impacts when attempting to capture the short and long term risks of brain trauma in women's hockey.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Kosziwka
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - L. Champoux
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Chavda A, Gilchrist M, Samarasinghe D. Education: A compassionate use of cefiderocol to treat osteomyelitis caused by an XDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3:i18-i20. [PMID: 34223151 PMCID: PMC8251337 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a 59-year-old male with left leg osteomyelitis caused by an XDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain following a road traffic accident. Limited treatment options and adverse antimicrobial reaction led to consideration of cefiderocol together with appropriate surgical intervention. Improved bony remodelling over the tibia and fibula was observed with good bony alignment and no adverse features. Physiotherapy support was continued for 4 months following treatment, which resulted in good functional mobility, improved proprioception and full ability to bear weight. This case also adds to multiple reports that describe safe and successful use of cefiderocol to treat MDR, aerobic Gram-negative infections. The prescribing information for cefiderocol is available at: https://shionogi-eu-content.com/gb/fetcroja/pi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chavda
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - M Gilchrist
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - D Samarasinghe
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK
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Rawson TM, Hernandez B, Moore LSP, Blandy O, Herrero P, Gilchrist M, Gordon A, Toumazou C, Sriskandan S, Georgiou P, Holmes AH. Supervised machine learning for the prediction of infection on admission to hospital: a prospective observational cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2020; 74:1108-1115. [PMID: 30590545 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection diagnosis can be challenging, relying on clinical judgement and non-specific markers of infection. We evaluated a supervised machine learning (SML) algorithm for diagnosing bacterial infection using routinely available blood parameters on presentation to hospital. METHODS An SML algorithm was developed to classify cases into infection versus no infection using microbiology records and six available blood parameters (C-reactive protein, white cell count, bilirubin, creatinine, ALT and alkaline phosphatase) from 160203 individuals. A cohort of patients admitted to hospital over a 6 month period had their admission blood parameters prospectively inputted into the SML algorithm. They were prospectively followed up from admission to classify those who fulfilled clinical case criteria for a community-acquired bacterial infection within 72 h of admission using a pre-determined definition. Predictive ability was assessed using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) with cut-off values for optimal sensitivity and specificity explored. RESULTS One hundred and four individuals were included prospectively. The median (range) cohort age was 65 (21-98) years. The majority were female (56/104; 54%). Thirty-six (35%) were diagnosed with infection in the first 72 h of admission. Overall, 44/104 (42%) individuals had microbiological investigations performed. Treatment was prescribed for 33/36 (92%) of infected individuals and 4/68 (6%) of those with no identifiable bacterial infection. Mean (SD) likelihood estimates for those with and without infection were significantly different. The infection group had a likelihood of 0.80 (0.09) and the non-infection group 0.50 (0.29) (P < 0.01; 95% CI: 0.20-0.40). ROC AUC was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.76-0.91). CONCLUSIONS An SML algorithm was able to diagnose infection in individuals presenting to hospital using routinely available blood parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Rawson
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - B Hernandez
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - L S P Moore
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - O Blandy
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - P Herrero
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - M Gilchrist
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - A Gordon
- Section of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine & Intensive Care, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - C Toumazou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - S Sriskandan
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - P Georgiou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - A H Holmes
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, UK.,Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
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Williams JK, Smallwood MJ, Benjamin N, D'Souza RJ, Shore AC, Winyard PG, Gilchrist M. Renal nitrate clearance in chronic kidney disease. Nitric Oxide 2020; 97:16-19. [PMID: 32007629 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is rapidly oxidised in humans to nitrite and nitrate, with nitrate being present in much greater abundance. These oxidation products can be recycled back into nitric oxide via a complex entero-salivary pathway, thus preserving NO activity. Approximately 65% of circulating nitrate is excreted in the urine in 48 h, with the excretory pathway of the remainder unknown. The effect of declining renal function on nitrate clearance is unknown METHODS: Forty five subjects, 21 M, 24F, median age 69 (range 27-75 years) with renal function assessed by CKD-EPI eGFR between 9 and 89 ml/min/1.73 m2 completed the study. Following a 24 h low nitrate diet a microplate spectrophotometric method was employed to measure plasma nitrate concentration and 24 h urinary nitrate excretion were measured to determine renal nitrate clearance. RESULTS There was a strong positive correlation between urinary nitrate clearance and eGFR, (Spearman R = 0.7665, p < 0.0001) with a moderate negative correlation between plasma nitrate concentration and CKD-EPI eGFR, (Spearman's R = -0.37, p = 0.012). There was a trend between fractional excretion of nitrate and CKD-EPI eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) Spearman's R 0.27, p = 0.07 though this did not reach statistical significance. Plasma nitrate concentration and serum creatinine concentration were positively correlated, Spearman's R = 0.39, p = 0.008. CONCLUSIONS We have observed a strong positive association between renal nitrate clearance and renal function such that plasma nitrate rises as renal function falls. Fractional excretion of nitrate appears to decline as renal function falls. As such, urinary nitrate excretion is unlikely to be a reliable marker of endogenous NO synthesis in settings where renal function is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Williams
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - M J Smallwood
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - N Benjamin
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - R J D'Souza
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - A C Shore
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - P G Winyard
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - M Gilchrist
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Road, EX2 5AX, UK.
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Honeyford K, Cooke GS, Kinderlerer A, Williamson E, Gilchrist M, Holmes A, Glampson B, Mulla A, Costelloe C. Evaluating a digital sepsis alert in a multi-site hospital: a natural experiment. Eur J Public Health 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
This study investigated the impact of a digital sepsis alert on patient outcomes in a busy London multi-site hospital. Sepsis is a serious illness and common cause of death, but rapid diagnosis and treatment improve patient outcomes. Digital health records allow algorithms to be embedded which ‘alert’ clinicians to patients who are at risk of developing sepsis. Despite the current promotion of ‘digital health’, evidence of the impact of algorithm driven alerts on patient outcomes is limited.
Methods
A retrospective natural experiment utilising the phased introduction of a digital sepsis alert into a large, multi-site hospital in England. Silent alerts (not visible to clinicians) acted as controls. Outcome measures were in-hospital all-cause mortality within 30 days of the alert, extended hospital stay (≥7 days) and timely antibiotics (≤60 minutes of the alert). Inversely weighted multivariable logistic regression was used to determine associations between alert and patient outcomes.
Results
In a sample of 21,183 inpatients, the mortality rate was 5.9%. The active, visible alert was associated with lower odds of death (Odds Ratio (OR):0.76; 95%CI:(0.70, 0.84)). In 9988 emergency department attendances ending in admission, 40.6% had an extended hospital stay and 41.5% received timely antibiotics. The active alert was associated with lower odds of extended hospital stay (OR:0.93; 95%CI:(0.88, 0.99)) and increased odds of receiving timely antibiotics (OR:1.71; 95%CI:(1.57, 1.87)).
Conclusions
This study demonstrates that a move to digital health, through an automated sepsis alert, embedded in digital health records, was associated with improved health outcomes. Further work is needed to identify the causal pathway, which is likely to include more rapid treatment with antibiotics, and possible unintended consequences. These findings support the ongoing roll out of digital alerting and provide a model for robustly evaluating their impact.
Key messages
The introduction of an automated sepsis alert associated with the use of improvement methodology was associated with improved process measures and patient outcomes. Introduction of digital health interventions can, and should, be robustly evaluated with appropriate statistical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Honeyford
- Global Digital Health Unit, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - G S Cooke
- Infectious Disease Section, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - A Kinderlerer
- St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - E Williamson
- Electronic Health Records Research, LSHTM, London, UK
| | - M Gilchrist
- St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - A Holmes
- HPRU-AMR, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - B Glampson
- St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - A Mulla
- St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - C Costelloe
- Global Digital Health Unit, Imperial College, London, UK
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Charani E, de Barra E, Rawson TM, Gill D, Gilchrist M, Naylor NR, Holmes AH. Antibiotic prescribing in general medical and surgical specialties: a prospective cohort study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019; 8:151. [PMID: 31528337 PMCID: PMC6743118 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Qualitative work has described the differences in prescribing practice across medical and surgical specialties. This study aimed to understand if specialty impacts quantitative measures of prescribing practice. Methods We prospectively analysed the antibiotic prescribing across general medical and surgical teams for acutely admitted patients. Over a 12-month period (June 2016 – May 2017) 659 patients (362 medical, 297 surgical) were followed for the duration of their hospital stay. Antibiotic prescribing across these cohorts was assessed using Chi-squared or Wilcoxon rank-sum, depending on normality of data. The t-test was used to compare age and length of stay. A logistic regression model was used to predict escalation of antibiotic therapy. Results Surgical patients were younger (p < 0.001) with lower Charlson Comorbidity Index scores (p < 0.001). Antibiotics were prescribed for 45% (162/362) medical and 55% (164/297) surgical patients. Microbiological results were available for 26% (42/164) medical and 29% (48/162) surgical patients, of which 55% (23/42) and 48% (23/48) were positive respectively. There was no difference in the spectrum of antibiotics prescribed between surgery and medicine (p = 0.507). In surgery antibiotics were 1) prescribed more frequently (p = 0.001); 2) for longer (p = 0.016); 3) more likely to be escalated (p = 0.004); 4) less likely to be compliant with local policy (p < 0.001) than medicine. Conclusions Across both specialties, microbiology investigation results are not adequately used to diagnose infections and optimise their management. There is significant variation in antibiotic decision-making (including escalation patterns) between general surgical and medical teams. Antibiotic stewardship interventions targeting surgical specialties need to go beyond surgical prophylaxis. It is critical to focus on of review the patients initiated on therapeutic antibiotics in surgical specialties to ensure that escalation and continuation of therapy is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Charani
- 1NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, 8th Floor Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN UK
| | - E de Barra
- 2Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, RCSI Education & Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Beaumont, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - T M Rawson
- 1NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, 8th Floor Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN UK
| | - D Gill
- 3Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - M Gilchrist
- Department of Pharmacy, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London, W12 1NY UK
| | - N R Naylor
- 1NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, 8th Floor Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN UK
| | - A H Holmes
- 1NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, 8th Floor Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN UK
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Ming DK, Otter JA, Ghani R, Brannigan ET, Boonyasiri A, Mookerjee S, Gilchrist M, Holmes AH, Davies F. Clinical risk stratification and antibiotic management of NDM and OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections in the UK. J Hosp Infect 2019; 102:95-97. [PMID: 30716340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D K Ming
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK; Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - J A Otter
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK; Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - R Ghani
- Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - E T Brannigan
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK; Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - A Boonyasiri
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Mookerjee
- Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - M Gilchrist
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK; Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - A H Holmes
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK; Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - F Davies
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK; Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Charani E, Gharbi M, Moore LSP, Castro-Sanchéz E, Lawson W, Gilchrist M, Holmes AH. Effect of adding a mobile health intervention to a multimodal antimicrobial stewardship programme across three teaching hospitals: an interrupted time series study. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:1825-1831. [PMID: 28333297 PMCID: PMC5437525 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the impact of adding a mobile health (mHealth) decision support system for antibiotic prescribing to an established antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP). Methods: In August 2011, the antimicrobial prescribing policy was converted into a mobile application (app). A segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series was used to assess the impact of the app on prescribing indicators, using data (2008–14) from a biannual point prevalence survey of medical and surgical wards. There were six data points pre-implementation and six data points post-implementation. Results: There was an increase in compliance with policy (e.g. compliance with empirical therapy or expert advice) in the two specialties of medicine (6.48%, 95% CI = −1.25 to 14.20) and surgery (6.63%, 95% CI = 0.15–13.10) in the implementation period, with a significant sudden change in level in surgery (P < 0.05). There was an increase, though not significant, in medicine (15.20%, 95% CI = −17.81 to 48.22) and surgery (35.97%, 95% CI = −3.72 to 75.66) in the percentage of prescriptions that had a stop/review date documented. The documentation of indication decreased in both medicine (−16.25%, 95% CI = −42.52 to 10.01) and surgery (−14.62%, 95% CI = −42.88 to 13.63). Conclusions: Introducing the app into an existing ASP had a significant impact on the compliance with policy in surgery, and a positive, but not significant, effect on documentation of stop/review date in both specialties. The negative effect on the third indicator may reflect a high level of compliance pre-intervention, due to existing ASP efforts. The broader value of providing an antimicrobial policy on a digital platform, e.g. the reach and access to the policy, should be measured using indicators more sensitive to mHealth interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Charani
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - M Gharbi
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - L S P Moore
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - E Castro-Sanchéz
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - W Lawson
- Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - M Gilchrist
- Imperial College Healthcare National Health Service Trust, St Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - A H Holmes
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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Casanova F, Adingupu DD, Adams F, Gooding KM, Looker HC, Aizawa K, Dove F, Elyas S, Belch JJF, Gates PE, Littleford RC, Gilchrist M, Colhoun HM, Shore AC, Khan F, Strain WD. The impact of cardiovascular co-morbidities and duration of diabetes on the association between microvascular function and glycaemic control. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:114. [PMID: 28915818 PMCID: PMC5603035 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Good glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) protects the microcirculation. Current guidelines suggest glycaemic targets be relaxed in advanced diabetes. We explored whether disease duration or pre-existing macrovascular complications attenuated the association between hyperglycaemia and microvascular function. METHODS 743 participants with T2DM (n = 222), cardiovascular disease (CVD = 183), both (n = 177) or neither (controls = 161) from two centres in the UK, underwent standard clinical measures and endothelial dependent (ACh) and independent (SNP) microvascular function assessment using laser Doppler imaging. RESULTS People with T2DM and CVD had attenuated ACh and SNP responses compared to controls. This was additive in those with both (ANOVA p < 0.001). In regression models, cardiovascular risk factors accounted for attenuated ACh and SNP responses in CVD, whereas HbA1c accounted for the effects of T2DM. HbA1c was associated with ACh and SNP response after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors (adjusted standardised beta (β) -0.096, p = <0.008 and -0.135, p < 0.001, respectively). Pre-existing CVD did not modify this association (β -0.099; p = 0.006 and -0.138; p < 0.001, respectively). Duration of diabetes accounted for the association between HbA1c and ACh (β -0.043; p = 0.3), but not between HbA1c and SNP (β -0.105; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS In those with T2DM and CVD, good glycaemic control is still associated with better microvascular function, whereas in those with prolonged disease this association is lost. This suggests duration of diabetes may be a better surrogate for "advanced disease" than concomitant CVD, although this requires prospective validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Casanova
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - D D Adingupu
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - F Adams
- Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases Research Unit, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - K M Gooding
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - H C Looker
- Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases Research Unit, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - K Aizawa
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - F Dove
- Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases Research Unit, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - S Elyas
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - J J F Belch
- Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases Research Unit, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - P E Gates
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - R C Littleford
- Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases Research Unit, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - M Gilchrist
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - H M Colhoun
- Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases Research Unit, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - A C Shore
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK
| | - F Khan
- Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases Research Unit, Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
| | - W D Strain
- Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science and NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, University of Exeter Medical School, Barrack Rd, Exeter, EX2 5AX, UK.
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Rawson TM, Moore LSP, Tivey AM, Tsao A, Gilchrist M, Charani E, Holmes AH. Behaviour change interventions to influence antimicrobial prescribing: a cross-sectional analysis of reports from UK state-of-the-art scientific conferences. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6:11. [PMID: 28101333 PMCID: PMC5237267 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To improve the quality of antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) interventions the application of behavioural sciences supported by multidisciplinary collaboration has been recommended. We analysed major UK scientific research conferences to investigate AMS behaviour change intervention reporting. METHODS Leading UK 2015 scientific conference abstracts for 30 clinical specialties were identified and interrogated. All AMS and/or antimicrobial resistance(AMR) abstracts were identified using validated search criteria. Abstracts were independently reviewed by four researchers with reported behavioural interventions classified using a behaviour change taxonomy. RESULTS Conferences ran for 110 days with >57,000 delegates. 311/12,313(2.5%) AMS-AMR abstracts (oral and poster) were identified. 118/311(40%) were presented at the UK's infectious diseases/microbiology conference. 56/311(18%) AMS-AMR abstracts described behaviour change interventions. These were identified across 12/30(40%) conferences. The commonest abstract reporting behaviour change interventions were quality improvement projects [44/56 (79%)]. In total 71 unique behaviour change functions were identified. Policy categories; "guidelines" (16/71) and "service provision" (11/71) were the most frequently reported. Intervention functions; "education" (6/71), "persuasion" (7/71), and "enablement" (9/71) were also common. Only infection and primary care conferences reported studies that contained multiple behaviour change interventions. The remaining 10 specialties tended to report a narrow range of interventions focusing on "guidelines" and "enablement". CONCLUSION Despite the benefits of behaviour change interventions on antimicrobial prescribing, very few AMS-AMR studies reported implementing them in 2015. AMS interventions must focus on promoting behaviour change towards antimicrobial prescribing. Greater focus must be placed on non-infection specialties to engage with the issue of behaviour change towards antimicrobial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Rawson
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - L. S. P. Moore
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS UK
| | - A. M. Tivey
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - A. Tsao
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - M. Gilchrist
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS UK
| | - E. Charani
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - A. H. Holmes
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0HS UK
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Abstract
The faculty has developed a basic life support (BLS) CD-ROM as part of a staff development project across the UK’s south west region’s universities. The introduction of the BLS CD-ROM to the faculty represents a paradigm shift, from the former method of delivering an acetate-based BLS lecture to groups of students across the professional disciplines. It is the intention that all students and staff requiring BLS instruction, should access the CD-ROM to gain and test essential theoretical knowledge, and have an opportunity to observe best practice through video demonstrations. The production of the BLS CD-ROM meets many of the current National Health Service and Higher Education agendas, with the potential for learning to take place in clinical environments and for developing key transferable skills. The tool can also be used to achieve the requirements for multi-professional education. This presentation introduces the evaluative testing by questionnaire of the beta version of the CD-ROM, using a convenient sample of 26 Diploma nursing students, adult branch. The results identify changes needed before implementation of the CD-ROM as a learning tool across all pre- and post-qualified professional groups. The students particularly valued the opportunity to learn at their own pace, and the use of critical thinking scenarios, which enhanced their learning. A small number of technical and presentational errors were identified for correction. Students also made suggestions for other improvements and further developments of multimedia learning materials. While this enthusiastic appraisal is acknowledged, the current paucity of research demands that the faculty continues to evaluate the use of the CD-ROM when fully implemented. This research will be used to inform further developments of multi-media learning materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Moule
- Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of the West of England, Glenside Campus, Blackberry Hill, Stapleton Bristol, BS16 1DD, UK,
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Gharbi M, Moore LSP, Gilchrist M, Thomas CP, Bamford K, Brannigan ET, Holmes AH. Forecasting carbapenem resistance from antimicrobial consumption surveillance: Lessons learnt from an OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae outbreak in a West London renal unit. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015; 46:150-6. [PMID: 25979640 PMCID: PMC4526541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to forecast the incidence rate of carbapenem resistance and to assess the impact of an antimicrobial stewardship intervention using routine antimicrobial consumption surveillance data. Following an outbreak of OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (January 2008-April 2010) in a renal cohort in London, a forecasting ARIMA model was derived using meropenem consumption data [defined daily dose per 100 occupied bed-days (DDD/100OBD)] from 2005-2014 as a predictor of the incidence rate of OXA-48-producing organisms (number of new cases/year/100,000OBD). Interrupted times series assessed the impact of meropenem consumption restriction as part of the outbreak control. Meropenem consumption at lag -1 year (the preceding year), highly correlated with the incidence of OXA-48-producing organisms (r=0.71; P=0.005), was included as a predictor within the forecasting model. The number of cases/100,000OBD for 2014-2015 was estimated to be 4.96 (95% CI 2.53-7.39). Analysis of meropenem consumption pre- and post-intervention demonstrated an increase of 7.12 DDD/100OBD/year (95% CI 2.97-11.27; P<0.001) in the 4 years preceding the intervention, but a decrease thereafter. The change in slope was -9.11 DDD/100OBD/year (95% CI -13.82 to -4.39). Analysis of alternative antimicrobials showed a significant increase in amikacin consumption post-intervention from 0.54 to 3.41 DDD/100OBD/year (slope +0.72, 95% CI 0.29-1.15; P=0.01). Total antimicrobials significantly decreased from 176.21 to 126.24 DDD/100OBD/year (P=0.05). Surveillance of routinely collected antimicrobial consumption data may provide a key warning indicator to anticipate increased incidence of carbapenem-resistant organisms. Further validation using real-time data is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gharbi
- The National Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK.
| | - L S P Moore
- The National Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Du Cane Road, London W12 OHS, UK
| | - M Gilchrist
- The National Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Du Cane Road, London W12 OHS, UK
| | - C P Thomas
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Du Cane Road, London W12 OHS, UK
| | - K Bamford
- The National Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Du Cane Road, London W12 OHS, UK
| | - E T Brannigan
- The National Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Du Cane Road, London W12 OHS, UK
| | - A H Holmes
- The National Centre for Infection Prevention and Management, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK; Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Du Cane Road, London W12 OHS, UK
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Jones GR, Cumming DVE, Honeywell G, Ball R, Sanderson F, Seaton RA, Healy B, Hedderwick S, Gilchrist M, Dryden M, Gilchrist M, Seaton A, Chapman A, Laundy M, Patel S, Jones G, Cumming D, Sanderson F, Jefferies L, Hanlon SO, Owen K, Snape S, Hills T. How is income generated by outpatient parenteral antibiotic treatment (OPAT) in the UK? Analysis of payment tariffs for cellulitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1236-40. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Gilchrist M, Seaton RA. Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy and antimicrobial stewardship: challenges and checklists. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 70:965-70. [PMID: 25538169 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) has become, for many countries, an established form of healthcare delivery. At the same time, there have been calls to ensure the prudent use of the existing antimicrobial armamentarium. For OPAT, this presents a dilemma. On one hand, stewardship principles look for the most effective agent with minimal collateral effects. In OPAT, whilst the aims of the service are similar, convenience of dosing to optimize early hospital discharge or admission avoidance may take precedence over an agent's spectrum of activity. This brief article aims to highlight the importance and explore the challenges of antimicrobial stewardship in the context of OPAT. Within the UK, the safe and effective use of antimicrobials is modelled around the IDSA/Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America stewardship practice guidelines with local customization where appropriate. Current UK stewardship practice principles were compared with published good practice recommendations for OPAT to identify how OPAT could support the broader antimicrobial stewardship agenda. It is essential that antimicrobial stewardship teams should understand the challenges faced in the non-inpatient setting and the potential benefits/lower risks associated with avoided admission or shortened hospital stay in this population. Within its limitations, OPAT should practise stewardship principles, including optimization of intravenous to oral switch and the reporting of outcomes, healthcare-associated infections and re-admission rates. OPAT should report to the antimicrobial stewardship team. Ideally the OPAT team should be formally represented within the stewardship framework. A checklist has been proposed to aid OPAT services in ensuring they meet their stewardship agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gilchrist
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
| | - R A Seaton
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Brownlee Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
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Li WS, Gilchrist M, Robertson S, Isles C. Bilateral renovascular disease with cardiorenal failure: intervene early or watch and wait? QJM 2012; 105:567-9. [PMID: 21558176 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcr068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W S Li
- Renal Unit, Dumfries & Galloway Royal Infirmary, Dumfries, DG1 4AP, UK
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Kao R, Rajagopalan A, Beckett A, Beckett A, Rex R, Shah S, Waddell J, Boitano M, Faidi S, Babatunde O, Lawson F, Grant A, Sudarshan M, Sudarshan M, Takashashi M, Waggott M, Lampron J, Post A, Beale E, Bobrovitz N, Zakrison T, Smith A, Bawazeer M, Evans C, Leeper T, Kagedan D, Grenier T, Rezendo-Neto J, Roberts D, Roberts D, Stark P, Berg R, Mehta S, Gardner P, Moore L, Vassilyadi M, Moore L, Moore L, Hoshizaki B, Rezende-Neto J, Slaba I, Ramesh A, Grigorovich A, Parry N, Pajak C, Rosenbloom B, Grunfeld A, van Heest R, Fernandes J, Doucet J, Schooler S, Ali J, Klassen B, Santana M, McFarlan A, Ball C, Blackmore C, Rezende-Neto J, Kidane B, Hicks C, Brennan M, Brennan M, Harrington A, Sorvari A, Stewart TC, Biegler N, Chaubey V, Tsang B, Benjamin S, Hogan A, Fraser J, Martin M, Bridge J, Faidi S, Waligora M, Hsiao M, Sharma S, Sankarankutty A, Mckee J, Mckee J, Mckee J, Snider C, Szpakowski J, Brown R, Shah S, Shiu M, Chen M, Bell N, Besserer F, Bell N, Trudeau MO, Alhabboubi M, Rezende-Neto J, Rizoli S, Hill A, Joseph B, Lawless B, Jiao X, Xenocostas A, Rui T, Parry N, Driman D, Martin C, Stewart TC, Walsh J, Parry N, Merritt N, Elster E, Tien H, Phillips L, Bratu I, Nascimento B, Pinto R, Callum J, Tien H, Rizoli S, McMullan J, McGlasson R, Mahomed N, Flannery J, Bir C, Baillie F, Coates A, Asiri S, Foster P, Baillie F, Bhandari M, Phillips L, Bratu I, Schuurman N, Oliver L, Nathens A, Yazdani A, Alhabboubi M, St. Louis E, Tan X, Fata P, Deckelbaum D, Chughtai T, Razek T, Khwaja K, St. Louis E, Alhabboubi M, Tan X, Fata P, Deckelbaum D, Chughtai T, Razek T, Khwaja K, Takada M, Sawano M, Ito H, Tsutsumi H, Keenan A, Waggott M, Hoshizaki B, Brien S, Gilchrist M, Janis J, Phelan H, Minei J, Santana M, Stelfox H, McCredie V, Leung E, Garcia G, Rizoli S, Nathens A, Dixon E, Niven D, Kirkpatrick A, Feliciano D, D’Amours S, Ball C, Ahmed N, Izadi H, McFarlan A, Nathens A, Pavenski K, Nathens A, Bridge J, Tallon J, Leeper W, Vogt K, Stewart TC, Gray D, Parry N, Ameer A, Alhabboubi M, Alzaid S, Deckelbaum D, Fata P, Khwaja K, Razek T, Deckelbaum D, Drudi L, Boulva K, Rodrigue N, Khwaja K, Chughtai T, Fata P, Razek T, Rizoli S, Carreiro P, Lisboa T, Winter P, Ribeiro E, Cunha-Melo J, Andrade M, Zygun D, Grendar J, Ball C, Robertson H, Ouellet JF, Cheatham M, Kirkpatrick A, Ball C, Ouellet JF, McBeth P, Kirkpatrick A, Dixon E, Groff P, Inaba K, Okoye O, Pasley J, Demetriades D, Al-Harthi F, Cheng A, Lalani A, Mikrogianakis A, Cayne S, Knittel-Keren D, Gomez M, Stelfox H, Turgeon A, Lapointe J, Bourgeois G, Karton C, Rousseau P, Hoshizaki B, Stelfox H, Turgeon A, Bourgeois G, Lapointe J, Stelfox H, Turgeon A, Bourgeois G, Lapointe J, Rousseau P, Braga B, Faleiro R, Magaldi M, Cardoso G, Lozada W, Duarte L, Rizoli S, Ball C, Oddone-Paolucci E, Doig C, Kortbeek J, Gomez M, Fish J, Leach L, Leelapattana P, Fleming J, Bailey C, Nolan B, DeMestral C, McFarlan A, Zakirova R, Nathens A, Dabbs J, Duff D, Michalak A, Mitchell L, Nathens A, Singh M, Topolovec-Vranic J, Tymianski D, Yetman L, Canzian S, MacPhail I, Constable L, van Heest R, Tam A, Mahadevan P, Kim D, Bansal V, Casola G, Coimbra R, Gladwin C, Misra M, Kumar S, Gautam S, Sorvari A, Blackwood B, Coates A, Baillie F, Stelfox H, Nathens A, Wong C, Straus S, Haas B, Lenartowicz M, Parkovnick M, Parry N, Inaba K, Dixon E, Salim A, Pasley J, Kirkpatrick A, Ouellet JF, Niven D, Kirkpatrick A, Ball C, Neto C, Nogueira G, Fernandes M, Almeida T, de Abreu EMS, Rizoli S, Abrantes W, Taranto V, Parry N, Forbes T, Knight H, Keenan A, Yoxon H, Macpherson A, Bridge J, Topolovec-Vranic J, Mauceri J, Butorac E, Ahmed N, Holmes J, Gilliland J, Healy M, Tanner D, Polgar D, Fraser D, McBeth P, Crawford I, Tiruta C, Ball C, Kirkpatrick A, Roberts D, Ferri M, Bobrovitz N, Khandwala F, Stelfox H, Widder S, Mckee J, Hogan A, Benjamin S, Atkinson P, Benjamin S, Watson I, Hogan A, Benjamin S, Woodford S, Jaramillo DG, Nathens A, Alonazi N, Coates A, Baillie F, Zhang C, McFarlan A, Sorvari A, Chalklin K, Canzian S, Nathens A, DeMestral C, Hill A, Langer J, Nascimento B, Alababtain I, Fung SY, Passos E, Luz L, Brnjac E, Pinto R, Rizoli S, Widder S, Widder S, Widder S, Nathens A, Van Heest R, Constable L, Mancini F, Heidary B, Bell N, Appleton L, Hennecke P, Taunton J, Khwaja K, O’Connor M, Hameed M, Garraway N, Simons R, Evans D, Taulu T, Quinn L, Kuipers D, Rizoli S, Rogers C, Geerts W, Rhind S, Rizoli S, George K, Quinn L, Babcock C, Hameed M, Simons R, Caron N, Hameed M, Simons R, Prévost F, Razek T, Khwaja K, Sudarshan M, Razek T, Fata P, Deckelbaum D, Khwaja K, de Abreu EMS, Neto C, Almeida T, Pastore M, Taranto V, Fernandes M, Rizoli S, Nascimento B, Sankarankutty A, Pinto R, Callum J, Tremblay L, Tien H, Fowler R, Pinto R, Nathens A, Sadoun M, Harris J, Friese R, Kulvantunyou N, O’Keeffe T, Wynne J, Tang A, Green D, Rhee P, Trpkovski J, Blount V. Trauma Association of Canada Annual Scientific Meeting abstractsErythroopoietin resuscitated with normal saline, Ringer’s lactate and 7.5% hypertonic saline reduces small intestine injury in a hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation rat model.Analgesia in the management of pediatric trauma in the resuscitative phase: the role of the trauma centre.Multidisciplinary trauma team care in Kandahar, Afghanistan: current injury patterns and care practices.Does computed tomography for penetrating renal injury reduce renal exploration? An 8-year review at a Canadian level 1 trauma centre.The other side of pediatric trauma: violence and intent injury.Upregulation of activated protein C leads to factor V deficiency in early trauma coagulopathy.A provincial integrated model of improved care for patients following hip fracture.Sports concussion: an Olympic boxing model comparing sex with biomechanics and traumatic brain injury.A multifaceted quality improvement strategy to optimize monitoring and management of delirium in trauma patients: results of a clinician survey.Risk factors for severe all-terrain vehicle injuries in Alberta.Evaluating potential spatial access to trauma centre care by severely injured patients.Incidence of brain injury in facial fractures.Surgical outcomes and the acute care surgery service.The acute care general surgery population and prognostic factors for morbidity and mortality.Disaster preparedness of trauma.What would you like to know and how can we help you? Assessing the needs of regional trauma centres.Posttraumatic stress disorder screening for trauma patients at a level 1 trauma centre.Physical and finite element model reconstruction of a subdural hematoma event.Abdominal wall reconstruction in the trauma patient with an open abdomen.Development and pilot testing of a survey to measure patient and family experiences with injury care.Occult shock in trauma: What are Canadian traumatologists missing?Timeliness in obtaining emergent percutaneous procedures for the severely injured patient: How long is too long?97% of massive transfusion protocol activations do not include a complete hemorrhage panel.Trauma systems in Canada: What system components facilitate access to definitive care?The role of trauma team leaders in missed injuries: Does specialty matter?The adverse consequences of dabigatran among trauma and acute surgical patients.A descriptive study of bicycle helmet use in Montréal.Factor XIII, desmopressin and permissive hypotension enhance clot formation compared with normotensive resuscitation: uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock model.Negative pressure wound therapy for critically ill adults with open abdominal wounds: a systematic review.The “weekend warrior:” Fact or fiction for major trauma?Canadian injury preventon curriculum: a means to promote injury prevention.Penetrating splenic trauma: Safe for nonoperative management?The pediatric advanced trauma life support course: a national initiative.The effectiveness of a psycho-educational program among outpatients with burns or complex trauma.Trauma centre performance indicators for nonfatal outcomes: a scoping review.The evaluation of short track speed skating helmet performance.Complication rates as a trauma care performance indicator: a systematic review.Unplanned readmission following admission for traumatic injury: When, where and why?Reconstructions of concussive impacts in ice hockey.How does head CT correlate with ICP monitoring and impact monitoring discontinuation in trauma patients with a Marshall CT score of I–II?Impact of massive transfusion protocol and exclusion of plasma products from female donors on outcome of trauma patients in Calgary region of Alberta Health Services.Primary impact arthrodesis for a neglected open Weber B ankle fracture dislocation.Impact of depression on neuropsychological functioning in electrical injury patients.Predicting the need for tracheostomy in patients with cervical spinal cord injury.Predicting crumping during computed tomography imaging using base deficit.Feasibility of using telehomecare technology to support patients with an acquired brain injury and family care-givers.Program changes impact the outcomes of severely injured patients.Do trauma performance indicators accurately reflect changes in a maturing trauma program?One-stop falls prevention information for clinicians: a multidisciplinary interactive algorithm for the prevention of falls in older adults.Use of focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) for combat casualties in forward facilities.Alberta All-terrain Vehicle Working Group: a call to action.Observations and potential role for the rural trauma team development course (RTTDC) in India.An electronic strategy to facilitate information-sharing among trauma team leaders.Development of quality indicators of trauma care by a consensus panel.An evaluation of a proactive geriatric trauma consultation service.Celebrity injury-related deaths: Is a gangster rapper really gangsta?Prevention of delirium in trauma patients: Are we giving thiamine prophylaxis a fair chance?Intra-abdominal injury in patients who sustain more than one gunshot wound to the abdomen: Should non-operative management be used?Retrospective review of blunt thoracic aortic injury management according to current treatment recommendations.Telemedicine for trauma resuscitation: developing a regional system to improve access to expert trauma care in Ontario.Comparing trauma quality indicator data between a pediatric and an adult trauma hospital.Using local injury data to influence injury prevention priorities.Systems saving lives: a structured review of pediatric trauma systems.What do students think of the St. Michael’s Hospital ThinkFirst Injury Prevention Strategy for Youth?An evidence-based method for targeting a shaken baby syndrome prevention media campaign.The virtual mentor: cost-effective, nurse-practitioner performed, telementored lung sonography with remote physician guidance.Quality indicators used by teaching versus nonteaching international trauma centres.Compliance to advanced trauma life support protocols in adult trauma patients in the acute setting.Closing the quality improvement loop: a collaborative approach.National Trauma Registry: “collecting” it all in New Brunswick.Does delay to initial reduction attempt affect success rates for anterior shoulder dislocation (pilot study)?Use of multidisciplinary, multi-site morbidity and mortality rounds in a provincial trauma system.Caring about trauma care: public awareness, knowledge and perceptions.Assessing the quality of admission dictation at a level 1 trauma centre.Trauma trends in older adults: a decade in review.Blunt splenic injury in patients with hereditary spherocytosis: a population-based analysis.Analysis of trauma team activation in severe head injury: an institutional experience.ROTEM results correlate with fresh frozen plasma transfusion in trauma patients.10-year trend of assault in Alberta.10-year trend in alcohol use in major trauma in Alberta.10-year trend in major trauma injury related to motorcycles compared with all-terrain vehicles in Alberta.Referral to a community program for youth injured by violence: a feasibility study.New impaired driving laws impact on the trauma population at level 1 and 3 trauma centres in British Columbia, Canada.A validation study of the mobile medical unit/polyclinic team training for the Vancouver 2010 Winter Games.Inferior vena cava filter use in major trauma: the Sunny-brook experience, 2000–2011.Relevance of cellular microparticles in trauma-induced coagulopathy: a systemic review.Improving quality through trauma centre collaboratives.Predictors of acute stress response in adult polytrauma patients following injury.Patterns of outdoor recreational injury in northern British Columbia.Risk factors for loss-to-follow up among trauma patients include functional, socio-economic, and geographic determinants: Would mandating opt-out consent strategies minimize these risks?Med-evacs and mortality rates for trauma from Inukjuak, Nunavik, Quebec.Review of open abdomens in McGill University Health Centre.Are surgical interventions for trauma associated with the development of posttraumatic retained hemothorax and empyema?A major step in understanding the mechanisms of traumatic coagulopathy: the possible role of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor.Access to trauma centre care for patients with major trauma.Repeat head computed tomography in anticoagulated traumatic brain injury patients: still warranted.Improving trauma system governance. Can J Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1503/cjs.006312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Davies K, Harrison K, Clouder D, Gilchrist M, McFarland L, Earland J. Making the transition from physiotherapy student to interprofessional team member. Physiotherapy 2011; 97:139-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Earland J, Gilchrist M, McFarland L, Harrison K. Dietetics students’ perceptions and experiences of interprofessional education. J Hum Nutr Diet 2011; 24:135-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-277x.2010.01141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Barlow J, Turner A, Gilchrist M. A Randomised Controlled Trial of Lay-Led Self-Management for Myocardial Infarction Patients Who have Completed Cardiac Rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2009; 8:293-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcnurse.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.H. Barlow
- Self-management Programme, Applied Research Centre in Health and Lifestyle Interventions, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - A.P. Turner
- Self-management Programme, Applied Research Centre in Health and Lifestyle Interventions, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - M. Gilchrist
- Self-management Programme, Applied Research Centre in Health and Lifestyle Interventions, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
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Barlow J, Turner A, Swaby L, Gilchrist M, Wright C, Doherty M. An 8-yr follow-up of arthritis self-management programme participants. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 48:128-33. [PMID: 19036778 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the pattern of scores on self-efficacy, health status and use of self-management techniques among a group of Arthritis Self-Management Programme (ASMP) participants over an 8-yr period, and to describe participants' perspectives of the ASMP and current use of self-management. METHODS Data from 125 participants who attended the ASMP as part of a randomized controlled trial and completed assessments at baseline, 4-month and 8-yr follow-ups were entered into the analysis. A sub-sample of 10 participants (five high- and five low self-efficacy) was interviewed. RESULTS The sample was 87% female; mean age 65 (s.d. 12) yrs; mean disease duration 19 (s.d. 11) yrs; 48% RA; 48% OA. The overall pattern of scores showed improvements between baseline and 4 months, which appeared to be maintained at 8-yr follow-up on self-efficacy, positive and negative affect, anxious and depressed moods, pain and fatigue, cognitive symptom management and communication with physician. The exception was HAQ, which was stable from baseline to 4 months (as expected), but had increased at 8 yrs indicating a decline in physical functioning. Sub-group analyses by RA and OA showed similar patterns of results. Interviews revealed that some participants continued to have problems with disease acceptance and highlighted the importance of pre-course expectations. CONCLUSIONS Long-term maintenance of self-efficacy, psychological well-being and self-management techniques may be possible following attendance on the ASMP. The need for additional psychological support for those who are having difficulty adjusting to their condition and its consequences is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Barlow
- Self-Management Programme, Applied Research Centre in Health and Lifestyle Interventions, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Whitefriars Building, Priory Street, Coventry CV15FB, UK.
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to conduct a survey of information and self-management needs among members of the UK Haemophilia Society (HS). Of 1082 members mailed, 307 took part in the survey, the mean age was 52.4 years (SD 14.8), 85% were male, 96% white and 66% were living with haemophilia A. 90% felt that there is a lack of understanding amongst the public regarding bleeding disorders, 76% felt that health professionals understood their health and information needs and 32% had experienced problems managing anxiety and or depression. Results suggest that there was a 'stigma' attached to having a bleeding disorder and almost half are very careful about informing others that they have a bleeding disorder. Self-efficacy was relatively high within the sample. Many respondents wanted to be kept informed about current research and the opportunity to participate in research. Women experienced a greater need for more information than men, particularly in the area of the 'medical management' and 'emotional' topics. Men appeared to need more information and or training on 'physical' aspects such as physiotherapy and joint replacement. The study provides an insight into the educational and self-management needs of those affected by bleeding disorders and highlights the importance of providing accessible information.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Barlow
- Applied Research Centre in Health and Lifestyle Interventions, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Turner AP, Hammond CL, Gilchrist M, Barlow JH. Coventry university students’ experience of mental health problems. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/09515070701570451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are critical immune effector cells that release cytokines and chemokines involved in both homeostasis and disease. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates multiple cellular activities. IFN-gamma modulates rodent MC responsiveness via production of nitric oxide (NO), although the effects in human MC populations is unknown. We sought to investigate the effects of IFN-gamma on expression of the chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8) and CCL1 (I-309) in a human mast cell line (HMC1) and to determine the underlying regulatory mechanism. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), IL-8 and CCL1 expression was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). NOS protein expression was analysed using western blot. NOS activity was determined using the citrulline assay. IL-8 and CCL1 release was measured by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IFN-gamma inhibited phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced release of IL-8 and CCL1 (by 47 and 38%). Real-time PCR analysis of IFN-gamma-treated HMC1 showed a significant (P < 0.05) time-dependent increase in NOS1 and NOS3 mRNA. NOS3 protein was significantly increased at 18 hr, which correlated with a significant (P < 0.05) increase in constitutive NOS (cNOS) activity. IFN-gamma-induced inhibition of chemokine expression and release was NO dependent, as treatment with the NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) reduced the IFN-gamma inhibitory effect on IL-8 and CCL1 mRNA expression. NO donors mimicked the IFN-gamma effect. IFN-gamma inhibited PMA-induced cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and DNA-binding activity. Our observations indicate for the first time that IFN-gamma enhances endogenous NO formation through NOS3 activity, and that NO regulates the transcription and release of IL-8 and CCL1 in a human MC line.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gilchrist
- Glaxo-Heritage Asthma Research Laboratory, Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Jacklin A, Dean-Franklin B, Pelle B, Gilchrist M, Lawson W. WITHDRAWN: The use of defined daily doses to monitor the use of antibacterials in United Kingdom hospitals. J Infect 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are important in the numerous physiological processes of homeostasis and disease. Most notably, MC are critical effectors in the development and exacerbation of allergic disorders. Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic radical produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and has pluripotent cell signaling and cytotoxic properties. NO can influence many MC functions. Recent evidence shows the source of this NO can be from the mast cell itself. Governing the production of this endogenous NO, through alterations in the expression of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a NOS cofactor, has stabilizing effects on MC degranulation. Furthermore, NO regulates the synthesis and secretion of de novo generated mediators, including leukotrienes and chemokines. These novel observations add to the growing body of knowledge surrounding the role of NO in the MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D McCauley
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
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Kulka M, Gilchrist M, Duszyk M, Befus AD. Expression and functional characterization of CFTR in mast cells. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.1.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Kulka
- Pulmonary Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - M. Gilchrist
- Pulmonary Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - M. Duszyk
- Pulmonary Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - A. D. Befus
- Pulmonary Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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30
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Kulka M, Gilchrist M, Duszyk M, Befus AD. Expression and functional characterization of CFTR in mast cells. J Leukoc Biol 2002; 71:54-64. [PMID: 11781380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cell activation requires Cl(-) flux, which maintains the driving force for entry of extracellular calcium and initiates release of mediators such as histamine. However, chloride channel expression in mast cells has been poorly understood. For the first time, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction shows that rat-cultured mast cells (RCMC) and peritoneal mast cells (PMC) contain mRNA for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an important chloride channel. Immunostaining with an anti-CFTR antibody indicates expression of CFTR in PMC and RCMC. Mast cell CFTR is a functional Cl(-) channel because it is capable of mediating Cl(-) flux in response to elevated cAMP. An inhibitor of CFTR-dependent Cl(-) flux, diphenylamine-2-carboxylate down-regulates mast cell mediator release. These results show that rat mast cells express a functional CFTR, which might be important in mediator release.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kulka
- Pulmonary Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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31
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Nohara O, Kulka M, Déry RE, Wills FL, Hirji NS, Gilchrist M, Befus AD. Regulation of CD8 expression in mast cells by exogenous or endogenous nitric oxide. J Immunol 2001; 167:5935-9. [PMID: 11698471 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported a novel CD8 molecule on rat alveolar macrophages and peritoneal mast cells (PMC). However, little is known about the regulation of CD8 expression and function on these cells. We investigated the regulation of CD8 expression on PMC by NO, because NO can regulate inflammatory responses and also because anti-CD8 Ab stimulates inducible NO synthase and NO production by PMC and alveolar macrophages. Ligation of CD8alpha on PMC with Ab (OX8) induced CD8alpha mRNA expression after 3-6 h, and flow cytometry demonstrated that OX8 treatment increased CD8alpha protein expression compared with PMC treated with isotype control IgG1. To test whether NO mediates the up-regulation of CD8alpha, we used the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione (500 microM) and NO synthase inhibitors (N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; 100 microM). S-nitrosoglutathione up-regulated both mRNA and protein expression of CD8alpha in PMC compared with that in sham-treated cells, while NO synthase inhibitors down-regulated OX8 Ab-induced CD8alpha expression. To investigate how NO regulates CD8 expression on PMC, we examined the cGMP-dependent pathway using 8-bromo-cGMP (2 mM) and the guanylate cyclase inhibitor, 1H-oxadiazoloquinoxalin-1-one (20 microM). 8-Bromo-cGMP up-regulated CD8 expression, whereas 1H-oxadiazoloquinoxalin-1-one down-regulated its expression. Thus, ligation of CD8 up-regulates CD8 expression on PMC, a response mediated at least in part by NO through a cGMP-dependent pathway. The significance of this up-regulation of CD8alpha on mast cells (MC) is unclear, but since ligation of CD8 on MC with OX8 Ab can alter gene expression and mediator secretion, up-regulation of CD8 may enhance the MC response to natural ligation of this novel form of CD8.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nohara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Abstract
Mast cells are involved in numerous activities ranging from control of the vasculature, to tissue injury and repair, allergic inflammation and host defences. They synthesize and secrete a variety of mediators, activating and modulating the functions of nearby cells and initiating complex physiological changes. Interestingly, NO produced by mast cells and/or other cells in the microenvironment appears to regulate these diverse roles. This review outlines some of the pathways central to the production of NO by mast cells and identifies many of the tightly controlled regulatory mechanisms involved. Several cofactors and regulatory elements are involved in NO production, and these act at transcriptional and post-translational sites. Their involvement in NO production will be outlined and the possibility that these pathways are critically important in mast cell functions will be discussed. The effects of NO on mast cell functions such as adhesion, activation and mediator secretion will be examined with a focus on molecular mechanisms by which NO modifies intracellular signalling pathways dependent or independent of cGMP and soluble guanylate cyclase. The possibility that NO regulates mast cell function through effects on selected ion channels will be discussed. Metabolic products of NO including peroxynitrite and other reactive species may be the critical elements that affect the actions of NO on mast cell functions. Further understanding of the actions of NO on mast cell activities may uncover novel strategies to modulate inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Forsythe
- 574 Heritage Medical Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Palarm T, Jones K, Gilchrist M. Personal and professional development: a survey of radiographers employed in the South West Region. Radiography (Lond) 2001. [DOI: 10.1053/radi.2000.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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34
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Stenton GR, Kim MK, Nohara O, Chen CF, Hirji N, Wills FL, Gilchrist M, Hwang PH, Park JG, Finlay W, Jones RL, Befus AD, Schreiber AD. Aerosolized Syk antisense suppresses Syk expression, mediator release from macrophages, and pulmonary inflammation. J Immunol 2000; 164:3790-7. [PMID: 10725739 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Syk protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) is involved in signaling in leukocytes. In macrophages, Fcgamma-receptor cross-linking induces Syk PTK phosphorylation and activation, resulting in Syk-dependent events required for phagocytosis and mediator release. We hypothesized that Syk antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ASO) delivered by aerosol to rat lungs in vivo would depress Syk PTK expression, mediator release from alveolar macrophages, and Syk-dependent pulmonary inflammation. RT-PCR and RT-in situ PCR demonstrated that aerosolized Syk ASO administration reduced Syk mRNA expression from alveolar macrophages compared with cells isolated from sham-treated rats. Western blot analysis confirmed that Syk PTK expression was reduced after Syk ASO treatment. Compared with sham-treated rats (scrambled oligodeoxynucleotide), Syk ASO treatment suppressed Fcgamma-receptor-mediated nitric oxide (86.0 +/- 8.3%) and TNF (73.1 +/- 3.1%) production by alveolar macrophages stimulated with IgG-anti-IgG complexes. In contrast, Fcgamma-receptor-induced IL-1beta release was unaffected by Syk ASO treatment. Additionally, Syk ASO suppressed Ag-induced pulmonary inflammation, suggesting that Syk ASO may prove useful as an anti-inflammatory therapy in disorders such as asthma.
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MESH Headings
- Aerosols
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Cell Count/drug effects
- Enzyme Precursors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Enzyme Precursors/biosynthesis
- Enzyme Precursors/genetics
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-1/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/enzymology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/pathology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/drug effects
- Macrophages, Alveolar/enzymology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/metabolism
- Male
- Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Syk Kinase
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/enzymology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Stenton
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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35
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Lin TJ, Hirji N, Stenton GR, Gilchrist M, Grill BJ, Schreiber AD, Befus AD. Activation of macrophage CD8: pharmacological studies of TNF and IL-1 beta production. J Immunol 2000; 164:1783-92. [PMID: 10657625 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.4.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that rat macrophages express CD8 and that Ab to CD8 stimulates NO production. We confirm that CD8 is expressed by rat macrophages and extend understanding of its functional significance. Activation of CD8 alpha (OX8 Ab) on alveolar macrophages stimulated mRNA expression for TNF and IL-1 beta and promoted TNF and IL-1 beta secretion. Similarly, OX8 Ab (CD8 alpha) stimulated NR8383 cells to secrete TNF, IL-1 beta, and NO. Activation of CD8 beta (Ab 341) on alveolar macrophages increased mRNA expression for TNF and IL-1 beta and stimulated secretion of TNF, but not IL-1 beta. Interestingly, anti-CD8 Abs did not stimulate IFN-gamma or PGE2 production, or phagocytosis by macrophages. OX8 (CD8 alpha)-induced TNF and IL-1 beta production by macrophages was blocked by inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase(s), PP1, and genistein, but not by phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor, wortmannin. Moreover, OX8 stimulated protein tyrosine kinase activity in NR8383 cells. Further analysis of kinase dependence using antisense to Syk kinase demonstrated that TNF, but not IL-1 beta, stimulation by CD8 alpha is Syk dependent. By contrast, protein kinase C inhibitor Ro 31-8220 had no effect on OX8-induced TNF production, whereas OX8-induced IL-1 beta production was blocked by Ro 31-8220. Thus, there are distinct signaling mechanisms involved in CD8 alpha (OX8)-induced TNF and IL-1 beta production. In summary, macrophages express CD8 molecules that, when activated, stimulate TNF and IL-1 beta expression, probably through mechanisms that include activation of Src and Syk kinases and protein kinase C. These findings identify a previously unknown pathway of macrophage activation likely to be involved in host defense and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, USA
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36
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Lacy P, Mahmudi-Azer S, Bablitz B, Gilchrist M, Fitzharris P, Cheng D, Man SF, Bokoch GM, Moqbel R. Expression and translocation of Rac2 in eosinophils during superoxide generation. Immunology 1999; 98:244-52. [PMID: 10540223 PMCID: PMC2326931 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils induce tissue injury by releasing granule-associated cytotoxic proteins, lipid mediators and superoxide anions in response to appropriate stimuli. Superoxide generation associated with respiratory burst is largely dependent on the assembly of the NADPH oxidase complex in the membrane, consisting of membrane-bound cytochrome b558 and translocated p47phox and p67phox. The activation of this complex is critically dependent on the translocation of GTP-bound Rac1, or its homologue Rac2, from the cytosol to the membrane in neutrophils. Rac expression has not yet been fully characterized in eosinophils. We proposed that eosinophils translate and express Rac2 and its GDP-dissociation inhibitor, RhoGDI. Furthermore, we hypothesized that Rac2 translocates along with p47phox and p67phox proteins from the cytosol to the plasma membrane during respiratory burst. By reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and sequencing of the amplified product, guinea-pig eosinophils were found to express Rac2 mRNA, exhibiting 93% homology with the human Rac2 sequence. Rac1 mRNA was also detected in eosinophils but not its translated product. In contrast, Rac2 protein expression was detected using a specific antibody. In subcellular fractions, Rac2 was found to translocate, along with p47phox and p67phox, from cytosol to plasma membrane-associated fractions following phorbol myristate acetate stimulation, while RhoGDI remained within cytosolic fractions. These findings suggest that Rac2 is preferentially expressed and activated in eosinophils, and is likely to be a crucial regulator of the release of reactive oxygen species from these cells during inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lacy
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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37
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Befus AD, Mowat C, Gilchrist M, Hu J, Solomon S, Bateman A. Neutrophil defensins induce histamine secretion from mast cells: mechanisms of action. J Immunol 1999; 163:947-53. [PMID: 10395691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Defensins are endogenous antimicrobial peptides stored in neutrophil granules. Here we report that a panel of defensins from human, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit neutrophils all have histamine-releasing activity, degranulating rat peritoneal mast cells with EC50 ranging from 70 to 2500 nM, and between 45 and 60% of the total histamine released. The EC50 for defensin-induced histamine secretion correlates with their net basic charge at neutral pH. There is no correlation between histamine release and antimicrobial potency. Degranulation induced by defensins has characteristics similar to those of activation by substance P. The maximum percent histamine release is achieved in <10 s, and it can be markedly inhibited by pertussis toxin (100 ng/ml) and by pretreatment of mast cells with neuraminidase. These properties differ from those for degranulation induced by IgE-dependent Ag stimulation and by the calcium ionophore A23187. GTPase activity, a measure of G protein activation, was induced in a membrane fraction from mast cells following treatment with defensin. Thus, neutrophil defensins are potent mast cell secretagogues that act in a manner similar to substance P and 48/80, through a rapid G protein-dependent response that is mechanistically distinct from Ag/IgE-dependent mast cell activation. Defensins may provide important pathways for communication between neutrophils and mast cells in defenses against microbial agents and in acute inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Befus
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is an important regulatory cytokine in cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, mediator release, and gene induction. This diversity of effector roles is achieved by a variety of incompletely understood mechanisms. In the mast cell (MC), IFN-gamma downregulates mediator synthesis and secretion. The present study demonstrates and characterizes for the first time IFN-gamma inhibition of adhesion of the MC analogue RBL-2H3 to the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (FN). Inhibition requires preincubation of the cells with IFN-gamma for 20 hr, and is statistically significant at 100 U/ml IFN-gamma. Flow cytometry indicates that cell surface expression of very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), VLA-5, and the vitronectin receptor (VNR) remain constant following IFN-gamma treatment, indicating the inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma on adhesion to FN is not achieved through a reduction in integrin receptors for FN. Fluorescent labelling with Texas red phalloidin demonstrated rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton in response to IFN-gamma was not significant. The tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor vanadate, and the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor L-NAME, reduced the IFN-gamma effect on adhesion to FN by 62 and 70%, respectively, demonstrating that the IFN-gamma effect is dependent upon the production of NO, potentially though a tyrosine phosphatase dependent mechanism. The NO donors sodium nitroprusside and S-nitrosoglutathione mimicked the effect of IFN-gamma. Thus, following stimulation with IFN-gamma, NO plays an autocrine role in the MC, and is able to modulate integrin function. This adds to the pathways NO is able to inhibit in the mast cell, shows that endogenous NO is able to inhibit these pathways, and suggests NO is impinging upon an element common to many signalling mechanisms in the MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Wills
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Nohara O, Gilchrist M, Déry RE, Stenton GR, Hirji NS, Befus AD. Reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction for gene expression in rat mast cells and macrophages. J Immunol Methods 1999; 226:147-58. [PMID: 10410980 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Direct reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction (RT-in situ PCR) of selected mRNA expression in rat mast cells (MC) and alveolar macrophages (AM) was optimized. Rat peritoneal mast cells (PMC), rat cultured mast cells (RCMC), rat bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALC) or rat cultured alveolar macrophages (NR8383) were studied for the detection of mRNA for beta-actin, TNF-alpha and/or CD8alpha. Each type of cell has unique optimal conditions for RT-in situ PCR. The following parameters were carefully evaluated for optimization: protease digestion, DNAse digestion, heparinase digestion, RT, PCR cycle number and signal development with chromagen. Heparinase digestion was required for PMC mRNA detection because they contain large amounts of heparin proteoglycan, which is a potent inhibitor of RT and Taq polymerase enzymes. Only a few PCR cycles were needed to produce a cytoplasmic signal for mRNA transcripts in RCMC, whereas other types of cells (PMC, BALC and NR8383) needed at least 20 cycles for mRNA detection. The mRNA signal in PMC was localized to the perinuclear region, whereas mRNA in other cell types (RCMC, BALC and NR8383) were detected throughout the cytoplasm. Furthermore, modified Southern blot analysis for TNF-alpha in RCMC treated with RT-in situ PCR demonstrated the specificity of amplification product. The modified and optimized protocols for this procedure were successfully applied to detect and localize several mRNA transcripts in rat MC and AM. The approach is valuable and can be used to further study selected gene expression in these and other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nohara
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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40
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Hirji NS, Lin TJ, Gilchrist M, Nault G, Nohara O, Grill BJ, Belosevic M, Stenton GR, Schreiber AD, Befus AD. Novel CD8 molecule on macrophages and mast cells: expression, function and signaling. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1999; 118:180-2. [PMID: 10224371 DOI: 10.1159/000024060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified, using flow cytometry and in situ RT-PCR, a novel CD8 molecule on rat alveolar macrophages (AM) and mast cells (MC). RT-PCR also demonstrated that mouse AM express CD8 mRNA. Functional studies on rat AM determined that ligation of CD8 alpha- and beta-chains induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) upregulation, nitric oxide (NO), TNF-alpha and IL-1beta (CD8alpha only) secretion. However, CD8 did not induce AM phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized or unopsonized particles. Rat MC stimulated through CD8 secreted NO and TNF-alpha, but not histamine. Because of its potential role in regulating cell function, we investigated the signaling pathways involved in macrophage CD8 stimulation. METHODS AND RESULTS Inhibitor of src family kinases (PP1) significantly (p<0.05) inhibited CD8alpha (OX8 antibody)-induced iNOS upregulation, NO, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production in rat AM. In addition, Ro 31-8220 (a PKC inhibitor) inhibited OX8-induced iNOS upregulation, NO and IL-1beta production, but did not inhibit TNF-alpha production. Using Syk antisense, we further determined that OX8 stimulation of NO is Syk kinase dependent. CONCLUSION Studies on the signaling mechanisms of CD8 determined that src family kinases, PKC, and Syk kinase are involved in CD8 signaling. Additionally, CD8 may have differential signaling pathways, as an inhibitor to PKC downregulated OX8-induced IL-1beta, but not TNF-alpha release. Our studies demonstrate that AM CD8 is similar to T lymphocyte CD8 in that src kinases are involved in CD8-mediated signaling. However, p56(lck), which is expressed in T lymphocytes, has not been found in macrophages, suggesting that other src family kinases may be involved in AM and MC CD8 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Hirji
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
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Lin TJ, Hirji N, Nohara O, Stenton GR, Gilchrist M, Befus AD. Mast cells express novel CD8 molecules that selectively modulate mediator secretion. J Immunol 1998; 161:6265-72. [PMID: 9834115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CD8, a marker largely restricted to subsets of T lymphocytes and NK cells, was detected on freshly isolated rat peritoneal mast cells (PMC). Using flow cytometry, Percoll-enriched rat PMC (> or = 98% purity) were positive for the hinge region of CD8alpha (67.5 +/- 9.5%; Ab OX8) and CD8beta (27.8 +/- 2.3%; Ab 341). CD8+ PMC consisted of two populations, CD8alpha+ (22.5%) and CD8alpha+ beta+ (15.9%). Interestingly, G28, an Ab that identifies the IgV-like region of CD8alpha on T lymphocytes, did not bind PMC, suggesting that PMC CD8alpha is distinct from that on T lymphocytes. Moreover, a similar pattern of Ab positivity for CD8 was observed on a rat mast cell line, RBL 2H3. The presence of CD8alpha immunoreactivity on rat PMC was further confirmed by confocal microscopy. In situ reverse-transcription PCR and reverse-transcription PCR analysis demonstrated that PMC contained mRNA transcripts encoding CD8alpha. In functional studies of CD8 on PMC, both TNF-alpha and nitric oxide production were induced by OX8 (CD8alpha) and 341 Ab (CD8beta) in a dose-dependent manner. However, neither OX8 nor 341 induced histamine secretion from PMC. Ag-induced secretion of TNF-alpha, nitric oxide, and histamine was not affected by OX8 or 341 Abs, suggesting that there are distinct signaling mechanisms mediated by CD8 and Fc epsilonRI. These results indicate that rat PMC express functional CD8 molecules that may be distinct from those of T lymphocytes. The difference suggests there is a ligand other than MHC class I for mast cell CD8.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Lin
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Abstract
To define the molecular regulation of mast cell phenotype and function optimized procedures must be available to study mRNA from mast cells freshly isolated from tissues. However, rat peritoneal mast cells (PMC) contain large amounts of the proteoglycan heparin, and unfortunately, this molecule which is a potent inhibitor of reverse transcriptase (RT) and Taq polymerase and thus RT-PCR, copurifies with RNA. Here we describe an optimized protocol for extracting and amplifying RNA from rat PMC. Mast cells were isolated from rat peritoneum and a method modified from that of Chomczynski and Sacchi (1987) was used to extract the RNA. Following the removal of heparin by heparinase digestion, first strand cDNA synthesis was primed with oligo-dT and the resulting cDNA was quantified by rapid paper chromatography. The use of a detection system for the reverse transcription reaction ensured that the production of cDNA had occurred and allowed subsequent PCR testing to be optimal. cDNA thus produced can be used to detect relatively specific (histidine decarboxylase) and non-specific (beta-actin) mast cell products. Our PCR studies have shown a 300-fold increase in sensitivity over RNA processed by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gilchrist
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gilchrist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Alberta Hospitals, Edmonton, Canada
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Abstract
There are conflicting data concerning the effect of hydrogen ion concentration (H+) on aldosterone production in vivo. This study examines the effect of changes in H+ on in vitro aldosterone production in isolated adrenal capsular cells of rats. The pH was adjusted to 7.1 or 6.8 using lactic acid and to 7.7 using sodium hydroxide. Potassium and other ions in the incubation medium were maintained at nearly constant levels. There was a significant decrease in aldosterone production when the pH was lowered from 7.4 to 7.1 or to 6.8 and also when the pH was increased to 7.7. This decrease was highly significant when measured in absolute terms or relative to ACTH-stimulated control samples included in each assay. Acidosis and alkalosis both decrease rather than stimulate aldosterone production in vitro and indicate that the observed in vivo stimulation of aldosterone by acidosis most likely is mediated by other aldosterone stimuli. These data also confirm that a marked alkalosis decreases aldosterone production and supports further study of changes in a more physiologic range.
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Young LW, Haimovici H, LaVigne R, Gilchrist M. Radiological case of the month. "Congenital" cysts of the lung. Am J Dis Child 1979; 133:81-2. [PMID: 760520 DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.1979.02130010087018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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King EJ, White JC, Gilchrist M. A case of idiopathic methemoglobinemia treated by ascorbic acid and methylene blue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1947; 59:181-8. [DOI: 10.1002/path.1700590119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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King EJ, Gilchrist M, Tárnoky AL. Spectrophotometric study of the excretion products of mepacrine compared with synthetic acridine and diphenylamine derivatives. Biochem J 1946; 40:706-21. [PMID: 16748077 PMCID: PMC1270030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E J King
- British Postgraduate Medical School, London, W. 12
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Gilchrist M. Amblyopia with Haemorrhages Due to Tobacco and (?) Lead Poisoning. West J Med 1926; 1:990. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.3414.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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