[Progress on health-related quality of life and its influencing factors in patients with tuberculosis sequelae]

With the emergence of new tuberculosis patients, the number of patients with tuberculosis sequelae is increasing, which not only increases the medical burden of tuberculosis sequelae year by year, but also affects the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients. The HRQOL of patients with tuberculosis sequelae has gradually received attention, but there are few relevant studies. Studies have shown that HRQOL is related to various factors such as post-tuberculosis lung disease, adverse reaction to anti-tuberculosis drugs, decreased physical activity, psychological barriers, low economic status and marital status. This article reviewed the current situation of HRQOL in patients with sequelae of tuberculosis and its influencing factors, in order to provide a reference for improving the quality of life of patients with sequelae of tuberculosis.

An interactive feedback system for increasing hand antisepsis adherence in stationary intensive care

BACKGROUND

Pathogens causing infections are in many cases transmitted via the hands of personnel. Thus, hand antisepsis has strong epidemiological evidence of infection prevention. Depending on various factors, hand antisepsis adherence ranges between 9.1% and 85.2%.

AIM

To evaluate a new transponder system that reminded medical staff to use an alcohol-based hand rub based on indication by giving real-time feedback, to detect hand antisepsis adherence.

METHODS

The monitoring system consisted of three components: a portable transponder detecting alcohol-based hand rub and able to give feedback; a beacon recognizing entries to and exits from the patient's surroundings; and a sensor placed at the hand-rub dispensers to count the number of hand rubs. With these components, the system provided feedback when hand antisepsis was not conducted although it was necessary according to moments 1, 4, and 5 of hand antisepsis. Adherence was measured in two use-cases with five phases, starting with the baseline measurement followed by intervention periods and phases without intervention to test the sustainability of the feedback.

FINDINGS

Using the monitoring system, hand antisepsis adherence was increased by up to 104.5% in comparison to the baseline measurement. When the intervention ceased, however, hand antisepsis adherence decreased to less than or equal to the baseline measurement.

CONCLUSION

A short-term intervention alone is not sufficient to lead to a long-term change in hand antisepsis adherence. Rather, permanent feedback and/or the integration in a multi-modal intervention strategy are necessary.

Chemical and mechanical stability of an ion-exchanged lithium disilicate glass in artificial saliva

Multi-component lithium disilicate (LD) glasses were ion-exchanged in a pure or mixed nitrate salt bath. The surface morphologies, mechanical properties, chemical stability and ion leaching of ion-exchanged LD glasses before and after storage in artificial saliva for 21 days were investigated. It can be found that chemical stability of ion-exchanged LD glass was temperature-dependent. The residual compressive stress induced by ion-exchange increased the chemical potential of alkali ions in glass, and the ion-exchanged LD glass, especially 235 °C/64 h group, chemical stability in artificial saliva for 21 days were deteriorated. Back-exchange treatment could relax the stress on the outermost layer of the ion-exchanged LD glass without deteriorating its strengthening effect, and back-exchanged LD glass presented good chemical and mechanical stability in artificial saliva. The results might help to enhance the service stability of ion-exchanged LD glass-ceramics in the oral condition.

POSH regulates assembly of the NMDAR/PSD-95/Shank complex and synaptic function

Mutation or disruption of the Shank/ProSAP family of genes is a high risk factor for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and intellectual disability. N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction contributes to the development of autism-like behaviors. However, the molecular mechanism of Shank-mediated NMDAR modulation is still not clear. Here, we show that the scaffold protein plenty of SH3s (POSH) directly interacts with two other scaffold proteins, PSD95 and SHANK2/3, at excitatory synapses. In POSH conditional knockout (cKO) mice, normal synaptic clustering of NMDAR/PSD-95/SHANK complex is disrupted, accompanied by abnormal dendritic spine development and glutamatergic transmission in hippocampal neurons. POSH cKO mice display profound autism-like behaviors, including impairments in social interactions, social communication, repetitive behaviors, and deficits in learning and memory. Thus, POSH clusters at the postsynaptic density (PSD) with PSD-95 and SHANK2/3 and plays important roles in the signaling mechanisms of the NMDAR/PSD-95/POSH/SHANK complex as well as in spine development and brain function.

Improving early running-in wear characteristics for dental lithium disilicate glass-ceramics by ion-exchange

OBJECTIVES

This study examined the effects of Li⁺→Na⁺ ion-exchange on the early wear performance of dental lithium disilicate (LD) glass-ceramics.

METHODS

Specimens with different shapes were prepared using IPS e.max Press as the LD glass-ceramics. Ion-exchange was conducted by placing polished specimens in molten salt containing 25% NaNO₃ and 75% KNO₃ at 385 °C for 16 or 64 h. The ion-exchanged specimens were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to investigate the structure and the elemental distribution. Thereafter, the specimens were tested for flexural strength, Vickers hardness, and fracture resistance. A portion of the specimens were tested with a pin-on-disk tribometer with 10 N for 40 × 10⁴ wear cycles in artificial saliva. Wear analysis of the specimens was performed using a 3D profilometer and analyzed with one-way analyses of variance and Tukey's post hoc pairwise comparisons. Worn surfaces were examined with scanning electron microscopy.

RESULTS

The LD glass-ceramics exhibited strong time-dependent wear behavior, with typical running-in and steady wear stages. Ion-exchange treatments at 385 °C for 16 h and 64 h both enhanced the mechanical properties and decreased the wear rates of early running-in wear stage. The early wear performance of specimens treated with ion-exchange for long time (64 h) was improved significantly.

CONCLUSION

A thicker ion-exchange layer may be obtained by processing ion-exchange for a long time. This protocol improves the early wear performance of the glass-ceramics effectively.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Dental restorations may fail prematurely due to excessive wear. It is important to improve the early wear performance of the glass-ceramics. Ion-exchange has the potential to strengthen dental LD glass-ceramics. Understanding the effect of ion-exchange on the early wear performance of glass-ceramics provides insight improving the early wear performance of these restorations.

Effect of Li+/Na+ exchange on mechanical behavior and biological activity of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic

Lithium disilicate (LD) glass-ceramics with a stoichiometric composition were ion-exchanged in pure NaNO₃ or mixed NaNO₃ + KNO₃ molten salt baths below the glass transition temperature (T_g). The microstructures, surface morphologies, mechanical properties and bioactivities of the ion-exchanged glass-ceramics were studied in detail. It was found that the strength and toughness of LD glass-ceramic could be enhanced from 175 MPa to 0.96 MPa m^1/2 before ion-exchange to 546 MPa and 4.31 MPa m^1/2 respectively under a lowered ion-exchange temperature because the less stress relaxation. In addition, a gradient of Na⁺ rich layer in the surface of glass-ceramic was induced by Li⁺/Na⁺ exchange, which could be beneficial to the formation of HA (Hydroxyapatite) with nano-size porous after soaking in SBF (Simulated Body Fluid) solution and exhibited better bioactivity compared with the original LD glass-ceramic. The results might provide a reference for the strengthening and biological activation of LD glass-ceramics in bone restoration applications.

Schizophrenia risk-gene Crmp2 deficiency causes precocious critical period plasticity and deteriorated binocular vision

Brain-specific loss of a microtubule-binding protein collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP2) in the mouse recapitulates many schizophrenia-like behaviors of human patients, possibly resulting from associated developmental deficits in neuronal differentiation, path-finding, and synapse formation. However, it is still unclear how the Crmp2 loss affects neuronal circuit function and plasticity. By conducting in vivo and ex vivo electrophysiological recording in the mouse primary visual cortex (V1), we reveal that CRMP2 exerts a key regulation on the timing of postnatal critical period (CP) for experience-dependent circuit plasticity of sensory cortex. In the developing V1, the Crmp2 deficiency induces not only a delayed maturation of visual tuning functions but also a precocious CP for visual input-induced ocular dominance plasticity and its induction activity - coincident binocular inputs right after eye-opening. Mechanistically, the Crmp2 deficiency accelerates the maturation process of cortical inhibitory transmission and subsequently promotes an early emergence of balanced excitatory-inhibitory cortical circuits during the postnatal development. Moreover, the precocious CP plasticity results in deteriorated binocular depth perception in adulthood. Thus, these findings suggest that the Crmp2 deficiency dysregulates the timing of CP for experience-dependent refinement of circuit connections and further leads to impaired sensory perception in later life.

[Advances in indocyanine green fluorescence imaging during hepatectomy]

While surgical operation is the preferred treatment for liver malignancies,the postoperative recurrence rate remains high. In the early 21^st century,Japanese scientists first reported the use of indocyanine green(ICG) in liver resection. Follow-up studies also found its potential applications such as identifying tumors,determining surgical margins,delineating segmental boundaries,and preventing bile leakage. At present,ICG fluorescence imaging is applied to some types of hepatectomy with excellent effect and is expected to assist in generating surgical strategies for liver malignancies. However,its safety and efficacy still need further studies to evaluate.

A novel dentin bonding scheme based on extrafibrillar demineralization combined with covalent adhesion using a dry-bonding technique

Dentin bonding is a dynamic process that involves the penetration of adhesive resin monomers into the extrafibrillar and intrafibrillar demineralized collagen matrix using a wet-bonding technique. However, adhesive resin monomers lack the capacity to infiltrate the intrafibrillar space, and the excess water that is introduced by the wet-bonding technique remains at the bonding interface. This imperfectly bonded interface is inclined to hydrolytic degradation, severely jeopardizing the longevity of bonded clinical restorations. The present study introduces a dentin bonding scheme based on a dry-bonding technique, combined with the use of extrafibrillar demineralization and a collagen-reactive monomer (CRM)-based adhesive (CBA). Selective extrafibrillar demineralization was achieved using 1-wt% high-molecular weight (MW) carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) within a clinically acceptable timeframe to create a less aggressive bonding substance for dentin bonding due to its selectively extrafibrillar demineralization capacity. CMCS demineralization decreased the activation of in situ collagenase, improved the shrinking resistance of demineralized collagen, and thus provided stronger and more durable bonding than traditional phosphoric acid etching. The new dentin bonding scheme that contained CMCS and CBA and used a dry-bonding technique achieved an encouraging dentin bonding strength and durability with low technical sensitivity. This bonding scheme can be used to improve the stability of the resin-dentin interface and foster the longevity of bonded clinical restorations.

Improved reliability of mechanical behavior for a thermal tempered lithium disilicate glass-ceramic by regulating the cooling rate

Traditional thermal tempering was applied to lithium disilicate (LD) glass-ceramic specimens with bar-like and disc-like shapes. The tempering process was conducted by heating the specimens to a temperature below the dynamic softening point, and then rapid cooling in silicone oil with different temperatures ranging from room-temperature to 300 °C to regulate the cooling rate. Effect of the oil-temperature on mechanical behavior of the tempered glass-ceramic was investigated. For the tempering at the lower oil-temperature (e.g., at room-temperature), it was found that the LD glass-ceramic specimens with both the bar-like and disc-like shapes could be remarkably strengthen and toughen, however, obvious anisotropy in fracture toughness was displayed by the specimens with the bar-like shape. With increasing the oil-temperature up to 250 °C, the mechanical anisotropy of the bar-like specimens could be significantly alleviated without much loss of the strengthening effect. The results can provide references for improving reliability of mechanical behavior for the tempered LD glass-ceramic by regulating the cooling condition according to specimen geometry.

Functionally Distinct Neuronal Ensembles within the Memory Engram

Memories are believed to be encoded by sparse ensembles of neurons in the brain. However, it remains unclear whether there is functional heterogeneity within individual memory engrams, i.e., if separate neuronal subpopulations encode distinct aspects of the memory and drive memory expression differently. Here, we show that contextual fear memory engrams in the mouse dentate gyrus contain functionally distinct neuronal ensembles, genetically defined by the Fos- or Npas4-dependent transcriptional pathways. The Fos-dependent ensemble promotes memory generalization and receives enhanced excitatory synaptic inputs from the medial entorhinal cortex, which we find itself also mediates generalization. The Npas4-dependent ensemble promotes memory discrimination and receives enhanced inhibitory drive from local cholecystokinin-expressing interneurons, the activity of which is required for discrimination. Our study provides causal evidence for functional heterogeneity within the memory engram and reveals synaptic and circuit mechanisms used by each ensemble to regulate the memory discrimination-generalization balance.

Improving the wear performance of feldspathic veneering porcelain by ion-exchange strengthening

OBJECTIVES

The present study examined the effects of Na⁺→K⁺ ion-exchange on the wear performance of feldspathic veneering porcelain.

METHODS

Bar and disk specimens were prepared using IPS classic as the feldspathic veneering porcelain. After ion-exchange by immersion of the specimens in melted KNO₃ at two temperatures for different time-periods, the bars were tested for flexural strength and Vickers surface hardness. The disks were paired with zirconia antagonists and tested with a pin-on-disk tribometer with 10 N for 70☓10⁴ wear cycles in artificial saliva. Wear analysis of the porcelain and zirconia was performed using 3D profilometer and analysed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc pairwise comparison procedures. Worn surfaces were examined with scanning electron microscopy.

RESULTS

The feldspathic veneering porcelain exhibited strong time-dependent wear behaviour, with typical running-in and steady wear stages. Ion-exchange treatments at 380 °C and 440 °C both enhanced the mechanical properties, decreased the wear rates of running-in wear and steady wear. The wear performance of porcelain treated by ion-exchange at lower temperature (380 °C) was improved significantly, especially reducing the wear rate of the running-in stage.

CONCLUSION

A thicker ion-exchange layer with less stress relaxation may be obtained by ion-exchange at lower exchange temperature for a long processing time. Such a protocol improves the wear performance of the porcelain effectively.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Restorations with veneering porcelain may fail prematurely due to excessive wear. It important to improve the wear performance of the porcelain. Ion-exchange has the potential to strengthen dental veneering porcelain. Understanding the effect of ion-exchange on the wear performance of porcelain provides insight improving the wear performance of these restorations.

A novel polysaccharide obtained from Craterellus cornucopioides enhances immunomodulatory activity in immunosuppressive mice models via regulation of the TLR4-NF-κB pathway

The immunoregulatory effect of a novel Craterellus cornucopioides polysaccharide (CCP) with a triple-helix structure on immunosuppressive BALB/c mice models was investigated; moreover, the immune response of BALB/c mice models in the preventive and therapeutic treatment groups treated with CCP was explored, and its molecular mechanism was elucidated. It was found that the BALB/c mice models in the preventive groups treated with CCP (120 and 240 mg kg^-1 d^-1) had better immunoregulatory activity. The spleen and thymus weight indices of the BALB/c mice models were significantly increased, and the histopathological analysis indicated a protective function of CCP against the immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX). Moreover, CCP displayed definite and clear synergistic effects on the T- or B-lymphocyte proliferation induced by ConA or LPS, respectively, promoted the natural killer (NK) cell activity and significantly increased phagocytic activity to activate peritoneal macrophages in immunosuppressive mice. The western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results provided comprehensive evidence that CCP could upregulate the protein expression of the G-protein-coupled cell membrane receptor TLR4 and the production of its downstream protein kinases (TRAF6, TK1, p-IKKα/β and NF-κB p50); this, in turn, enhanced the production of cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-α) through both preventive and therapeutic treatments via regulation of the TLR4-NFκB pathway in the peritoneal macrophage of immunosuppressive mice.

Structure characterization, physicochemical property and immunomodulatory activity on RAW264.7 cells of a novel triple-helix polysaccharide from Craterellus cornucopioides

In the study, a new triple-helix polysaccharide with favorable stability was purified from C. cornucopioides. Its structural characterization, stability and solution behavior were investigated by the GC-MS, periodate oxidation-smith degradation, FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, Scanning electron microscope, Congo-red, CD, TGA and DSC analysis. The results showed that Craterellus cornucopioide polysaccharide (CCP) possessed the molecular weight of 1.97 × 10³ kDa, is mainly composed of mannose (48.73%), galactose (17.37%), glucose (15.97%) and xylose (17.93%), respectively. It was a heteroglycan with (1 → 3)‑linked‑β‑d‑Manp‑(1 → 6)‑linked α‑d‑Galp backbone distributed by (1 → 4)‑linked‑α‑d‑Xylp‑t‑α‑d‑Manp and t‑β‑d‑Glup units at O-6. The result of TGA and DSC assay indicated that CCP has a favorable thermal stability. MTT and Scanning electro microscopy (SEM) assay showed that CCP could significantly improve the proliferation activity and induce cells activation of RAW264.7 in a certain range of concentrations and period.

[Investigation of sagittal root position in relation to the anterior maxillary alveolar bone: a cone-beam CT study in 300 cases with normal occlusion]

Objective: To investigate the sagittal root position and apical bone height of the maxillary anterior teeth in order to provide anatomical information for immediate implant placement in the esthetic region. Methods: Cone-beam CT (CBCT) data from 300 randomly selected patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in this study. After three-dimensional reconstruction, the sagittal plane (the sagittal plane through the long axis of the tooth) was determined. The positions and angulations of the tooth roots were classified with reference to the alveolar process. By comparing the buccal and palatal bone thickness at the mid-root level, the toot positions with reference to the mid-alveolar line were defined and classified as follows, type B (closer to the buccal alveolar surface), type M (midway between the buccal and palatal alveolar surface) and type P (closer to the palatal alveolar surface). By comparing the angulations of the alveolar process with the long axis of the roots, the angulations were classified as follows, type 1 (root apex angulated toward the palatal side or parallel to the alveolus), type 2 (root apex angulated toward the buccal side with the long axis passing posterior to point A) and type 3 (root apex angulated toward the buccal side with the long axis passing anterior to point A). The frequency of each category was counted and the apical bone height was measured. The subjects were divided into three age groups, 19-30 years, 31-50 years and 51-75 years. Results: The overall mean apical bone height of the healthy maxillary central incisors was (9.2±3.0) mm, the lateral incisors was (10.0±2.9) mm and the canine was (8.1±3.1) mm. There was no significant difference in the height of apical bone between central incisors and lateral incisors (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the height of apical bone between male and female (P>0.05). The height of apical bone in group 31-50 years and 51-75 years were greater than that in group 19-30 years (P<0.05), respectively. The proportion of the maxillary anterior teeth type B, M, P was 98.5% (1 774/1 800), 0.3% (5/1 800) and 1.2% (21/1 800) respectively. The proportion of type 1, 2, 3 was 2.6% (46/1 800), 58.6% (1 055/1 800) and 38.8% (699/1 800) respectively. Conclusions: There was enough apical bone height in the area of maxillary anterior teeth, but the majority of roots positioned more buccally.

Bronchopleural fistula after lung ablation: Experience in two cases and literature review

BACKGROUND

Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) complicating lung tumor ablation is rare but severe. The purpose of this article was to study its characteristics and treatments.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two of 682 (0.3%) sessions of lung microwave ablation (MWA) were complicated with BPF and documented. Two electronic databases were searched for reported cases of BPF after lung tumor ablation. Case selection and data collection were done by 3 independent reviewers.

RESULTS

A 56-year-old man and a 61-year-old woman developed BPF after MWA and died. Thirteen cases (mean age 63.8, 61.5% male) of BPF with adequate information were identified from 8 articles. Of the 13 cases, 5 (38.5%) had pulmonary co-morbidity, 3 (23.1%) had a history of pulmonary surgery, 7 (53.8%) had a target tumor adjacent or abutting pulmonary pleura, and 6 (46.2%) developed severe infections. After chest tube placement, pleurodesis, endoscopic therapy, surgery, and other treatments, 12 were cured and 1 died of BPF and pneumonia.

CONCLUSION

BPF is a rare but severe complication of lung ablation, and the management needs a multidisciplinary and individualized treatment strategy.

Association between monoamine oxidase B A644G polymorphism and Parkinson's disease risk: a meta-analysis in the Chinese population

Although various individual studies have evaluated the correlation between monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), polymorphism, and Parkinson's disease (PD), the results remain inconclusive. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis in the Chinese population to provide comprehensive data on the association between the MAOB polymorphism and PD. Eligible studies were identified via databases such as PubMed, Springer Link, Ovid, Chinese Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Chinese Biology Medicine, throughout November 2015. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strengths of these associations. Eight studies documenting a total of 1385 cases of PD and 1426 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, no significant association was found between the MAOB A644G polymorphism and PD risk in the Chinese population. However, in subgroup analyses, where results were stratified by geographical areas and source of controls, increased risk for PD in Northern China was observed (allele A vs G: OR = 1.33, 95%CI = 1.11-1.58; AA vs GG: OR = 1.46, 95%CI = 1.09-1.97; AA + AG vs GG: OR = 1.42, 95%CI = 1.06-1.90). Similarly, population-based studies also showed significant association between the MAOB A644G polymorphism and PD risk among different populations (allele A vs G: OR = 1.29, 95%CI = 1.11-1.51; AA vs GG: OR = 1.41, 95%CI = 1.09-1.82; AA + AG vs GG: OR = 1.34, 95%CI = 1.04- 1.71). In conclusion, this meta-analysis provided evidence that the MAOB A644G polymorphism may contribute to PD development in Northern China. Further studies conducted in other ethnic groups are required for definite conclusions.

Shp2 suppresses the adipogenic differentiation of preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells at an early stage

Tyrosine phosphatase protein Shp2 is a potential therapeutic target for obesity. However, the mechanism of Shp2 during adipogenesis is not fully understood. The present study investigated the role of Shp2 in the terminal differentiation of preadipocytes. The results showed that Shp2 suppressed adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells; overexpression of Shp2 reduced lipid droplet production in 3T3-L1 cells, whereas Shp2 knockdown increased lipid droplet production in 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of Shp2 activity also enhanced adipocyte differentiation. Interestingly, Shp2 expression was specifically decreased early during differentiation in response to stimulation with the dexamethasone–methylisobutylxanthine–insulin (DMI) hormone cocktail. During the first 2 days of differentiation, Shp2 overexpression impaired the DMI-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in 3T3-L1 cells and blocked the peak expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins β and δ during preadipocyte differentiation. In conclusion, Shp2 downregulated the early stages of hormone-induced differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and inhibited the expression of the first wave of transcription factors by suppressing the DMI-induced STAT3 signaling pathway. These discoveries point to a novel role of Shp2 during adipogenesis and support the hypothesis that Shp2 could be a therapeutic target for the control of obesity.

Artificial pneumothorax for pain relief during microwave ablation of subpleural lung tumors

BACKGROUND

When microwave ablation (MWA) is used for subpleural lesions, severe pain was the common side effect under the local anesthesia conditions during the procedure and postprocedure. To study the pain relief effect of artificial pneumothorax in the treatment of subpleural lung tumors with MWA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From February 2012 to October 2014, 37 patients with 40 subpleural lung tumors underwent MWA, including 17 patients of 19 sessions given artificial pneumothorax prior to MWA (group-I), and 20 patients of 21 sessions without artificial pneumothorax (group-II). Patient's pain assessment scores (10-point visual analog scale [VAS]) at during-procedure, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after the MWA procedure and mean 24 h morphine dose were compared between the two groups. Complications of the artificial pneumothorax were also summarized.

RESULTS

Pain VAS were 0.53, 0.65, 1.00, 0.24, and 0.18 at during-procedure, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h for group-I and 5.53, 2.32, 2.82, 1.21, and 0.21 for group-II, respectively. Pain VAS in group I was significantly decreased at during-procedure, 6, 12, and 24 h after the MWA (P < 0.001). No statistical pain VAS difference was observed at 48 h after the MWA between the two groups (P > 0.05). The mean 24 h morphine dose was 5.00 mg in group-I and 12.63 mg in group-II (P = 0.000). "Artificial pneumothorax" related complications occurred in two patients from group-I, including one pleural effusion and one minor hemoptysis. No patient in group-I and group-II died during the procedure or in 30 days after MWA.

CONCLUSION

Artificial pneumothorax is a safe and effective method for pain relief during MWA of subpleural lung tumors.

Correlation analysis between starch properties and single nucleotide polymorphisms of waxy genes in common rye (Secale cereale L.)

To understand the relationships between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the waxy gene and starch parameters in common rye, we performed sequence characterization, enzyme activity testing, amylopectin/amylose ratio evaluation, starch property testing, and correlation analysis. Specific primers were used to clone waxy from 20 rye cultivars. Sequence analysis showed that waxy was 2852 bp, including 11 exons, and sequence similarity across the 20 cultivars was over 98%. The Waxy protein showed >95% similarity with those from wheat, rice, and barley, the closest genetic relationship being with wheat Wx-A type. Waxy had multiple SNPs, most of which were located in the exons. Amino acid variants were found to be mainly distributed in the catalytic domain in an imbalanced state. Multi-factor correlation analysis revealed significant correlation among starch pasting parameters in rye flour. The Waxy protein activity was significantly negatively correlated with the amylose content and amylopectin/amylose ratio. However, pasting parameters, Waxy enzyme activity, and amylopectin/amylose content ratio were not correlated. The correlation of SNPs, the key catalytic site of Waxy, with starch parameters and enzyme activity suggested that both starch pasting parameters and Waxy protein activity were influenced by No. 260 amino acid (aa). Further, the 141 and 152 aa loci were found in the enzyme-catalyzing domain of Waxy. Interestingly, Waxy enzyme activity was also influenced by the 363 aa locus in the pliable region. These results provide important theoretical regarding the high-throughput quality identification of noodle starch, functional studies, directional selection, and molecular markers of wheat Wx subunits.

Detection of common deafness mutation by maternal plasma cell-free DNA

OBJECTIVES

The aim is to investigate the use of the ligase detection reaction (LDR) microarray to examine the difference of the single nucleotide between the pregnant woman and the fetus by cell-free DNA in the maternal plasma in congenital deafness.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The proband and the couples' venous blood samples and the amniotic fluid/ chorionic villi collected from seven deafness families for prenatal diagnosis were analyzed. The cell-free DNA from maternal plasma was examined to determine if they carried the mutations of GJB2 235delC.

RESULTS

Three samples were found to carry the mutation of GJB2 235delC. It is in agreement with the sequencing results. The affected fetuses were suggested to take invasive procedure for confirmation.

CONCLUSIONS

The chip may be a potential method to screen for congenital deafness based on maternal plasma DNA.

Variations and constancy of mercury and methylmercury accumulation in rice grown at contaminated paddy field sites in three Provinces of China

Many paddy fields have been contaminated by mercury (Hg) in mining areas of China. In this study, twenty-six rice cultivars and three Hg contaminated paddy fields in different geographic regions were selected for field trials and aimed to investigate the variations and similarities in total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) accumulations in brown rice (seeds) across sites. Our results revealed widescale cultivar variation in THg (13-52 ng g(-1) at Wanshan) and MeHg (3.5-23 ng g(-1)) accumulation and %MeHg (17.7-89%) in seeds. The ability to translocate is an important factor in the levels of THg and MeHg in seed. Cultivar tended to stability in THg accumulation across sites. Some cultivars accumulated lower concentrations of both THg and MeHg in seeds at fields seriously contaminated by Hg. Present results suggest that appropriate cultivar selection is a possible way to reduce THg and MeHg accumulation in seeds of rice grown in Hg-contaminated regions.

Neural network approaches to dynamic collision-free trajectory generation

In this paper, dynamic collision-free trajectory generation in a nonstationary environment is studied using biologically inspired neural network approaches. The proposed neural network is topologically organized, where the dynamics of each neuron is characterized by a shunting equation or an additive equation. The state space of the neural network can be either the Cartesian workspace or the joint space of multi-joint robot manipulators. There are only local lateral connections among neurons. The real-time optimal trajectory is generated through the dynamic activity landscape of the neural network without explicitly searching over the free space nor the collision paths, without explicitly optimizing any global cost functions, without any prior knowledge of the dynamic environment, and without any learning procedures. Therefore the model algorithm is computationally efficient. The stability of the neural network system is guaranteed by the existence of a Lyapunov function candidate. In addition, this model is not very sensitive to the model parameters. Several model variations are presented and the differences are discussed. As examples, the proposed models are applied to generate collision-free trajectories for a mobile robot to solve a maze-type of problem, to avoid concave U-shaped obstacles, to track a moving target and at the same to avoid varying obstacles, and to generate a trajectory for a two-link planar robot with two targets. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approaches are demonstrated through simulation and comparison studies.

A solid phase extraction-liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of concentrations of GDC-0941, a small molecule class I phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase inhibitor, to support clinical development

A solid phase extraction (SPE) liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of GDC-0941 concentrations in human plasma has been developed and validated to support clinical development. An Oasis MCX 10mg 96-well SPE plate was used to extract plasma samples (50 μL) and the resulting extracts were analyzed using reverse-phase chromatography and mass spectrometer coupled with a turbo-ionspray interface. The method was validated over the calibration curve range 0.500-500 ng/mL with linear regression and 1/x(2) weighting. Within-run relative standard deviation (%RSD) ranged from 1.5 to 11.5%, while the between-run %RSD varied from 0.0 to 4.4%. The accuracy ranged from 96.0% to 110.0% of nominal for within-run and 98.0% to 108.0% of nominal for between-run at all concentrations including the LLOQ quality control at 0.500 ng/mL. Extraction recovery of GDC-0941 was between 79.0% and 86.2%. Stability of GDC-0941 was established in human plasma for 602 days at -70 °C and 598 days at -20°C, respectively, and established in reconstituted sample extracts for 167 h when stored at room temperature. Internal standard normalized matrix factor was 1.1, demonstrating that the use of the stable-labeled internal standard GDC-0941-d(8) effectively compensated observed matrix effect and resulting in no adverse impact on the quality of the data produced. This assay was used for the determination of GDC-0941 human plasma concentrations over a sufficient time period to determine pharmacokinetic parameters at relevant clinical doses.