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β-escin activates ALDH and prevents cigarette smoke-induced cell death. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:115924. [PMID: 38016364 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tobacco use is one of the biggest public health threats worldwide. Cigarette smoke contains over 7000 chemicals among other aldehydes, regarded as priority toxicants. β-escin (a mixture of triterpenoid saponins extracted from the Aesculus hippocastanum. L) is a potent activator of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) - an enzyme catalyzing oxidation of aldehydes to non-toxic carboxylic acids. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of β-escin on ALDH activity, ALDH isoforms mRNA expression and cytotoxicity in nasal epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). METHODS Nasal epithelial cells from healthy non-smokers were treated with β-escin (1 µM) and exposed to 5% CSE. After 6- or 24-hours of stimulation cell viability, DNA damage, ALDH activity and mRNA expression of ALDH isoforms were examined. RESULTS 24 h β-escin stimulation revised CSE induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage. Cells cultured with β-escin or exposed to CSE responded with strong increase in ALDH activity. This effect was more pronounced in cultures treated with combination of β-escin and CSE. The strongest stimulatory effect on ALDH isoform mRNA expression was observed in cells cultured simultaneously with β-escin and CSE: at 6 h for ALDH1A1 and ALDH3A1, and at 24 h for ALDH1A3, ALDH3A2, ALDH3B1, and ALDH18A1. Combined β-escin and CSE treatment prevented the CSE-induced inhibition of ALDH2 expression at 24 h. CONCLUSIONS β-escin is an effective ALDH stimulatory and cytoprotective agent and might be useful in the prevention or supportive treatment of tobacco smoke-related diseases.
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Blood and Sputum Eosinophils of COPD Patients Are Differently Polarized than in Asthma. Cells 2023; 12:1631. [PMID: 37371101 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Different eosinophil subpopulations have been identified in asthma and other eosinophilic disorders. However, there is a paucity of data on eosinophil subpopulations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aim of this study was to compare eosinophil phenotypes in blood and induced sputum in patients with COPD, asthma and controls. Stable patients with mild-to-moderate COPD (n = 15) and asthma (n = 14) with documented blood eosinophilia ≥100 cells/µL in the year prior to the study and the control group (n = 11) were included to the study. The blood and sputum eosinophil phenotypes were analyzed by flow cytometry. IL-5, IL-13, CCL5 and eotaxin-3 levels were measured in the induced sputum. The marker expression on blood eosinophils was similar among control, asthma and COPD groups. The expressions of CD125, CD193, CD14 and CD62L were higher on blood than on sputum eosinophils in all three groups. We found increased levels of CD193+ and CD66b+ sputum eosinophils from COPD patients, and an elevated level of CD11b+ sputum eosinophils in asthma compared to COPD patients. The results of our study suggest that the profile of marker expression on COPD sputum eosinophils differed from other groups, suggesting a distinct phenotype of eosinophils of COPD patients than in asthma or healthy subjects.
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The Role of Chitinases in Chronic Airway Inflammation Associated with Tobacco Smoke Exposure. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233765. [PMID: 36497025 PMCID: PMC9736934 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinases and chitinase-like proteins are thought to play a role in innate inflammatory responses. Our study aimed to assess whether chitinase concentration and activity in induced sputum (IS) of patients exposed to tobacco smoke are related to the level of airway inflammation including the level and activity of chitinases and chitinase-like proteins. The study included 22 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 12 non-COPD smokers, and nine nonsmoking subjects. Sputum CHIT1 and YKL-40 levels and chitinolytic activity were compared with sputum IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and MMP-9 levels. A hierarchical cluster analysis was also performed. Sputum YKL-40 was higher in COPD patients than in the control groups. Sputum CHIT1 and YKL-40 levels correlated with IS inflammatory cell count as well as with MMP-9 and IL-8 levels. Two main clusters were revealed: Cluster 1 had lower chitinase levels and activity, lower IS macrophage and neutrophil count, and lower IS IL-8, IL-18, and MMP-9 than Cluster 2. Comparison of COPD patients from both clusters revealed significant differences in the IS inflammatory profile despite comparable clinical and functional data. Our findings seem to confirm the involvement of chitinases in smoking-associated chronic airway inflammation and show that airway chitinases may be a potential novel marker in COPD phenotyping.
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RNA-Seq Analysis of UPM-Exposed Epithelium Co-Cultivated with Macrophages and Dendritic Cells in Obstructive Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169125. [PMID: 36012391 PMCID: PMC9408857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Elevated concentrations of airborne pollutants are correlated with an enlarged rate of obstructive lung disease morbidity as well as acute disease exacerbations. This study aimed to analyze the epithelium mRNA profile in response to airborne particulate matter in the control, asthma, and COPD groups. Results. A triple co-culture of nasal epithelium, monocyte-derived macrophages, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells obtained from the controls, asthma, and COPD were exposed to urban particulate matter (UPM) for 24 h. RNA-Seq analysis found differences in seven (CYP1B1, CYP1B1-AS1, NCF1, ME1, LINC02029, BPIFA2, EEF1A2), five (CYP1B1, ARC, ENPEP, RASD1, CYP1B1-AS1), and six (CYP1B1, CYP1B1-AS1, IRF4, ATP1B2, TIPARP, CCL22) differentially expressed genes between UPM exposed and unexposed triple co-cultured epithelium in the control, asthma, and COPD groups, respectively. PCR analysis showed that mRNA expression of BPIFA2 and ENPEP was upregulated in both asthma and COPD, while the expression of CYP1B1-AS1 and TIPARP was increased in the epithelium from COPD patients only. Biological processes changed in UPM exposed triple co-cultured epithelium were associated with epidermis development and epidermal cell differentiation in asthma and with response to toxic substances in COPD. Conclusions. The biochemical processes associated with pathophysiology of asthma and COPD impairs the airway epithelial response to UPM.
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Impact of Factors Secreted by Tumor Cells on Response of Pleural Mesothelial Cells to Different Sclerosing Agents in an In Vitro Model. Med Sci Monit 2022; 28:e936065. [PMID: 35535007 PMCID: PMC9107285 DOI: 10.12659/msm.936065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Phenotypic Variations of Mild-to-Moderate Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases According to Airway Inflammation and Clinical Features. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2793-2806. [PMID: 34234506 PMCID: PMC8254142 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s309844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are complex and heterogeneous inflammatory diseases. We sought to investigate distinct disease profiles based on clinical, cellular and molecular data from patients with mild-to-moderate obstructive pulmonary diseases. Patients and Methods Patients with mild-to-moderate allergic asthma (n=30) and COPD (n=30) were prospectively recruited. Clinical characteristics and induced sputum were collected. In total, 35 mediators were assessed in induced sputum. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the optimal factors that were able to discriminate between asthma and COPD. Further, the data were explored using hierarchical clustering in order to discover and compare clusters of combined samples of asthma and COPD patients. Clinical parameters, cellular composition, and sputum mediators of asthma and COPD were assessed between and within obtained clusters. Results We found five clinical and biochemical variables, namely IL-6, IL-8, CCL4, FEV1/VC ratio pre-bronchodilator (%), and sputum neutrophils (%) that differentiated asthma and COPD and were suitable for discrimination purposes. A combination of those variables yielded high sensitivity and specificity in the differentiation between asthma and COPD, although only FEV1/VC ratio pre-bronchodilator (%) proven significant in the combined model. In cluster analysis, two main clusters were identified: cluster 1, asthma predominant with evidence of eosinophilic airway inflammation and low level of Th1 and Th2 cytokines; and cluster 2, COPD predominant with elevated levels of Th1 and Th2 mediators. Conclusion The inflammatory profile of sputum samples from patients with stable mild-to-moderate asthma and COPD is not disease specific, varies within the disease and might be similar between these diseases. This study highlights the need for phenotyping the mild-to-moderate stages according to their clinical and molecular features.
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Cilia proteins CFAP36 and sentan in induced sputum
as possible new markers of epithelial damage in
obstructive lung diseases: A preliminary study. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2020. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.4522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are the most common chronic
respiratory diseases characterized by inflammation in the lower airways and epithelium
remodeling. Dysfunction of cilium is related to severe asthma and COPD, the role of cilium
proteins in obstructive lung diseases is not known. The aim of the study was to evaluate the
concentration of cilia associated proteins: sentan and CFAP36 in induced sputum (IS) of asthma
and COPD patients.
Materials/Methods: The study involved 15 patients with asthma, 12 patients with COPD and 17 control subjects
(9 non-smoking, 8 smoking) who underwent lung function tests and sputum induction. Sentan,
CFAP36, IL-6, IL-8, concentrations were measured in induced sputum supernatants by ELISA.
Results: The level of CFAP36 in induced sputum was elevated in asthma patients and subjects with
atopy. Cilium protein levels in sputum were not related to spirometric tests results. Both
CFAP36 and sentan concentrations were positively correlated with age. The level of sentan
was associated with airway neutrophilic inflammation and active smoking status. CFAP36
concentration was negatively related to cell viability, whereas sentan level was positively
related, but only in COPD patients.
Conclusions: The results of our study revealed CFAP36 and sentan as possible new markers of epithelial
damage of different origin in obstructive lung diseases.
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An Insight into Storage Lipid Synthesis by Yarrowia lipolytica Yeast Relating to Lipid and Sugar Substrates Metabolism. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E685. [PMID: 31683944 PMCID: PMC6920894 DOI: 10.3390/biom9110685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Single cell oil (SCO) is the lipid accumulated in the cells of oleaginous microorganisms. Cellular lipids can be synthesized in two different pathways: de novo by metabolizing hydrophilic substrates and ex novo by fermenting hydrophobic substrates. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of carbon source (glucose and olive oil) in the culture medium on the course of microbial oil accumulation in Y.lipolytica cells. The level of selected gene expression by real time quantitative PCR method was investigated. The significant increase in expression of the POX2 gene encoding acyl-CoA oxidase II, which preferentially oxidizes long-chain acyl-CoAs formed from substrate fatty acids incorporated inside the microbial cell, was observed in medium with olive oil in relation to glucose containing medium. Noteworthily, the presence of lipid carbon substrate did not inhibit the level of ACL gene transcription coding for ATP-citrate lyase, the key enzyme of the lipid de novo accumulation process. The present study indicated that de novo lipid biosynthesis could occur despite the presence of fatty acids in the medium, and the synthesis of storage lipids in the presence of lipid carbon substrates could be carried out with the use of both pathways (de novo and ex novo).
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periostin is considered to be a marker of eosinophilic inflammation in patients with asthma. However, there are no literature data on exhaled breath condensate (EBC) periostin level in pediatric patients with asthma. The aim of this study was to analyze EBC periostin concentration in children with mild asthma and to evaluate the potential usefulness of EBC periostin level as a biomarker for the disease. METHODS EBC and serum periostin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 23 children with asthma and 23 healthy controls. RESULTS EBC periostin concentration was 250- to 780-fold lower than that found in serum. No significant differences between serum nor EBC periostin concentration in asthmatics and the control group were showed. The comparison between children with Th2 and non-Th2 type of asthma did not show significant differences in periostin concentration, both in serum and EBC. Serum periostin concentration inversely correlated with BMI and age not only in asthma patients but also in controls. CONCLUSIONS In children with mild asthma, periostin may be measured not only in serum but also in EBC. The low periostin level in patients with mild asthma and lack of difference between asthmatic subjects and controls indicate that EBC periostin may not be useful as an asthma biomarker in this group.
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mRNA expression profile of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis. Eur J Clin Invest 2019; 49:e13153. [PMID: 31246273 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are two most frequent forms of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). Cellular and biochemical composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) was shown to reflect the fibrotic changes in the lung. However, the usefulness of BALf cellular profile evaluation in the diagnosis of ILDs is limited. The aim of the study was a multivariate, molecular analysis of BALf cells from IPF and sarcoidosis patients. METHODS Transcriptomic measurements were carried out using Affymetrix Human Gene 2.1 ST ArrayStrip in 21 samples: 9 IPF and 12 sarcoidosis. The mRNA expression for the most significantly differentiating genes was evaluated by real-time PCR in 32 samples (11 IPF and 21 sarcoidosis). RESULTS The number of genes differentially expressed between IPF and sarcoidosis groups was 4832 (13359 probesets). Cluster analysis indicated that sarcoidosis BALf cells are characterized by increased mRNA expression of genes associated with ribosome biogenesis. Clusters formed by genes with changed mRNA expression in IPF samples were implicated in the processes of cell adhesion and migration, metalloproteinase expression and negative regulation of cell proliferation. The GO analysis indicated that predominant biological processes associated with the differential mRNA gene expression of BALf cells were upregulation of neutrophils in IPF and lymphocytes in sarcoidosis. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of BALf from sarcoidosis and IPF showed highly different mRNA profile of cells. The most important biological processes observed at the molecular level in BALf cells were associated with ribosome biogenesis and proteasome apparatus in sarcoidosis and neutrophilic dysfunction in IPF.
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Expression of TSLP and IL-33 receptors on sputum macrophages of asthma patients and healthy subjects. J Asthma 2018; 57:1-10. [PMID: 30588853 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2018.1543435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Local cytokine milieu (especially Th2 inflammatory type) secreted into the asthmatic airways affect the alternative activated macrophages polarization (M2). TSLP and IL-33 are important alarmins of allergic response associated with Th2 inflammation. The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of the receptors for epithelial derived cytokines: TSLP (TSLPR) and IL-33 (ST2) on induced sputum CD206 positive macrophages from asthma and healthy subjects and analyze the relationships between these receptors and clinical features of the disease. Methods: Immunofluorescence staining for CD206 and TSLPR or ST2 on sputum macrophages was performed in 20 adult patients with stable asthma - 75% with atopy (3 intermittent, 12 mild-to-moderate, 5 severe, of which 11 were on biological anty-IgE treatment) and 23 healthy adult controls - 48% with atopy. Results: Our study demonstrated an increased expression of TSLP and IL-33 receptors on bronchial CD206 positive macrophages in asthma group. TSLPR but not ST2 had also greater expression on CD206 negative macrophages in asthma patients. Increased expression of both investigated receptors was related to longer disease duration and impaired lung function. We observed increased count of CD206lowTSLPhigh macrophages as well as positive correlation of these cells with total serum IgE in patients with atopy. Conclusions: The macrophage response during allergic reaction is likely to be connected with TSLP but rather not with IL-33 action. Our study indicates an important role of crosstalk between macrophages, TSLP and IL-33 in asthma pathophysiology.
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Genetic characterization of macrophages from induced sputum of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pol Arch Intern Med 2018; 128:559-562. [PMID: 30074017 DOI: 10.20452/pamw.4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Matrix metalloproteinase 9 in exhaled breath condensate in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an observational study. Pol Arch Intern Med 2018; 128:427-433. [PMID: 30057384 DOI: 10.20452/pamw.4302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Data on the measurement of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‑9) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are scarce and inconsistent. Objectives We aimed to assess the usefulness of enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoenzymatic assay (IEA) for the measurement of MMP‑9 in EBC, the agreement between the results of both methods, and the relationships between total and active MMP‑9 in EBC and clinical and functional COPD characteristics. Patients and methods Total (ELISA and IEA) and active (IEA) MMP‑9 levels were assessed in EBC from 70 patients with stable COPD and 21 controls and correlated with pulmonary function and COPD symptom severity. Results MMP‑9 levels did not reach the sensitivity threshold of the ELISA kit in any of the COPD patients and in 11 controls. Total and active MMP‑9 (IEA) levels did not differ between COPD patients and controls. In COPD patients, total MMP‑9 levels correlated positively with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and FEV1 to forced vital capacity ratio and inversely with residual volume to total lung capacity ratio. A weak positive correlation between active MMP‑9 concentrations and COPD Assessment Test (CAT) score was found (r = 0.31, P = 0.01). Conclusions The utility of ELISA in MMP‑9 assessment in EBC is limited in COPD patients, while MMP‑9 measurement in EBC by IEA is feasible. The positive correlation between active MMP‑9 and CAT score in our patients and the inverse relationship between total MMP‑9 concentration and the degree of airway obstruction reflect the complex role of MMP‑9 in COPD.
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Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Induced Sputum: Comparative Study in Asthma and COPD. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1040:101-112. [PMID: 27739024 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and COPD are the most common obstructive lung diseases characterized by inflammation in the lower airways which contribute to airflow limitation. Different inflammatory mediators are thought to play a key role in these diseases. This study was conducted in 13 patients with asthma, 12 patients with COPD, and 13 control subjects. The expression of mRNA of IL-6, IL-13, CXCL8, TSLP, IL-33, IL-25, IL-17, ECP, mast cell tryptase, CCL24, and CCL26 was assessed in induced sputum cells by real time PCR. We found that CXCL8 was strongly related to the neutrophil percentage but differed significantly in COPD and asthma patients. The expression of IL-17 was lower in patients with atopic asthma compared to non-atopic asthma. The percentage of macrophages correlated negatively with the expression of mast cell tryptase and ECP in COPD, and with CXCL8 in asthma. The expression of ECP correlated negatively with the severity of COPD symptoms measured by CAT. We conclude that asthma and COPD demonstrate a significant overlap in the airway cytokine profile. Thus, differentiation between the two diseases is difficult as based on a single cytokine, which suggests the coexistence of phenotypes sharing a common cytokine network in these obstructive lung diseases.
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Comparison of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Concentration in Various Human Biospecimens from Asthma and COPD Patients Measured with Two Different ELISA Kits. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 955:19-27. [PMID: 27757939 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) seems a promising asthma biomarker. In earlier studies, mainly the serum concentration of TSLP was investigated. The aim of the present study was to compare the TSLP concentration measured by two different ELISA kits in the serum, induced sputum, and exhaled breath condensate in asthma, COPD, and control subjects. The study included 24 asthmatics, 36 patients with COPD, and 12 controls. TSLP concentration was measured with the use of R&D and EIAab commercial ELISA kits. The results obtained with the EIAab kit were 3 to even 45-fold higher than those measured with the R&D kit. Significant differences between the investigated groups were found only for the TSLP concentration in induced sputum. When the R&D kit was used, the highest TSLP levels in induced sputum were found in asthmatics, while the EIAab kit showed the highest TSLP levels in controls. The distribution of results in the Bland-Altman plot was typical for a proportional constant error. TSP concentration in induced sputum might be a more reliable asthma biomarker than serum TSLP. We conclude that TSLP level is highly dependent on the ELISA kit used for the measurement. Thus, judgement on TSLP results obtained with different assays might be confusing and lead to wrong conclusions.
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The association between serological features of chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and markers of systemic inflammation and nutrition in COPD patients. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2017; 77:644-650. [PMID: 29069917 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2017.1393694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chlamydia pneumoniae is an obligatory human pathogen involved in lower and upper airway infections, including pneumonia, bronchitis. Asymptomatic C. pneumoniae carriage is also relatively common. The association of C. pneumoniae infections with the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) course is unclear. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the association between chronic C. pneumoniae infection and clinical features of COPD, markers of inflammation and metabolic dysfunction. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 59 patients with stable COPD who had no, or had ≥2 acute exacerbations during last year. The level of IgA and IgG antibody against C. pneumoniae, IL-6, IL-8, resistin, insulin, adiponectin and acyl ghrelin was measured in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS No differences in clinical and functional data were observed between COPD patients without serological features of C. pneumoniae infection and chronic C. pneumoniae infection. The level of anti C. pneumoniae IgA significantly correlated with IL-8, IL-6, resistin concentration in group of frequent exacerbators. IgG level correlated negatively with acetyl ghrelin and body mass index (BMI) in patients without frequent exacerbations, in contrast to frequent COPD exacerbation group where significant correlations between IgG level and BMI was demonstrated. Serum IL-6 correlated positively with resistin and insulin and negatively with adiponectin in group of patients with serological features of chronic C. pneumoniae infection only. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that chronic C. pneumoniae infection does not influence the clinical course of COPD in the both study groups. Chronic C. pneumoniae infections might be associated with a distinct COPD phenotype that affects metabolic dysfunction.
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Erratum to Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Induced Sputum: Comparative Study in Asthma and COPD. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1040:113-114. [PMID: 28712088 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A comparative study of sTREM-1, IL-6 and IL-13 concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in asthma and COPD: A preliminary study. ADV CLIN EXP MED 2017; 26:231-236. [PMID: 28791839 DOI: 10.17219/acem/64875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) is a cell-surface receptor presented on neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes. Elevated sTREM-1 levels are a marker of acute microbial infections, and have also been reported in chronic lung diseases. IL-6 and IL-13 are effective markers in distinguishing these diseases. IL-6 has been shown to play an important role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), while IL-13 is described as one of the key mediators of allergic asthma. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of sTREM-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from stable mild-to-moderate asthma and COPD patients and to compare the utility of BALF sTREM-1 measurements in asthma/COPD differentiation with those of IL-6 and IL-13. MATERIAL AND METHODS The concentration of sTREM-1, IL-6 and IL-13 was evaluated by ELISA in the BALF of stable mild-to-moderate asthma and COPD patients. RESULTS There were no significant differences in BALF sTREM-1 levels between asthma and COPD patients (52.5 pg/mL for asthma vs 73.4 pg/mL for COPD, p = 0.492), in contrast to the differences in the IL6/IL13 ratio (0.68 in COPD, 0.22 in asthma, p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS The study showed that BALF sTREM-1 levels do not discriminate between mild-to-moderate asthma and COPD. In contrast, the IL-6/IL-13 ratio measured in BALF effectively differentiated these two diseases in their stable state. These results suggest that the most important marker of inflammation in mild-to-moderate obstructive lung disease is not microbiology-dependent.
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Correlation between hyperinflation defined as an elevated RV/TLC ratio and body composition and cytokine profile in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PNEUMONOLOGIA I ALERGOLOGIA POLSKA 2017; 83:120-5. [PMID: 25754053 DOI: 10.5603/piap.2015.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Body composition is an important prognostic factor in patients with COPD. The decrease in fat free mass (FFM), muscle mass (MM) and increase in visceral fat is associated with an elevated secretion of cytokines which promote systemic inflammation. The aim of the study was to evaluate body composition and the cytokine profile in patients with COPD in relation with the presence of hyperinflation. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group consisted of 149 patients (61F, 88M) with stable COPD in all stages of severity aged 68 ± 8.8 yrs. All the patients underwent spirometry and bodypletysmography with bronchial reversibility testing. Hyperinflation was defined as RV%TLC > 48% and > 126% predicted. Body composition was analyzed by bioimpedance. The following serum inflammatory markers were evaluated: C-reactive protein, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a, CC16, adiponectin and resistin. RESULTS Hyperinflation was found in 96 patients (group A) and it was more frequent in women than men (49/61 vs. 47/88, p < 0.001). BMI and age in this group were comparable to those in patients without hyperinflation (group B). Patients with hyperinflation have lover FFM, FFM index, MM and MM index and total body water and higher fat mass and fat mass index. We found significantly higher serum concentrations of inflammatory markers in group A: IL-6 - 6.4 ± 10.9 vs. 3.6 ± 4.2 pg/ml, resistin - 9.3 ± 4.2 vs. 7.6 ± 2.4 ng/ml, CRP 4.1 ± 2.3 vs. 2.9±2.1 mg/l, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Patients with hyperinflation have a lower FFMI, TBW and MMI and a higher proportion of fat tissue. Hyperinflation is associated with elevated concentrations of inflammatory markers what may be associated with more severe disease. Body compositions abnormality and higher activity of systemic inflammation could therefore be a negative prognostic factor in COPD patients.
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Eosinophilic and Neutrophilic Airway Inflammation in the Phenotyping of Mild-to-Moderate Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD 2016; 14:181-189. [PMID: 27983888 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2016.1260539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are heterogeneous diseases with different inflammatory phenotypes. Various inflammatory mediators play a role in these diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the neutrophilic and eosinophilic airway and systemic inflammation as the phenotypic characterization of patients with asthma and COPD. Twenty-four patients with asthma and 33 patients with COPD were enrolled in the study. All the patients were in mild-to-moderate stage of disease, and none of them were treated with inhaled corticosteroids. Concentrations of IL-6, neutrophil elastase (NE), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and IL-33 and IL-17 in serum and induced sputum (IS) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cellular composition of blood and IS was evaluated. Hierarchical clustering of patients was performed for the combination of selected clinical features and mediators. Asthma and COPD can be differentiated based on eosinophilic/neutrophilic systemic or airway inflammation with unsatisfactory efficiency. Hierarchical clustering of patients based on blood eosinophil percentage and clinical data revealed two asthma clusters differing in the number of positive skin prick tests and one COPD cluster with two subclusters characterized by low and high blood eosinophil concentrations. Clustering of patients according to IS measurements and clinical data showed two main clusters: pure asthma characterized by high eosinophil/atopy status and mixed asthma and COPD cluster with low eosinophil/atopy status. The neutrophilic phenotype of COPD was associated with more severe airway obstruction and hyperinflation.
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Effect of exacerbation frequency on body composition and serum ghrelin and adiponectin concentrations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. POLSKIE ARCHIWUM MEDYCYNY WEWNETRZNEJ 2014; 124:403-409. [PMID: 24881626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED INTRODUCTION Exacerbations affect the natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of exacerbation frequency in COPD on body composition and systemic inflammation assessed by the measurement of serum adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study group included 152 patients with COPD. Body composition was assessed by bioimpedance. Fasting serum adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Of the 152 patients, 60 did not report any exacerbation in the last 12 months, 53 had 1 exacerbation, and 39 had more than 1 exacerbation. The mean number of exacerbations in the whole group was 1.04 ±1.3 per patient per year and increased with the increasing degree of airway obstruction. Patients with exacerbations had a lower fat-free mass (FFM) index, lower total body water, and lower resting metabolic rate compared with patients without exacerbations (18.3 ±2.5 kg/m2 vs. 19.3 ±2.7 kg/m2; 36.9 ±8.1 kg vs. 40.2 ±8.0 kg; and 1482.8 ±301.1 kcal vs. 1616.0 ±322.0 kcal; respectively). The adiponectin concentration was higher in patients with more than 1 exacerbation than in those with 1 or no exacerbations (14.5 ±8.6 mg/l vs. 11.2 ±7.6 mg/l, P <0.05). We observed significant negative correlations between the number of exacerbations and the muscle mass index, FFM index, total body water, resting metabolic rate, and adiponectin concentration in the whole group. CONCLUSIONS Exacerbations affect body composition in patients with COPD. Patients with frequent exacerbations have more enhanced systemic inflammation. Assessment of the body composition and systemic inflammation should be part of the routine management of patients with COPD.
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[Capsaicin inhalation cough challenge in an evaluation of cough threshold--preliminary study]. POLSKI MERKURIUSZ LEKARSKI : ORGAN POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA LEKARSKIEGO 2014; 36:180-185. [PMID: 24779216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Capsaicin inhalation cough challenge is one of the most important methods evaluating cough and is acknowledged not only in pharmacological, but also in scientific studies and clinical practice. However, it is not popular in Poland. The aim of the study was then introduction of capsaicin challenge into clinical and scientific practice, evaluation of cough threshold in healthy volunteers and assessment of the test reproducibility and safety. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty healthy volunteers (18 women) were included. Cough was induced by inhalation of capsaicin aerosol in doubling concentrations (0.49-1000 microM), using single breath method and a compressed air-driven nebulizer controlled by a breath activated dosimeter. Cough was counted for 10 s after each inhalation to assess the capsaicin concentration evoking at least 2 (C2) and 5 coughs (C5). The reproducibility of cough challenge results was assessed on the ground of two tests performed in an at least 10 day interval. RESULTS Basing on the previously published literature, we introduced the capsaicin inhalation cough challenge into clinical practice. No difference between cough threshold among men and women was observed. A negative correlation between the age of the subjects and log C2 value was found (r = -0.44, p = 0.025). Reproducibility of cough challenge was assessed in 14 subjects and no significant differences between log C2 and log C5 in both tests were observed. Correlation coefficient for log C2 and C5 was r = 0.89, p = 0.0000 and r = 0.79, p = 0.001, respectively. There was a better reproducibility of log C2 (kappa 0.654, SEM = 0.10) than C5 (kappa 0.420, SEM = 0.13). The most common symptom reported by the patients during the capsaicin challenge was throat irritation. No serious adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS Access to previously published medical literature allows to introduce the capsaicin inhalation cough challenge into clinical practice. The test is safe, shows good tolerability and reproducibility of the results.
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PDE4 inhibitors have no effect on eotaxin expression in human primary bronchial epithelial cells. Acta Biochim Pol 2012; 59:371-375. [PMID: 22946025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The bronchial epithelium is a very important factor during the inflammatory response, it produces many key regulators involved in the pathophysiology of asthma and COPD. Local influx of eosinophils, basophils, Th2 lymphocytes and macrophages is the source of many cytotoxic proteins, cytokines and other mediators of inflammation. These cells are attracted by eotaxins (eotaxin-1/CCL11, eotaxin-2/CCL24, eotaxin-3/CCL26). Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) are new anti-inflammatory drugs which cause cAMP accumulation in the cell and inhibit numerous stages of allergic inflammation. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of PDE4 inhibitors: rolipram and RO-20-1724 on the expression of eotaxins in human primary bronchial epithelial cells. Cells were preincubated with PDE4 inhibitors for 1 hour and then stimulated with IL-4 or IL-13 alone or in combination with TNF-α. After 48 hours, eotaxin protein level was measured by ELISA and mRNA level by real time PCR. These cells produce CCL24 and CCL26. PDE4 inhibitors increased CCL24 and CCL26 mRNA level irrespectively of the used stimulators. Rolipram and RO-20-1724 had no effect on eotaxin protein production in our experimental conditions. Thus PDE4 inhibitors have no effect on eotaxin protein expression in human primary bronchial epithelial cells. In vitro experiments should be performed using a primary cell model rather than immortalized lines.
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PDE4 inhibitors have no effect on eotaxin expression in human primary bronchial epithelial cells. Acta Biochim Pol 2012. [DOI: 10.18388/abp.2012_2124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The bronchial epithelium is a very important factor during the inflammatory response, it produces many key regulators involved in the pathophysiology of asthma and COPD. Local influx of eosinophils, basophils, Th2 lymphocytes and macrophages is the source of many cytotoxic proteins, cytokines and other mediators of inflammation. These cells are attracted by eotaxins (eotaxin-1/CCL11, eotaxin-2/CCL24, eotaxin-3/CCL26). Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) are new anti-inflammatory drugs which cause cAMP accumulation in the cell and inhibit numerous stages of allergic inflammation. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of PDE4 inhibitors: rolipram and RO-20-1724 on the expression of eotaxins in human primary bronchial epithelial cells. Cells were preincubated with PDE4 inhibitors for 1 hour and then stimulated with IL-4 or IL-13 alone or in combination with TNF-α. After 48 hours, eotaxin protein level was measured by ELISA and mRNA level by real time PCR. These cells produce CCL24 and CCL26. PDE4 inhibitors increased CCL24 and CCL26 mRNA level irrespectively of the used stimulators. Rolipram and RO-20-1724 had no effect on eotaxin protein production in our experimental conditions. Thus PDE4 inhibitors have no effect on eotaxin protein expression in human primary bronchial epithelial cells. In vitro experiments should be performed using a primary cell model rather than immortalized lines.
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