1
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Yang MG, Ling E, Cowley CJ, Greenberg ME, Vierbuchen T. Characterization of sequence determinants of enhancer function using natural genetic variation. eLife 2022; 11:76500. [PMID: 36043696 PMCID: PMC9662815 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence variation in enhancers that control cell-type-specific gene transcription contributes significantly to phenotypic variation within human populations. However, it remains difficult to predict precisely the effect of any given sequence variant on enhancer function due to the complexity of DNA sequence motifs that determine transcription factor (TF) binding to enhancers in their native genomic context. Using F1-hybrid cells derived from crosses between distantly related inbred strains of mice, we identified thousands of enhancers with allele-specific TF binding and/or activity. We find that genetic variants located within the central region of enhancers are most likely to alter TF binding and enhancer activity. We observe that the AP-1 family of TFs (Fos/Jun) are frequently required for binding of TEAD TFs and for enhancer function. However, many sequence variants outside of core motifs for AP-1 and TEAD also impact enhancer function, including sequences flanking core TF motifs and AP-1 half sites. Taken together, these data represent one of the most comprehensive assessments of allele-specific TF binding and enhancer function to date and reveal how sequence changes at enhancers alter their function across evolutionary timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marty G Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Emi Ling
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | | | | | - Thomas Vierbuchen
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, United States.,Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, United States
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2
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Stroud H, Yang MG, Tsitohay YN, Davis CP, Sherman MA, Hrvatin S, Ling E, Greenberg ME. An Activity-Mediated Transition in Transcription in Early Postnatal Neurons. Neuron 2020; 107:874-890.e8. [PMID: 32589877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The maturation of the mammalian brain occurs after birth, and this stage of neuronal development is frequently impaired in neurological disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. However, the mechanisms that regulate postnatal brain maturation are poorly defined. By purifying neuronal subpopulations across brain development in mice, we identify a postnatal switch in the transcriptional regulatory circuits that operates in the maturing mammalian brain. We show that this developmental transition includes the formation of hundreds of cell-type-specific neuronal enhancers that appear to be modulated by neuronal activity. Once selected, these enhancers are active throughout adulthood, suggesting that their formation in early life shapes neuronal identity and regulates mature brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hume Stroud
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marty G Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yael N Tsitohay
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Maxwell A Sherman
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sinisa Hrvatin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emi Ling
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Cherry TJ, Yang MG, Harmin DA, Tao P, Timms AE, Bauwens M, Allikmets R, Jones EM, Chen R, De Baere E, Greenberg ME. Mapping the cis-regulatory architecture of the human retina reveals noncoding genetic variation in disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:9001-9012. [PMID: 32265282 PMCID: PMC7183164 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922501117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay of transcription factors and cis-regulatory elements (CREs) orchestrates the dynamic and diverse genetic programs that assemble the human central nervous system (CNS) during development and maintain its function throughout life. Genetic variation within CREs plays a central role in phenotypic variation in complex traits including the risk of developing disease. We took advantage of the retina, a well-characterized region of the CNS known to be affected by pathogenic variants in CREs, to establish a roadmap for characterizing regulatory variation in the human CNS. This comprehensive analysis of tissue-specific regulatory elements, transcription factor binding, and gene expression programs in three regions of the human visual system (retina, macula, and retinal pigment epithelium/choroid) reveals features of regulatory element evolution that shape tissue-specific gene expression programs and defines regulatory elements with the potential to contribute to Mendelian and complex disorders of human vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Cherry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101;
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Marty G Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - David A Harmin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Peter Tao
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Andrew E Timms
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Miriam Bauwens
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Evan M Jones
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411
| | - Rui Chen
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3411
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Boxer LD, Renthal W, Greben AW, Whitwam T, Silberfeld A, Stroud H, Li E, Yang MG, Kinde B, Griffith EC, Bonev B, Greenberg ME. MeCP2 Represses the Rate of Transcriptional Initiation of Highly Methylated Long Genes. Mol Cell 2019; 77:294-309.e9. [PMID: 31784358 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the methyl-DNA-binding repressor protein MeCP2 cause the devastating neurodevelopmental disorder Rett syndrome. It has been challenging to understand how MeCP2 regulates transcription because MeCP2 binds broadly across the genome and MeCP2 mutations are associated with widespread small-magnitude changes in neuronal gene expression. We demonstrate here that MeCP2 represses nascent RNA transcription of highly methylated long genes in the brain through its interaction with the NCoR co-repressor complex. By measuring the rates of transcriptional initiation and elongation directly in the brain, we find that MeCP2 has no measurable effect on transcriptional elongation, but instead represses the rate at which Pol II initiates transcription of highly methylated long genes. These findings suggest a new model of MeCP2 function in which MeCP2 binds broadly across highly methylated regions of DNA, but acts at transcription start sites to attenuate transcriptional initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Boxer
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William Renthal
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander W Greben
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tess Whitwam
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew Silberfeld
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hume Stroud
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emmy Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marty G Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Benyam Kinde
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric C Griffith
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Boyan Bonev
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael E Greenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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5
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Chen LF, Lin YT, Gallegos DA, Hazlett MF, Gómez-Schiavon M, Yang MG, Kalmeta B, Zhou AS, Holtzman L, Gersbach CA, Grandl J, Buchler NE, West AE. Enhancer Histone Acetylation Modulates Transcriptional Bursting Dynamics of Neuronal Activity-Inducible Genes. Cell Rep 2019; 26:1174-1188.e5. [PMID: 30699347 PMCID: PMC6376993 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal activity-inducible gene transcription correlates with rapid and transient increases in histone acetylation at promoters and enhancers of activity-regulated genes. Exactly how histone acetylation modulates transcription of these genes has remained unknown. We used single-cell in situ transcriptional analysis to show that Fos and Npas4 are transcribed in stochastic bursts in mouse neurons and that membrane depolarization increases mRNA expression by increasing burst frequency. We then expressed dCas9-p300 or dCas9-HDAC8 fusion proteins to mimic or block activity-induced histone acetylation locally at enhancers. Adding histone acetylation increased Fos transcription by prolonging burst duration and resulted in higher Fos protein levels and an elevation of resting membrane potential. Inhibiting histone acetylation reduced Fos transcription by reducing burst frequency and impaired experience-dependent Fos protein induction in the hippocampus in vivo. Thus, activity-inducible histone acetylation tunes the transcriptional dynamics of experience-regulated genes to affect selective changes in neuronal gene expression and cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yen Ting Lin
- Center for Nonlinear Studies (T-CNLS) and Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group (T-6), Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, NM 87545, USA
| | - David A Gallegos
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mariah F Hazlett
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mariana Gómez-Schiavon
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Marty G Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Breanna Kalmeta
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Allen S Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Liad Holtzman
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles A Gersbach
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jörg Grandl
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicolas E Buchler
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
| | - Anne E West
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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6
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Van Schil K, Naessens S, Van de Sompele S, Carron M, Aslanidis A, Van Cauwenbergh C, Mayer AK, Van Heetvelde M, Bauwens M, Verdin H, Coppieters F, Greenberg ME, Yang MG, Karlstetter M, Langmann T, De Preter K, Kohl S, Cherry TJ, Leroy BP, De Baere E. Correction: Mapping the genomic landscape of inherited retinal disease genes prioritizes genes prone to coding and noncoding copy-number variations. Genet Med 2018; 21:1998. [PMID: 30297699 PMCID: PMC7609298 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Van Schil
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Naessens
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Van de Sompele
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marjolein Carron
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Aslanidis
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Anja K Mayer
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mattias Van Heetvelde
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miriam Bauwens
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannah Verdin
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frauke Coppieters
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael E Greenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marty G Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcus Karlstetter
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katleen De Preter
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Timothy J Cherry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bart P Leroy
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Division of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Elfride De Baere
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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7
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Van Schil K, Naessens S, Van de Sompele S, Carron M, Aslanidis A, Van Cauwenbergh C, Kathrin Mayer A, Van Heetvelde M, Bauwens M, Verdin H, Coppieters F, Greenberg ME, Yang MG, Karlstetter M, Langmann T, De Preter K, Kohl S, Cherry TJ, Leroy BP, De Baere E. Mapping the genomic landscape of inherited retinal disease genes prioritizes genes prone to coding and noncoding copy-number variations. Genet Med 2017; 20:202-213. [PMID: 28749477 PMCID: PMC5787040 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposePart of the hidden genetic variation in heterogeneous genetic conditions such as inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) can be explained by copy-number variations (CNVs). Here, we explored the genomic landscape of IRD genes listed in RetNet to identify and prioritize those genes susceptible to CNV formation.MethodsRetNet genes underwent an assessment of genomic features and of CNV occurrence in the Database of Genomic Variants and literature. CNVs identified in an IRD cohort were characterized using targeted locus amplification (TLA) on extracted genomic DNA.ResultsExhaustive literature mining revealed 1,345 reported CNVs in 81 different IRD genes. Correlation analysis between rankings of genomic features and CNV occurrence demonstrated the strongest correlation between gene size and CNV occurrence of IRD genes. Moreover, we identified and delineated 30 new CNVs in IRD cases, 13 of which are novel and three of which affect noncoding, putative cis-regulatory regions. Finally, the breakpoints of six complex CNVs were determined using TLA in a hypothesis-neutral manner.ConclusionWe propose a ranking of CNV-prone IRD genes and demonstrate the efficacy of TLA for the characterization of CNVs on extracted DNA. Finally, this IRD-oriented CNV study can serve as a paradigm for other genetically heterogeneous Mendelian diseases with hidden genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Van Schil
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Naessens
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stijn Van de Sompele
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marjolein Carron
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexander Aslanidis
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Anja Kathrin Mayer
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mattias Van Heetvelde
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miriam Bauwens
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannah Verdin
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frauke Coppieters
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael E Greenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marty G Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcus Karlstetter
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katleen De Preter
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Susanne Kohl
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Timothy J Cherry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bart P Leroy
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Division of Ophthalmology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Elfride De Baere
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Yang MG, West AE. Editing the Neuronal Genome: a CRISPR View of Chromatin Regulation in Neuronal Development, Function, and Plasticity. Yale J Biol Med 2016; 89:457-470. [PMID: 28018138 PMCID: PMC5168825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic orchestration of gene expression is crucial for the proper differentiation, function, and adaptation of cells. In the brain, transcriptional regulation underlies the incredible diversity of neuronal cell types and contributes to the ability of neurons to adapt their function to the environment. Recently, novel methods for genome and epigenome editing have begun to revolutionize our understanding of gene regulatory mechanisms. In particular, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system has proven to be a particularly accessible and adaptable technique for genome engineering. Here, we review the use of CRISPR/Cas9 in neurobiology and discuss how these studies have advanced understanding of nervous system development and plasticity. We cover four especially salient applications of CRISPR/Cas9: testing the consequences of enhancer mutations, tagging genes and gene products for visualization in live cells, directly activating or repressing enhancers in vivo, and manipulating the epigenome. In each case, we summarize findings from recent studies and discuss evolving adaptations of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne E. West
- Anne West, Department of Neurobiology, DUMC Box 3209, 311 Research Drive, Bryan Research 301D, Durham, NC 27710, Phone: 919-681-1909, Fax: 919-668-4431,
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9
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Dong C, Yang MG. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteins 9 attenuated Candida albicans induced inflammation in mouse cornea. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2016; 62:79-83. [PMID: 27894405 DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2016.62.12.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the severe corneal ulceration of mouse cornea is known to occur with inflammation. As one of imperative matrix metalloproteinase, the potential roles of matrix metalloproteins 9 (MMP9) in corneal ulceration and keratitis are still unveiled caused by fungal invasion. In this study, Candida albicans (CA) inoculated wild-type KM mice cornea was used as a model pathogen in corneal inflammation. CA invasion significantly stimulated the expression of collagen IV and MMP9 detected by RT-PCR, Real-time PCR and Immunofluorescent staining in mouse cornea as soon as 6 hours post infection, and relatively decreased at 1 day post infection. For examining the role of MMP9 in fungal keratitis, the mice corneas were subconjunctivally injected MMP9 antibody or recombinant MMP9 protein 6 hours prior to CA inoculation, using rabbit IgG as control. Subconjunctival injection of recombinant MMP9 protein prior to CA inoculation enhanced, whereas MMP9 antibody attenuated corneal ulceration and inflammation, examining basement membrane, fungal load, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and proinflammatory cytokines including Macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP2), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Inhibition of MMP9 could potentially attenuate Candida albicans induced inflammation in mouse cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dong
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - M G Yang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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10
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Dong C, Yu AQ, Yang MG, Zhou MQ, Hu ZL. Molecular and characterization of NnPPO cDNA from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) in rhizome browning. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2016; 62:67-72. [PMID: 27188738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The complete cDNA (NnPPO) of polyphenol oxidase in Nelumbo nucifera was successfully isolated, using Rapid amplification cDNA end (RACE) assays. The full-length cDNA of NnPPO was 2069 bp in size, containing a 1791 bp open reading frame coding 597 amino acids. The putative NnPPO possessed the conserved active sites and domains for PPO function. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that NnPPO shared high homology with PPO of high plants, and the homology modeling proved that NnPPO had the typical structure of PPO family. In order to characterize the role of NnPPO, Real-time PCR assay demonstrated that NnPPO mRNA was expressed in different tissues of N. nucifera including young leave, rhizome, flower, root and leafstalk, with the highest expression in rhizome. Patterns of NnPPO expression in rhizome illustrated its mRNA level was significantly elevated, which was consistent with the change of NnPPO activity during rhizome browning. Therefore, transcriptional activation of NnPPO was probably the main reason causing rhizome browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dong
- Henan University of Technology College of Biological Engineering Zhengzhou China
| | - A Q Yu
- Wuhan University State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science Wuhan China
| | - M G Yang
- Henan University of Technology College of Biological Engineering Zhengzhou China
| | - M Q Zhou
- Wuhan University Lotus Center Wuhan China
| | - Z L Hu
- Wuhan University State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Science Wuhan China
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11
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Evans DA, Allison BD, Yang MG, Masse CE. The exceptional chelating ability of dimethylaluminum chloride and methylaluminum dichloride. The merged stereochemical impact of alpha- and beta-stereocenters in chelate-controlled carbonyl addition reactions with enolsilane and hydride nucleophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:10840-52. [PMID: 11686685 DOI: 10.1021/ja011337j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A systematic investigation of the stereoselectivity in Lewis acid-promoted (Mukaiyama) aldol reactions of achiral unsubstituted enolsilanes and chiral beta-hydroxy aldehydes proceeding under conditions favoring chelation control is presented. Good stereocontrol can be realized for enolsilane aldol reactions of beta-alkoxy and beta-silyloxy aldehydes bearing only an alpha- or a beta-stereogenic center. Examination of the chelated intermediates for alpha,beta-disubstituted aldehydes concludes that the syn aldehyde diastereomer possesses the arrangement of stereocenters wherein the alpha- and beta-substituents impart a reinforcing facial bias upon the aldehyde carbonyl. Aldol reactions of syn aldehydes were thus observed to proceed with uniformly excellent diastereofacial selectivity. Aldol reactions of the corresponding anti aldehydes containing opposing stereocontrol elements at the alpha- and beta-positions exhibit variable and unpredictable selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Evans
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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12
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Kawahata N, Yang MG, Luke GP, Shakespeare WC, Sundaramoorthi R, Wang Y, Johnson D, Merry T, Violette S, Guan W, Bartlett C, Smith J, Hatada M, Lu X, Dalgarno DC, Eyermann CJ, Bohacek RS, Sawyer TK. A novel phosphotyrosine mimetic 4'-carboxymethyloxy-3'-phosphonophenylalanine (Cpp): exploitation in the design of nonpeptide inhibitors of pp60(Src) SH2 domain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:2319-23. [PMID: 11527723 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The novel phosphotyrosine (pTyr) mimetic 4'-carboxymethyloxy-3'-phosphonophenylalanine (Cpp) has been designed and incorporated into a series of nonpeptide inhibitors of the SH2 domain of pp60(c-Src) (Src) tyrosine kinase. A 2.2 A X-ray crystal structure of 1a bound to a mutant form of Lck SH2 domain provides insight regarding the structure-activity relationships and supports the design concept of this new pTyr mimetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kawahata
- ARIAD Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139-4234, USA
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13
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Abstract
Three new nitroxyl labeled derivatives of podophyllotoxin 4-6 have been synthesized and evaluated for their antitumor activity in vitro. Compounds 4-6 showed significant inhibitory activity against human nasopharyngeal carcinoma KB,lung cancer A549 and stomach carcinoma SGC-7901 cells, as well as mouse leukemia L1210 and P388 cells. Compounds 4 and 5 exhibited comparable or superior activity to clinically used etoposide (VP-16,2) in their inhibition of these cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, P.R. China
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14
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Zhang SH, Yang MG, Qiu XH. [Plasma endothelin level in patients with pregnancy induced hypertension and its correlation with atrial natriuretic peptide]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 1994; 29:645-7, 697. [PMID: 7712881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Plasma levels of endothelin (ET) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were measured in 32 normal pregnant women and 26 patients with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH). The correlation between ET and ANP were examined. This study indicated that the levels of ET and ANP in hypertensive pregnancy were higher than those of the normal pregnancy (P < 0.01). There was no correlation between ET and ANP in normal pregnancy (r = 0.18, P > 0.05), but significant inverse correlation in the patient with PIH (r = -0.57, P < 0.05). There findings suggested that ET may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PIH. An imbalance of increased amount of ET relative to deficient ANP may lead to PIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Zhang
- Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an
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15
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Li DH, Yang MG. [Relation between placenta and pathogenesis of pregnancy induced hypertension]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 1994; 29:687-9. [PMID: 7712893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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16
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Wang JS, Yang MG. [Clinical analysis of 36 repeat cesarean sections performed extraperitoneally]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 1994; 29:461-2, 509. [PMID: 7835115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Extraperitoneal repeat cesarean section (CS) performed in 36 women with previous intraperitoneal CS (group A) was compared with another 36 cases of intraperitoneal repeat CS (group B). The average blood loss was 146ml in group A and 230ml in group B (P < 0.01). Operation time in group A lasted 40 minutes including 9 cases of tubal ligation coincidentally and 66 minutes in B with 12 tubal ligation (P < 0.05). There were 2 cases of peritoneal damage and 1 transient hematuria in group A. Postoperative morbidity in group A was 16.7% and 38.9% in group B (P < 0.01). The average time for bowel function recurrence was 26.2 hours in A and 52.6 in B respectively. No evident complication occurred in either group. It indicated that extraperitoneal route might be superior to intraperitoneal one for repeat cesarean section.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Wang
- Second Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian
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17
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Yang MG, Qiu XH, Huang YX. [Motilin and gastrin in human milk]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 1994; 29:133-4, 188. [PMID: 8082425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of motilin and gastrin were determined in the blood and milk of 45 women 3-5 days postpartum, and in the blood of 20 healthy non-pregnant women as control. Plasma motilin concentration (443.05 +/- 140.79 ng/L) and serum gastrin level (301.32 +/- 100.98 ng/L) were significantly higher in postpartum women than those in the control (366.12 +/- 96.23 ng/L and 76.13 +/- 13.11 ng/L, respectively) (P < 0.01). The concentrations of both motilin and gastrin in the milk were approximately one half of those in the blood and they were not present in the boiled milk. The results indicated that both hormones in the human milk may be important for development and maturation of gastro-intestinal function in neonates, especially for immature babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Yang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an
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18
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Qiu XH, Yang MG, Peng JJ, Tong P, Huang YX, Xu CF, Wang QL, Zhang MN. [Changes of plasma motilin concentration in pregnancy and early postpartum period]. Sheng Li Xue Bao 1994; 46:100-4. [PMID: 8085164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Plasma motilin concentration were determined by radioimmunoaction from 180 women during pregnancy and early postpartum period as compared with 20 healthy non-pregnant women. The results showed that mean plasma motilin concentration (384.40 +/- 110.30 ng/L) was higher in the first trimester of pregnancy than that of healthy non-pregnant women (366.12 +/- 96.23 ng/L), however, this difference did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05). The mean plasma motilin concentration (323.90 +/- 125.10 ng/L) was lower in the second trimester of pregnancy than in the first trimester of pregnancy (P < 0.05), while the mean plasma motilin concentration in the third trimester of pregnancy (121.04 +/- 27.00 ng/L) was significantly lower than in second (P < 0.01) and the mean plasma motilin concentration in 3-5 d after delivery (443.05 +/- 140.79 ng/L) reached an even higher value (P < 0.01). Our results suggests that pregnancy appears to have a profound inhibitory effect on plasma motilin and this may in part be responsible for the gastrointestinal hypomotility during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian
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19
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Yang MG. [The use of synthetic haANP III in the treatment of heart failure in pregnancy induced hypertension]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 1993; 28:272-4, 313. [PMID: 8243144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Highly active atrial natriuretic peptide III (haANP III) was administered for the treatment of heart failure due to pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) in 7 patients with success. The heart failure was rapidly controlled within 24-48 hours with lowering of the blood pressure, disappearance of edema and urinary protein and alleviation of subjective symptoms. The plasma level of renin, angiotensin, aldosterone (RAA) and SOD all decreased. The results suggested that haANP III had the ability to facilitate the excretion of sodium and water, dilate the blood vessels and inhibit the action of RAA, and it could effectively reduce heart load and improve the cardiac function. Therefore, haANP III seemed to be an ideal new drug in treating heart failure in PIH, and it would have a wide scope for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Yang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an
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20
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Liang GD, Zhang LC, Zhang YH, Yang MG, Shi PT, Zhao SC. Curative effects of highly active atrial natriuretic peptide on severe pregnancy-induced hypertension. Chin Med J (Engl) 1992; 105:995-7. [PMID: 1299557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A new highly active atrial natriuretic peptide (haANP), synthesized by a solid phase technique, was given by intravenous infusion to 20 patients with severe pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and the curative result of haANP was observed. Compared with basal values, supine systolic and diastolic BP was lowered significantly (P < 0.01), which may be related to the specific receptor of hANP and inhibition of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). The haANP was found to possess significant effects of antispasm, detumescence and reducing proteinuria, probably by repairing mildly injured glomerulae, strong effects of diuresis and improving heart function with no side effects. Auto-antibody of hANP was found in patients with severe PIH, which affected the function of target cells of highly concentrated endogenous hANP. This auto-antibody might be one of the causes for PIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Liang
- Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical College, Xi'an
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21
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Abstract
In order to observe the antigenic localization in the tissues of Metagonimus yokogawai in growth stages, immunogoldlabeling method was applied to using serum of the cat which infected with isolated metacercariae from Plecoglossus altivelis. The sectioned worm tissues from each growth stages were embedded in Lowicryl HM 20 medium, stained with infected serum IgG and protein A gold complex (particle size: 12 nm) and observed by electron microscopy. In the worm tissues of all experimental groups, the gold particles were specifically concentrated on the tegumental syncytium and cytoplasm of the tegumental cell as well as the secretory granules in the parenchymal tissue. In the 16th and 20th week grown worm tissues, the gold particles were specifically concentrated on the vesicles in the tegumental syncytium and cytoplasm of the tegumental cell. The gold particles were specifically concentrated on the caecal epithelia of the 4th, 8th and 12th week growth groups but slightly concentrated on those of the 16th and 20th week.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Rim
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul
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22
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Zhang LC, Liang GD, Zhang YH, Yang MG, Wang DH, Shi FT, Lu BZ. Distribution and characteristics of placental ANP receptors in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Chin Med J (Engl) 1992; 105:39-43. [PMID: 1315667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) receptor binding site was studied in human placentas of normal and hypertensive pregnancy. The results showed there were specific high affinity ANP receptors in the nonbrush border (fetal side), and their affinity to ANP was higher than that in the microvillous membrane (meternal side). The ANP receptor affinity in the nonbrush border and microvillous membrane of normal pregnancy was higher than that of hypertensive pregnancy. Though the weight of placentas of hypertensive pregnancy was lower than that of normal pregnancy, high ANP concentrations in the placental tissues, umbilical and maternal blood were found in hypertensive pregnancy. It is believed that the distribution of ANP receptors in the placentas is related to hemodynamics, maternal exchange and fluid and electrolyte balance. The decrease of ANP receptors and lowering of affinity in hypertensive pregnancy may influence the the target cell effect of ANP, especially in the fetal side. This may be related to the pathogenesis of hypertensive pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory Research Centre, Tang Du Hospital, Fourth Military Medical College, Xi'an
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23
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Zhang LC, Liang GD, Yang MG, Zhang YH, Shi FT. Significance of changes in serum superoxide dismutase level in hypertensive syndrome of pregnancy. Chin Med J (Engl) 1991; 104:472-5. [PMID: 1831417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The concentration of human serum superoxide dismutase-1 (hSOD-1) containing copper and zinc ions were measured by radioimmunoassay healthy nonpregnant women, 15 normal pregnant women, 15 patients with mild to moderate hypertension (MMHSP) and 15 with severe hypertensive syndrome of pregnancy (SHSP). The mean serum hSOD-1 concentration in nonpregnant women was 148.84 +/- 60.53 (x +/- s) micrograms/L; while in the other 3 groups it was 394.19 +/- 122.21 micrograms/L, 377.12 +/- 173.45 micrograms/L and 581.15 +/- 118.50 micrograms/L. The results suggest that harmful free radicals increase gradually and a strong body defence system against oxidation damage of tissue cells is produced in the course of normal pregnancy and MMHSP. With cardionatrin treatment serum hSOD-1 concentrations of patients ameliorated returned to the level of normal pregnancy. The results indicate that there is a positive correlation between cardionatrin and hSOD-1 levels (r = 0.569, P less than 0.05), and a physiological regulation of the defence system exists, which may be related to the white blood cells. Hence, hSOD-1 probably plays a significant role in defence during normal pregnancy and hypertensive syndrome of pregnancy (HSP).
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Zhang
- Clinical Research Laboratory Centre, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical College, Xian
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24
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Yu ZJ, Wang JX, Yang MG. [A preliminary study using the distribution of the epicardial coronary artery to demarcate experimental myocardial ischemia in dogs]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 1986; 14:356-7, 381. [PMID: 3582161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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25
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Wang JX, Yu ZJ, Jin HZ, Wang QX, Wang FC, Yang MG, Cao J, Zhou XY. [Estimation of regional blood flow in animals using 51Cr- and 99mTc-biomicrospheres]. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao 1985; 6:248-51. [PMID: 2945363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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26
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Wang BZ, Yang MG, Pang L, Yu ZJ. [Effect of Hong-Hua (Flos Carthami) on the extent of myocardial ischemia in the different infarct zones following coronary occlusion in the dog (author's transl)]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 1979; 14:474-9. [PMID: 532647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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27
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Chuang JT, Tseng CL, Yang MG. CoIII--EDTA dosimetry: accurate measurement of gamma-radiation doses at 10(4)-10(8) rads. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 1975; 26:662-6. [PMID: 811570 DOI: 10.1016/0020-708x(75)90022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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28
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Lei KY, Yang MG, Oberleas D, Prasad AS. Oral contraceptives: effects on plasma insulin response to glucose and on the response to insulin and 2-deoxyglucose uptake by peripheral tissue. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1975; 149:417-21. [PMID: 1153418 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-149-38819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oral contraceptive steroids, norethynodrel and mestranol, were fed to 11-wk-old female Sprague-Dawley rats, in combination and in quantities proportional to those used by women for contraceptive purposes. Three experiments were performed. The first experiment, demonstrated that 10 wk of treatment, impaired the animal's glucose tolerance, but not its insulin response to glucose. The second experiment demonstrated that 6 wk of steroid feeding, decreased the in vivo conversion of blood U-14C-labeled glucose into adipose tissue fatty acids and into diaphragm glycogen, although the effect on the diaphragm was not statistically significant. In the third experiment, it was found that the uptake of 2-deoxyglucose-1-14C by the adipose tissue removed from rats after 6 wk of treatment, was not different from that of control tissue, but the uptake by the hemidiaphragms was slightly lower.
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29
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Garcia JD, Yang MG, Wang JH, Belo PS. Translocation and fluxes of mercury in neonatal and maternal rats treated with methyl mercuric chloride during gestation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1974; 147:224-31. [PMID: 4438325 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-147-38315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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30
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Garcia JD, Yang MG, Belo PS, Wang JH. Carbon-mercury bond breakage in milk, cerebrum, liver, and kidney of rats fed methyl mercuric chloride. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1974; 146:190-3. [PMID: 4857111 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-146-38067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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31
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Garcia JD, Yang MG, Wang JH, Belo PS. Carbon-mercury bond cleavage in blood of rats fed methyl mercuric chloride. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1974; 146:66-70. [PMID: 4827269 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-146-38044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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32
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33
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Innami S, Yang MG, Mickelsen O. Urinary and fecal excretion and incorporation of 14C-estradiol in fat depots of obese and lean rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1973; 144:220-4. [PMID: 4797805 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-144-37560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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34
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35
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Innami S, Yang MG, Mickelsen O, Hafs HD. The influence of high-fat diets on estrous cycles, sperm production and fertility of rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1973; 143:63-8. [PMID: 4735744 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-143-37253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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36
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Wang JH, O'Kelly B, Jones MZ, Garcia JD, Belo PS, Yang MG. Methylazoxymethanol-acetate induced neurotoxicity of chick embryos. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1973; 143:275-8. [PMID: 4703443 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-143-37202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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37
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Yang MG, Wang JH, Garcia JD, Post E, Lei KY. Mammary transfer of 203 Hg from mothers to brains of nursing rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1973; 142:723-6. [PMID: 4734697 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-142-37102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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38
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39
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Lei KY, Yang MG. Oral contraceptives, norethynodrel and mestranol: effects of glucose tolerance, tissue uptake of glucose-U- 14 C and insulin sensitivity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1972; 141:130-6. [PMID: 5082286 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-141-36731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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40
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Malevski Y, Yang MG, Sculthorpe A, Sanger VL, Mickelsen O. Hypothalamic and pituitary hormonal changes in rats injected with methylazoxymethanol acetate. Fed Proc 1972; 31:1530-5. [PMID: 4560274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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41
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Yang MG, Kobayashi A, Mickelsen O. Bibliography of cycad research. Fed Proc 1972; 31:1543-6. [PMID: 4560275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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Yang MG, Bergen WG, Sculthorpe AE, Mickelsen O. Utilization of 14 C-labeled E. coli by the rat cecum and after force-feeding. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1972; 139:1312-6. [PMID: 4554053 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-139-36353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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43
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Young AK, Yang MG. Oral contraceptive steroids: effects on oral tolerance tests of glucose, galactose, fructose and ribose. Nutr Rep Int 1971; 4:341-50. [PMID: 12259093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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44
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Yang MG, Mickelsen O. Functional and compositional bone changes of rats fed the oral contraceptive steroids, mestranol and norethynodrel. Nutr Rep Int 1971; 3:247-53. [PMID: 12332667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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45
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46
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Manoharan K, Yang MG, Mickelsen O. Oral contraceptive steroids: effects on various nutrient balances and body composition in adult female rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1970; 133:774-9. [PMID: 5435568 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-133-34562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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47
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Schingoethe DJ, Gorrill AD, Thomas JW, Yang MG. Size and proteolytic enzyme activity of the pancreas of several species of vertebrate animals. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1970; 48:43-9. [PMID: 5414316 DOI: 10.1139/y70-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Pancreas size and trypsin and chymotrypsin activities were determined for cattle, sheep, rats, mice, and chickens of various ages. Pancreas size per kilogram of live body weight was greater for the nonruminants than for the ruminants. Pancreas trypsin activity per milligram of pancreas dry matter was greater for ruminants than for nonruminants; however, activity per kilogram of body weight was greater for rats and mice than for chickens, which in turn was greater than for ruminants. Chymotrypsin activity was greater for rats and mice than for ruminants on the basis of both pancreas dry matter and body weight. In cattle, chymotrypsin activity per unit of pancreas dry matter was highest in the newborn calf, dropped to one-half that level within 1 week after birth, and then increased only slightly with age up to 1 year. The ratios of chymotrypsin to trypsin activities in the pancreas ranged from 0.39 to 1.20 in the ruminants, except for the newborn calf (1.60), and were greater than 2.0 for the other species. Pancreas size and trypsin and chymotrypsin activity were proportional to body weight1.0 with intraspecies comparisons, and proportional to body weight0.73–0.84 with interspecies comparisons.
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48
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Sanger VL, Yang MG, Mickelsen O. Cycad toxicosis in chickens. J Natl Cancer Inst 1969; 43:391-5. [PMID: 5797839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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49
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Yang MG, Mickelsen O, Sanger VL. Cycling of cycasin from newborn rats to their mother and back to the newborn. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1969; 131:135-7. [PMID: 5814153 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-131-33822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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50
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Yang MG, Sanger VL, Mickelsen O. Feeding norethynodrel and mestranol to immature and adult female rats cross-section and length of long bones. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1969; 130:1146-50. [PMID: 5779991 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-130-33739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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