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Paulsen ME, Marka N, Lunos S, Nagel EM, Gonzalez Villamizar JD, Nathan B, Ramel S. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 as early predictors of growth, body composition, and neurodevelopment in preterm infants. J Perinatol 2024:10.1038/s41372-024-01933-3. [PMID: 38561392 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-024-01933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) and long-term growth, body composition, and neurodevelopment in preterm infants. STUDY DESIGN Prospective data were collected from ≤32 weeks gestational age infant cohort (N = 50). IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations were measured at 1 week (early) and 35 weeks (late) post-menstrual age (PMA). Growth, body composition, and neurodevelopment outcomes were measured at 4 and 12 months PMA. Relationships were measured by linear regression analysis. RESULTS Early IGFBP-3 concentration was positively associated with neurodevelopment at 12 months PMA. Early IGF-1 concentration was positively associated with weight at 4 months PMA, head circumference at 12 months PMA, and body mass index at 12 months PMA. Late IGFBP-3 concentration was positively associated with weight at 4 months PMA. CONCLUSION Further investigation of these associations may lead to novel biomarkers and/or treatments to optimize health outcomes in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Paulsen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Nicholas Marka
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott Lunos
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emily M Nagel
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Juan David Gonzalez Villamizar
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brandon Nathan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sara Ramel
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Paulsen ME, Marka N, Nagel EM, Gonzalez Villamizar JD, Nathan BM, Ramel SE. An exploratory study of clinical factors associated with IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in preterm infants. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-023-02970-y. [PMID: 38191823 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite advances in parenteral nutrition, postnatal growth failure in very low birthweight (VLBW) preterm infants is common and associated with chronic health problems. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is positively associated with improved infant growth, but factors which promote IGF-1 levels in this population have not been clearly identified. The objective of this study was to explore early factors that influence IGF-1 in VLBW preterm infants. METHODS VLBW infants were enrolled into a prospective, randomized controlled nutrition trial (N = 87). Outcome measures included IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels measured at 35 weeks PMA. Linear regression analyses tested the relationships between candidate clinical predictors and levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3. RESULTS Higher protein intake, longer duration of parenteral nutrition, and lower IGFBP-3 levels at 1 week of life were associated with lower IGF-1 levels at 35 weeks PMA. Neither early markers of insulin resistance nor degree of illness were associated with IGF-1 levels at 35 weeks PMA. CONCLUSION Optimization of early nutrient intake, and attention to route of delivery, may have a lasting influence on IGF-1/IGFBP-3, and in turn, long-term health outcomes. IMPACT In very low birthweight preterm infants, early protein intake, duration of parenteral nutrition, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) levels at 1 week of life are positively associated with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels at 35 weeks postmenstrual age. Data from this study highlight the influence of early nutrition on components of the endocrine axis in preterm infants. Strategies aimed at early initiation of enteral nutrition, as well as optimizing composition of parenteral nutrition, may bolster hormones involved in promoting preterm infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Paulsen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Nicholas Marka
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emily M Nagel
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Brandon M Nathan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sara E Ramel
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Kulhanek D, Abrahante Llorens JE, Buckley L, Tkac I, Rao R, Paulsen ME. Female and male C57BL/6J offspring exposed to maternal obesogenic diet develop altered hypothalamic energy metabolism in adulthood. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E448-E466. [PMID: 36342228 PMCID: PMC9639756 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00100.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Maternal obesity is exceedingly common and strongly linked to offspring obesity and metabolic disease. Hypothalamic function is critical to obesity development. Hypothalamic mechanisms causing obesity following exposure to maternal obesity have not been elucidated. Therefore, we studied a cohort of C57BL/6J dams, treated with a control or high-fat-high-sugar diet, and their adult offspring to explore potential hypothalamic mechanisms to explain the link between maternal and offspring obesity. Dams treated with obesogenic diet were heavier with mild insulin resistance, which is reflective of the most common metabolic disease in pregnancy. Adult offspring exposed to maternal obesogenic diet had no change in body weight but significant increase in fat mass, decreased glucose tolerance, decreased insulin sensitivity, elevated plasma leptin, and elevated plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone. In addition, offspring exposed to maternal obesity had decreased energy intake and activity without change in basal metabolic rate. Hypothalamic neurochemical profile and transcriptome demonstrated decreased neuronal activity and inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Collectively, these results indicate that maternal obesity without diabetes is associated with adiposity and decreased hypothalamic energy production in offspring. We hypothesize that altered hypothalamic function significantly contributes to obesity development. Future studies focused on neuroprotective strategies aimed to improve hypothalamic function may decrease obesity development.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Offspring exposed to maternal diet-induced obesity demonstrate a phenotype consistent with energy excess. Contrary to previous studies, the observed energy phenotype was not associated with hyperphagia or decreased basal metabolic rate but rather decreased hypothalamic neuronal activity and energy production. This was supported by neurochemical changes in the hypothalamus as well as inhibition of hypothalamic oxidative phosphorylation pathway. These results highlight the potential for neuroprotective interventions in the prevention of obesity with fetal origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Kulhanek
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Lauren Buckley
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ivan Tkac
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Raghavendra Rao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Megan E Paulsen
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Minnesota Institute for the Developing Brain, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Swenson SA, Paulsen ME. EBNEO commentary: Elevated depression and anxiety symptoms in parents of very preterm infants while hospitalised and post-discharge. Acta Paediatr 2022; 111:1648-1649. [PMID: 35650173 PMCID: PMC9544086 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Swenson
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Megan E. Paulsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of NeonatologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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Abstract
This article summarizes the available evidence reporting the relationship between perinatal dysglycemia and long-term neurodevelopment. We review the physiology of perinatal glucose metabolism and discuss the controversies surrounding definitions of perinatal dysglycemia. We briefly review the epidemiology of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in fetal, preterm, and term infants. We discuss potential pathophysiologic mechanisms contributing to dysglycemia and its effect on neurodevelopment. We highlight current strategies to prevent and treat dysglycemia in the context of neurodevelopmental outcomes. Finally, we discuss areas of future research and the potential role of continuous glucose monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Paulsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Academic Office Building, 2450 Riverside Avenue S AO-401, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, 2025 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55414.
| | - Raghavendra B Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Academic Office Building, 2450 Riverside Avenue S AO-401, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, 2025 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55414
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Paulsen ME, Brown SJ, Satrom KM, Scheurer JM, Ramel SE, Rao RB. Long-Term Outcomes after Early Neonatal Hyperglycemia in VLBW Infants: A Systematic Review. Neonatology 2021; 118:509-521. [PMID: 34412051 PMCID: PMC8530871 DOI: 10.1159/000517951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Long-term effects of early hyperglycemia in VLBW infants are poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to systematically review the effect of early hyperglycemia on growth, metabolic health, and neurodevelopment after neonatal intensive care unit discharge in VLBW infants. METHODS The systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. A study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42019123335). Data sources included Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Scopus. Selected studies included infants with a blood glucose concentration >150 mg/dL (8.3 mmol/L) during the first 28 days of life, a gestational age (GA) <32 weeks, and/or a birth weight <1,500 g and longitudinal data on growth, metabolic health, or neurodevelopment outcomes. The GRADE system was used to assess quality of evidence. RESULTS Eight studies (n = 987 infants) reported long-term outcomes from 4-month corrected GA to 7 years old. Most studies compared long-term outcomes of preterm infants with and without hyperglycemia. Two studies addressed outcomes related to interventions following early hyperglycemia. Some studies found differences in growth, metabolic health, and neurodevelopment outcomes between VLBW preterm infants with hyperglycemia and without hyperglycemia, while other studies found no differences between groups. The overall graded quality of evidence was low. CONCLUSIONS Well-designed randomized controlled and prospective studies are necessary to determine the effect of early hyperglycemia and its treatment on later metabolic and neurodevelopmental outcomes in VLBW infants. Authors propose a potential study design for standardizing the assessment of long-term metabolic and neurodevelopmental outcomes following early hyperglycemia in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Paulsen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah Jane Brown
- Health Sciences Library, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katherine M Satrom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Johannah M Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sara E Ramel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Raghavendra B Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Kulhanek D, Rao RB, Paulsen ME. Excess sucrose intake during pregnancy programs fetal brain glucocorticoid receptor expression in female but not male C57Bl/6J mice. Obes Sci Pract 2021; 7:462-472. [PMID: 34401204 PMCID: PMC8346374 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-specific mechanisms explaining the association between mothers with obesity and the development of obesity in children are poorly characterized. Permanent changes in fetal brain glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression caused by exposure to overnutrition in utero may program aberrant energy homeostasis, thereby predisposing the offspring to obesity. This study explores sex differences in brain GR expression using an established mouse model of overnutrition during pregnancy. METHODS Female C57Bl/6J mice were fed control (CON) or high-fat-high-sucrose (HFHS) diets. Dam cholesterol, insulin, and triglycerides were measured by colorimetric assays. Fetal corticosterone exposure was measured by placental Abca1, Hsd11β1, Hsd11β2, and brain Nr3c1 (GR); Pomc expression measured by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Female, but not male, HFHS fetuses had 46% decreased brain GR and twofold increased Pomc expression. There was decreased Abca1 and Hsd11β1 but not Hsd11β2 expression in HFHS placentas. Caloric and sucrose intake, but not fat intake, in dams inversely correlated with fetal GR expression in both sexes. Excess sucrose consumption by dams inversely correlated with female fetal GR and directly correlated with female fetal Pomc expression. CONCLUSIONS Excess sucrose consumption in pregnant dams caused lower GR and higher Pomc expression in the female fetal brain. Clinical investigation of excess sucrose intake during pregnancy and its subsequent effect on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and appetite in offspring may lead to novel, sex-specific obesity prevention strategies in the development of obesity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Kulhanek
- Department of PediatricsDivision of NeonatologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Raghavendra B. Rao
- Department of PediatricsDivision of NeonatologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Megan E. Paulsen
- Department of PediatricsDivision of NeonatologyUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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Paulsen ME, Rosario FJ, Wesolowski SR, Powell TL, Jansson T. Normalizing adiponectin levels in obese pregnant mice prevents adverse metabolic outcomes in offspring. FASEB J 2019; 33:2899-2909. [PMID: 30346829 PMCID: PMC6338628 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801015r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infants of obese mothers have an increased risk of developing obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. The underlying mechanisms remain elusive, and no effective interventions to limit the transmission of metabolic disease from the obese mother to her infant are currently available. Obese pregnant women have decreased circulating levels of adiponectin, which is associated with increased placental nutrient transport and fetal overgrowth. We have reported that normalization of adiponectin levels during late gestation reversed placental dysfunction and fetal overgrowth in a mouse model of maternal obesity in pregnancy. In the current study, we hypothesized that adiponectin supplementation during pregnancy in obese mice attenuates the adverse metabolic outcomes in adult offspring. Adult male offspring of obese mice developed obesity, fatty liver, and insulin resistance, with adult female offspring of obese mice having a less pronounced metabolic phenotype. These metabolic abnormalities in offspring born to obese mice were largely prevented by normalization of maternal adiponectin levels in late pregnancy. We provide evidence that low circulating maternal adiponectin is a critical mechanistic link between maternal obesity and the development of metabolic disease in offspring. Strategies aimed at improving maternal adiponectin levels may prevent long-term metabolic dysfunction in offspring of obese mothers.-Paulsen, M. E., Rosario, F. J., Wesolowski, S. R., Powell, T. L., Jansson, T. Normalizing adiponectin levels in obese pregnant mice prevents adverse metabolic outcomes in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Paulsen
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Fredrick J. Rosario
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephanie R. Wesolowski
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Theresa L. Powell
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Paulsen ME, Dietz RM. Magnesium sulfate prevents cerebral palsy in premature infants. J Pediatr 2018; 194:265-268. [PMID: 29478499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Paulsen
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Neonatology; University of Minnesota Medical School; Minneapolis MN USA
| | - Robert M. Dietz
- Department of Pediatrics; Section of Neonatology; University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus; Aurora CO USA
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Paulsen ME, Young S, Smith JA, Severin GA. Bilateral chorioretinitis, centripetal optic neuritis, and encephalitis in a llama. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 194:1305-8. [PMID: 2722665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Blindness characterized by dilated, unresponsive pupils and ophthalmoscopic evidence of optic nerve atrophy and retinal degeneration developed in a 5-year-old llama. Lesions were not progressive during 2 months of observation. The llama was euthanatized and necropsied. Histopathologic findings included chorioretinitis, optic neuritis, and encephalitis characterized by mononuclear perivascular infiltration. Attempts to prove an infectious cause were unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Paulsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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Paulsen ME, Johnson L, Young S, Norrdin RW, Severin GA, Knight AP, King V. Blindness and sexual dimorphism associated with vitamin A deficiency in feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1989; 194:933-7. [PMID: 2703427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Clinical, ophthalmoscopic, and histopathologic findings of vitamin A deficiency in a group of 535 feedlot cattle are described. Liver vitamin A content and results of histologic examination of ocular and osseous (optic canal) tissue confirmed the diagnosis. Blindness was the only clinical sign observed. Even though the steers and heifers in this feedlot were approximately the same age and were fed the same ration for an equal period, none of the heifers had overt clinical signs of hypovitaminosis A. Production of vitamin A by the bovine corpus luteum may account for the sexual dimorphism observed in vitamin A-deficient cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Paulsen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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Bertone JJ, Traub-Dargatz JL, Fettman MJ, Wilke L, Wrigley RH, Jaenke R, Paulsen ME. Monitoring the progression of renal failure in a horse with polycystic kidney disease: use of the reciprocal of serum creatinine concentration and sodium sulfanilate clearance half-time. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 191:565-8. [PMID: 3667417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sequential reciprocals of serum creatinine concentration and sodium sulfanilate clearance half-times were used to monitor a horse with chronic renal failure. The horse was diagnosed as having polycystic kidney disease; at least one cyst was of distal tubular origin. Using the plots of the sequential data, a reasonably accurate prediction was made for complete renal decompensation to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Bertone
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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Paulsen ME, Lavach JD, Snyder SP, Severin GA, Eichenbaum JD. Nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis in dogs: 19 cases (1973-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 190:1581-7. [PMID: 3610771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the age and breed prevalence and the response to treatment of 19 dogs with nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis. Biopsy specimens were evaluated to determine the histologic characteristics of the lesions. In these dogs, this disorder was an idiopathic, bilateral disease characterized histologically by the presence of chronic granulomatous inflammation and reticulin fiber formation. The onset of clinical signs developed predominantly in young to middle-aged Collies, with a slow progression and benign clinical course. With treatment, the condition rarely threatened vision and was controlled easily with azathioprine (2 mg/kg) and/or corticosteroid. The dose of immunosuppressive drug was tapered to allow for minimal systemic effects and continued remission of clinical signs. The response to treatment was highly variable.
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Eichenbaum JD, Lavach JD, Gould DH, Severin GA, Paulsen ME, Jones RL. Immunohistochemical staining patterns of canine eyes affected with chronic superficial keratitis. Am J Vet Res 1986; 47:1952-5. [PMID: 3767102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fourteen limbal biopsy specimens from 11 dogs with chronic superficial keratitis (CSK) were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. Ten of the 14 specimens had corneal epithelial hyperplasia and/or atrophy. Eleven of the 14 specimens had thickened epithelial basement membranes. Each specimen had cellular infiltration and lamellar disruption of the stroma. An avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase complex stain was used to detect immunoglobulin (Ig) deposition. Twelve of the 14 specimens stained positive for Ig. The staining pattern was consistent and characterized by diffuse deposition of stain in the superficial conjunctival stroma near the limbus. Four of the 12 Ig-positive specimens also stained positive in the superficial corneal stroma with 1 of these 4 also staining positive along the epithelial cell basement membrane. The diffuse pattern of stain deposition and the absence of staining of specific epithelial structures indicated that CSK is not a classical autoimmune disease similar to any disease in the pemphigus group or similar to systemic lupus erythematosus. Although the results may implicate CSK as an immune-mediated disease, nonspecific factors could not be ruled out.
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