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Charfeddine M, Chiab N, Charfeddine S, Ferjani A, Gargouri-Bouzid R. Heat, drought, and combined stress effect on transgenic potato plants overexpressing the StERF94 transcription factor. J Plant Res 2023; 136:549-562. [PMID: 36988761 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite their economic importance worldwide, potato plants are sensitive to various abiotic constraints, such as drought and high temperatures, which cause significant losses in yields and tuber quality. Moreover, because of the climate change phenomenon, plants are frequently subjected to combined stresses, mainly high temperatures and drought. In this context, breeding for tolerant varieties should consider not only plant response to drought or high temperature but also to combined stresses. In the current study, we studied transgenic potato plants overexpressing an ethylene response transcription factor (TF; StERF94) involved in abiotic stress response signaling pathways. Our previous results showed that these transgenic plants display tolerance to salt stress more than wildtype (WT). In this work, we aimed to investigate the effects of drought, heat, and combined stresses on transgenic potato plants overexpressing StERF94 TF under in vitro culture conditions. The obtained results revealed that StERF94 overexpression improved the tolerance of the transgenic plants to drought, heat, and combined stresses through better control of the leaf water and chlorophyll contents, activation of antioxidant enzymes, and an accumulation of proline, especially in the leaves. Indeed, the expression level of antioxidant enzyme-encoding genes (CuZnSOD, FeSOD, CAT1, and CAT2) was significantly induced by the different stress conditions in the transgenic potato plants compared with the WT plants. This study further confirms that StERF94 TF may be implicated in regulating the expression of target genes encoding antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Charfeddine
- Plant Amelioration and Valorization of Agri-resource Laboratory, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nour Chiab
- Plant Amelioration and Valorization of Agri-resource Laboratory, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Safa Charfeddine
- Plant Amelioration and Valorization of Agri-resource Laboratory, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Aziza Ferjani
- Plant Amelioration and Valorization of Agri-resource Laboratory, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Radhia Gargouri-Bouzid
- Plant Amelioration and Valorization of Agri-resource Laboratory, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia
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Ghazala I, Charfeddine S, Charfeddine M, Gargouri-Bouzid R, Ellouz-Chaabouni S, Haddar A. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Bacillus mojavensis I4 lipopeptides and their potential application against the potato dry rot causative Fusarium solani. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:484. [PMID: 35834024 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lipopeptides are diverse metabolites produced by various bacterial and fungal genera. They are known for their antimicrobial and surfactant activities with diverse environmental, pharmaceutical, and also agronomic applications as biocontrol agents. In this study, a PCR was used to confirm the presence of NRPS genes in Bacillus mojavensis I4. This bacterial strain could produce diverse lipopeptides which belong to the fengycin, and surfactin families. The antioxidant activity of I4 biosurfactants was determined through four different in vitro assays. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity assays indicated that I4 lipopeptides exhibited marked inhibitory activity against several bacterial and fungal strains. Further treatment of potato dry rot causative pathogen Fusarium solani with I4 lipopeptides demonstrated a remarkable reduction in the fungal penetration by almost 80% after 15 days of incubation. The findings suggest that I4 lipopeptide is a potential biocontrol agent during potato tuber storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ghazala
- Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agricultural Resources (LR16ES20), National School of Engineering, Sfax University, P.O. Box 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Safa Charfeddine
- Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agricultural Resources (LR16ES20), National School of Engineering, Sfax University, P.O. Box 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mariam Charfeddine
- Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agricultural Resources (LR16ES20), National School of Engineering, Sfax University, P.O. Box 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Radhia Gargouri-Bouzid
- Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agricultural Resources (LR16ES20), National School of Engineering, Sfax University, P.O. Box 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Semia Ellouz-Chaabouni
- Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agricultural Resources (LR16ES20), National School of Engineering, Sfax University, P.O. Box 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Haddar
- Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agricultural Resources (LR16ES20), National School of Engineering, Sfax University, P.O. Box 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
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Kammoun M, Essid MF, Ksouri F, Rokka VM, Charfeddine M, Gargouri-Bouzid R, Nouri-Ellouz O. Assessment of physiological age and antioxidant status of new somatic hybrid potato seeds during extended cold storage. J Plant Physiol 2020; 254:153279. [PMID: 32979789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Yield components of potato are largely affected by the physiology age of the tuber seeds at planting. The current study focuses on monitoring seed tuber aging in two CN1 and CN2 somatic hybrid lines and Spunta (Sp) variety during 270 days of storage at 4 °C. Aging rate was monitored based on sprouting, emergence and tissue oxidation rates. Investigation of sprouting parameters such as physiological age index (PAI) considering physiological and chronological age and the incubation period (IP) indicated lower physiological age in hybrids than in Sp during the storage. Moreover, these analyses showed that off-seasonal growing conditions increased the aging, more clearly, in Sp tubers than in hybrid ones. However, dormancy periods (endodormancy and after storage dormancy) were equivalent in the different tuber lots. PAI and IP data when combined with those from emergence parameters (duration until emergence and stem number) seem more efficient for the characterization of the different potato lines. However, emergence indicators, when considered separately, were not able to distinguish clearly between seasonal and off-seasonal tubers. Data suggest that hybrid seeds exhibited high performances since they produced higher stem number per plant than Sp. The high aging rate in Sp tubers seems to be associated with the few developed stems. Biochemical analyses supported in part morphophysiological differences between hybrids and Sp seeds although these indicators seem more sensitive to aging. Indeed data showed that the dormancy break, and then, the development were associated with some level of tissue oxidation. Antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and carotenoids seem more enhanced after the release of dormancy. However, induction of these activities started earlier in off-seasonal tubers than in seasonal ones, this was consistent with their advanced aging level revealed by PAI and IP data. Activation of these antioxidants appears to respond effectively to the increase of ROS suggesting a better control of postharvest development and tissue deterioration especially in CN2 off-seasonal tubers. This study suggests that CN2 followed by CN1 exhibited the best performance compared to Sp variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Kammoun
- National Engineering School of Sfax (ENIS), Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agroresources, University of Sfax, Road Soukra Km 4, B.P 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Farouk Essid
- National Tunisian Technical Center of Potato and Artichoke CTPTA, Road Jedaida - Saîda 2031, Manouba, Tunisia
| | | | - Veli-Matti Rokka
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Production Systems, Myllytie 1, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Mariam Charfeddine
- National Engineering School of Sfax (ENIS), Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agroresources, University of Sfax, Road Soukra Km 4, B.P 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Radhia Gargouri-Bouzid
- National Engineering School of Sfax (ENIS), Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agroresources, University of Sfax, Road Soukra Km 4, B.P 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Oumèma Nouri-Ellouz
- National Engineering School of Sfax (ENIS), Laboratory of Plant Improvement and Valorization of Agroresources, University of Sfax, Road Soukra Km 4, B.P 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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Charfeddine M, Charfeddine S, Ghazala I, Bouaziz D, Bouzid RG. Investigation of the response to salinity of transgenic potato plants overexpressing the transcription factor StERF94. J Biosci 2019; 44:141. [PMID: 31894122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important constraints threatening the cultivation of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.). It affects plant growth and leads to significant yield loss. Consequently, it is important to improve the tolerance of potato plants to salinity. In this context, we investigated the involvement of a potato ethylene responsive factor (StERF94) in plant response to salinity, since our previous genome-wide analysis showed that it may be related to biotic and abiotic stress response. ERF proteins belong to a large family of transcription factors that participate in plant response to abiotic stresses. We have previously identified the StERF94 gene which shows increased expression in potato plants submitted to salt treatment. In this study, transgenic potato plants overexpressing StERF94 were produced and submitted to salt treatment (100 mM NaCl) in vitro and under greenhouse culture conditions. StERF94 transgenic lines showed lower decrease of stem elongation under salt treatment in comparison to non-transgenic wild-type plants. Moreover, these plants showed a low level of H2O2 and Malondialdehyde content, and an increase in catalase and GPX (Gluthation peroxidase) activities compared to non-transgenic plants. In a second step, enhanced expression of some target genes for example CuZn-SOD, DHN25 (Dehydrin) and ERD (Early Responsive to Dehydration) was noted in the StERF94 transgenic plants, submitted to salt treatment. The StERF94 factor was also involved in the activation of osmoprotectant synthesis. Taken together, all these data suggest that overexpression of the StERF94 transcription factor increases the tolerance of potato plants to salinity by improving plant growth, osmoprotectant synthesis and antioxidant activityleading to low oxidative stress damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Charfeddine
- Laboratoire d'Amelioration des Plantes et Valorisation des Agroressources, Ecole Nationale dIngenieurs de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 4, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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Charfeddine M, Charfeddine S, Ghazala I, Bouaziz D, Bouzid RG. Investigation of the response to salinity of transgenic potato plants overexpressing the transcription factor StERF94. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Samet M, Charfeddine M, Kamoun L, Nouri-Ellouze O, Gargouri-Bouzid R. Effect of compost tea containing phosphogypsum on potato plant growth and protection against Fusarium solani infection. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:18921-18937. [PMID: 29717429 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three composts made of industrial wastes were prepared by mixing olive oil mill waste water (OMW), olive pomace, coffee grounds, and phosphogypsum (0, 10, and 30%). Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) cultivated in a greenhouse were used to screen compost tea suppressive ability. All compost tea treatments inhibited Fusarium solani growth and improved plant growth and response to F. solani infection. The antagonistic effects of the different treatments were associated with a marked increase of the antioxidant enzymes and PR (pathogenesis related) protein expression and a decrease of disease severity. These results also showed that plant growth and disease suppression were improved by application of phosphogypsum-supplemented compost teas (A10 and A30). This enhancement can be attributed to the influence of phosphogypsum on nutrient elements and microbial diversity in the resulting compost teas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Samet
- Laboratoire d'Amélioration des Plantes et Valorisation des Agro-ressources, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 4, B.P 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Mariam Charfeddine
- Laboratoire d'Amélioration des Plantes et Valorisation des Agro-ressources, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 4, B.P 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lotfi Kamoun
- Groupe Chimique Tunisien, Direction de la Recherche Scientifique, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Oumèma Nouri-Ellouze
- Laboratoire d'Amélioration des Plantes et Valorisation des Agro-ressources, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 4, B.P 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Radhia Gargouri-Bouzid
- Laboratoire d'Amélioration des Plantes et Valorisation des Agro-ressources, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 4, B.P 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
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Jallouli R, Ali MB, Charfeddine M, Gargouri-Bouzid R, Gargouri Y, Bezzine S. Heterologous overexpression and biochemical characterization of the (galactophospho)lipase from Fusarium solani in Pichia pastoris that is expressed in planta. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 84:94-100. [PMID: 26675137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
High-level extracellular production of Fusarium solani (galactophospho)lipase, named FSL, was achieved using a Pichia pastoris X33 expression system. The (galactophospho) lipase encoding gene was cloned into pGAPZαA with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-factor signal sequence by two different ways. The two constructs consist of an additional sequence of a (His)6-tag of the vector fused to the N-terminus of this enzyme (tFSL) while the other expression vector was constructed without any additional sequence (rFSL). Compared to the native enzyme (nFSL) (18.75 mg/L), a high level secretion of rFSL (310 mg/L) and tFSL (240 mg/L) was achieved providing an important improvement in enzyme production. Biochemical characterization showed that pure recombinant proteins (rFSL and tFSL) presented similar behaviour towards triglycerides, phospholipid and galactolipid. Like the nFSL, rFSL and tFSL are active at high concentration of bile salts (4mM) and calcium ions enhanced lipase activity. During plant infection, transcripts of this fungal lipase gene were detected 3, 7 and 10 days post infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raida Jallouli
- University of SFAX, Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Madiha Bou Ali
- University of SFAX, Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mariam Charfeddine
- University of SFAX, Enzymes et Bioconversion, ENIS route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Radhia Gargouri-Bouzid
- University of SFAX, Enzymes et Bioconversion, ENIS route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Youssef Gargouri
- University of SFAX, Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sofiane Bezzine
- University of SFAX, Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Génie Enzymatique des Lipases, ENIS route de Soukra, BPW 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
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Charfeddine S, Saïdi MN, Charfeddine M, Gargouri-Bouzid R. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of the late embryogenesis abundant genes in potato with emphasis on dehydrins. Mol Biol Rep 2015. [PMID: 25638043 DOI: 10.1007/s11033‐015‐3853‐2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins were first described as accumulating late in plant seed development. They were also shown to be involved in plant responses to environmental stress and as well as in bacteria, yeast and invertebrates. They are known to play crucial roles in dehydration tolerance. This study describes a genome-wide analysis of LEA proteins and the corresponding genes in Solanum tuberosum. Twenty-nine LEA family members encoding genes in the Solanum genome were identified. Phylogenetic analyses allowed the classification of the potato LEA proteins into nine distinct groups. Some of them were identified as putative orthologs of Arabidopsis and rice LEA genes. In silico analyses confirmed the hydrophilicity of most of the StLEA proteins, whereas some of them can be folded. The in silico expression analyses showed that the identified genes displayed tissue-specific, stress and hormone-responsive expression profiles. Five StLEA classified as dehydrins were selected for expression analyses under salt and drought stresses. The data revealed that they were induced by both stresses. The analyses indicate that several factors such us developmental stages, hormones, and dehydration, can regulate the expression and activities of LEA protein. This report can be helpful for the further functional diversity studies and analyses of LEA proteins in potato. These genes can be overexpressed to improve potato abiotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Charfeddine
- Unité Enzymes et Bioconversion, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 4, B.P 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia,
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Charfeddine S, Saïdi MN, Charfeddine M, Gargouri-Bouzid R. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of the late embryogenesis abundant genes in potato with emphasis on dehydrins. Mol Biol Rep 2015; 42:1163-74. [PMID: 25638043 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-015-3853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins were first described as accumulating late in plant seed development. They were also shown to be involved in plant responses to environmental stress and as well as in bacteria, yeast and invertebrates. They are known to play crucial roles in dehydration tolerance. This study describes a genome-wide analysis of LEA proteins and the corresponding genes in Solanum tuberosum. Twenty-nine LEA family members encoding genes in the Solanum genome were identified. Phylogenetic analyses allowed the classification of the potato LEA proteins into nine distinct groups. Some of them were identified as putative orthologs of Arabidopsis and rice LEA genes. In silico analyses confirmed the hydrophilicity of most of the StLEA proteins, whereas some of them can be folded. The in silico expression analyses showed that the identified genes displayed tissue-specific, stress and hormone-responsive expression profiles. Five StLEA classified as dehydrins were selected for expression analyses under salt and drought stresses. The data revealed that they were induced by both stresses. The analyses indicate that several factors such us developmental stages, hormones, and dehydration, can regulate the expression and activities of LEA protein. This report can be helpful for the further functional diversity studies and analyses of LEA proteins in potato. These genes can be overexpressed to improve potato abiotic stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Charfeddine
- Unité Enzymes et Bioconversion, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 4, B.P 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia,
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Bouaziz D, Pirrello J, Ben Amor H, Hammami A, Charfeddine M, Dhieb A, Bouzayen M, Gargouri-Bouzid R. Ectopic expression of dehydration responsive element binding proteins (StDREB2) confers higher tolerance to salt stress in potato. Plant Physiol Biochem 2012; 60:98-108. [PMID: 22922109 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dehydration responsive element binding proteins (DREB) are members of a larger family of transcription factors, many of which have been reported to contribute to plant responses to abiotic stresses in several species. While, little is known about their role in potato (Solanum tuberosum). This report describes the cloning and characterization of a DREB transcription factor cDNA, StDREB2, isolated from potato (cv Nicola) plants submitted to salt treatment. Based on a multiple sequence alignment, this protein was classified into the A-5 group of DREB subfamily. Expression studies revealed that StDREB2 was induced in leaves, roots and stems upon various abiotic stresses and in response to exogenous treatment with abscisic acid (ABA). In agreement with this expression pattern, over-expression of StDREB2 in transgenic potato plants resulted in enhanced tolerance to salt stress. These data suggest that the isolated StDREB2 encodes a functional protein involved in plant response to different abiotic stresses. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) indicated that the StDREB2 protein bound specifically to the DRE core element (ACCGAGA) in vitro. Moreover, Semi quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that the transcript level of a putative target gene i.e. δ(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) was up-regulated in transgenic plants submitted to salt stress conditions. A concomitant increase in proline accumulation was also observed under these conditions. Taking together, all these data suggest that StDREB2 takes part in the processes underlying plant responses to abiotic stresses probably via the regulation of ABA hormone signaling and through a mechanism allowing proline synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donia Bouaziz
- Laboratoire des Biotechnologies Végétales Appliquées à l'Amélioration des Cultures, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, Route Soukra Km 4, BP 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
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Charfeddine M, Gassoumi M, Mosbahi H, Gaquiére C, Zaidi MA, Maaref H. Electrical Characterization of Traps in AlGaN/GaN FAT-HEMT’s on Silicon Substrate by C-V and DLTS Measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jmp.2011.210152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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