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Boehme KW, Kennedy JL, Snowden J, Owens SM, Kouassi M, Mann RL, Paredes A, Putt C, James L, Jin J, Du R, Kirkpatrick C, Modi Z, Caid K, Young S, Zohoori N, Kothari A, Boyanton BL, Craig Forrest J. Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Arkansas Over the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:248-256. [PMID: 35294550 PMCID: PMC8992271 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence studies largely focus on adults, but little is known about spread in children. We determined SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in children and adolescents from Arkansas over the first year of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS We tested remnant serum samples from children ages 1-18 years who visited Arkansas hospitals or clinics for non-COVID-19-related reasons from April 2020 through April 2021 for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. We used univariable and multivariable regression models to determine the association between seropositivity and participant characteristics. RESULTS Among 2357 participants, seroprevalence rose from 7.9% in April/May 2020 (95% CI, 4.9-10.9) to 25.0% in April 2021 (95% CI, 21.5-28.5). Hispanic and black children had a higher association with antibody positivity than non-Hispanic and white children, respectively, in multiple sampling periods. CONCLUSIONS By spring 2021, most children in Arkansas were not infected with SARS-CoV-2. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, recognition of long-term effects of COVID-19, and the lack of an authorized pediatric SARS-CoV-2 vaccine at the time, these results highlight the importance of including children in SARS-CoV-2 public health, clinical care, and research strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl W Boehme
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Joshua L Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jessica Snowden
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Shana M Owens
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Marianne Kouassi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ryan L Mann
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Amairani Paredes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Claire Putt
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Laura James
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ruofei Du
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Zeel Modi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Katherine Caid
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sean Young
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Namvar Zohoori
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Atul Kothari
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Bobby L Boyanton
- Department of Pathology, Arkansas Children’s Hospital and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - J Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Kennedy JL, Forrest JC, Young SG, Amick B, Williams M, James L, Snowden J, Cardenas VM, Boothe D, Kirkpatrick C, Modi Z, Caid K, Owens S, Kouassi M, Mann R, Putt C, Irish-Clardy K, Macechko M, Brimberry RK, Nembhard WN, McElfish PA, Du R, Jin J, Zohoori N, Kothari A, Hagrass H, Olgaard E, Boehme KW. Temporal Variations in Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections by Race and Ethnicity in Arkansas. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac154. [PMID: 35493126 PMCID: PMC9045955 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to estimate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection rates in the small rural state of Arkansas, using SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence as an indicator of infection. Methods We collected residual serum samples from adult outpatients seen at hospitals or clinics in Arkansas for non–coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)–related reasons. A total of 5804 samples were identified over 3 time periods: 15 August–5 September 2020 (time period 1), 12 September–24 October 2020 (time period 2), and 7 November–19 December 2020 (time period 3). Results The age-, sex-, race-, and ethnicity-standardized SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence during each period, from 2.6% in time period 1 to 4.1% in time period 2 and 7.4% in time period 3. No statistically significant difference in seroprevalence was found based on age, sex, or residence (urban vs rural). However, we found higher seroprevalence rates in each time period for Hispanics (17.6%, 20.6%, and 23.4%, respectively) and non-Hispanic Blacks (4.8%, 5.4%, and 8.9%, respectively) relative to non-Hispanic Whites (1.1%, 2.6%, and 5.5%, respectively). Conclusions Our data imply that the number of Arkansas residents infected with SARS-CoV-2 rose steadily from 2.6% in August to 7.4% in December 2020. There was no statistical difference in seroprevalence between rural and urban locales. Hispanics and Blacks had higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies than Whites, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 spread disproportionately in racial and ethnic minorities during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - J Craig Forrest
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sean G Young
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Benjamin Amick
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Mark Williams
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Laura James
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jessica Snowden
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Victor M Cardenas
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Danielle Boothe
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Zeel Modi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Katherine Caid
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Shana Owens
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Marianne Kouassi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ryan Mann
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Claire Putt
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Katherine Irish-Clardy
- Integrated Clinical Enterprise, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Michael Macechko
- Department of Family Medicine and Preventative Services, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ronald K Brimberry
- Department of Family Medicine and Preventative Services, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Wendy N Nembhard
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Pearl A McElfish
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ruofei Du
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Namvar Zohoori
- Department of Epidemiology, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Atul Kothari
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hoda Hagrass
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ericka Olgaard
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Karl W Boehme
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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