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Russo T, Kolisnyk B, B. S. A, Plessis‐Belair J, Kim TW, Martin J, Ni J, Pearson JA, Park EJ, Sher RB, Studer L, Riessland M. The SATB1-MIR22-GBA axis mediates glucocerebroside accumulation inducing a cellular senescence-like phenotype in dopaminergic neurons. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14077. [PMID: 38303548 PMCID: PMC11019121 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which is associated with neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis. The underlying cause of PD and the concurrent neuroinflammation are not well understood. In this study, we utilize human and murine neuronal lines, stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons, and mice to demonstrate that three previously identified genetic risk factors for PD, namely SATB1, MIR22HG, and GBA, are components of a single gene regulatory pathway. Our findings indicate that dysregulation of this pathway leads to the upregulation of glucocerebrosides (GluCer), which triggers a cellular senescence-like phenotype in dopaminergic neurons. Specifically, we discovered that downregulation of the transcriptional repressor SATB1 results in the derepression of the microRNA miR-22-3p, leading to decreased GBA expression and subsequent accumulation of GluCer. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that an increase in GluCer alone is sufficient to impair lysosomal and mitochondrial function, thereby inducing cellular senescence. Dysregulation of the SATB1-MIR22-GBA pathway, observed in both PD patients and normal aging, leads to lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction due to the GluCer accumulation, ultimately resulting in a cellular senescence-like phenotype in dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, our study highlights a novel pathway involving three genetic risk factors for PD and provides a potential mechanism for the senescence-induced neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis observed in both PD and normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Russo
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
- Center for Nervous System DisordersStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Benjamin Kolisnyk
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular NeuroscienceThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Aswathy B. S.
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
- Center for Nervous System DisordersStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Jonathan Plessis‐Belair
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
- Center for Nervous System DisordersStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Center for Stem Cell BiologyMemorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Developmental Biology ProgramMemorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jacqueline Martin
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
- Center for Nervous System DisordersStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Jason Ni
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular NeuroscienceThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jordan A. Pearson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Emily J. Park
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer CenterBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Roger B. Sher
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
- Center for Nervous System DisordersStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- Center for Stem Cell BiologyMemorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Developmental Biology ProgramMemorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Markus Riessland
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
- Center for Nervous System DisordersStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
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Plotkin JL, Graves SM, Riessland M. Editorial: Reviews in cellular neurophysiology 2022: neurophysiological mechanisms in the aging brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1385783. [PMID: 38486711 PMCID: PMC10937566 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1385783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Plotkin
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Steven M. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Markus Riessland
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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Russo T, Kolisnyk B, Aswathy BS, Wan Kim T, Martin J, Plessis-Belair J, Ni J, Pearson JA, Park EJ, Sher RB, Studer L, Riessland M. The SATB1-MIR22-GBA axis mediates glucocerebroside accumulation inducing a cellular senescence-like phenotype in dopaminergic neurons. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.19.549710. [PMID: 37503189 PMCID: PMC10370136 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which is associated with neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis. The underlying cause of PD and the concurrent neuroinflammation are not well understood. In this study, we utilized human and murine neuronal lines, stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons, and mice to demonstrate that three previously identified genetic risk factors for PD, namely SATB1, MIR22HG, and GBA, are components of a single gene regulatory pathway. Our findings indicate that dysregulation of this pathway leads to the upregulation of glucocerebrosides (GluCer), which triggers a cellular senescence-like phenotype in dopaminergic neurons. Specifically, we discovered that downregulation of the transcriptional repressor SATB1 results in the derepression of the microRNA miR-22-3p, leading to decreased GBA expression and subsequent accumulation of GluCer. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that an increase in GluCer alone is sufficient to impair lysosomal and mitochondrial function, thereby inducing cellular senescence dependent on S100A9 and stress factors. Dysregulation of the SATB1-MIR22-GBA pathway, observed in both PD patients and normal aging, leads to lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction due to the GluCer accumulation, ultimately resulting in a cellular senescence-like phenotype in dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, our study highlights a novel pathway involving three genetic risk factors for PD and provides a potential mechanism for the senescence-induced neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis observed in both PD and normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Russo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Center for Nervous System Disorders; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Benjamin Kolisnyk
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - BS Aswathy
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Center for Nervous System Disorders; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jacqueline Martin
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Center for Nervous System Disorders; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jonathan Plessis-Belair
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Center for Nervous System Disorders; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jason Ni
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jordan A. Pearson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Emily J. Park
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roger B. Sher
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Center for Nervous System Disorders; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Markus Riessland
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Center for Nervous System Disorders; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Kim TW, Koo SY, Riessland M, Cho H, Chaudhry F, Kolisnyk B, Russo MV, Saurat N, Mehta S, Garippa R, Betel D, Studer L. TNF-NFkB-p53 axis restricts in vivo survival of hPSC-derived dopamine neuron. bioRxiv 2023:2023.03.29.534819. [PMID: 37034664 PMCID: PMC10081262 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.29.534819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ongoing, first-in-human clinical trials illustrate the feasibility and translational potential of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based cell therapies in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, a major unresolved challenge in the field is the extensive cell death following transplantation with <10% of grafted dopamine neurons surviving. Here, we performed a pooled CRISPR/Cas9 screen to enhance survival of postmitotic dopamine neurons in vivo . We identified p53-mediated apoptotic cell death as major contributor to dopamine neuron loss and uncovered a causal link of TNFa-NFκB signaling in limiting cell survival. As a translationally applicable strategy to purify postmitotic dopamine neurons, we performed a cell surface marker screen that enabled purification without the need for genetic reporters. Combining cell sorting with adalimumab pretreatment, a clinically approved and widely used TNFa inhibitor, enabled efficient engraftment of postmitotic dopamine neurons leading to extensive re-innervation and functional recovery in a preclinical PD mouse model. Thus, transient TNFa inhibition presents a clinically relevant strategy to enhance survival and enable engraftment of postmitotic human PSC-derived dopamine neurons in PD. HIGHLIGHTS In vivo CRISPR-Cas9 screen identifies p53 limiting survival of grafted human dopamine neurons. TNFα-NFκB pathway mediates p53-dependent human dopamine neuron deathCell surface marker screen to enrich human dopamine neurons for translational use. FDA approved TNF-alpha inhibitor rescues in vivo dopamine neuron survival with in vivo function.
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Riessland M, Orr ME. Translating the Biology of Aging into New Therapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease: Senolytics. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 2023; 10:633-646. [PMID: 37874084 PMCID: PMC11103249 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2023.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The recent FDA-approval for amyloid lowering therapies reflects an unwavering commitment from the Alzheimer's disease (AD) research community to identify treatments for this leading cause of dementia. The clinical benefits achieved by reducing amyloid, though modest, provide evidence that disease modification is possible. Expanding the same tenacity to interventions targeting upstream drivers of AD pathogenesis could significantly impact the disease course. Advanced age is the greatest risk factor for developing AD. Interventions targeting biological aging offer the possibility of disrupting a foundational cause of AD. Senescent cells accumulate with age and contribute to inflammation and age-related diseases like AD. Senolytic drugs that clear senescent cells improve healthy aging, halt AD disease progression in animal models and are undergoing clinical testing. This review explores the biology of aging, the role of senescent cells in AD pathology, and various senotherapeutic approaches such as senolytics, dampening the SASP (senescence associated secretory phenotype), senescence pathway inhibition, vaccines, and prodrugs. We highlight ongoing clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of the most advanced senolytic approach, dasatinib and quercetin (D+Q), including an ongoing Phase II senolytic trial supported by the Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF). Challenges in the field of senotherapy for AD, including target engagement and biomarker development, are addressed. Ultimately, this research pursuit may lead to an effective treatment for AD and provide the field with another disease-modifying therapy to be used, alone or in combination, with other emerging treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Riessland
- Miranda E. Orr, 575 Patterson Ave, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, Telephone Number: (336)716-7804,
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Abstract
Immune responses are arising as a common feature of several neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), but their role as either causative or consequential remains debated. It is evident that there is local inflammation in the midbrain in PD patients even before symptom onset, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this mini-review, we discuss this midbrain inflammation in the context of PD and argue that cellular senescence may be the cause for this immune response. We postulate that to unravel the relationship between inflammation and senescence in PD, it is crucial to first understand the potential causative roles of various cell types of the midbrain and determine how the possible paracrine spreading of senescence between them may lead to observed local immune responses. We hypothesize that secretion of pro-inflammatory factors by senescent cells in the midbrain triggers neuroinflammation resulting in immune cell-mediated killing of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Russo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Markus Riessland
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Markus Riessland,
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Riessland M, Kolisnyk B, Kim TW, Cheng J, Ni J, Pearson JA, Park EJ, Dam K, Acehan D, Ramos-Espiritu LS, Wang W, Zhang J, Shim JW, Ciceri G, Brichta L, Studer L, Greengard P. Loss of SATB1 Induces p21-Dependent Cellular Senescence in Post-mitotic Dopaminergic Neurons. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 25:514-530.e8. [PMID: 31543366 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a mechanism used by mitotic cells to prevent uncontrolled cell division. As senescent cells persist in tissues, they cause local inflammation and are harmful to surrounding cells, contributing to aging. Generally, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's, are disorders of aging. The contribution of cellular senescence to neurodegeneration is still unclear. SATB1 is a DNA binding protein associated with Parkinson's disease. We report that SATB1 prevents cellular senescence in post-mitotic dopaminergic neurons. Loss of SATB1 causes activation of a cellular senescence transcriptional program in dopamine neurons both in human stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons and in mice. We observed phenotypes that are central to cellular senescence in SATB1 knockout dopamine neurons in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that SATB1 directly represses expression of the pro-senescence factor p21 in dopaminergic neurons. Our data implicate senescence of dopamine neurons as a contributing factor in the pathology of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Riessland
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Benjamin Kolisnyk
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jia Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason Ni
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jordan A Pearson
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Emily J Park
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kevin Dam
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Devrim Acehan
- Electron Microscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lavoisier S Ramos-Espiritu
- High-Throughput and Spectroscopy Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jack Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jae-Won Shim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Korea
| | - Gabriele Ciceri
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lars Brichta
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA; Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Paul Greengard
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA
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Janzen E, Mendoza-Ferreira N, Hosseinibarkooie S, Schneider S, Hupperich K, Tschanz T, Grysko V, Riessland M, Hammerschmidt M, Rigo F, Bennett CF, Kye MJ, Torres-Benito L, Wirth B. CHP1 reduction ameliorates spinal muscular atrophy pathology by restoring calcineurin activity and endocytosis. Brain 2019; 141:2343-2361. [PMID: 29961886 PMCID: PMC6061875 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the leading genetic cause of infant lethality, is caused by homozygous loss of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. SMA disease severity inversely correlates with the number of SMN2 copies, which in contrast to SMN1, mainly produce aberrantly spliced transcripts. Recently, the first SMA therapy based on antisense oligonucleotides correcting SMN2 splicing, namely SPINRAZATM, has been approved. Nevertheless, in type I SMA-affected individuals—representing 60% of SMA patients—the elevated SMN level may still be insufficient to restore motor neuron function lifelong. Plastin 3 (PLS3) and neurocalcin delta (NCALD) are two SMN-independent protective modifiers identified in humans and proved to be effective across various SMA animal models. Both PLS3 overexpression and NCALD downregulation protect against SMA by restoring impaired endocytosis; however, the exact mechanism of this protection is largely unknown. Here, we identified calcineurin-like EF-hand protein 1 (CHP1) as a novel PLS3 interacting protein using a yeast-two-hybrid screen. Co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays confirmed a direct interaction between CHP1 and PLS3. Although CHP1 is ubiquitously present, it is particularly abundant in the central nervous system and at SMA-relevant sites including motor neuron growth cones and neuromuscular junctions. Strikingly, we found elevated CHP1 levels in SMA mice. Congruently, CHP1 downregulation restored impaired axonal growth in Smn-depleted NSC34 motor neuron-like cells, SMA zebrafish and primary murine SMA motor neurons. Most importantly, subcutaneous injection of low-dose SMN antisense oligonucleotide in pre-symptomatic mice doubled the survival rate of severely-affected SMA mice, while additional CHP1 reduction by genetic modification prolonged survival further by 1.6-fold. Moreover, CHP1 reduction further ameliorated SMA disease hallmarks including electrophysiological defects, smaller neuromuscular junction size, impaired maturity of neuromuscular junctions and smaller muscle fibre size compared to low-dose SMN antisense oligonucleotide alone. In NSC34 cells, Chp1 knockdown tripled macropinocytosis whereas clathrin-mediated endocytosis remained unaffected. Importantly, Chp1 knockdown restored macropinocytosis in Smn-depleted cells by elevating calcineurin phosphatase activity. CHP1 is an inhibitor of calcineurin, which collectively dephosphorylates proteins involved in endocytosis, and is therefore crucial in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Indeed, we found marked hyperphosphorylation of dynamin 1 in SMA motor neurons, which was restored to control level by the heterozygous Chp1 mutant allele. Taken together, we show that CHP1 is a novel SMA modifier that directly interacts with PLS3, and that CHP1 reduction ameliorates SMA pathology by counteracting impaired endocytosis. Most importantly, we demonstrate that CHP1 reduction is a promising SMN-independent therapeutic target for a combinatorial SMA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Janzen
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natalia Mendoza-Ferreira
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Seyyedmohsen Hosseinibarkooie
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Schneider
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Hupperich
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Theresa Tschanz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vanessa Grysko
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Riessland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Min Jeong Kye
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Laura Torres-Benito
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Riessland
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Mendoza-Ferreira N, Coutelier M, Janzen E, Hosseinibarkooie S, Löhr H, Schneider S, Milbradt J, Karakaya M, Riessland M, Pichlo C, Torres-Benito L, Singleton A, Zuchner S, Brice A, Durr A, Hammerschmidt M, Stevanin G, Wirth B. Biallelic CHP1 mutation causes human autosomal recessive ataxia by impairing NHE1 function. Neurol Genet 2018; 4:e209. [PMID: 29379881 PMCID: PMC5775069 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To ascertain the genetic and functional basis of complex autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia (ARCA) presented by 2 siblings of a consanguineous family characterized by motor neuropathy, cerebellar atrophy, spastic paraparesis, intellectual disability, and slow ocular saccades. Methods: Combined whole-genome linkage analysis, whole-exome sequencing, and focused screening for identification of potential causative genes were performed. Assessment of the functional consequences of the mutation on protein function via subcellular fractionation, size-exclusion chromatography, and fluorescence microscopy were done. A zebrafish model, using Morpholinos, was generated to study the pathogenic effect of the mutation in vivo. Results: We identified a biallelic 3-bp deletion (p.K19del) in CHP1 that cosegregates with the disease. Neither focused screening for CHP1 variants in 2 cohorts (ARCA: N = 319 and NeurOmics: N = 657) nor interrogating GeneMatcher yielded additional variants, thus revealing the scarcity of CHP1 mutations. We show that mutant CHP1 fails to integrate into functional protein complexes and is prone to aggregation, thereby leading to diminished levels of soluble CHP1 and reduced membrane targeting of NHE1, a major Na+/H+ exchanger implicated in syndromic ataxia-deafness. Chp1 deficiency in zebrafish, resembling the affected individuals, led to movement defects, cerebellar hypoplasia, and motor axon abnormalities, which were ameliorated by coinjection with wild-type, but not mutant, human CHP1 messenger RNA. Conclusions: Collectively, our results identified CHP1 as a novel ataxia-causative gene in humans, further expanding the spectrum of ARCA-associated loci, and corroborated the crucial role of NHE1 within the pathogenesis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mendoza-Ferreira
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Marie Coutelier
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Eva Janzen
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Seyyedmohsen Hosseinibarkooie
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Heiko Löhr
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Svenja Schneider
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Janine Milbradt
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Mert Karakaya
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Markus Riessland
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Christian Pichlo
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Laura Torres-Benito
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Alexis Brice
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics (N.M.-F., E.J., S.H., S.S., J.M., M.K., M.R., L.T.-B., B.W.), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Institute for Genetics and Center for Rare Diseases Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Zoology, Developmental Biology (H.L., M.H.), Institute of Biochemistry (C.P.), University of Cologne, Germany; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (M.C., A.B., A.D., G.S.), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMRS 1127, France; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (M.C., G.S.), PSL Research University, Paris, France; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience (M.R.), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Neurogenetics (A.S.), National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z.), University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL; and APHP (A.B., A.D., G.S.), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de réference de neurogénétique, Paris, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Riessland
- Laboratory of Molecular
and
Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Benjamin Kolisnyk
- Laboratory of Molecular
and
Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Paul Greengard
- Laboratory of Molecular
and
Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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Riessland M, Kaczmarek A, Schneider S, Swoboda KJ, Löhr H, Bradler C, Grysko V, Dimitriadi M, Hosseinibarkooie S, Torres-Benito L, Peters M, Upadhyay A, Biglari N, Kröber S, Hölker I, Garbes L, Gilissen C, Hoischen A, Nürnberg G, Nürnberg P, Walter M, Rigo F, Bennett CF, Kye MJ, Hart AC, Hammerschmidt M, Kloppenburg P, Wirth B. Neurocalcin Delta Suppression Protects against Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Humans and across Species by Restoring Impaired Endocytosis. Am J Hum Genet 2017; 100:297-315. [PMID: 28132687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Homozygous SMN1 loss causes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the most common lethal genetic childhood motor neuron disease. SMN1 encodes SMN, a ubiquitous housekeeping protein, which makes the primarily motor neuron-specific phenotype rather unexpected. SMA-affected individuals harbor low SMN expression from one to six SMN2 copies, which is insufficient to functionally compensate for SMN1 loss. However, rarely individuals with homozygous absence of SMN1 and only three to four SMN2 copies are fully asymptomatic, suggesting protection through genetic modifier(s). Previously, we identified plastin 3 (PLS3) overexpression as an SMA protective modifier in humans and showed that SMN deficit impairs endocytosis, which is rescued by elevated PLS3 levels. Here, we identify reduction of the neuronal calcium sensor Neurocalcin delta (NCALD) as a protective SMA modifier in five asymptomatic SMN1-deleted individuals carrying only four SMN2 copies. We demonstrate that NCALD is a Ca2+-dependent negative regulator of endocytosis, as NCALD knockdown improves endocytosis in SMA models and ameliorates pharmacologically induced endocytosis defects in zebrafish. Importantly, NCALD knockdown effectively ameliorates SMA-associated pathological defects across species, including worm, zebrafish, and mouse. In conclusion, our study identifies a previously unknown protective SMA modifier in humans, demonstrates modifier impact in three different SMA animal models, and suggests a potential combinatorial therapeutic strategy to efficiently treat SMA. Since both protective modifiers restore endocytosis, our results confirm that endocytosis is a major cellular mechanism perturbed in SMA and emphasize the power of protective modifiers for understanding disease mechanism and developing therapies.
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Hosseinibarkooie S, Peters M, Torres-Benito L, Rastetter R, Hupperich K, Hoffmann A, Mendoza-Ferreira N, Kaczmarek A, Janzen E, Milbradt J, Lamkemeyer T, Rigo F, Bennett C, Guschlbauer C, Büschges A, Hammerschmidt M, Riessland M, Kye M, Clemen C, Wirth B. The Power of Human Protective Modifiers: PLS3 and CORO1C Unravel Impaired Endocytosis in Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Rescue SMA Phenotype. Am J Hum Genet 2016; 99:647-665. [PMID: 27499521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous loss of SMN1 causes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the most common and devastating childhood genetic motor-neuron disease. The copy gene SMN2 produces only ∼10% functional SMN protein, insufficient to counteract development of SMA. In contrast, the human genetic modifier plastin 3 (PLS3), an actin-binding and -bundling protein, fully protects against SMA in SMN1-deleted individuals carrying 3-4 SMN2 copies. Here, we demonstrate that the combinatorial effect of suboptimal SMN antisense oligonucleotide treatment and PLS3 overexpression-a situation resembling the human condition in asymptomatic SMN1-deleted individuals-rescues survival (from 14 to >250 days) and motoric abilities in a severe SMA mouse model. Because PLS3 knockout in yeast impairs endocytosis, we hypothesized that disturbed endocytosis might be a key cellular mechanism underlying impaired neurotransmission and neuromuscular junction maintenance in SMA. Indeed, SMN deficit dramatically reduced endocytosis, which was restored to normal levels by PLS3 overexpression. Upon low-frequency electro-stimulation, endocytotic FM1-43 (SynaptoGreen) uptake in the presynaptic terminal of neuromuscular junctions was restored to control levels in SMA-PLS3 mice. Moreover, proteomics and biochemical analysis revealed CORO1C, another F-actin binding protein, whose direct binding to PLS3 is dependent on calcium. Similar to PLS3 overexpression, CORO1C overexpression restored fluid-phase endocytosis in SMN-knockdown cells by elevating F-actin amounts and rescued the axonal truncation and branching phenotype in Smn-depleted zebrafish. Our findings emphasize the power of genetic modifiers to unravel the cellular pathomechanisms underlying SMA and the power of combinatorial therapy based on splice correction of SMN2 and endocytosis improvement to efficiently treat SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kaczmarek
- 1University of Cologne, Institute of Human Genetics, Kerpener Str. 34, Cologne 50931, Germany ;
- 2University of Cologne, Institute for Genetics, Cologne, Germany
- 3University of Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Schneider
- 1University of Cologne, Institute of Human Genetics, Kerpener Str. 34, Cologne 50931, Germany ;
- 2University of Cologne, Institute for Genetics, Cologne, Germany
- 3University of Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- 1University of Cologne, Institute of Human Genetics, Kerpener Str. 34, Cologne 50931, Germany ;
- 2University of Cologne, Institute for Genetics, Cologne, Germany
- 3University of Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Riessland
- 1University of Cologne, Institute of Human Genetics, Kerpener Str. 34, Cologne 50931, Germany ;
- 2University of Cologne, Institute for Genetics, Cologne, Germany
- 3University of Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Kye MJ, Niederst ED, Wertz MH, Gonçalves IDCG, Akten B, Dover KZ, Peters M, Riessland M, Neveu P, Wirth B, Kosik KS, Sardi SP, Monani UR, Passini MA, Sahin M. SMN regulates axonal local translation via miR-183/mTOR pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:6318-31. [PMID: 25055867 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced expression of SMN protein causes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a neurodegenerative disorder leading to motor neuron dysfunction and loss. However, the molecular mechanisms by which SMN regulates neuronal dysfunction are not fully understood. Here, we report that reduced SMN protein level alters miRNA expression and distribution in neurons. In particular, miR-183 levels are increased in neurites of SMN-deficient neurons. We demonstrate that miR-183 regulates translation of mTor via direct binding to its 3' UTR. Interestingly, local axonal translation of mTor is reduced in SMN-deficient neurons, and this can be recovered by miR-183 inhibition. Finally, inhibition of miR-183 expression in the spinal cord of an SMA mouse model prolongs survival and improves motor function of Smn-mutant mice. Together, these observations suggest that axonal miRNAs and the mTOR pathway are previously unidentified molecular mechanisms contributing to SMA pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Kye
- Department of Neurology, The F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and
| | - Emily D Niederst
- Department of Neurology, The F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary H Wertz
- Department of Neurology, The F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Bikem Akten
- Department of Neurology, The F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katarzyna Z Dover
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and
| | - Miriam Peters
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Riessland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pierre Neveu
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics and, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany and
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and, Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - S Pablo Sardi
- Genzyme, a Sanofi Company, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Umrao R Monani
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Mustafa Sahin
- Department of Neurology, The F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,
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16
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Wishart TM, Mutsaers CA, Riessland M, Reimer MM, Hunter G, Hannam ML, Eaton SL, Fuller HR, Roche SL, Somers E, Morse R, Young PJ, Lamont DJ, Hammerschmidt M, Joshi A, Hohenstein P, Morris GE, Parson SH, Skehel PA, Becker T, Robinson IM, Becker CG, Wirth B, Gillingwater TH. Dysregulation of ubiquitin homeostasis and β-catenin signaling promote spinal muscular atrophy. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1821-34. [PMID: 24590288 PMCID: PMC3973095 DOI: 10.1172/jci71318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) results from low levels of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein; however, it is unclear how reduced SMN promotes SMA development. Here, we determined that ubiquitin-dependent pathways regulate neuromuscular pathology in SMA. Using mouse models of SMA, we observed widespread perturbations in ubiquitin homeostasis, including reduced levels of ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1 (UBA1). SMN physically interacted with UBA1 in neurons, and disruption of Uba1 mRNA splicing was observed in the spinal cords of SMA mice exhibiting disease symptoms. Pharmacological or genetic suppression of UBA1 was sufficient to recapitulate an SMA-like neuromuscular pathology in zebrafish, suggesting that UBA1 directly contributes to disease pathogenesis. Dysregulation of UBA1 and subsequent ubiquitination pathways led to β-catenin accumulation, and pharmacological inhibition of β-catenin robustly ameliorated neuromuscular pathology in zebrafish, Drosophila, and mouse models of SMA. UBA1-associated disruption of β-catenin was restricted to the neuromuscular system in SMA mice; therefore, pharmacological inhibition of β-catenin in these animals failed to prevent systemic pathology in peripheral tissues and organs, indicating fundamental molecular differences between neuromuscular and systemic SMA pathology. Our data indicate that SMA-associated reduction of UBA1 contributes to neuromuscular pathogenesis through disruption of ubiquitin homeostasis and subsequent β-catenin signaling, highlighting ubiquitin homeostasis and β-catenin as potential therapeutic targets for SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Wishart
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal A. Mutsaers
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Riessland
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Michell M. Reimer
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Hunter
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Marie L. Hannam
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha L. Eaton
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi R. Fuller
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Roche
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Eilidh Somers
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Morse
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Young
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas J. Lamont
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Anagha Joshi
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hohenstein
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Glenn E. Morris
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Simon H. Parson
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Skehel
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Becker
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Iain M. Robinson
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Catherina G. Becker
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H. Gillingwater
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Division of Neurobiology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Centre for Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry (Universities of Exeter and Plymouth), John Bull Building, Research Way, Tamar Science Park, Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, United Kingdom, and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom.
Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
Fingerprints Proteomics Facility, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Division of Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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17
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van Dijk FS, Zillikens MC, Micha D, Riessland M, Marcelis CLM, de Die-Smulders CE, Milbradt J, Franken AA, Harsevoort AJ, Lichtenbelt KD, Pruijs HE, Rubio-Gozalbo ME, Zwertbroek R, Moutaouakil Y, Egthuijsen J, Hammerschmidt M, Bijman R, Semeins CM, Bakker AD, Everts V, Klein-Nulend J, Campos-Obando N, Hofman A, te Meerman GJ, Verkerk AJMH, Uitterlinden AG, Maugeri A, Sistermans EA, Waisfisz Q, Meijers-Heijboer H, Wirth B, Simon MEH, Pals G. PLS3 mutations in X-linked osteoporosis with fractures. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1529-36. [PMID: 24088043 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1308223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plastin 3 (PLS3), a protein involved in the formation of filamentous actin (F-actin) bundles, appears to be important in human bone health, on the basis of pathogenic variants in PLS3 in five families with X-linked osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures that we report here. The bone-regulatory properties of PLS3 were supported by in vivo analyses in zebrafish. Furthermore, in an additional five families (described in less detail) referred for diagnosis or ruling out of osteogenesis imperfecta type I, a rare variant (rs140121121) in PLS3 was found. This variant was also associated with a risk of fracture among elderly heterozygous women that was two times as high as that among noncarriers, which indicates that genetic variation in PLS3 is a novel etiologic factor involved in common, multi-factorial osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur S van Dijk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Garbes L, Riessland M, Wirth B. Histone Acetylation as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Motor Neuron Degenerative Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:5093-104. [DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Wirth B, Garbes L, Riessland M. How genetic modifiers influence the phenotype of spinal muscular atrophy and suggest future therapeutic approaches. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23:330-8. [PMID: 23602330 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Both complex disorders and monogenetic diseases are often modulated in their phenotype by further genetic, epigenetic or extrinsic factors. This gives rise to extensive phenotypic variability and potentially protection from disease manifestations, known as incomplete penetrance. Approaches including whole transcriptome, exome, genome, methylome or proteome analyses of highly discordant phenotypes in a few individuals harboring mutations at the same locus can help to identify these modifiers. This review describes the complexity of modifying factors of one of the most frequent autosomal recessively inherited disorders in humans, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). We will outline how this knowledge contributes to understanding of the regulatory networks and molecular pathology of SMA and how this knowledge will influence future approaches to therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute for Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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20
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Ackermann B, Kröber S, Torres-Benito L, Borgmann A, Peters M, Hosseini Barkooie SM, Tejero R, Jakubik M, Schreml J, Milbradt J, Wunderlich TF, Riessland M, Tabares L, Wirth B. Plastin 3 ameliorates spinal muscular atrophy via delayed axon pruning and improves neuromuscular junction functionality. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 22:1328-47. [PMID: 23263861 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
F-actin bundling plastin 3 (PLS3) is a fully protective modifier of the neuromuscular disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the most common genetic cause of infant death. The generation of a conditional PLS3-over-expressing mouse and its breeding into an SMA background allowed us to decipher the exact biological mechanism underlying PLS3-mediated SMA protection. We show that PLS3 is a key regulator that restores main processes depending on actin dynamics in SMA motor neurons (MNs). MN soma size significantly increased and a higher number of afferent proprioceptive inputs were counted in SMAPLS3 compared with SMA mice. PLS3 increased presynaptic F-actin amount, rescued synaptic vesicle and active zones content, restored the organization of readily releasable pool of vesicles and increased the quantal content of the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Most remarkably, PLS3 over-expression led to a stabilization of axons which, in turn, resulted in a significant delay of axon pruning, counteracting poor axonal connectivity at SMA NMJs. These findings together with the observation of increased endplate and muscle fiber size upon MN-specific PLS3 over-expression suggest that PLS3 significantly improves neuromuscular transmission. Indeed, ubiquitous over-expression moderately improved survival and motor function in SMA mice. As PLS3 seems to act independently of Smn, PLS3 might be a potential therapeutic target not only in SMA but also in other MN diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Ackermann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 34, Cologne, Germany
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21
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Schreml J, Riessland M, Paterno M, Garbes L, Roßbach K, Ackermann B, Krämer J, Somers E, Parson SH, Heller R, Berkessel A, Sterner-Kock A, Wirth B. Severe SMA mice show organ impairment that cannot be rescued by therapy with the HDACi JNJ-26481585. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 21:643-52. [PMID: 23073311 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the leading genetic cause of early childhood death worldwide and no therapy is available today. Many drugs, especially histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), increase SMN levels. As all HDACi tested so far only mildly ameliorate the SMA phenotype or are unsuitable for use in humans, there is still need to identify more potent drugs. Here, we assessed the therapeutic power of the pan-HDACi JNJ-26481585 for SMA, which is currently used in various clinical cancer trials. When administered for 64 h at 100 nM, JNJ-26481585 upregulated SMN levels in SMA fibroblast cell lines, including those from non-responders to valproic acid. Oral treatment of Taiwanese SMA mice and control littermates starting at P0 showed no overt extension of lifespan, despite mild improvements in motor abilities and weight progression. Many treated and untreated animals showed a very rapid decline or unexpected sudden death. We performed exploratory autopsy and histological assessment at different disease stages and found consistent abnormalities in the intestine, heart and lung and skeletal muscle vasculature of SMA animals, which were not prevented by JNJ-26481585 treatment. Interestingly, some of these features may be only indirectly caused by α-motoneuron function loss but may be major life-limiting factors in the course of disease. A better understanding of - primary or secondary - non-neuromuscular organ involvement in SMA patients may improve standard of care and may lead to reassessment of how to investigate SMA patients clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schreml
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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22
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Mutsaers CA, Wishart TM, Lamont DJ, Riessland M, Schreml J, Comley LH, Murray LM, Parson SH, Lochmüller H, Wirth B, Talbot K, Gillingwater TH. Reversible molecular pathology of skeletal muscle in spinal muscular atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:4334-44. [PMID: 21840928 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Low levels of full-length survival motor neuron (SMN) protein cause the motor neuron disease, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Although motor neurons undoubtedly contribute directly to SMA pathogenesis, the role of muscle is less clear. We demonstrate significant disruption to the molecular composition of skeletal muscle in pre-symptomatic severe SMA mice, in the absence of any detectable degenerative changes in lower motor neurons and with a molecular profile distinct from that of denervated muscle. Functional cluster analysis of proteomic data and phospho-histone H2AX labelling of DNA damage revealed increased activity of cell death pathways in SMA muscle. Robust upregulation of voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 (Vdac2) and downregulation of parvalbumin in severe SMA mice was confirmed in a milder SMA mouse model and in human patient muscle biopsies. Molecular pathology of skeletal muscle was ameliorated in mice treated with the FDA-approved histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. We conclude that intrinsic pathology of skeletal muscle is an important and reversible event in SMA and also suggest that muscle proteins have the potential to act as novel biomarkers in SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal A Mutsaers
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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23
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Mende Y, Jakubik M, Riessland M, Schoenen F, Rossbach K, Kleinridders A, Köhler C, Buch T, Wirth B. Deficiency of the splicing factor Sfrs10 results in early embryonic lethality in mice and has no impact on full-length SMN/Smn splicing. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:2154-67. [PMID: 20190275 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SR-like splicing factor SFRS10 (Htra2-beta1) is well known to influence various alternatively spliced exons without being an essential splicing factor. We have shown earlier that SFRS10 binds SMN1/SMN2 RNA and restores full-length (FL)-SMN2 mRNA levels in vitro. As SMN1 is absent in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the level of FL-SMN2 determines the disease severity. Correct splicing of SMN2 can be facilitated by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) via upregulation of SFRS10. As HDACis are already used in SMA clinical trials, it is crucial to identify the spectrum of alternatively spliced transcripts modulated by SFRS10, because elevated SFRS10 levels may influence or misregulate also other biological processes. To address this issue, we generated a conditional Sfrs10 allele in mice using the Cre/loxP system. The ubiquitous homozygous deletion of Sfrs10, however, resulted in early embryonic lethality around E7.5, indicating an essential role of Sfrs10 during mouse embryogenesis. Deletion of Sfrs10 with recombinant Cre in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Sfrs10(fl/fl) embryos increased the low levels of SmnDelta7 3-4-fold, without affecting FL-Smn levels. The weak influence of Sfrs10 on Smn splicing was further proven by a Hb9-Cre driven motor neuron-specific deletion of Sfrs10 in mice, which developed normally without revealing any SMA phenotype. To assess the role of Sfrs10 on FL-SMN2 splicing, we established MEFs from Smn(-/-);SMN2(tg/tg);Sfrs10(fl/fl) embryos. Surprisingly, deletion of Sfrs10 by recombinant Cre showed no impact on SMN2 splicing but increased SMN levels. Our findings highlight the complexity by which alternatively spliced exons are regulated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Mende
- Institute of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne 50931, Germany
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24
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Riessland M, Ackermann B, Förster A, Jakubik M, Hauke J, Garbes L, Fritzsche I, Mende Y, Blumcke I, Hahnen E, Wirth B. SAHA ameliorates the SMA phenotype in two mouse models for spinal muscular atrophy. Hum Mol Genet 2010; 19:1492-506. [PMID: 20097677 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddq023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common autosomal recessively inherited neuromuscular disorder determined by functional impairment of alpha-motor neurons within the spinal cord. SMA is caused by functional loss of the survival motor neuron gene 1 (SMN1), whereas disease severity is mainly influenced by the number of SMN2 copies. SMN2, which produces only low levels of full-length mRNA/protein, can be modulated by small molecules and drugs, thus offering a unique possibility for SMA therapy. Here, we analysed suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a FDA-approved histone deacetylase inhibitor, as potential drug in two severe SMA mouse models each carrying two SMN2 transgenes: US-SMA mice with one SMN2 per allele (Smn(-/-);SMN2(tg/tg)) and Taiwanese-SMA mice with two SMN2 per allele (Smn(-/-);SMN2(tg/wt)), both on pure FVB/N background. The US-SMA mice were embryonically lethal with heterozygous males showing significantly reduced fertility. SAHA treatment of pregnant mothers rescued the embryonic lethality giving rise to SMA offspring. By using a novel breeding strategy for the Taiwanese model (Smn(-/-);SMN2(tg/tg) x Smn(-/+) mice), we obtained 50% SMA offspring that survive approximately 10 days and 50% control carriers in each litter. Treatment with 25 mg/kg twice daily SAHA increased lifespan of SMA mice by 30%, significantly improved motor function abilities, reduced degeneration of motor neurons within the spinal cord and increased the size of neuromuscular junctions and muscle fibers compared with vehicle-treated SMA mice. SMN RNA and protein levels were significantly elevated in various tissues including spinal cord and muscle. Hence, SAHA, which lessens the progression of SMA, might be suitable for SMA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Riessland
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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25
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Michaud M, Arnoux T, Bielli S, Durand E, Rotrou Y, Jablonka S, Robert F, Giraudon-Paoli M, Riessland M, Mattei MG, Andriambeloson E, Wirth B, Sendtner M, Gallego J, Pruss RM, Bordet T. Neuromuscular defects and breathing disorders in a new mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 38:125-35. [PMID: 20085811 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by insufficient levels of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein leading to muscle paralysis and respiratory failure. In mouse, introducing the human SMN2 gene partially rescues Smn(-)(/)(-) embryonic lethality. However current models were either too severe or nearly unaffected precluding convenient drug testing for SMA. We report here new SMN2;Smn(-/-) lines carrying one to four copies of the human SMN2 gene. Mice carrying three SMN2 copies exhibited an intermediate phenotype with delayed appearance of motor defects and developmental breathing disorders reminiscent of those found in severe SMA patients. Although normal at birth, at 7 days of age respiratory rate was decreased and apnea frequency was increased in SMA mice in parallel with the appearance of neuromuscular junction defects in the diaphragm. With median survival of 15 days and postnatal onset of neurodegeneration, these mice could be an important tool for evaluating new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Michaud
- Trophos, Parc Scientifique de Luminy, Luminy Biotech Entreprise, Case 931, 13288 Marseille, France
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26
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Garbes L, Riessland M, Hölker I, Heller R, Hauke J, Tränkle C, Coras R, Blümcke I, Hahnen E, Wirth B. LBH589 induces up to 10-fold SMN protein levels by several independent mechanisms and is effective even in cells from SMA patients non-responsive to valproate. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:3645-58. [PMID: 19584083 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are potential candidates for therapeutic approaches in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)--a common autosomal recessive disorder and frequent cause of early childhood death. SMA is caused by homozygous absence of SMN1. Importantly, all SMA patients carry a nearly identical copy gene, SMN2, that produces only minor levels of correctly spliced full-length transcripts and SMN protein. Since an increased number of SMN2 copies strongly correlates with a milder SMA phenotype, activation or stabilization of SMN2 is considered as a therapeutic strategy. However, clinical trials demonstrated effectiveness of the HDACi valproate (VPA) and phenylbutyrate only in <50% of patients; therefore, identification of new drugs is of vital importance. Here we characterize the novel hydroxamic acid LBH589, an HDACi already widely used in cancer clinical trials. LBH589 treatment of human SMA fibroblasts induced up to 10-fold elevated SMN levels, the highest ever reported, accompanied by a markedly increased number of gems. FL-SMN2 levels were increased 2-3-fold by transcription activation via SMN2 promoter H3K9 hyperacetylation and restoration of correct splicing via elevated hTRA2-beta1 levels. Furthermore, LBH589 stabilizes SMN by reducing its ubiquitinylation as well as favouring incorporation into the SMN complex. Cytotoxic effects were not detectable at SMN2 activating concentrations. Notably, LBH589 also induces SMN2 expression in SMA fibroblasts inert to VPA, in human neural stem cells and in the spinal cord of SMN2-transgenic mice. Hence, LBH589, which is active already at nanomolar doses, is a highly promising candidate for SMA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Garbes
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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27
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Hauke J, Riessland M, Lunke S, Eyüpoglu IY, Blümcke I, El-Osta A, Wirth B, Hahnen E. Survival motor neuron gene 2 silencing by DNA methylation correlates with spinal muscular atrophy disease severity and can be bypassed by histone deacetylase inhibition. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 18:304-17. [PMID: 18971205 PMCID: PMC2638778 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a common neuromuscular disorder, is caused by homozygous absence of the survival motor neuron gene 1 (SMN1), while the disease severity is mainly influenced by the number of SMN2 gene copies. This correlation is not absolute, suggesting the existence of yet unknown factors modulating disease progression. We demonstrate that the SMN2 gene is subject to gene silencing by DNA methylation. SMN2 contains four CpG islands which present highly conserved methylation patterns and little interindividual variations in SMN1-deleted SMA patients. The comprehensive analysis of SMN2 methylation in patients suffering from severe versus mild SMA carrying identical SMN2 copy numbers revealed a correlation of CpG methylation at the positions -290 and -296 with the disease severity and the activity of the first transcriptional start site of SMN2 at position -296. These results provide first evidence that SMN2 alleles are functionally not equivalent due to differences in DNA methylation. We demonstrate that the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2, a transcriptional repressor, binds to the critical SMN2 promoter region in a methylation-dependent manner. However, inhibition of SMN2 gene silencing conferred by DNA methylation might represent a promising strategy for pharmacologic SMA therapy. We identified histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors including vorinostat and romidepsin which are able to bypass SMN2 gene silencing by DNA methylation, while others such as valproic acid and phenylbutyrate do not, due to HDAC isoenzyme specificities. These findings indicate that DNA methylation is functionally important regarding SMA disease progression and pharmacological SMN2 gene activation which might have implications for future SMA therapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hauke
- Institute of Human Genetics, University ofCologne, Cologne, Germany
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28
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Hahnen E, Eyüpoglu IY, Brichta L, Haastert K, Tränkle C, Siebzehnrübl FA, Riessland M, Hölker I, Claus P, Romstöck J, Buslei R, Wirth B, Blümcke I. In vitro and ex vivo evaluation of second-generation histone deacetylase inhibitors for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy. J Neurochem 2006; 98:193-202. [PMID: 16805808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Among a panel of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors investigated, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) evolved as a potent and non-toxic candidate drug for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), an alpha-motoneurone disorder caused by insufficient survival motor neuron (SMN) protein levels. SAHA increased SMN levels at low micromolar concentrations in several neuroectodermal tissues, including rat hippocampal brain slices and motoneurone-rich cell fractions, and its therapeutic capacity was confirmed using a novel human brain slice culture assay. SAHA activated survival motor neuron gene 2 (SMN2), the target gene for SMA therapy, and inhibited HDACs at submicromolar doses, providing evidence that SAHA is more efficient than the HDAC inhibitor valproic acid, which is under clinical investigation for SMA treatment. In contrast to SAHA, the compounds m-Carboxycinnamic acid bis-Hydroxamide, suberoyl bishydroxamic acid and M344 displayed unfavourable toxicity profiles, whereas MS-275 failed to increase SMN levels. Clinical trials have revealed that SAHA, which is under investigation for cancer treatment, has a good oral bioavailability and is well tolerated, allowing in vivo concentrations shown to increase SMN levels to be achieved. Because SAHA crosses the blood-brain barrier, oral administration may allow deceleration of progressive alpha-motoneurone degeneration by epigenetic SMN2 gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hahnen
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Riessland M, Brichta L, Hahnen E, Wirth B. The benzamide M344, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, significantly increases SMN2 RNA/protein levels in spinal muscular atrophy cells. Hum Genet 2006; 120:101-10. [PMID: 16724231 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 04/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common autosomal recessively inherited neuromuscular disorder causing infant death in half of all patients. Homozygous loss of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene causes SMA, whereas the number of the SMN2 copy genes modulates the severity of the disease. Due to a silent mutation within an exonic splicing enhancer, SMN2 mainly produces alternatively spliced transcripts lacking exon 7 and only approximately 10% of a full-length protein identical to SMN1. However, SMN2 represents a promising target for an SMA therapy. The correct splicing of SMN2 can be efficiently restored by over-expression of the splicing factor Htra2-beta1 as well as by exogenous factors like drugs that inhibit histone deacetylases (HDACs). Here we show that the novel benzamide M344, an HDAC inhibitor, up-regulates SMN2 protein expression in fibroblast cells derived from SMA patients up to 7-fold after 64 h of treatment. Moreover, M344 significantly raises the total number of gems/nucleus as well as the number of nuclei that contain gems. This is the strongest in vitro effect of a drug on the SMN protein level reported so far. The reversion of Delta7-SMN2 into FL-SMN2 transcripts as demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR is most likely facilitated by elevated levels of Htra2-beta1. Investigations of the cytotoxicity of M344 using an MTT assay revealed toxic cell effects only at very high concentrations. In conclusion, M344 can be considered as highly potent HDAC inhibitor which is active at low doses and therefore represents a promising candidate for a causal therapy of SMA.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics
- Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
- Humans
- Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/genetics
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/metabolism
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/pathology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- SMN Complex Proteins
- Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein
- Survival of Motor Neuron 2 Protein
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Vorinostat
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Riessland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Riessland M, Tomalik-Scharte D, Fuhr U. Do data presented at an American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics meeting make it to full publication? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004; 75:123-4. [PMID: 14749698 DOI: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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