Brain metastases of malignant melanoma showing unbalanced whole arm chromosomal translocations der (8; 14) (q10; q10) and der (11; 15) (q10; q10) in a Japanese patient

Since malignant melanoma is a rare malignancy in Japan, little is known about the cytogenetic abnormalities in Japanese patients. We report a case of malignant melanoma showing complex chromosomal abnormalities. A 70-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of anorexia, delirium, and right hemiplegia. Cranial CT disclosed several metastatic brain tumors. Multiple subcutaneous and intra-abdominal metastases were also found. A diagnosis of metastatic malignant melanoma was made by biopsy of a subcutaneous tumor. Chromosomal analysis of the tumor cells disclosed complex karyotypic abnormalities including novel unbalanced whole arm translocations der (8; 14) (q10; q10) and der (11; 15) (q10; q10).

Myelodysplastic syndrome progresses rapidly into erythroleukemia associated with synchronous double cancers of the stomach and the papilla of Vater

Patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) show a relatively high incidence of developing cancers. However, it is extremely rare that synchronous double cancers develop in an MDS patient. We report a case of MDS that progressed rapidly into erythroleukemia (M6 by French-American-British classification) complicated by gastric cancer and carcinoma of the papilla of Vater. A 66-year-old man was admitted because of pancytopenia with peripheral blasts. A diagnosis of MDS (with refractory anemia with excess of blasts in transformation [RAEB-T]) was made by bone marrow examination. Chromosome analysis revealed 46,XY. An early gastric cancer was also diagnosed by endoscopic examination. The peripheral blasts gradually proliferated and the disease progressed to M6. A chromosome abnormality 46,XY,del(1)(q42) was detected at the leukemic transformation. A CAG (low-dose cytarabine and aclarubicin in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) regimen was started as a remission-induction therapy. However, obstructive jaundice developed and a marked dilatation of bile ducts was observed by abdominal computed tomography (CT). A carcinoma of the papilla of Vater was detected by endoscopy. As remission was achieved and the pancytopenia improved, the patient subsequently underwent a surgical jejuno-choledochostomy to manage the jaundice. However, the leukemia relapsed thereafter and additional chromosome abnormalities including der(5)t(5;10)(p15:q11) were observed.

[Association of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and type 1 diabetes mellitus in a patient with sarcoidosis]

Occurrence of autoimmune diseases with sarcoidosis is well known. However, a case in which more than one of these diseases coexist with sarcoidosis is rare. We present a young man with suspected sarcoidosis, complicated by idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and type 1 A diabetes mellitus (DM). A 21-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of thrombocytopenia, hyperglycemia, and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (BHL). Although a histological proof could not be obtained, the patient was considered to have sarcoidosis because 67-gallium scintigraphy disclosed "Lambda" and "Panda" signs which are highly specific for sarcoidosis. Type 1 A DM was also diagnosed as the patient had antiglutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies. The patient disclosed no hepatosplenomegaly or no lymphadenopathy and diagnosis of ITP was confirmed by bone marrow examination. High dose steroid was started as the thrombocytopenia progressed. The platelet number increased satisfactorily and shrinkage of BHL was also observed with the therapy.

[Antibody treatment for cancer]

The previous pessimistic view of monoclonal antibodies as cancer therapeutics was largely influenced by the negative results of multiple clinical trials initiated shortly after the introduction of hybridoma technology. Although murine antibodies are of value in cancer therapy, their effectiveness is limited because murine monoclonal antibodies have a short survival time in humans and induce an immune response that neutralizes their therapeutic effect. Furthermore, the responses induced by murine antibodies are limited because they only weakly recruit human effector elements. To circumvent these problems, genetically engineered antibodies were produced which were mouse-human chimeric monoclonal antibodies and humanized antibodies. These antibodies combine the murine variable or hypervariable regions with the human constant or constant and variable framework regions. Numerous published studies demonstrate that erbB-2 oncogene product overexpression is a frequent cause of breast, ovarian, lung, and gastric cancers. Recently, an anti-erbB-2 humanized monoclonal antibody has been generated and used in clinical trials with high clinical response rates. We generated the anti-erbB-2 mouse-human chimeric monoclonal antibody CH401, which was able to kill cancer cells. An analysis of the mechanism of its tumor growth inhibition revealed that the cytotoxicity was induced by apoptosis. This cytotoxic mechanism is not the same a that of other anti-erbB-2 antibodies previously reported.

Association between expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and integration of human T-cell-leukemia virus type 1 in adult T-cell leukemia cells

It is known that the expression levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in adult T cell leukemia(ATL) cells are high, whereas those in T-lymphoid cells are not. In order to investigate the factors that influence the induction of ICAM-1 molecules, Northern blot analysis to measure the expression level of ICAM-1 mRNAs and Southern blot hybridization to analyze the integration of human T-cell-leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) provirus were done. The levels of ICAM-1 mRNA expression of ATL cells were generally higher than those of T-lymphoid cells. However, ILT-mat cells and ATL16T(-) cells, although they were ATL cells, showed rather low surface ICAM-1 expression and ICAM-1 mRNA expression. Southern blot hybridization showed that only two and four bands were found in ILT-mat and ATL16T(-) cells, respectively, whereas > 10 bands were detected in other ATL cells. These results suggest that monoclonal integration of HTLV-1 provirus to the genome of T cell, especially the number of integration sites, is one of the factors for induction of ICAM-1 molecules.

Anti-tumor effect of internal image bearing anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody in relation to GM3 ganglioside

Anti-idiotypic antibodies are a new type of useful tools for the possible treatment of cancer patients, since some act as antigen specific immunomodulators. Anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody (anti-Id MAb) D704 (Ab2) was established which bore the internal image of the determinant defined by MAb M2590 (Ab1) against a sialic acid residue on GM3 ganglioside. In an in vivo syngeneic tumor system, anti-Id MAb D704 was more effective in preventing tumor progression, as compared with anti-GM3 MAb or no treatment. Significant suppression of tumor growth and prolongation of survival by administration of anti-Id MAb D704 in an animal group inoculated with 1 x 10(4)/mouse melanoma cells were seen, but not in a group inoculated with 5 x 10(4) cells/mouse. In an active specific immunotherapy protocol utilizing Ab2, the activity of anti-anti-Id antibodies (Ab3) specific for GM3 (antigen) which has a weak immunogenicity only, was maintained for more than 3 months. Ab2 generated cellular anti-tumor immune responses, including delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction. Immunohistological analysis indicated a marked infiltration of CD4 and CD8 positive cells into the DTH sites. Our results suggest that internal image bearing anti-Id MAbs have a therapeutic potential against tumors if the number of melanoma cells is relatively low or if hosts are at an early stage of melanoma progression.

Human tumor growth suppression by apoptosis induced with anti-ErbB-2 chimeric monoclonal antibody

We established an anti-ErbB-2 mouse-human chimeric monoclonal antibody (MoAb), CH401, which was able to kill cancer cells overexpressing the ErbB-2 protein in vitro. The analysis of the killing mechanism indicated that MoAb CH401 might be the first anti-erbB-2 mouse-human chimeric MoAb which can induce the apoptosis of cancer cells, since morphological changes and DNA fragmentation were recognized in MoAb CH401-treated cells. The ErbB-2 receptor appears to have two opposing functions: acting as a receptor both for a growth factor and for an apoptotic factor. Our results indicate that MoAb CH401 treatment may prove to be very useful for cancer therapy.

Relationship among risk factors of atherosclerosis, leukocyte count, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1

We investigated the effects of risk factors of atherosclerosis on soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) concentration and leukocyte count by using multivariate statistical analysis. The subjects were 90 people who were hospitalized for a complete check-up examination. Eight risk factors were selected as candidates for predictor variables: age, body mass index (BMI), uric acid, glycohemoglobin A1c, number of cigarettes smoked daily, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. The predictor variables were selected using a stepwise method, [criterion variable - predictor variable (standardized regression coefficient)]; sICAM1 - age (0.1859), number of cigarettes (0.2558), triglyceride (0.2447); leukocytes - number of cigarettes (0.2827), triglyceride (0.2526), HDL-cholesterol (-0.2800); stab leukocytes - number of cigarettes (0.2460); segmented leukocytes - glycohemoglobin A1c (0.1495), number of cigarettes (0.2716), HDL-cholesterol (-0.3254); lymphocytes - BMI (0.2639), number of cigarettes (0.1495), triglyceride (0.3520); monocytes - glycohemoglobin A1c (0.2617). These findings indicated that the risk factors of atherosclerosis may influence sICAM1 concentration and leukocyte count.

The effect of radiation on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 of human adenocarcinoma cells

PURPOSE

To investigate the changes in antigenic expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) caused by ionizing radiation of cultured human adenocarcinoma cells.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Human colonic BM314 and gastric MKN45 adenocarcinoma cells were irradiated to investigate the expression of ICAM-1 on the cell membrane and in the supernatant. In addition, the ICAM-1 gene expression (mRNA) was analyzed using a ICAM-1 cDNA as a probe.

RESULTS

The expression of ICAM-1 on the membrane was found to increase by irradiation. This effect was also observed in the supernatant. In addition, the irradiated cell population showed slight, but clear increases in ICAM-1 mRNA expression.

CONCLUSIONS

These results show that the enhancement of expression of ICAM-1 by radiation takes place at the ICAM-1 gene expression (mRNA) level. The results suggest that the low dose radiation may be useful for accumulating LFA-1 positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) at the local tumor tissue, by which tumor cells may be attacked.

Cytotoxic activity in a case of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma with spontaneous regression

We report a patient with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma ATL/L diagnosed by lymph node biopsy, Ga scintigram and monoclonal integration of HTLV-1 proviral DNA. As lymphadenopathy and skin eruption spontaneously improved and disappeared after admission without any treatment, we considered that spontaneous regression had occurred. An immunological study revealed that the cytotoxic activity of the peripheral mononuclear cells in this ATL/L patient at the time of spontaneous regression were significantly higher than those in a healthy control, when tested against cultured ATL cells (Sez627c). As the disease progressed, the cytotoxic activity decreased. These findings suggest that there may exist an immunological response against ATL cells during spontaneous progression suppressing the progression of the disease.

Serum levels of sICAM-1 and 5-S-cysteinyldopa as markers of melanoma progression

The serum levels of the soluble form of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and 5-S-cysteinyldopa (5-S-CD) were determined by double determinant immunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Fifty-three melanoma patients (stage 1, 12 patients; stage II, 11; stage III, 19; and stage IV, 11; total number of samples, 116) and 31 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were analysed. Both the sICAM-1 and 5-S-CD levels were significantly higher in stage IV patients than those in stage I, II and III patients (sICAM-1; all P < 0.001; 5-S-CD; all P < 0.05). The serum levels of 5-S-CD were elevated only in stage IV patients. sICAM-1 levels elevated gradually with disease progression. Testing of sequential bleedings showed that both sICAM-1 and 5-S-CD levels were elevated in most of the patients whose disease had progressed. However 5-S-CD levels were not elevated in those patients whose metastases were amelanotic. There was a statistically significant correlation between sICAM-1 and 5-S-CD levels (R = 0.6 55, P < 0.001). Serum levels of 5-S-CD may be a useful parameter for monitoring the clinical course of the disease in patients whose metastases are melanotic. Analysis of both sICAM-1 and 5-S-CD levels in serum will contribute greatly to monitoring the clinical course of melanoma patients.

Increase in shedding of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in human malignant melanoma cell lines treated with hyperthermia in vitro

Human malignant melanoma cell lines were found to increase shedding of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) into the culture medium when the cells were treated with hyperthermia at 41-43 degrees C for 3-6 hr in vitro. The content of ICAM-1 in the cell lysate was also found to be increased after hyperthermia. The increased rate of ICAM-1 concentration in the cells was at maximum when they were incubated at 41 degrees C for 3 hr. Also, the melanoma cell lines heat-treated at 41 degrees C showed more intense immunofluorescence in the ICAM-1 expression on the cell surface. It remains to be investigated further whether the effects of hyperthermia on the ICAM-1 expression in melanoma cells is to augment membrane ICAM-1 expression, which in turn leads to shedding of soluble ICAM-1 or only to acceleration of shedding of sICAM-1 by unknown mechanisms.

Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble E-selectin levels in patients with atopic dermatitis

The serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin) were determined by double determinant immunoassay (DDIA), in 37 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and 31 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. Both sICAM-1 and sE-selectin levels were significantly higher in patients with AD than in healthy controls (P < 0.01), and were correlated with disease severity. A longitudinal study of patients with AD revealed that the levels of sICAM-1 decreased in those in whom symptoms improved. The sICAM-1 levels were significantly correlated with those of sE-selectin. Our studies suggest that such high levels of serum sICAM-1 and sE-selectin may affect the immune response in patients with AD. The levels of sICAM-1 and sE-selectin may be a useful immunological parameter for monitoring disease activity in AD.

A human/mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody against intercellular adhesion molecule-1 for tumor radioimmunoimaging

A mouse-human chimeric antibody for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was established by using heavy chain loss mouse mutant hybridoma and human immunoglobulin expression vector. The HA58 hybridoma secreted anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) (IgG1, kappa). The gene of the mouse variable region of heavy chain was amplified and cloned by the polymerase chain reaction technique directly from the HA58 hybridoma RNA. The variable region of heavy chain was joined with an expression vector which contains human gamma 1 constant gene. The expression vector was transfected into heavy chain loss mutant cells HA58-7, which produced only murine immunoglobulin light chains. The resultant chimeric MoAb HA58, chHA58, retained full-binding reactivity to ICAM-1 compared with murine HA58 parental antibody. The chimeric MoAb chHA58 showed little antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic activity against cultured tumor cells. Biodistribution studies with 99mTc-labeled chHA58 in nude mice bearing human gastric carcinoma JRST cells demonstrated that the tumor-blood ratio was 1.55 at 18 h after injection, when the tumors were clearly visible in gamma scintigraphy. These data suggest that chHA58 may be of practical use for radioimmunoimaging of a wide variety of tumors.

Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids of extrinsic allergic alveolitis

ICAM-1 plays an important role in inflammatory diseases. We analysed ICAM-1 expression on BAL fluid cells and measured soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) concentrations in sera and BAL fluids from patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA). We found significantly increased cellular ICAM-1 expression on BAL fluid lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages, and significantly increased values of circulating and BAL fluid sICAM-1 in EAA patients compared with controls. Successive measurement showed prompt decrease of both sICAM-1 values in EAA patients during periods when antigen exposure was prevented. In BAL fluids from EAA patients, sICAM-1 values significantly correlated to neutrophil and ICAM-1+ lymphocyte counts. In EAA patients, circulating and BAL fluid sICAM-1 values has significant negative correlations to values of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity and to time intervals between last episode and sample collection. However, these values had significant positive correlation to values of alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference. In EAA, antigen exposure appears to induce cellular ICAM-1 expression on BAL fluid cells, and also appears to up-regulate shedding of ICAM-1 in the alveolar lining fluid and in the circulation. The sICAM values appear to reflect disease activity of EAA.

[A case of ANCA negative Wegener's granulomatosis with pulmonary giant bulla showing high level of soluble ICAM-1]

This paper reports a rare case of the limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) with pulmonary giant bulla, which was pathologically identified only in the lung and showed a high level of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) but not anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA). A 46 year-old male was admitted for the further examination of right anterior chest pain and dyspnea. Chest X-ray and CT examination showed giant bulla accompanied with the invasive lesions in upper lobe of right lung. Partial lobectomy was done. Granulomatous and necrotizing vasculitis characteristics of WG were confirmed by the histopathology of resected tissues. Immunological analysis on admission showed a high level of soluble ICAM-1 and ANCA negative, but that of soluble ICAM-1 was reduced after surgical operation and remained within normal range during an administration of prednisolone and cyclophosphamide. These results suggest that soluble ICAM-1 may be one of the useful parameters for a diagnosis of WG and for an estimation of its treatments, especially in the cases of ANCA negative WG.

Internal image-bearing anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies

Five anti-idiotypic (Id) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (Ab2) were prepared from a BALB/c mouse immunized with anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) MAb MA208 (Ab1) in a syngeneic system. These anti-Id MAbs appear to recognize unique idiotopes at the combining site of MAb MA208, because they were specifically reactive with MAb MA208 and showed inhibitory activity against the binding of MAb MA208 to CEA. These MAbs were divided into three groups according to the analysis of anti-anti-Id antibodies (Ab3) induced with each anti-Id MAb. Anti-anti-Id MAb M7-625 antiserum (Ab3) reacted with purified CEA in a binding assay and in Western blot analysis, and competed with Ab1 binding to CEA. Furthermore, the binding of anti-Id MAb M7-625 to MAb MA208 was inhibited with CEA, indicating that Ab2 mimics the structure of the epitope in CEA which was recognized with Ab1. These serologic findings suggest that anti-Id MAb M7-625 carries the internal image of the antigen. According to the amino acid sequences of complementarity determining region (CDR) 1, 2 and 3 of the MAb M7-625 variable region, homology of amino acid sequences exists between CDR2 in the H chain (5 amino acids of 10) and domain III of CEA (545-554). Seven anti-Id MAbs were then generated using anti-CEA synthetic peptide MAb P1-356 to analyze further the epitope structure of CEA. These anti-Id MAbs were divided into four groups. Serological analyses as described above suggested that among them, anti-Id MAb M315 had an internal image. We therefore prepared anti-anti-Id MAbs using anti-Id MAb M315. Among them, anti-anti-Id MAb 11B2 reacted directly with CEA and competed with MAb P1-356 in the competition assay. In addition, MAb 11B2 stained both cultured CEA-producing cells and colonic cancer tissues, suggesting that MAb 11B2 is Ab1 like Ab3. These MAbs (Ab1-3) will be of use for the structural analysis of the internal image.

Significance of erbB-2 gene product as a target molecule for cancer therapy

The new monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) E401, E811, E907 and E919 were prepared and characterized. These recognized an extracellular domain (amino acids No. 292-370) on the human c-erbB-2 gene product. Utilizing MoAb E811 and MoAb E919, a double determinant immunoassay (DDIA) was established to detect the soluble and the shed forms of the c-erbB-2 molecule. The levels of circulating erbB-2 antigen in the sera of patients with benign diseases and healthy controls were very low. The incidence of positivity for shed c-erbB-2 antigen in gastric cancer, colonic cancer, gall-bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer and other cancers were 7.4%, 4.2%, 0%, 6.7% and 0%, respectively. Four of 54 patients with gastric carcinoma showed high levels of serum c-erbB-2 antigen. They belonged to clinical stage IV and their histological types were all well differentiated adenocarcinomas (two papillary and two tubular adenocarcinomas). Furthermore, the incidence of positive staining in gastric cancer was 34.6%; higher than that for shedding erbB-2 antigen. Most of the cases which showed erbB-2 expression on cells were well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. Meanwhile, the distribution of erbB-2 antigen was limited in normal tissues. The results suggest that the expression of erbB-2 antigen is largely restricted to adenocarcinoma cells. It may not shed easily from these cells, and therefore it may be a very useful target molecule for passive immunotherapy.

Establishment and characterization of mouse-human chimeric monoclonal antibody to erbB-2 product

A mouse-human chimeric antibody for erbB-2 product was established by a new procedure using heavy chain loss mouse mutant hybridoma and human immunoglobulin expression vector. The E401 hybridoma secreted anti-erbB-2 product monoclonal antibody (MoAb) (IgG1, kappa). The gene of the mouse variable regions of heavy chain was amplified and cloned by the polymerase chain reaction technique directly from the E401 hybridoma RNA. The variable region of heavy chain was joined with the expression vector, which contains human gamma 1 constant gene. The expression vector was transfected into heavy chain loss mutant cells E401-12, which produced only murine immunoglobulin light chains. A chimeric monoclonal antibody CH401 retained full binding reactivity to erbB-2 product, compared with murine E401 parental antibody. Furthermore, the chimeric MoAb CH401 was much more efficient in supporting antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity against erbB-2-bearing human adenocarcinoma cells than murine MoAb E401. These suggest that a chimeric monoclonal antibody CH401 may be a potent reagent for therapy of human adenocarcinomas.

Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary sarcoidosis

ICAM-1 plays an important role in inflammatory diseases. To assess level of soluble ICAM-1 in the circulation and inflamed lesions, we measured levels of soluble ICAM-1 in the circulation and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and with pulmonary sarcoidosis (PS) and of healthy volunteers (HV), and we also analysed ICAM-1 expression of BALF cells in some patients and HV. IPF patients had significantly higher levels of circulating ICAM-1 than HV, while PS patients did not. By contrast, significantly increased levels of BALF soluble ICAM-1 were found in PS patients compared with those of HV, but not in IPF patients. There were no significant differences in the proportions of ICAM-1+ BALF lymphocytes in IPF patients, PS patients and HV, whereas significantly increased proportions of ICAM-1+ pulmonary alveolar macrophages were found in PS patients compared with those of HV, but not in IPF patients. There was a significant positive correlation of BALF soluble ICAM-1 levels to BALF lymphocyte proportions in PS patients. Although the source of BALF soluble ICAM-1 is unclear, BALF soluble ICAM-1 appears to reflect the grade of local activity of sarcoidosis. An interesting discrepancy between soluble ICAM-1 levels in the circulation and BALF was found in IPF patients, and this might be an important clue to an understanding of this disorder.

Clinical relevance of ICAM-1 expression in primary lesions and serum of patients with malignant melanoma

Immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies detected ICAM-1 in about 69% of 55 primary melanoma lesions and in about 89% of 28 metastatic lesions. The average number of melanoma cells stained by anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies was approximately 65% in both primary and metastatic lesions. ICAM-1 expression in primary lesions was significantly associated with their thickness. Furthermore, ICAM-1 expression in primary lesions was associated with a reduction in the disease-free interval and with survival. At variance with the information in the literature, the association with clinical parameters of the disease did not reach the level of statistical significance. This discrepancy is likely to reflect the inclusion in the present study of a small number of primary lesions with a thickness < 1.5 mm. At variance with recently published data, the level of serum ICAM-1 in 75 patients with malignant melanoma was found to be nonsignificantly different from that in 47 age- and sex-matched controls. The level of serum ICAM-1 was significantly increased only in patients with stage III melanoma with lesions and in those with stage IV melanoma. Two novel and clinically relevant findings of the present investigation are (a) the significantly higher serum ICAM-1 level in patients with liver metastases than in those with metastases in other anatomic sites and (b) the progressive increase of ICAM-1 level in serial blood samples from patients with disease progression. The latter findings suggest that monitoring of serum ICAM-1 level may represent a valuable noninvasive indicator system to detect liver metastases and to monitor the clinical course of the disease in patients with malignant melanoma.

The analysis of internal image-bearing anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody in relation to carcinoembryonic antigen

Five anti-Id mAb (Ab2) were prepared from a BALB/c mouse immunized with anti-carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA) mAb MA208 (Ab1) in a syngeneic system. These anti-Id mAb appear to recognize unique idiotopes at the combining site of mAb MA208, because they were specifically reactive with mAb MA208 and showed the inhibitory activity against the binding of mAb MA208 to CEA. These anti-Id mAb were divided into three groups: group 1 (M7-625), group 2 (M7-413, M7-914), and group 3 (M7-049, M7-418), according to the analysis of anti-anti-Id antibodies (Ab3) induced with each anti-Id mAb (Ab2). Anti-anti-Id mAb M7-625 antisera (Ab3) reacted with purified CEA in binding assay and in Western blot analysis, and competed with Ab1 binding to CEA. Furthermore, the binding of anti-Id mAb M7-625 (Ab2) to mAb MA208 (Ab1) was inhibited with CEA, indicating that Ab2 mimicks the structure of the epitope in CEA which was recognized with Ab1. These serologic findings suggest that anti-Id mAb M7-625 carries the internal image of the Ag. According to the amino acid sequences of CDR 1, 2, and 3 of the mAb M7-625 variable region, there exists a homology of amino acid sequences between CDR2 in the H chain (5 amino acids of 10) and CDR3 in the L chain (3 amino acids of 9) of mAb M7-625 and domain III of CEA (545-554).

The analysis of internal image-bearing anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody in relation to carcinoembryonic antigen

Five anti-Id mAb (Ab2) were prepared from a BALB/c mouse immunized with anti-carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA) mAb MA208 (Ab1) in a syngeneic system. These anti-Id mAb appear to recognize unique idiotopes at the combining site of mAb MA208, because they were specifically reactive with mAb MA208 and showed the inhibitory activity against the binding of mAb MA208 to CEA. These anti-Id mAb were divided into three groups: group 1 (M7-625), group 2 (M7-413, M7-914), and group 3 (M7-049, M7-418), according to the analysis of anti-anti-Id antibodies (Ab3) induced with each anti-Id mAb (Ab2). Anti-anti-Id mAb M7-625 antisera (Ab3) reacted with purified CEA in binding assay and in Western blot analysis, and competed with Ab1 binding to CEA. Furthermore, the binding of anti-Id mAb M7-625 (Ab2) to mAb MA208 (Ab1) was inhibited with CEA, indicating that Ab2 mimicks the structure of the epitope in CEA which was recognized with Ab1. These serologic findings suggest that anti-Id mAb M7-625 carries the internal image of the Ag. According to the amino acid sequences of CDR 1, 2, and 3 of the mAb M7-625 variable region, there exists a homology of amino acid sequences between CDR2 in the H chain (5 amino acids of 10) and CDR3 in the L chain (3 amino acids of 9) of mAb M7-625 and domain III of CEA (545-554).

[Immunological study on Alzheimer's disease using anti-beta-protein monoclonal antibodies]

Monoclonal antibodies (TB1 & TB2), which were obtained by immunization of 24 amino acids in BALB/c mice, bound specifically to the amyloid senile plaque and amyloid-angiopathic lesions of brain tissues of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or with senile dementia of Alzheimer type (SDAT), and strongly reacted with the 1st part (Asp-Ala-Glu-Phe-Arg-His-Asp) of beta-protein. Western blotting and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum revealed bands of 125 and 20 kilodaltons. The positive frequency of 125 and 20 KD bands detected by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis was higher in the serum of AD and SDAT patients (12 cases) than in that of normal control patients. ELISA employing various anti-amyloid precursor protein (APP) antibodies was performed using the extract of the human neuroblastoma cell line (NB39) which produces APP. In the near future, we hope to measure APP in CSF and sera from patients with Alzheimer's disease.

Primary structure of the variable regions of a monoclonal antibody MUSE11 recognizing the tandem repeat domain of a mucin core protein, MUC1

A monoclonal antibody (MAb) MUSE11 recognizes an epitope in the tandem repeat domain of a mucin core protein, MUC1. We show that the epitope of MAb MUSE11 could be within the continuous amino acid sequence PDTRPAPG. Since there is increasing evidence indicating that this region is highly immunogenic, cDNA cloning of the variable regions of heavy-chain (VH) and of light-chain (VL) of MAb MUSE11 was performed by using RT-PCR to provide a basis for analyzing the structure of the antibody-antigen complex and for producing anti-idiotypic antibodies. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed that the VH and VK of MAb MUSE11 could be assigned to subgroups IIIA and II of mouse immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, respectively. When compared with the V regions of other MAbs in the same subgroup, the complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) in the VH region of MAb MUSE11 consisted of a unique sequence that may be important in defining the specificity of MAb MUSE11.

[A case of food-dependent anaphylaxis induced by alcohol]

A 35-year-old male doctor experienced an anaphylactic reaction of urticaria, unconsciousness and hypotension one hour after taking a meal including crab meat and alcohol (beer 350 ml+Japanese sake 100 ml). He recovered within several hours after emergency treatment. Another attack occurred 6 months later after taking a meal including crab meat and alcohol. Serum IgE showed 3073 IU/ml. IgE-RAST and skin tests were positive for crab. A crab meat plus alcohol challenge test revealed a slight increase in plasma histamine level. This is a rare case of food (crab meat)-dependent anaphylaxis possibly induced by alcohol.

Circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antigen in sera of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a member of immunoglobulin supergene family with a five-domain structure, is known to play an important role in inflammatory diseases. An ELISA was developed using two MoAbs against human ICAM-1 in order to detect the soluble shedding ICAM-1 antigen in sera. We measured levels of circulating ICAM-1 antigen in sera of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), pulmonary sarcoidosis, hypersensitive pneumonitis, bacterial and mycoplasmal pneumonia, and inflammatory diseases of other organs. The results clearly demonstrated that IPF had significantly high levels of circulating ICAM-1 in sera as compared with other disorders or normal controls. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis with MoAb against human ICAM-1 disclosed that in IPF, the expression of ICAM-1 was intensively enhanced on alveolar epithelial cells. These results suggest that ICAM-1 may contribute to the pathogenesis of IPF.

Myelodysplastic syndrome in a patient with a unique constitutional chromosome abnormality t(2;11) (q31;p13)

We present a case of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), which developed into an overt leukemic phase in a 15-year-old female with a rare constitutional abnormality [46,XX,t(2;11) (q31;p13)]. The patient entered complete remission after 3 months of chemotherapy. On chromosome analysis during remission, the t(2;11) (q31;p13) abnormality was detected in all metaphases of both the bone marrow cells and PHA-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Her father also had the same karyotype. This case seems to be of value as a reference for the study of the significance of constitutional chromosome abnormalities in MDS.

Expression of two types of kit ligand mRNAs in human tumor cells

The primary structure of human kit ligand (KL) growth factor mRNA was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleotide sequencing. Two bands from the total RNAs of a variety of human tumor cell lines were amplified by RT-PCR. Nucleotide sequences of these cloned cDNAs revealed that an 84-nucleotide stretch, corresponding to a spacer chain which contains the site for proteolytic release of the cytokine domain, was missing in the shorter clone, resulting in a transmembrane-bound form of KL. The relative intensity of the two bands in human bone marrow and tumor cells was then determined. In the bone marrow cells, THP1 and HuH7, the band for the membrane-bound type of KL was relatively more intense, whereas the reverse was the case in Daudi, K562 and HT1080 cells, suggesting that there are variations in the expression level of these two human KL mRNAs.

Circulating tumor-associated antigens detected by monoclonal antibodies against the polypeptide core of mucin--comparison of antigen MUSE11 with CA15-3

The antigen MUSE11 detected by a monoclonal antibody (MAb) is an adenocarcinoma-associated antigen, while CA15-3 is a representative breast cancer-associated antigen detected by MAbs 115D8 and DF3. MAb MUSE11 showed higher binding activity to a synthetic peptide corresponding to the tandem repeat motif of the mucin core protein than that of MAb DF3, although MAb DF3 also had a significant binding activity indicating that MAbs MUSE11 and DF3 could recognize an identical polypeptide core. The reactivity of MAb DF3 to a breast cancer cell line MRK-neu-1 was completely abolished by neuraminidase treatment whereas that of MAb MUSE11 was partly conserved. The simultaneous measurement of the antigens MUSE11 and CA15-3 in sera from 35 cancer patients demonstrated that the incidence of abnormal serum level of CA15-3 was lower than that of antigen MUSE11. These data suggest that at least a part of the structural basis for the difference between the serum levels of antigen MUSE11 and CA15-3 could be carbohydrate side chains including sialic acids.

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (lymphoma type) with remarkable gastric lesions: a case report

We report a case of a 53-year-old woman with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) (lymphoma type) with multiple gastric lesions, admitted to our hospital because of systemic lymphadenopathy and epigastralgia. Gastroscopy showed a variety of gastric lesions including thickened folds, ulcerations and polypoid lesions. Biopsy specimens obtained from the stomach and lymph nodes revealed diffuse infiltration of pleomorphic mononuclear cells and the integration of HTLV-1 proviral DNA. We demonstrated through the investigation of 30 previously reported cases of ATL that this is a rare case of the lymphoma type of ATL presenting remarkable gastric lesions.

cDNA cloning of new protein tyrosine phosphatases in the human colon

Oligonucleotide probes corresponding to three invariant amino acid sequence motifs within the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) catalytic domain were synthesized and employed in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products amplified from human colonic tissues were analyzed. Among 41 cDNA clones sequenced, two putative novel PTPases designated as CL-6 and CL-2B were isolated. cDNA cloning of CL-6 was performed, and three overlapped cDNA clones encoding part of the coding region, which was 2.1 kb long, were obtained. Expression of mRNAs of these clones was then investigated by Northern blot analysis or reverse transcriptase-PCR, suggesting that CL-6 mRNA may be expressed in a cell-type-specific manner, whereas the expression of CL-2B mRNA could be ubiquitous.

Detection of xenogeneic anti-idiotypic antibodies specific to murine monoclonal antibody 17-1A in patients with gastrointestinal cancer

Murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 17-1A, which reacts with an adenocarcinoma-associated antigen, has recently been utilized in a phase I clinical trial for patients with gastrointestinal tract cancers in Japan. In order to analyze anti-idiotypic (Id) antibodies to murine MoAb 17-1A in the sera of these cancer patients, we established a simple and specific assay. In a modified sandwich assay, normal mouse sera were utilized for neutralization of rat antimouse immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies and reduction of their nonspecific effects. When the modified sandwich assay was applied to the sera of patients who had been treated with MoAb 17-1A, anti-Id antibodies were induced in 53% of 13 cancer patients with gastrointestinal cancers at 3-4 weeks after infusion of MoAb.

Detection of circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antigen in malignant diseases

A new monoclonal antibody (MoAb) HA58 (IgG1) was prepared, which recognizes the binding site on the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antigen to the lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). The double-determinant immunoassay (DDIA) was established with use of MoAb HA58 and another anti-ICAM-1, MoAb CL207, to detect the soluble, shedding ICAM-1 antigen. Human recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induced not only the expression of cell surface ICAM-1, but also the shedding ICAM-1 antigen in an IFN-gamma concentration-dependent and incubation-time-dependent manner. DDIA was applied to detect the shedding ICAM-1 antigen in the sera of patients with malignant or benign diseases. The incidence of positivity for ICAM-1 antigen in malignant diseases was higher than that in benign diseases or in healthy controls. Furthermore, the sera of cancer patients with liver metastasis showed higher levels of the shedding ICAM-1 antigen. These findings suggest that serum ICAM-1 antigen may be a useful marker to monitor tumor burden in cancer patients.

Induction of antigen-specific immune response with use of anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies to anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibodies

Anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were prepared in a syngeneic system against anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) MoAb 5B3 (IgG1), which reacted with a carbohydrate moiety on CEA, and MoAb MA208 (IgG1), which reacted with a peptide on CEA. Anti-idiotypic MoAb T3-503 and T4-202 recognized the private idiotype of MoAb 5B3; anti-idiotypic MoAb M7-049 and M7-625 did so for MoAb MA208. Idiotype mapping showed that MoAb 5B3 has at least two distinct idiotopes at its combining site and MoAb MA208 also has two. Four different anti-idiotypic MoAbs (Ab2) could induce anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab3) specific to their respective immunizing anti-idiotypic MoAbs. Anti-anti-idiotypic MoAb M7-625 antiserum (at least a part of the antibodies) have the same reactivity as MoAb MA208, since the serum competed with the binding of MoAb MA208 against CEA and contained the antibody population reactive with purified CEA in immunoblotting assay. These results suggest that anti-idiotypic MoAb M7-625 bears the internal image of the antigen (CEA) and induces the anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies specific to CEA. Therefore, an anti-idiotypic antibody bearing the internal image of a tumor associated antigen might be used as a possible tool for vaccination or immunotherapy against malignant tumors as an antigen specific immunomodulator.

Conformational structure of a monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody to the monoclonal anti-adenocarcinoma-associated carbohydrate antibody YH206

The mAb AI206 (IgG1) is an anti-Id antibody of mAb YH206 (IgM) to adenocarcinoma-associated carbohydrate Ag and inhibits the reaction of mAb YH206 to YH206 Ag at low concentrations. By Western blot analysis, mAb AI206 only reacted with unreduced mAb YH206, whereas it did not react with reduced mAb YH206. Furthermore, mAb AI206 reacted with IgM subunit (180 kDa), F(ab')2 (110 kDa), and F(ab) (50 kDa) of pepsin-treated unreduced mAb YH206. Thus, mAb AI206 recognized the structure of F(ab) of mAb YH206. The mAb YH206 reacted with unreduced mAb AI206, F(ab')2 (110 kDa), and F(ab) (50 kDa) of pepsin-treated unreduced mAb AI206. It is presumed that mAb YH206 and mAb AI206 recognize each other in an unreduced condition but not a reduced condition. The recognition of such a conformational Id on F(ab) is important. Because mAb YH206 recognized the carbohydrate on YH206 Ag as well as the peptide on mAb AI206, the conformation on F(ab) of mAb AI206 may mimic the carbohydrate structure on YH206 Ag. In fact, YH206 antibody activity was induced in syngeneic mouse serum immunized with mAb AI206. These observations suggest that the internal image of YH206 carbohydrate Ag is preserved within the conformational Id on F(ab) of mAb AI206.

Conformational structure of a monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody to the monoclonal anti-adenocarcinoma-associated carbohydrate antibody YH206

The mAb AI206 (IgG1) is an anti-Id antibody of mAb YH206 (IgM) to adenocarcinoma-associated carbohydrate Ag and inhibits the reaction of mAb YH206 to YH206 Ag at low concentrations. By Western blot analysis, mAb AI206 only reacted with unreduced mAb YH206, whereas it did not react with reduced mAb YH206. Furthermore, mAb AI206 reacted with IgM subunit (180 kDa), F(ab')2 (110 kDa), and F(ab) (50 kDa) of pepsin-treated unreduced mAb YH206. Thus, mAb AI206 recognized the structure of F(ab) of mAb YH206. The mAb YH206 reacted with unreduced mAb AI206, F(ab')2 (110 kDa), and F(ab) (50 kDa) of pepsin-treated unreduced mAb AI206. It is presumed that mAb YH206 and mAb AI206 recognize each other in an unreduced condition but not a reduced condition. The recognition of such a conformational Id on F(ab) is important. Because mAb YH206 recognized the carbohydrate on YH206 Ag as well as the peptide on mAb AI206, the conformation on F(ab) of mAb AI206 may mimic the carbohydrate structure on YH206 Ag. In fact, YH206 antibody activity was induced in syngeneic mouse serum immunized with mAb AI206. These observations suggest that the internal image of YH206 carbohydrate Ag is preserved within the conformational Id on F(ab) of mAb AI206.

Correlated expression of mRNAs of carcinoembryonic antigen and nonspecific cross-reacting antigen genes in malignant and nonmalignant tissues of the colon

Expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) mRNAs were observed in malignant and nonmalignant colon tissues by Northern blot analysis. CEA mRNA was detected together with NCA mRNA in nine cultured cell lines, with the exception of the lung carcinoma A549 cell line, and in 19 colon tissue specimens, including carcinomas, adjacent noninvaded tissues and adenomas. When we compared the intensity of the hybridization signal for CEA or NCA mRNA among adenomas, carcinomas and adjacent noninvaded tissues, NCA mRNA rather than CEA mRNA was highly expressed in carcinomas compared to adjacent nonivaded tissues. When, however, the relation between the intensities of hybridization signals for CEA and NCA mRNAs were evaluated in five colon carcinoma cell lines and 19 colon tissue specimens, a statistically significant correlation was observed (gamma = 0.462, P less than 0.01). These data suggest that NCA may be more useful as a tumor marker for colon carcinoma than CEA at the level of mRNA, and that transcriptions of the CEA and NCA genes might be regulated by some common mechanisms in malignant and nonmalignant tissues of the colon.

[Detection of the new tumor marker MUSE 11 antigen in sera of pancreatic cancer patients: a comparison with sialyl SSEA-I antigen]

Using sera from patients with pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis, we measured the level of the adenocarcinoma-associated antigen MUSE 11. A comparative study between levels of MUSE 11 and levels of sialyl SSEA-1 antigen (SLX) was also carried out. With respect to the MUSE 11 antigen, positive incidence was found in 17 out of 26 pancreatic cancer patients (65%), and in 1 out of 13 chronic pancreatitis patients (8%). Similar results were obtained from the assay of SLX levels. However, no correlation was found between the two markers. Out of 9 samples which showed MUSE 11 negative, three were positive for SLX. Out of 13 samples showing SLX negative, seven were positive for MUSE 11. Twenty out of 26 (77%) cases showed positive results for either antigen. These data suggest that the MUSE 11 antigen may be useful for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancers.

Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific to synthetic peptide of carcinoembryonic antigen

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were prepared to a synthetic peptide (PI: 119-140 amino acids) in domain 1 of the carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) molecule. The majority of the amino acids in peptide PI show a hydrophilic character, and similar sequences are repeated in domains I, II and III of this molecule. These MAbs appear to recognize new epitopes of CEA, since representative conventional MAbs to CEA do not show reactivity to synthetic peptide PI. The resulting MAbs were divided into 2 groups; group 1 (MAb PI-706) reacted with peptide PI, but not with purified CEA preparation, while group 2 (MAb PI-234 and PI-255) reacted with either type of antigen, in the immunoblotting assay using purified CEA and in immunostaining of colonic carcinoma tissues. Furthermore, group-1 MAb PI-706 was reactive to purified CEA after treatment with periodate.

New assay to detect shedding antigen with use of anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies

Anti-idiotypic (Anti-Id) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibody 5B3 (IgG1) were prepared and characterized. Five anti-Id MoAbs recognized the private idiotype of MoAb 5B3. Idiotype mapping suggested that MoAb 5B3 had at least three distinct idiotopes at its antigen combining site. Utilizing the inhibition of idiotype-anti-idiotype interaction with use of anti-Id MoAb T4-305 or T4-212, an immunoassay to detect shedding CEA was established. The results of this inhibition assay correlated with those of double determinant immunoassay and inhibition percentages linearly increased in a CEA concentration-dependent manner. Since it requires only one epitope of a given antigen molecule, this assay could be widely used for detection of shedding antigens, including tumor-associated antigens.

Recognition of the polypeptide core of mucin by monoclonal antibody MUSE11 against an adenocarcinoma-associated antigen

Monoclonal antibody (MAb) MUSE11 detects an adenocarcinoma-associated antigen and is useful for the serodiagnosis of pancreas cancer. We established a sandwich enzyme immunoassay using MAb MUSE11 and MAb DF3 against a breast cancer-associated mucin core protein as a catcher and a tracer, respectively. With this assay system, the binding of the tracer MAb DF3 to an antigen in the human kidney tissue lysate was clearly inhibited by MAb MUSE11. In addition, MAb MUSE11 showed a significant binding activity to the synthetic peptide corresponding to the tandem repeat of a human epithelial mucin core protein. These data suggest that MAb MUSE11 could detect the polypeptide core of a mucin, and may be of use for studying mucin as a gene product.

[Clinical application of anti-idiotypic antibody]

The concept of idiotype networks are supposed to play important roles in regulation of the immune response, and anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies have enabled to analyze the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and structural relations of receptors and ligands in clinical fields. We applied anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) to tumor immunology to analyze idiotype network system of tumor associated antigen (TAA) and to investigate the fine structure of TAAs and their corresponding antibodies. New assays were established to detect circulating TAAs, anti-TAA antibodies and their immune complex regarding YH 206 antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) systems. The measurement of anti-TAA antibodies and immune complex was found to be of value for the cancer diagnosis. The results about immune response with use of anti-Id monoclonal antibodies suggest that some of the anti-Id antibodies might be useful for cancer therapy, since anti-Id antibody could induce anti-anti-Id antibodies reactive with tumor antigen. In this review, the usefulness of anti-Id MoAb to serodiagnosis and immunotherapy for cancer was discussed.

[Application of monoclonal antibodies to cancer therapy: idiotype mapping of monoclonal antibodies to tumor-associated antigens]

Polyclonal and monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies were prepared against several monoclonal antibodies which reacted with high molecular-weight melanoma-associated antigens. Idiotype mapping was proposed from the serological data obtained from these anti-idiotypic antibodies. This mapping will be of use for applying the anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy.

Fine specificity and idiotype diversity of the murine anti-HLA-A2, A28 monoclonal antibodies CR11-351 and KS1

The monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) CR11-351 and KS1 are secreted by hybridomas generated with splenocytes from BALB/c mice immunized with the cultured human B lymphoid cells LG-2 (HLA-A2,A2,B27,B27). The 2 monoclonal antibodies immunoprecipitated components with a superimposable 2-dimensional gel electrophoretic profile from the cultured B lymphoid cells LG-2 and inhibited the cytotoxicity of the anti-HLA-A2,A28 T cell clone MI#3 to a similar extent. In crossinhibition experiments, the MoAb CR11-351 and KS1 completely inhibited the binding of each other to lymphoid cells with the appropriate HLA phenotype. Testing with a panel of HLA-typed lymphoid cells showed that the MoAb CR11-351 and KS1 display the same serologic specificity, since both of them react with HLA-A2 and/or A28 antigens bearing cells. The 2 monoclonal antibodies recognize distinct, although spatially close, determinants, since only the MoAb CR11-351 displays differential reactivity with HLA-A2 variant cell lines and reacts with HLA-A9 bearing B lymphoid cells. Analysis of MoAb CR11-351 and KS1 with syngeneic polyclonal and monoclonal antiidiotypic antibodies detected no sharing of idiotopes between the 2 monoclonal antibodies. In view of their reactivity with distinct determinants, these results are in agreement with the concept that the antigenic specificity of an antibody controls at least in part the expression of its idiotypes.

Anti-HLA-B7,B27,Bw42,Bw54,Bw55,Bw56, Bw67,Bw73 monoclonal antibodies: specificity, idiotypes, and application for a double determinant immunoassay

The monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) KS3 and KS4 are secreted by hybridomas constructed with splenocytes from a BALB/c mouse sequentially immunized with the cultured lymphoid cells JKu and LG-2 which share only the HLA-B27 specificity. Serologic and immunochemical assays have shown that the two MoAbs recognize the same (or spatially close) determinant expressed by HLA-B7,B27,Bw42,Bw54,Bw55,Bw56,Bw67, and Bw73 alloantigens. This determinant is spatially close but distinct from those defined by the anti HLA-B27 monoclonal antibodies described in the literature. The syngeneic antiidiotypic MoAb T12-105 and T12-211 elicited with MoAb KS4 were shown to recognize idiotopes within the antigen combining site of MoAb KS3 and KS4. Neither idiotope was detected on the anti HLA class I and anti HLA class II monoclonal antibodies tested. The MoAb KS4 in combination with the anti human beta 2-microglobulin MoAb NAMB-1 was utilized to develop a double determinant immunoassay (DDIA). The latter represents a sensitive method to detect and quantitate HLA-B27 antigens in spent culture medium of lymphoid cell lines and in serum. Typing for HLA-B27 antigens with the DDIA of sera from HLA typed donors yielded results highly correlated with those of the conventional lymphocytotoxicity assay.

Syngeneic antiidiotypic antisera to murine antihuman high-molecular-weight melanoma-associated antigen monoclonal antibodies

BALB/c mice were immunized with the murine antihuman high-molecular-weight melanoma-associated antigen monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) 149.53, 225.28, 653.25, and 763.74. Antiidiotypic antibodies could be detected in bleedings obtained 3 days following the first booster, increased in titer in bleedings obtained following the second booster, and persisted at high level in bleedings obtained 38 days following the second booster. Cross-blocking studies with a panel of anti-melanoma-associated antigen, anti-HLA Class I, and anti-HLA Class II monoclonal antibodies showed that the antisera recognize private idiotypes. The latter are located within the antigen combining site, since antiidiotypic antisera specifically inhibited the binding of the corresponding immunizing anti-human high-molecular-weight melanoma-associated antigen monoclonal antibody to cultured human melanoma cells Colo 38 in a dose-dependent fashion. The spectrotype of the anti-MoAb 149.53 antiserum comprises eight major components in the range of pH 6.2 to 7.0; those of the anti-MoAb 225.28 antiserum and of the anti-MoAb 653.25 antiserum, two major components in the ranges of pH 6.4 to 6.6 and 6.5 to 6.7, respectively; and that of the anti-MoAb 763.74 antiserum, three major components in the range of pH 6.2 to 6.4.

Syngeneic anti-idiotypic antisera to murine monoclonal antibodies to monomorphic and polymorphic determinants of HLA class I antigens

BALB/c mice were immunized with syngeneic anti-HLA class I monoclonal antibodies. The latter included the anti-HLA-A2, A28 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) CR11-351, the MoAb Q6/64 to a determinant restricted to HLA-B antigens and the MoAb CR10-215 and CR11-115 to the same (or spatially close) monomorphic determinant. Anti-idiotypic antibodies could be detected in bleedings obtained 3 days after the first booster, increased in titer in bleedings obtained after the second booster, and persisted at high levels in subsequent bleedings. The four anti-HLA class I MoAb did not differ in their ability to elicit syngeneic anti-idiotypic antibodies. Cross-blocking studies with a panel of anti-HLA class I, anti-HLA class II, and anti-human melanoma-associated antigen (MAA) MoAb showed that the anti-MoAb CR10-215 and anti-MoAb CR11-115 antisera contain only antibodies to private idiotopes, whereas the anti-HLA MoAb CR11-351 and anti-MoAb Q6/64 antisera also contain antibodies to public idiotopes. The latter are expressed by the anti-HLA class I MoAb CR11-351, Q1/28, Q6/64, and 6/31, and by the anti-HLA class II MoAb Q5/6, Q5/13, 127, and 441. Public idiotopes were not detected on the nine anti-MAA MoAb tested. Public idiotopes do not interfere with the binding of anti-HLA MoAb with the corresponding antigenic determinants. On the other hand private idiotopes are located within the antigen-combining site, because anti-idiotypic antisera specifically inhibit the binding of the corresponding immunizing anti-HLA class I MoAb to cultured human lymphoid cells in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis by isoelectric focusing of the anti-HLA class I MoAb antisera showed that the spectrotype of the anti-MoAb CR11-351 antiserum comprises four components that focus in the pH 6.9 to 6.2 range, the spectrotype of anti-MoAb Q6/64 antiserum comprises three components that focus in the pH 6.5 to 6.1 range, the spectrotype of the anti-MoAb CR10-215 antiserum comprises three components that focus in the pH 6.4 to 6.1 range, and the spectrotype of the anti-MoAb CR11-115 antiserum comprises three components that focus in the pH 6.6 to 6.4 range.