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Isshiki T, Naiel S, Vierhout M, Otsubo K, Ali P, Tsubouchi K, Yazdanshenas P, Kumaran V, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Kolb MRJ, Ask K. Therapeutic strategies to target connective tissue growth factor in fibrotic lung diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 253:108578. [PMID: 38103794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of interstitial lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), remains challenging as current available antifibrotic agents are not effective in halting disease progression. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), also known as cellular communication factor 2 (CCN2), is a member of the CCN family of proteins that regulates cell signaling through cell surface receptors such as integrins, the activity of cytokines/growth factors, and the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Accumulating evidence indicates that CTGF plays a crucial role in promoting lung fibrosis through multiple processes, including inducing transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cooperating with other fibrotic mediators such as TGF-β. Increased expression of CTGF has been observed in fibrotic lungs and inhibiting CTGF signaling has been shown to suppress lung fibrosis in several animal models. Thus, the CTGF signaling pathway is emerging as a potential therapeutic target in IPF and other pulmonary fibrotic conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current evidence on the pathogenic role of CTGF in pulmonary fibrosis and discusses the current therapeutic agents targeting CTGF using a systematic review approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Isshiki
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, 6-11-1 Omori Nisi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Safaa Naiel
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Megan Vierhout
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Kohei Otsubo
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Pareesa Ali
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Kazuya Tsubouchi
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Parichehr Yazdanshenas
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Vaishnavi Kumaran
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada
| | - Martin R J Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University, 5o Charlton Avenue East, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada; Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Center, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 48L, Canada.
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Yanagihara T, Tsubouchi K, Kolb MRJ. Reply to: Huang et al.. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 208:1242-1243. [PMID: 37699236 PMCID: PMC10868357 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202309-1562le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toyoshi Yanagihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Fukuoka National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tsubouchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; and
| | - Martin R. J. Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph’s Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Yanagihara T, Guignabert C, Kolb MRJ. Endothelial cells in pulmonary fibrosis: more than a bystander. Eur Respir J 2023; 61:2300407. [PMID: 37290810 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00407-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toyoshi Yanagihara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, UMR_S 999, Hypertension pulmonaire: physiopathologie et innovation thérapeutique, Le Kremli-Bicêtre, France
| | - Martin R J Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Goobie GC, Carlsten C, Johannson KA, Khalil N, Marcoux V, Assayag D, Manganas H, Fisher JH, Kolb MRJ, Lindell KO, Fabisiak JP, Chen X, Gibson KF, Zhang Y, Kass DJ, Ryerson CJ, Nouraie SM. Association of Particulate Matter Exposure With Lung Function and Mortality Among Patients With Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease. JAMA Intern Med 2022; 182:1248-1259. [PMID: 36251286 PMCID: PMC9577882 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Importance Particulate matter 2.5 μm or less in diameter (PM2.5) is associated with adverse outcomes for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, but its association with other fibrotic interstitial lung diseases (fILDs) and the association of PM2.5 composition with adverse outcomes remain unclear. Objective To investigate the association of PM2.5 exposure with mortality and lung function among patients with fILD. Design, Setting, and Participants In this multicenter, international, prospective cohort study, patients were enrolled in the Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease Registry at the University of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; 42 sites of the Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation Registry; and 8 sites of the Canadian Registry for Pulmonary Fibrosis. A total of 6683 patients with fILD were included (Simmons, 1424; Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation, 1870; and Canadian Registry for Pulmonary Fibrosis, 3389). Data were analyzed from June 1, 2021, to August 2, 2022. Exposures Exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents was estimated with hybrid models, combining satellite-derived aerosol optical depth with chemical transport models and ground-based PM2.5 measurements. Main Outcomes and Measures Multivariable linear regression was used to test associations of exposures 5 years before enrollment with baseline forced vital capacity and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide. Multivariable Cox models were used to test associations of exposure in the 5 years before censoring with mortality, and linear mixed models were used to test associations of exposure with a decrease in lung function. Multiconstituent analyses were performed with quantile-based g-computation. Cohort effect estimates were meta-analyzed. Models were adjusted for age, sex, smoking history, race, a socioeconomic variable, and site (only for Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation and Canadian Registry for Pulmonary Fibrosis cohorts). Results Median follow-up across the 3 cohorts was 2.9 years (IQR, 1.5-4.5 years), with death for 28% of patients and lung transplant for 10% of patients. Of the 6683 patients in the cohort, 3653 were men (55%), 205 were Black (3.1%), and 5609 were White (84.0%). Median (IQR) age at enrollment across all cohorts was 66 (58-73) years. A PM2.5 exposure of 8 μg/m3 or more was associated with a hazard ratio for mortality of 4.40 (95% CI, 3.51-5.51) in the Simmons cohort, 1.71 (95% CI, 1.32-2.21) in the Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation cohort, and 1.45 (95% CI, 1.18-1.79) in the Canadian Registry for Pulmonary Fibrosis cohort. Increasing exposure to sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium PM2.5 constituents was associated with increased mortality across all cohorts, and multiconstituent models demonstrated that these constituents tended to be associated with the most adverse outcomes with regard to mortality and baseline lung function. Meta-analyses revealed consistent associations of exposure to sulfate and ammonium with mortality and with the rate of decrease in forced vital capacity and diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide and an association of increasing levels of PM2.5 multiconstituent mixture with all outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found that exposure to PM2.5 was associated with baseline severity, disease progression, and mortality among patients with fILD and that sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate constituents were associated with the most harm, highlighting the need for reductions in human-derived sources of pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian C. Goobie
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Clinician Investigator Program, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kerri A. Johannson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nasreen Khalil
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Veronica Marcoux
- Division of Respirology, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Deborah Assayag
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hélène Manganas
- Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jolene H. Fisher
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin R. J. Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, The Research Institute of St Joe’s Hamilton, St Joseph’s Healthcare, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen O. Lindell
- Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston
| | - James P. Fabisiak
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin F. Gibson
- Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J. Kass
- Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher J. Ryerson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S. Mehdi Nouraie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Mekhael O, Naiel S, Vierhout M, Hayat AI, Revill SD, Abed S, Inman MD, Kolb MRJ, Ask K. Mouse Models of Lung Fibrosis. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2299:291-321. [PMID: 34028751 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1382-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
The drug discovery pipeline, from discovery of therapeutic targets through preclinical and clinical development phases, to an approved product by health authorities, is a time-consuming and costly process, where a lead candidates' success at reaching the final stage is rare. Although the time from discovery to final approval has been reduced over the last decade, there is still potential to further optimize and streamline the evaluation process of each candidate as it moves through the different development phases. In this book chapter, we describe our preclinical strategies and overall decision-making process designed to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of therapeutic candidates suitable for patients diagnosed with fibrotic lung disease. We also describe the benefits of conducting preliminary discovery trials, to aid in the selection of suitable primary and secondary outcomes to be further evaluated and assessed in subsequent internal and external validation studies. We outline all relevant research methodologies and protocols routinely performed by our research group and hope that these strategies and protocols will be a useful guide for biomedical and translational researchers aiming to develop safe and beneficial therapies for patients with fibrotic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Mekhael
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Safaa Naiel
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Megan Vierhout
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron I Hayat
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Spencer D Revill
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Soumeya Abed
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark D Inman
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin R J Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Tat V, Ayaub EA, Ayoub A, Vierhout M, Naiel S, Padwal MK, Abed S, Mekhael O, Tandon K, Revill SD, Yousof T, Bellaye PS, Kolb PS, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Naqvi A, Cutz JC, Hambly N, Kato J, Vaughan M, Moss J, Kolb MRJ, Ask K. FK506-Binding Protein 13 Expression Is Upregulated in Interstitial Lung Disease and Correlated with Clinical Severity. A Potentially Protective Role. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 64:235-246. [PMID: 33253593 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0121oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease characterized by myofibroblast accumulation and excessive extracellular matrix deposition. We sought to investigate the role of FKBP13 (13-kD FK506-binding protein), an endoplasmic reticulum-resident molecular chaperone, in various forms of pulmonary fibrosis. We first characterized the gene and protein expression of FKBP13 in lung biopsy specimens from 24 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and 17 control subjects. FKBP13 expression was found to be elevated in the fibrotic regions of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung tissues and correlated with declining forced vital capacity and dyspnea severity. FKBP13 expression was also increased in lung biopsy specimens of patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and sarcoidosis-associated interstitial lung disease. We next evaluated the role of this protein using FKBP13-/- mice in a bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis. Animals were assessed for lung function and histopathology at different stages of lung injury including the inflammatory (Day 7), fibrotic (Day 21), and resolution (Day 50) phases. FKBP13-/- mice showed increased infiltration of inflammatory cells and cytokines at Day 7, increased lung elastance and fibrosis at Day 21, and impaired resolution of fibrosis at Day 50. These changes were associated with an increased number of cells that stained positive for TUNEL and cleaved caspase 3 in the FKBP13-/- lungs, indicating a heightened cellular sensitivity to bleomycin. Our findings suggest that FKBP13 is a potential biomarker for severity of interstitial lung diseases and that it has a biologically relevant role in protecting mice against bleomycin-induced injury, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Tat
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Ehab A Ayaub
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Anmar Ayoub
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Megan Vierhout
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Safaa Naiel
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Manreet K Padwal
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Soumeya Abed
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Olivia Mekhael
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Karun Tandon
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Spencer D Revill
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Tamana Yousof
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and
| | - Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Philipp S Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Asghar Naqvi
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Jean-Claude Cutz
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Nathan Hambly
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Jiro Kato
- Pulmonary Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martha Vaughan
- Pulmonary Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joel Moss
- Pulmonary Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Martin R J Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, and.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
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Kolb P, Upagupta C, Vierhout M, Ayaub E, Bellaye PS, Gauldie J, Shimbori C, Inman M, Ask K, Kolb MRJ. The importance of interventional timing in the bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis. Eur Respir J 2020; 55:13993003.01105-2019. [PMID: 32165401 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01105-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a complex disease of unknown aetiology, which makes drug development challenging. Single administration of bleomycin directly to the lungs of mice is a widely used experimental model for studying pulmonary fibrogenesis and evaluating the effect of therapeutic antifibrotic strategies. The model works by inducing an early inflammatory phase, which transitions into fibrosis after 5-7 days. This initial inflammation makes therapeutic timing crucial. To accurately assess antifibrotic efficacy, the intervention should inhibit fibrosis without impacting early inflammation.Studies published between 2008 and 2019 using the bleomycin model to investigate pulmonary fibrosis were retrieved from PubMed, and study characteristics were analysed. Intervention-based studies were classified as either preventative (starting <7 days after bleomycin installation) or therapeutic (>7 days). In addition, studies were cross-referenced with current major clinical trials to assess the availability of preclinical rationale.A total of 976 publications were evaluated. 726 investigated potential therapies, of which 443 (61.0%) were solely preventative, 166 (22.9%) were solely therapeutic and 105 (14.5%) were both. Of the 443 preventative studies, only 70 (15.8%) characterised inflammation during the model's early inflammatory phase. In the reported 145 IPF clinical trials investigating 93 compounds/combinations, only 25 (26.9%) interventions had any preclinical data on bleomycin available on PubMed.Since 2008, we observed a shift (from <5% to 37.4%) in the number of studies evaluating drugs in the therapeutic setting in the bleomycin model. While this shift is encouraging, further characterisation of early inflammation and appropriate preclinical therapeutic testing are still needed. This will facilitate fruitful drug development in IPF, and more therapeutic strategies for patients with this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Depts of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Chandak Upagupta
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Depts of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Megan Vierhout
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Depts of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ehab Ayaub
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Depts of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Pierre Simon Bellaye
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Depts of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jack Gauldie
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Depts of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chiko Shimbori
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Depts of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Inman
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Depts of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Depts of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin R J Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Depts of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Shimbori C, Upagupta C, Bellaye PS, Ayaub EA, Sato S, Yanagihara T, Zhou Q, Ognjanovic A, Ask K, Gauldie J, Forsythe P, Kolb MRJ. Mechanical stress-induced mast cell degranulation activates TGF-β1 signalling pathway in pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 2019; 74:455-465. [PMID: 30808717 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-211516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of mast cells accumulating in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lungs is unknown. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of fibrotic extracellular matrix (ECM) on mast cells in experimental and human pulmonary fibrosis. RESULTS In IPF lungs, mast cell numbers were increased and correlated with disease severity (control vs 60%<FVC<90%, mean difference=-222.7, 95% CI -386.3 to -59.2, p=0.004; control vs FVC<60%, mean difference=-301.7, 95% CI of difference -474.1 to -129.34, p=0.0001; FVC>90% vs 60%<FVC<90%, mean difference=-189.6, 95% CI of difference -353.1 to -26.03, p=0.017; FVC>90% vs FVC<60%, mean difference=-268.6, 95% CI of difference -441.0 to -96.17, p=0.0007). Plasma tryptase levels were increased in IPF and negatively correlated with FVC (control vs FVC<60%, mean difference=-17.12, 95% CI of difference -30.02 to -4.22, p=0.006: correlation curves R=-0.045, p=0.025). In a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced pulmonary fibrosis model, chymase-positive and tryptase-positive mast cells accumulated in fibrotic lung. Lung tissue was decellularised and reseeded with bone marrow or peritoneum-derived mast cells; cells on fibrotic ECM released more TGF-β1 compared with normal ECM (active TGF-β1: bone marrow-derived mast cell (BMMC)-DL vs BMMC-TGF-β1 p=0.0005, peritoneal mast cell (PMC)-DL vs PMC-TGF-β1 p=0.0003, total TGF-β1: BMMC-DL vs BMMC-TGF-β1 p=0.013, PMC-DL vs PMC-TGF-β1 p=0.001). Mechanical stretch of lungs caused mast cell degranulation; mast cell stabilisers inhibited degranulation (histamine: cont vs doxantrazole p=0.004, β-hexosaminidase: cont vs doxantrazole, mean difference=1.007, 95% CI of difference 0.2700 to 1.744, p=0.007) and TGF-β1 activation (pSmad2/Smad2: cont vs dox p=0.006). Cromoglycate attenuated pulmonary fibrosis in rats (collagen: phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) vs cromoglycate p=0.036, fibrotic area: PBS vs cromoglycate p=0.031). CONCLUSION This study suggests that mast cells may contribute to the progression of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiko Shimbori
- St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chandak Upagupta
- St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ehab A Ayaub
- St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seidai Sato
- St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Toyoshi Yanagihara
- St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quan Zhou
- St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Ognjanovic
- St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jack Gauldie
- St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Forsythe
- St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- McMaster Brain-Body Institute, The Research Institute of St Joseph's Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin R J Kolb
- St Joseph's Healthcare and Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Seidai Sato
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Departments of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton,
Ontario, Canada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University,
Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Yanagihara
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Departments of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton,
Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin R. J. Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Departments of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton,
Ontario, Canada
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10
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Ayaub EA, Tandon K, Padwal M, Imani J, Patel H, Dubey A, Mekhael O, Upagupta C, Ayoub A, Dvorkin-Gheva A, Murphy J, Kolb PS, Lhotak S, Dickhout JG, Austin RC, Kolb MRJ, Richards CD, Ask K. IL-6 mediates ER expansion during hyperpolarization of alternatively activated macrophages. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 97:203-217. [PMID: 30298952 PMCID: PMC7379543 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although recent evidence has shown that IL-6 is involved in enhanced alternative activation of macrophages toward a profibrotic phenotype, the mechanisms leading to their increased secretory capacity are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effect of IL-6 on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) expansion and alternative activation of macrophages in vitro. An essential mediator in this ER expansion process is the IRE1 pathway, which possesses a kinase and endoribonuclease domain to cleave XBP1 into a spliced bioactive molecule. To investigate the IRE1-XBP1 expansion pathway, IL-4/IL-13 and IL-4/IL-13/IL-6-mediated alternative programming of murine bone marrow-derived and human THP1 macrophages were assessed by arginase activity in cell lysates, CD206 and arginase-1 expression by flow cytometry, and secreted CCL18 by ELISA, respectively. Ultrastructural intracellular morphology and ER biogenesis were examined by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Transcription profiling of 128 genes were assessed by NanoString and Pharmacological inhibition of the IRE1-XBP1 arm was achieved using STF-083010 and was verified by RT-PCR. The addition of IL-6 to the conventional alternative programming cocktail IL-4/IL-13 resulted in increased ER and mitochondrial expansion, profibrotic profiles and unfolded protein response-mediated induction of molecular chaperones. IRE1-XBP1 inhibition substantially reduced the IL-6-mediated hyperpolarization and normalized the above effects. In conclusion, the addition of IL-6 enhances ER expansion and the profibrotic capacity of IL-4/IL-13-mediated activation of macrophages. Therapeutic strategies targeting IL-6 or the IRE1-XBP1 axis may be beneficial to prevent the profibrotic capacity of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab A Ayaub
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karun Tandon
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Manreet Padwal
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jewel Imani
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hemisha Patel
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Anisha Dubey
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Olivia Mekhael
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chandak Upagupta
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Anmar Ayoub
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Dvorkin-Gheva
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Philipp S Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sarka Lhotak
- Department of Medicine, Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey G Dickhout
- Department of Medicine, Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rick C Austin
- Department of Medicine, Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin R J Kolb
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Carl D Richards
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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11
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Farkas L, Kolb MRJ. A Switch in TGF-β Signaling Explains Contradictory Findings in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018; 197:157-159. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201708-1741ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Farkas
- Department of Internal MedicineVirginia Commonwealth University School of MedicineRichmond, Virginia
| | - Martin R. J. Kolb
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Molecular MedicineMcMaster UniversityHamilton, Ontario, Canadaand
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory HealthSt. Joseph’s HealthcareHamilton, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Sato S, Kolb MRJ. Personalised medicine for IPF: getting closer, but not there yet. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2017; 5:836-837. [DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(17)30348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Ask K, Hambly N, Kolb MRJ. Biomarkers in interstitial lung disease: moving towards composite indexes and multimarkers? Curr Pulmonol Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13665-015-0123-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Ask
- Department of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, McMaster University and St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Mukherjee S, Duan F, Kolb MRJ, Janssen LJ. Platelet derived growth factor-evoked Ca2+ wave and matrix gene expression through phospholipase C in human pulmonary fibroblast. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1516-24. [PMID: 23618877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary role of fibroblasts is production and degradation of extracellular matrix, and thus it helps in the structural framework of tissues. The close relation between fibroblast malfunction and many diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and fibrosis is widely accepted. Fibroblasts are known to respond to different growth factors and cytokines including platelet-derived growth factors (PDGF). However, the intracellular signaling mechanisms are not entirely clear. In addition to complex phosphorylation-driven signaling pathways, PDGF is also known to work through Ca(2+) signaling. We hypothesize that in human pulmonary fibroblasts, Ca(2+) waves play an important role in PDGF-mediated changes. To test this hypothesis, we treated human pulmonary fibroblasts, obtained from the lungs of ten donors, with PDGF acutely or overnight plus/minus a variety of blockers under various conditions. Ca(2+) waves were monitored by confocal [Ca(2+)]i fluorimetry, while gene expression of extracellular matrix genes was assessed via RT-PCR method. We found that both acute and overnight PDGF treatment evoked Ca(2+) waves. Removal of external Ca(2+) or depletion of internal Ca(2+) store using Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) completely occluded PDGF-evoked Ca(2+) waves. Ryanodine, which blocks ryanodine receptor channels, had no effect on PDGF-evoked Ca(2+) wave, whereas the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122 and Xestospongin C, a potent IP3 receptor blocker, reduced the rapid PDGF-response to a relatively slowly-developing rise in [Ca(2+)]i. We also found that PDGF dramatically increased the expression of fibronectin1 and collagen A1 genes, which was reversed by the use of CPA or U73122. Our study indicates that, in human pulmonary fibroblasts, PDGF acts through IP3-induced Ca(2+)-release to trigger Ca(2+) waves, which in turn modulate gene expression of several matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Mukherjee
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Hospital, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5.
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16
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Mukherjee S, Kolb MRJ, Duan F, Janssen LJ. Transforming growth factor-β evokes Ca2+ waves and enhances gene expression in human pulmonary fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:757-64. [PMID: 22268139 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0223oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts maintain the structural framework of animal tissue by synthesizing extracellular matrix molecules. Chronic lung diseases are characterized in part by changes in fibroblast numbers, properties, and more. Fibroblasts respond to a variety of growth factors, cytokines, and proinflammatory mediators. However, the signaling mechanisms behind these responses have not been fully explored. We sought to determine the role of Ca(2+) waves in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated gene expression in human pulmonary fibroblasts. Primary human pulmonary fibroblasts were cultured and treated with TGF-β and different blockers under various conditions. Cells were then loaded with the Ca(2+) indicator dye Oregon green, and Ca(2+) waves were monitored by confocal [Ca(2+)](i) fluorimetry. Real-time PCR was used to probe gene expression. TGF-β (1 nM) evoked recurring Ca(2+) waves. A 30-minute pretreatment of SD 208, a TGF-β receptor-1 kinase inhibitor, prevented Ca(2+) waves from being evoked by TGF-β. The removal of external Ca(2+) completely occluded TGF-β-evoked Ca(2+) waves. Cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of the internal Ca(2+) pump, evoked a relatively slowly developing rise in Ca(2+) waves compared with the rapid changes evoked by TGF-β, but the baseline fluorescence was increased. Ryanodine (10(-5) M) also blocked TGF-β-mediated Ca(2+) wave activity. Real-time PCR showed that TGF-β rapidly and dramatically increased the gene expression of collagen A1 and fibronectin. This increase was blocked by ryanodine treatment and cyclopiazonic acid. We conclude that, in human pulmonary fibroblasts, TGF-β acts on ryanodine-sensitive channels, leading to Ca(2+) wave activity, which in turn amplifies extracellular matrix gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Mukherjee
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital, 50 Charlton Ave. East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Maharaj SS, Baroke E, Gauldie J, Kolb MRJ. Fibrocytes in chronic lung disease--facts and controversies. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 25:263-7. [PMID: 21951688 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fibrocytes are bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cell precursors, defined primarily by their ability to co-express markers of both haematopoietic (e.g. CD45 or CXCR4) and stromal (e.g. collagen) lineages. Fibrocytes in culture also have ultrastructural cell surface features that distinguish them from other leukocytes. Extensive efforts have helped to characterise fibrocytes phenotypically and functionally, but it is still unclear exactly how these cells contribute to tissue repair and/or pathologic fibrosis. Nevertheless, the varied levels of fibrocytes in blood have raised considerable interest as a biomarker of disease activity, such as chronic lung diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, asthma and pulmonary hypertension. These cells also may become a novel therapeutic target for these difficult to treat disorders. This review will briefly summarize the current knowledge about fibrocytes in human lung disease and in animal disease models and highlight areas of consensus as well as issues that remain controversial to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam S Maharaj
- McMaster University, Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Canada
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18
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19
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20
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Antoniu SA, Kolb MRJ. Intedanib, a triple kinase inhibitor of VEGFR, FGFR and PDGFR for the treatment of cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. IDrugs 2010; 13:332-345. [PMID: 20432191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase receptors have important signaling functions in various physiological and pathological pathways. The recognition of their involvement in tumor angiogenesis, which is the main event of tumor progression, opened a new era in the discovery of anticancer drugs. Developers soon grasped that by targeting several tyrosine kinase receptors at once, so-called multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors, a drug could dramatically affect the progression of cancer and decrease resistance. Several antiangiogenic, multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as sorafenib and sunitinib, are already marketed, while many more are undergoing clinical trials for a range of cancer types. Boehringer Ingelheim Corp is developing intedanib (BIBF-1120), a triple kinase inhibitor blocking VEGFR, PDGFR and FGFR for the treatment of several malignancies and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The preliminary data for intedanib appears at least as good as that for other antiangiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors or other antiangiogenic approaches that are not targeting the tyrosine kinases. The sustained inhibition of VEGFR phosphorylation (> 24 h), the fast in vivo clearance and clinical efficacy against a broad range of malignancies appear to be the major advantages of intedanib. Furthermore, the existing data suggest an excellent safety profile. At the time of publication, intedanib had reached phase III trials for the treatment of NSCLC and ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina A Antoniu
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gr.T.Popa Iasi, Faculty of Medicine, Department Medicine II-Pulmonary Disease, Pulmonary Disease University Hospital, 30 Dr I Cihac Street, Iasi 700115, Romania.
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21
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Kolb MRJ, Gauldie J, Strieter RM. Identification of Fibrocytes in Peripheral Blood. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.180.12.1279a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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22
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Janssen LJ, Farkas L, Rahman T, Kolb MRJ. ATP stimulates Ca(2+)-waves and gene expression in cultured human pulmonary fibroblasts. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 41:2477-84. [PMID: 19666134 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Given that extracellular ATP is markedly elevated in inflammation and is known to modulate fibroblast function, we examined the effects of exogenously added ATP on Ca(2+)-handling and gene expression in human pulmonary fibroblasts. Cells were loaded with the Ca(2+)-indicator dye fluo-4 and studied using confocal fluorimetry. Standard RT-PCR was used to probe gene expression. ATP (10(-5)M) evoked recurring Ca(2+)-waves which were completely occluded by cyclopiazonic acid (depletes the internal Ca(2+)-store) or the phospholipase inhibitor U73122. Pretreatment with ryanodine (10(-5)M), however, had no effect on the ATP-evoked responses. Regarding the receptor through which ATP acted, we found the ATP-response to be mimicked by UTP or ADP but not by adenosine or alpha,beta-methylene-ATP, and to be blocked by the purinergic receptor blocker PPADS. The ATP-evoked response was greater and longer lasting within the nucleus than in the non-nuclear portion of the cytosol. RT-PCR showed that ATP also rapidly and dramatically increased gene expression of P2Y(4) receptors, the cytokine TGF-beta (an important modulator of wound repair) and two matrix proteins (collagen A1 and fibronectin) approximately 4-5 times above baseline: this increase was not significantly affected by ryanodine but was abolished by PPADS. We conclude that, in human pulmonary fibroblasts, ATP acts upon P2Y receptors to liberate internal Ca(2+) through ryanodine-insensitive channels, leading to a Ca(2+)-wave which courses throughout the cell and modulates gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Janssen
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph's Hospital and the Departments of Medicine, Molecular Medicine and Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5.
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23
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Kolb MRJ, Yang I. Respirology year-in-review 2008: basic science. Respirology 2009; 14:318-26. [PMID: 19353767 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2009.01491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R J Kolb
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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24
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Ask K, Labiris R, Farkas L, Moeller A, Froese A, Farncombe T, McClelland GB, Inman M, Gauldie J, Kolb MRJ. Comparison between conventional and "clinical" assessment of experimental lung fibrosis. J Transl Med 2008; 6:16. [PMID: 18402687 PMCID: PMC2365932 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-6-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a treatment resistant disease with poor prognosis. Numerous compounds have been demonstrated to efficiently prevent pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in animal models but only a few were successful when given to animals with established fibrosis. Major concerns of current PF models are spontaneous resolution and high variability of fibrosis, and the lack of assessment methods that can allow to monitor the effect of drugs in individual animals over time. We used a model of experimental PF in rats and compare parameters obtained in living animals with conventional assessment tools that require removal of the lungs. METHODS PF was induced in rats by adenoviral gene transfer of transforming growth factor-beta. Morphological and functional changes were assessed for up to 56 days by micro-CT, lung compliance (measured via a mechanical ventilator) and VO2max and compared to histomorphometry and hydroxyproline content. RESULTS Standard histological and collagen assessment confirmed the persistent fibrotic phenotype as described before. The histomorphological scores correlated both to radiological (r2 = 0.29, p < 0.01) and functional changes (r2 = 0.51, p < 0.0001). VO2max did not correlate with fibrosis. CONCLUSION The progression of pulmonary fibrosis can be reliably assessed and followed in living animals over time using invasive, non-terminal compliance measurements and micro-CT. This approach directly translates to the management of patients with IPF and allows to monitor therapeutic effects in drug intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Ask
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Center for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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