1
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Zhang L, Braynen J, Fahey A, Chopra K, Cifani P, Tadesse D, Regulski M, Hu F, van Dam HJJ, Xie M, Ware D, Blaby-Haas CE. Two related families of metal transferases, ZNG1 and ZNG2, are involved in acclimation to poor Zn nutrition in Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1237722. [PMID: 37965006 PMCID: PMC10642216 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1237722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal homeostasis has evolved to tightly modulate the availability of metals within the cell, avoiding cytotoxic interactions due to excess and protein inactivity due to deficiency. Even in the presence of homeostatic processes, however, low bioavailability of these essential metal nutrients in soils can negatively impact crop health and yield. While research has largely focused on how plants assimilate metals, acclimation to metal-limited environments requires a suite of strategies that are not necessarily involved in metal transport across membranes. The identification of these mechanisms provides a new opportunity to improve metal-use efficiency and develop plant foodstuffs with increased concentrations of bioavailable metal nutrients. Here, we investigate the function of two distinct subfamilies of the nucleotide-dependent metallochaperones (NMCs), named ZNG1 and ZNG2, that are found in plants, using Arabidopsis thaliana as a reference organism. AtZNG1 (AT1G26520) is an ortholog of human and fungal ZNG1, and like its previously characterized eukaryotic relatives, localizes to the cytosol and physically interacts with methionine aminopeptidase type I (AtMAP1A). Analysis of AtZNG1, AtMAP1A, AtMAP2A, and AtMAP2B transgenic mutants are consistent with the role of Arabidopsis ZNG1 as a Zn transferase for AtMAP1A, as previously described in yeast and zebrafish. Structural modeling reveals a flexible cysteine-rich loop that we hypothesize enables direct transfer of Zn from AtZNG1 to AtMAP1A during GTP hydrolysis. Based on proteomics and transcriptomics, loss of this ancient and conserved mechanism has pleiotropic consequences impacting the expression of hundreds of genes, including those involved in photosynthesis and vesicle transport. Members of the plant-specific family of NMCs, ZNG2A1 (AT1G80480) and ZNG2A2 (AT1G15730), are also required during Zn deficiency, but their target protein(s) remain to be discovered. RNA-seq analyses reveal wide-ranging impacts across the cell when the genes encoding these plastid-localized NMCs are disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Zhang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Janeen Braynen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Audrey Fahey
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Kriti Chopra
- Computational Science Initiative, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Paolo Cifani
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Dimiru Tadesse
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Michael Regulski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Fangle Hu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Hubertus J. J. van Dam
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Meng Xie
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Doreen Ware
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
- USDA ARS NAA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Agricultural Research Service, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Crysten E. Blaby-Haas
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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2
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Gladman N, Hufnagel B, Regulski M, Liu Z, Wang X, Chougule K, Kochian L, Magalhães J, Ware D. Sorghum root epigenetic landscape during limiting phosphorus conditions. Plant Direct 2022; 6:e393. [PMID: 35600998 PMCID: PMC9107021 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient acquisition and use of available phosphorus from the soil is crucial for plant growth, development, and yield. With an ever-increasing acreage of croplands with suboptimal available soil phosphorus, genetic improvement of sorghum germplasm for enhanced phosphorus acquisition from soil is crucial to increasing agricultural output and reducing inputs, while confronted with a growing world population and uncertain climate. Sorghum bicolor is a globally important commodity for food, fodder, and forage. Known for robust tolerance to heat, drought, and other abiotic stresses, its capacity for optimal phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) is still being investigated for optimized root system architectures (RSA). Whilst a few RSA-influencing genes have been identified in sorghum and other grasses, the epigenetic impact on expression and tissue-specific activation of candidate PUE genes remains elusive. Here, we present transcriptomic, epigenetic, and regulatory network profiling of RSA modulation in the BTx623 sorghum background in response to limiting phosphorus (LP) conditions. We show that during LP, sorghum RSA is remodeled to increase root length and surface area, likely enhancing its ability to acquire P. Global DNA 5-methylcytosine and H3K4 and H3K27 trimethylation levels decrease in response to LP, while H3K4me3 peaks and DNA hypomethylated regions contain recognition motifs of numerous developmental and nutrient responsive transcription factors that display disparate expression patterns between different root tissues (primary root apex, elongation zone, and lateral root apex).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Hufnagel
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueMontpellierLanguedoc‐RoussillonFrance
| | | | - Zhigang Liu
- Global Institute for Food SecurityUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonCanada
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Leon Kochian
- Global Institute for Food SecurityUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonCanada
| | | | - Doreen Ware
- Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNew YorkUSA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service, NEA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and HealthCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
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3
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Wang L, Lu Z, Regulski M, Jiao Y, Chen J, Ware D, Xin Z. BSAseq: an interactive and integrated web-based workflow for identification of causal mutations in bulked F2 populations. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:382-387. [PMID: 32777814 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY With the advance of next-generation sequencing technologies and reductions in the costs of these techniques, bulked segregant analysis (BSA) has become not only a powerful tool for mapping quantitative trait loci but also a useful way to identify causal gene mutations underlying phenotypes of interest. However, due to the presence of background mutations and errors in sequencing, genotyping, and reference assembly, it is often difficult to distinguish true causal mutations from background mutations. In this study, we developed the BSAseq workflow, which includes an automated bioinformatics analysis pipeline with a probabilistic model for estimating the linked region (the region linked to the causal mutation) and an interactive Shiny web application for visualizing the results. We deeply sequenced a sorghum male-sterile parental line (ms8) to capture the majority of background mutations in our bulked F2 data. We applied the workflow to 11 bulked sorghum F2 populations and 1 rice F2 population and identified the true causal mutation in each population. The workflow is intuitive and straightforward, facilitating its adoption by users without bioinformatics analysis skills. We anticipate that the BSAseq workflow will be broadly applicable to the identification of causal mutations for many phenotypes of interest. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION BSAseq is freely available on https://www.sciapps.org/page/bsa. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Lu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Michael Regulski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Yinping Jiao
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Junping Chen
- USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA
| | - Doreen Ware
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.,USDA-ARS Plant, Soil and Nutrition Research Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Zhanguo Xin
- USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA
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4
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Wang L, Lu Z, delaBastide M, Van Buren P, Wang X, Ghiban C, Regulski M, Drenkow J, Xu X, Ortiz-Ramirez C, Marco CF, Goodwin S, Dobin A, Birnbaum KD, Jackson DP, Martienssen RA, McCombie WR, Micklos DA, Schatz MC, Ware DH, Gingeras TR. Management, Analyses, and Distribution of the MaizeCODE Data on the Cloud. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:289. [PMID: 32296450 PMCID: PMC7136414 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
MaizeCODE is a project aimed at identifying and analyzing functional elements in the maize genome. In its initial phase, MaizeCODE assayed up to five tissues from four maize strains (B73, NC350, W22, TIL11) by RNA-Seq, Chip-Seq, RAMPAGE, and small RNA sequencing. To facilitate reproducible science and provide both human and machine access to the MaizeCODE data, we enhanced SciApps, a cloud-based portal, for analysis and distribution of both raw data and analysis results. Based on the SciApps workflow platform, we generated new components to support the complete cycle of MaizeCODE data management. These include publicly accessible scientific workflows for the reproducible and shareable analysis of various functional data, a RESTful API for batch processing and distribution of data and metadata, a searchable data page that lists each MaizeCODE experiment as a reproducible workflow, and integrated JBrowse genome browser tracks linked with workflows and metadata. The SciApps portal is a flexible platform that allows the integration of new analysis tools, workflows, and genomic data from multiple projects. Through metadata and a ready-to-compute cloud-based platform, the portal experience improves access to the MaizeCODE data and facilitates its analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Zhenyuan Lu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | | | - Peter Van Buren
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Cornel Ghiban
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Michael Regulski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Jorg Drenkow
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Xiaosa Xu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | | | - Cristina F. Marco
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Sara Goodwin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Alexander Dobin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | | | - David P. Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | | | | | - David A. Micklos
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
| | - Michael C. Schatz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Doreen H. Ware
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, United States
- USDA-ARS Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, United States
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5
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Wang B, Tseng E, Baybayan P, Eng K, Regulski M, Jiao Y, Wang L, Olson A, Chougule K, Buren PV, Ware D. Variant phasing and haplotypic expression from long-read sequencing in maize. Commun Biol 2020; 3:78. [PMID: 32071408 PMCID: PMC7028979 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0805-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Haplotype phasing maize genetic variants is important for genome interpretation, population genetic analysis and functional analysis of allelic activity. We performed an isoform-level phasing study using two maize inbred lines and their reciprocal crosses, based on single-molecule, full-length cDNA sequencing. To phase and analyze transcripts between hybrids and parents, we developed IsoPhase. Using this tool, we validated the majority of SNPs called against matching short-read data from embryo, endosperm and root tissues, and identified allele-specific, gene-level and isoform-level differential expression between the inbred parental lines and hybrid offspring. After phasing 6907 genes in the reciprocal hybrids, we annotated the SNPs and identified large-effect genes. In addition, we identified parent-of-origin isoforms, distinct novel isoforms in maize parent and hybrid lines, and imprinted genes from different tissues. Finally, we characterized variation in cis- and trans-regulatory effects. Our study provides measures of haplotypic expression that could increase accuracy in studies of allelic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Elizabeth Tseng
- Pacific Biosciences, 1380 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Primo Baybayan
- Pacific Biosciences, 1380 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Kevin Eng
- Pacific Biosciences, 1380 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Michael Regulski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Yinping Jiao
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Liya Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Andrew Olson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Kapeel Chougule
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Peter Van Buren
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Doreen Ware
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA. .,USDA ARS NEA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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6
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Gladman N, Jiao Y, Lee YK, Zhang L, Chopra R, Regulski M, Burow G, Hayes C, Christensen SA, Dampanaboina L, Chen J, Burke J, Ware D, Xin Z. Fertility of Pedicellate Spikelets in Sorghum Is Controlled by a Jasmonic Acid Regulatory Module. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194951. [PMID: 31597271 PMCID: PMC6801740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As in other cereal crops, the panicles of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) comprise two types of floral spikelets (grass flowers). Only sessile spikelets (SSs) are capable of producing viable grains, whereas pedicellate spikelets (PSs) cease development after initiation and eventually abort. Consequently, grain number per panicle (GNP) is lower than the total number of flowers produced per panicle. The mechanism underlying this differential fertility is not well understood. To investigate this issue, we isolated a series of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-induced multiseeded (msd) mutants that result in full spikelet fertility, effectively doubling GNP. Previously, we showed that MSD1 is a TCP (Teosinte branched/Cycloidea/PCF) transcription factor that regulates jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, and ultimately floral sex organ development. Here, we show that MSD2 encodes a lipoxygenase (LOX) that catalyzes the first committed step of JA biosynthesis. Further, we demonstrate that MSD1 binds to the promoters of MSD2 and other JA pathway genes. Together, these results show that a JA-induced module regulates sorghum panicle development and spikelet fertility. The findings advance our understanding of inflorescence development and could lead to new strategies for increasing GNP and grain yield in sorghum and other cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Gladman
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Yinping Jiao
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Young Koung Lee
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
- Plasma Technology Research Center, National Fusion Research Institute, 37, Dongjangsan-ro, Gunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54004, Korea.
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Ratan Chopra
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
- Current address: Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Michael Regulski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
| | - Gloria Burow
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
| | - Chad Hayes
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1700 S.W. 23RD DRIVE, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
| | - Lavanya Dampanaboina
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
| | - Junping Chen
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
| | - John Burke
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
| | - Doreen Ware
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, NEA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Zhanguo Xin
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
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7
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Gold DA, Katsuki T, Li Y, Yan X, Regulski M, Ibberson D, Holstein T, Steele RE, Jacobs DK, Greenspan RJ. The genome of the jellyfish Aurelia and the evolution of animal complexity. Nat Ecol Evol 2018; 3:96-104. [PMID: 30510179 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0719-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We present the genome of the moon jellyfish Aurelia, a genome from a cnidarian with a medusa life stage. Our analyses suggest that gene gain and loss in Aurelia is comparable to what has been found in its morphologically simpler relatives-the anthozoan corals and sea anemones. RNA sequencing analysis does not support the hypothesis that taxonomically restricted (orphan) genes play an oversized role in the development of the medusa stage. Instead, genes broadly conserved across animals and eukaryotes play comparable roles throughout the life cycle. All life stages of Aurelia are significantly enriched in the expression of genes that are hypothesized to interact in protein networks found in bilaterian animals. Collectively, our results suggest that increased life cycle complexity in Aurelia does not correlate with an increased number of genes. This leads to two possible evolutionary scenarios: either medusozoans evolved their complex medusa life stage (with concomitant shifts into new ecological niches) primarily by re-working genetic pathways already present in the last common ancestor of cnidarians, or the earliest cnidarians had a medusa life stage, which was subsequently lost in the anthozoans. While we favour the earlier hypothesis, the latter is consistent with growing evidence that many of the earliest animals were more physically complex than previously hypothesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gold
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. .,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Takeo Katsuki
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Xifeng Yan
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - David Ibberson
- Deep Sequencing Core Facility, Cell Networks, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Holstein
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert E Steele
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Developmental Biology Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David K Jacobs
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ralph J Greenspan
- Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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8
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Wang B, Regulski M, Tseng E, Olson A, Goodwin S, McCombie WR, Ware D. A comparative transcriptional landscape of maize and sorghum obtained by single-molecule sequencing. Genome Res 2018; 28:921-932. [PMID: 29712755 PMCID: PMC5991521 DOI: 10.1101/gr.227462.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maize and sorghum are both important crops with similar overall plant architectures, but they have key differences, especially in regard to their inflorescences. To better understand these two organisms at the molecular level, we compared expression profiles of both protein-coding and noncoding transcripts in 11 matched tissues using single-molecule, long-read, deep RNA sequencing. This comparative analysis revealed large numbers of novel isoforms in both species. Evolutionarily young genes were likely to be generated in reproductive tissues and usually had fewer isoforms than old genes. We also observed similarities and differences in alternative splicing patterns and activities, both among tissues and between species. The maize subgenomes exhibited no bias in isoform generation; however, genes in the B genome were more highly expressed in pollen tissue, whereas genes in the A genome were more highly expressed in endosperm. We also identified a number of splicing events conserved between maize and sorghum. In addition, we generated comprehensive and high-resolution maps of poly(A) sites, revealing similarities and differences in mRNA cleavage between the two species. Overall, our results reveal considerable splicing and expression diversity between sorghum and maize, well beyond what was reported in previous studies, likely reflecting the differences in architecture between these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Michael Regulski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | | | - Andrew Olson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Sara Goodwin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | | | - Doreen Ware
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.,USDA ARS NEA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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9
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Jiao Y, Peluso P, Shi J, Liang T, Stitzer MC, Wang B, Campbell MS, Stein JC, Wei X, Chin CS, Guill K, Regulski M, Kumari S, Olson A, Gent J, Schneider KL, Wolfgruber TK, May MR, Springer NM, Antoniou E, McCombie WR, Presting GG, McMullen M, Ross-Ibarra J, Dawe RK, Hastie A, Rank DR, Ware D. Improved maize reference genome with single-molecule technologies. Nature 2017; 546:524-527. [PMID: 28605751 DOI: 10.1101/079004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Complete and accurate reference genomes and annotations provide fundamental tools for characterization of genetic and functional variation. These resources facilitate the determination of biological processes and support translation of research findings into improved and sustainable agricultural technologies. Many reference genomes for crop plants have been generated over the past decade, but these genomes are often fragmented and missing complex repeat regions. Here we report the assembly and annotation of a reference genome of maize, a genetic and agricultural model species, using single-molecule real-time sequencing and high-resolution optical mapping. Relative to the previous reference genome, our assembly features a 52-fold increase in contig length and notable improvements in the assembly of intergenic spaces and centromeres. Characterization of the repetitive portion of the genome revealed more than 130,000 intact transposable elements, allowing us to identify transposable element lineage expansions that are unique to maize. Gene annotations were updated using 111,000 full-length transcripts obtained by single-molecule real-time sequencing. In addition, comparative optical mapping of two other inbred maize lines revealed a prevalence of deletions in regions of low gene density and maize lineage-specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinping Jiao
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Paul Peluso
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Jinghua Shi
- BioNano Genomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | | - Michelle C Stitzer
- Department of Plant Sciences and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | | | - Joshua C Stein
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Xuehong Wei
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | | | - Katherine Guill
- USDA-ARS, Plant Genetics Research Unit, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Michael Regulski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Sunita Kumari
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Andrew Olson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | | | - Kevin L Schneider
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Thomas K Wolfgruber
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Michael R May
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Nathan M Springer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Eric Antoniou
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | | | - Gernot G Presting
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Michael McMullen
- USDA-ARS, Plant Genetics Research Unit, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra
- Department of Plant Sciences, Center for Population Biology, and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - R Kelly Dawe
- University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Alex Hastie
- BioNano Genomics, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - David R Rank
- Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Doreen Ware
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
- USDA-ARS, NEA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Wang B, Tseng E, Regulski M, Clark TA, Hon T, Jiao Y, Lu Z, Olson A, Stein JC, Ware D. Unveiling the complexity of the maize transcriptome by single-molecule long-read sequencing. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11708. [PMID: 27339440 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zea mays is an important genetic model for elucidating transcriptional networks. Uncertainties about the complete structure of mRNA transcripts limit the progress of research in this system. Here, using single-molecule sequencing technology, we produce 111,151 transcripts from 6 tissues capturing ∼70% of the genes annotated in maize RefGen_v3 genome. A large proportion of transcripts (57%) represent novel, sometimes tissue-specific, isoforms of known genes and 3% correspond to novel gene loci. In other cases, the identified transcripts have improved existing gene models. Averaging across all six tissues, 90% of the splice junctions are supported by short reads from matched tissues. In addition, we identified a large number of novel long non-coding RNAs and fusion transcripts and found that DNA methylation plays an important role in generating various isoforms. Our results show that characterization of the maize B73 transcriptome is far from complete, and that maize gene expression is more complex than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Elizabeth Tseng
- Pacific Biosciences, 1380 Willow Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Michael Regulski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Tyson A Clark
- Pacific Biosciences, 1380 Willow Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Ting Hon
- Pacific Biosciences, 1380 Willow Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Yinping Jiao
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Lu
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Andrew Olson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Joshua C Stein
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Doreen Ware
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, One Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.,USDA ARS NEA Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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11
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Thiebaut F, Rojas CA, Grativol C, Motta MR, Vieira T, Regulski M, Martienssen RA, Farinelli L, Hemerly AS, Ferreira PCG. Genome-wide identification of microRNA and siRNA responsive to endophytic beneficial diazotrophic bacteria in maize. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:766. [PMID: 25194793 PMCID: PMC4168055 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small RNA (sRNA) has been described as a regulator of gene expression. In order to understand the role of maize sRNA (Zea mays – hybrid UENF 506-8) during association with endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, we analyzed the sRNA regulated by its association with two diazotrophic bacteria, Herbaspirillum seropedicae and Azospirillum brasilense. Results Deep sequencing analysis was done with RNA extracted from plants inoculated with H. seropedicae, allowing the identification of miRNA and siRNA. A total of 25 conserved miRNA families and 15 novel miRNAs were identified. A dynamic regulation in response to inoculation was also observed. A hypothetical model involving copper-miRNA is proposed, emphasizing the fact that the up-regulation of miR397, miR398, miR408 and miR528, which is followed by inhibition of their targets, can facilitate association with diazotrophic bacteria. Similar expression patterns were observed in samples inoculated with A. brasilense. Moreover, novel miRNA and siRNA were classified in the Transposable Elements (TE) database, and an enrichment of siRNA aligned with TE was observed in the inoculated samples. In addition, an increase in 24-nt siRNA mapping to genes was observed, which was correlated with an increase in methylation of the coding regions and a subsequent reduction in transcription. Conclusion Our results show that maize has RNA-based silencing mechanisms that can trigger specific responses when plants interact with beneficial endophytic diazotrophic bacteria. Our findings suggest important roles for sRNA regulation in maize, and probably in other plants, during association with diazotrophic bacteria, emphasizing the up-regulation of Cu-miRNA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-766) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paulo C G Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, Bl,L-29ss, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-599, Brazil.
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12
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Grativol C, Regulski M, Bertalan M, McCombie WR, da Silva FR, Neto AZ, Vicentini R, Farinelli L, Hemerly AS, Martienssen RA, Ferreira PCG. Sugarcane genome sequencing by methylation filtration provides tools for genomic research in the genus Saccharum. Plant J 2014; 79:162-72. [PMID: 24773339 PMCID: PMC4458261 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Many economically important crops have large and complex genomes that hamper their sequencing by standard methods such as whole genome shotgun (WGS). Large tracts of methylated repeats occur in plant genomes that are interspersed by hypomethylated gene-rich regions. Gene-enrichment strategies based on methylation profiles offer an alternative to sequencing repetitive genomes. Here, we have applied methyl filtration with McrBC endonuclease digestion to enrich for euchromatic regions in the sugarcane genome. To verify the efficiency of methylation filtration and the assembly quality of sequences submitted to gene-enrichment strategy, we have compared assemblies using methyl-filtered (MF) and unfiltered (UF) libraries. The use of methy filtration allowed a better assembly by filtering out 35% of the sugarcane genome and by producing 1.5× more scaffolds and 1.7× more assembled Mb in length compared with unfiltered dataset. The coverage of sorghum coding sequences (CDS) by MF scaffolds was at least 36% higher than by the use of UF scaffolds. Using MF technology, we increased by 134× the coverage of gene regions of the monoploid sugarcane genome. The MF reads assembled into scaffolds that covered all genes of the sugarcane bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), 97.2% of sugarcane expressed sequence tags (ESTs), 92.7% of sugarcane RNA-seq reads and 98.4% of sorghum protein sequences. Analysis of MF scaffolds from encoded enzymes of the sucrose/starch pathway discovered 291 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the wild sugarcane species, S. spontaneum and S. officinarum. A large number of microRNA genes was also identified in the MF scaffolds. The information achieved by the MF dataset provides a valuable tool for genomic research in the genus Saccharum and for improvement of sugarcane as a biofuel crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clícia Grativol
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, CCS, Bl.L-29, Cidade Universitária 21941-599, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michael Regulski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Marcelo Bertalan
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry Mental Health Center, Sct. Hans MHS - Capital Region of Denmark Boserupvej, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - W. Richard McCombie
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Felipe Rodrigues da Silva
- Embrapa Informática Agropecuária, Av. Andre Tosello, 209, Barão Geraldo 13.083-886, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adhemar Zerlotini Neto
- Embrapa Informática Agropecuária, Av. Andre Tosello, 209, Barão Geraldo 13.083-886, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Vicentini
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética (CBMEG), Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Silva Hemerly
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, CCS, Bl.L-29, Cidade Universitária 21941-599, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Robert A. Martienssen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Rd, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor NY11724, USA
| | - Paulo Cavalcanti Gomes Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, CCS, Bl.L-29, Cidade Universitária 21941-599, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Regulski M, Lu Z, Kendall J, Donoghue MTA, Reinders J, Llaca V, Deschamps S, Smith A, Levy D, McCombie WR, Tingey S, Rafalski A, Hicks J, Ware D, Martienssen RA. The maize methylome influences mRNA splice sites and reveals widespread paramutation-like switches guided by small RNA. Genome Res 2013; 23:1651-62. [PMID: 23739895 PMCID: PMC3787262 DOI: 10.1101/gr.153510.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The maize genome, with its large complement of transposons and repeats, is a paradigm for the study of epigenetic mechanisms such as paramutation and imprinting. Here, we present the genome-wide map of cytosine methylation for two maize inbred lines, B73 and Mo17. CG (65%) and CHG (50%) methylation (where H = A, C, or T) is highest in transposons, while CHH (5%) methylation is likely guided by 24-nt, but not 21-nt, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Correlations with methylation patterns suggest that CG methylation in exons (8%) may deter insertion of Mutator transposon insertion, while CHG methylation at splice acceptor sites may inhibit RNA splicing. Using the methylation map as a guide, we used low-coverage sequencing to show that parental methylation differences are inherited by recombinant inbred lines. However, frequent methylation switches, guided by siRNA, persist for up to eight generations, suggesting that epigenetic inheritance resembling paramutation is much more common than previously supposed. The methylation map will provide an invaluable resource for epigenetic studies in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Regulski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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Chen G, Li W, Zhang QS, Regulski M, Sinha N, Barditch J, Tully T, Krainer AR, Zhang MQ, Dubnau J. Identification of synaptic targets of Drosophila pumilio. PLoS Comput Biol 2008; 4:e1000026. [PMID: 18463699 PMCID: PMC2265480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Pumilio (Pum) protein is a translational regulator involved in embryonic patterning and germline development. Recent findings demonstrate that Pum also plays an important role in the nervous system, both at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and in long-term memory formation. In neurons, Pum appears to play a role in homeostatic control of excitability via down regulation of para, a voltage gated sodium channel, and may more generally modulate local protein synthesis in neurons via translational repression of eIF-4E. Aside from these, the biologically relevant targets of Pum in the nervous system remain largely unknown. We hypothesized that Pum might play a role in regulating the local translation underlying synapse-specific modifications during memory formation. To identify relevant translational targets, we used an informatics approach to predict Pum targets among mRNAs whose products have synaptic localization. We then used both in vitro binding and two in vivo assays to functionally confirm the fidelity of this informatics screening method. We find that Pum strongly and specifically binds to RNA sequences in the 3′UTR of four of the predicted target genes, demonstrating the validity of our method. We then demonstrate that one of these predicted target sequences, in the 3′UTR of discs large (dlg1), the Drosophila PSD95 ortholog, can functionally substitute for a canonical NRE (Nanos response element) in vivo in a heterologous functional assay. Finally, we show that the endogenous dlg1 mRNA can be regulated by Pumilio in a neuronal context, the adult mushroom bodies (MB), which is an anatomical site of memory storage. The Drosophila Pumilio (Pum) protein was originally identified as a translational control factor for embryo patterning. Subsequent studies have identified Pum's role in multiple biological processes, including the maintenance of germline stem cell, the proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells, olfactory leaning and memory, and synaptic plasticity. Pum is highly conserved across phyla, i.e., from worm to human; however, the mRNA targets of Pum within each tissue and organism are largely unknown. On the other hand, the prediction of RNA binding sites remains a hard question in the computational field. We were interested in finding Pum targets in the nervous system using fruit flies as a model organism. To accomplish this, we used the few Pum binding sequences that had previously been shown in vivo as “training sequences” to construct bioinformatic models of the Pum binding site. We then predicted a few Pum mRNA targets among the genes known to function in neuronal synapses. We then used a combination of “golden standards” to verify these predictions: a biochemical assay called gel shifts, and in vivo functional assays both in embryo and neurons. With these approaches, we successfully confirmed one of the targets as Dlg, which is the Drosophila ortholog of human PSD95. Therefore, we present a complete story from computational study to real biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengxin Chen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Wanhe Li
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, State University of New York Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Qing-Shuo Zhang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Regulski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Nishi Sinha
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Jody Barditch
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Tim Tully
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Adrian R. Krainer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael Q. Zhang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MZ); (JD)
| | - Josh Dubnau
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MZ); (JD)
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15
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Ray SS, Tejero J, Wang ZQ, Dutta T, Bhattacharjee A, Regulski M, Tully T, Ghosh S, Stuehr DJ. Oxygenase domain of Drosophila melanogaster nitric oxide synthase: unique kinetic parameters enable a more efficient NO release. Biochemistry 2007; 46:11857-64. [PMID: 17900148 DOI: 10.1021/bi700803p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although nitric oxide (NO) is important for cell signaling and nonspecific immunity in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, little is known about its single NO synthase (dNOS). We expressed the oxygenase domain of dNOS (dNOSoxy), characterized its spectroscopic, kinetic, and catalytic properties, and interpreted them in light of a global kinetic model for NO synthesis. Single turnover reactions with ferrous dNOSoxy showed it could convert Arg to N'omega-hydroxy-l-arginine (NOHA), or NOHA to citrulline and NO, when it was given 6R-tetrahydrobiopterin and O2. The dNOSoxy catalyzed Arg hydroxylation and NOHA oxidation at rates that matched or exceeded the rates catalyzed by the three mammalian NOSoxy enzymes. Consecutive heme-dioxy, ferric heme-NO, and ferric heme species were observed in the NOHA reaction of dNOSoxy, indicating that its catalytic mechanism is the same as in the mammalian NOS. However, NO dissociation from dNOSoxy was 4 to 9 times faster than that from the mammalian NOS enzymes. In contrast, the dNOSoxy ferrous heme-NO complex was relatively unreactive toward O2 and in this way was equivalent to the mammalian neuronal NOS. Our data show that dNOSoxy has unique settings for the kinetic parameters that determine its NO synthesis. Computer simulations reveal that these unique settings should enable dNOS to be a more efficient and active NO synthase than the mammalian NOS enzymes, which may allow it to function more broadly in cell signaling and immune functions in the fruit fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougata Sinha Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Sciences, Calcutta University, West Bengal 700 019, India
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16
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Ray SS, Sengupta R, Tiso M, Haque MM, Sahoo R, Konas DW, Aulak K, Regulski M, Tully T, Stuehr DJ, Ghosh S. Reductase domain of Drosophila melanogaster nitric-oxide synthase: redox transformations, regulation, and similarity to mammalian homologues. Biochemistry 2007; 46:11865-73. [PMID: 17900149 DOI: 10.1021/bi700805x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nitric oxide synthase of Drosophila melanogaster (dNOS) participates in essential developmental and behavioral aspects of the fruit fly, but little is known about dNOS catalysis and regulation. To address this, we expressed a construct comprising the dNOS reductase domain and its adjacent calmodulin (CaM) binding site (dNOSr) and characterized the protein regarding its catalytic, kinetic, and regulatory properties. The Ca2+ concentration required for CaM binding to dNOSr was between that of the mammalian endothelial and neuronal NOS enzymes. CaM binding caused the cytochrome c reductase activity of dNOSr to increase 4 times and achieve an activity comparable to that of mammalian neuronal NOS. This change was associated with decreased shielding of the FMN cofactor from solvent and an increase in the rate of NADPH-dependent flavin reduction. Flavin reduction in dNOSr was relatively slow following the initial 2-electron reduction, suggesting a slow inter-flavin electron transfer, and no charge-transfer complex was observed between bound NADP+ and reduced FAD during the process. We conclude that dNOSr catalysis and regulation is most similar to the mammalian neuronal NOS reductase domain, although differences exist in their flavin reduction behaviors. The apparent conservation between the fruit fly and mammalian enzymes is consistent with dNOS operating in various signal cascades that involve NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougata Sinha Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Sciences, Calcutta University, West Bengal 700 019, India
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Kann PH, Wascher T, Zackova V, Moeller J, Medding J, Szocs A, Mokan M, Mrevlje F, Regulski M. Starting Insulin Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: Twice-Daily Biphasic Insulin Aspart 30 Plus Metformin versus Once-Daily Insulin Glargine Plus Glimepiride. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2006; 114:527-32. [PMID: 17115351 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-949655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the efficacy and safety of two analog insulins as starting regimens in insulin-naïve Type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS In this randomized, open-label parallel study, twice-daily biphasic insulin aspart 30 (30% soluble and 70% protaminated insulin aspart; BIAsp 30) plus metformin (met) was compared with once-daily insulin glargine (glarg) plus glimepiride (glim) in 255 insulin-naïve patients (131 male; mean+/-SD age, 61.2+/-9.1 years). Mean baseline HbA (1c) (+/-SD) was 9.2+/-1.4% and 8.9+/-1.3% for BIAsp 30 plus met ( N=128) and glarg plus glim ( N=127), respectively ( P=0.0747). Primary endpoint was the difference in absolute change in HbA (1c) between groups after 26 weeks of treatment. RESULTS HbA (1c) change was significantly greater in the BIAsp 30 plus met group than the glarg plus glim group (between-group difference: -0.5% (95% CI: -0.8; -0.2); P=0.0002). Mean prandial plasma glucose increment was significantly lower for BIAsp 30 plus met compared with glarg plus glim: 1.4+/-1.4 mmol/l vs. 2.2+/-1.8 mmol/l; P=0.0002. During the maintenance phase (weeks 6-26), one major hypoglycemic episode occurred in each group; 20.3% and 9% of patients experienced minor hypoglycemic episodes in the BIAsp 30 plus met and glarg plus glim groups, respectively ( P=0.0124). At end-of-trial, mean daily insulin doses were 0.40 U/kg BIAsp 30 and 0.39 U/kg glarg. Glarg plus glim-treated patients experienced significant weight gain of 1.5 kg (95% CI: 0.84; 2.19; P<0.0001). Weight change with BIAsp 30 plus met of +0.7 kg was not statistically significant (95% CI: -0.07; 1.42; P=0.0762). CONCLUSIONS Starting insulin in Type 2 diabetes patients with twice-daily BIAsp 30 plus met can reduce HbA (1c) and mean prandial plasma glucose increment to a greater extent than once-daily glarg plus glim.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Kann
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Zentrum für Innere Medizin, Bereich Endokrinologie and Diabetologie, Marburg, Germany.
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18
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Kann P, Medding J, Ratter F, Regulski M. Vergleich einer zweimal täglichen Gabe von biphasischem Insulinaspart 30 plus Metformin mit einer einmal täglichen Gabe von Insulinglargin plus Glimepirid bei Patienten mit Typ 2 Diabetes zu Beginn einer Insulintherapie. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-943990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chiang AS, Blum A, Barditch J, Chen YH, Chiu SL, Regulski M, Armstrong JD, Tully T, Dubnau J. radish encodes a phospholipase-A2 and defines a neural circuit involved in anesthesia-resistant memory. Curr Biol 2004; 14:263-72. [PMID: 14972677 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In both vertebrate and invertebrate animals, anesthetic agents cause retrograde amnesia for recently experienced events. In contrast, older memories are resistant to the same treatments. In Drosophila, anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) and long-term memory (LTM) are genetically distinct forms of long-lasting memory that exist in parallel for at least a day after training. ARM is disrupted in radish mutants but is normal in transgenic flies overexpressing a CREB repressor transgene. In contrast, LTM is normal in radish mutants but is disrupted in CREB repressor transgenic flies. To date, nothing is known about the molecular, genetic, or cell biological pathways underlying ARM. RESULTS Here, we report the molecular identification of radish as a phospholipase-A2, providing the first clue about signaling pathways underlying ARM in any animal. An enhancer-trap allele of radish (C133) reveals expression in a novel anatomical pathway. Transgenic expression of PLA2 under control of C133 restores normal levels of ARM to radish mutants, whereas transient disruption of neural activity in C133 neurons inhibits memory retention. Notably, expression of C133 is not in mushroom bodies, the primary anatomical focus of olfactory memory research in Drosophila. CONCLUSIONS Identification of radish as a phospholipase-A2 and the neural expression pattern of an enhancer-trap allele significantly broaden our understanding of the biochemistry and anatomy underlying olfactory memory in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Shyn Chiang
- National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Biotechnology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Stasiv Y, Kuzin B, Regulski M, Tully T, Enikolopov G. Regulation of multimers via truncated isoforms: a novel mechanism to control nitric-oxide signaling. Genes Dev 2004; 18:1812-23. [PMID: 15256486 PMCID: PMC517402 DOI: 10.1101/gad.298004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an essential regulator of Drosophila development and physiology. We describe a novel mode of regulation of NO synthase (NOS) function that uses endogenously produced truncated protein isoforms of Drosophila NOS (DNOS). These isoforms inhibit NOS enzymatic activity in vitro and in vivo, reflecting their ability to form complexes with the full-length DNOS protein (DNOS1). Truncated isoforms suppress the antiproliferative action of DNOS1 in the eye imaginal disc by impacting the retinoblastoma-dependent pathway, yielding hyperproliferative phenotypes in pupae and adult flies. Our results indicate that endogenous products of the dNOS locus act as dominant negative regulators of NOS activity during Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Stasiv
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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Broderick KE, MacPherson MR, Regulski M, Tully T, Dow JAT, Davies SA. Interactions between epithelial nitric oxide signaling and phosphodiesterase activity in Drosophila. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 285:C1207-18. [PMID: 12853288 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00123.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Signaling by nitric oxide (NO) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) modulates fluid transport in Drosophila melanogaster. Expression of an inducible transgene encoding Drosophila NO synthase (dNOS) increases both NOS activity in Malpighian (renal) tubules and DNOS protein in both type I (principal) and type II (stellate) cells. However, cGMP content is increased only in principal cells. DNOS overexpression results in elevated basal rates of fluid transport in the presence of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, Zaprinast. Direct assay of tubule cGMP-hydrolyzing phosphodiesterase (cG-PDE) activity in wild-type and dNOS transgenic lines shows that cG-PDE activity is Zaprinast sensitive and is elevated upon dNOS induction. Zaprinast treatment increases cGMP content in tubules, particularly at the apical regions of principal cells, suggesting localization of Zaprinast-sensitive cG-PDE to these areas. Potential cross talk between activated NO/cGMP and calcium signaling was assessed in vivo with a targeted aequorin transgene. Activated DNOS signaling alone does not modify either neuropeptide (CAP2b)- or cGMP-induced increases in cytosolic calcium levels. However, in the presence of Zaprinast, both CAP2b-and cGMP-stimulated calcium levels are potentiated upon DNOS overexpression. Use of the calcium channel blocker, verapamil, abolishes the Zaprinast-induced transport phenotype in dNOS-overexpressing tubules. Molecular genetic intervention in the NO/cGMP signaling pathway has uncovered a pivotal role for cell-specific cG-PDE in regulating the poise of the fluid transporting Malpighian tubule via direct effects on intracellular cGMP concentration and localization and via interactions with calcium signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Broderick
- Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Molecular Genetics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NU, Scotland, UK
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Sengupta R, Sahoo R, Mukherjee S, Regulski M, Tully T, Stuehr DJ, Ghosh S. Characterization of Drosophila nitric oxide synthase: a biochemical study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 306:590-7. [PMID: 12804606 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The heme and flavin-binding domains of Drosophila nitric oxide synthase (DNOS) were expressed in Escherichia coli using the expression vector pCW. The denatured molecular mass of the expressed protein was 152kDa along with a proteolytically cleaved product of 121kDa. The DNOS heme protein exhibited very low Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent NO synthase activity. The trypsin digestion patterns were different from nNOS. The full-length DNOS protein had high degree of stability against trypsin. The activity assay of trypsin-digested protein confirmed the same result. Urea dissociation profile of DNOS full-length protein showed that the reductase domain activity was much more susceptible towards urea than the oxygenase domain activity. Urea gradient gel of DNOS full-length protein established distinct transition of dissociation and unfolding in the range 3-4M urea. Reductase domain activity of full-length DNOS protein against external electron acceptors like cytochrome c indicated slow electron transfer from FMN. The bacterial expression of DNOS full-length protein represents an important development in structure-function studies of this enzyme and comparison with other mammalian NOS enzymes which is evolutionary significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Sciences, Calcutta University, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 019, India
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Stasiv Y, Regulski M, Kuzin B, Tully T, Enikolopov G. The Drosophila nitric-oxide synthase gene (dNOS) encodes a family of proteins that can modulate NOS activity by acting as dominant negative regulators. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:42241-51. [PMID: 11526108 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105066200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in organ development, synaptogenesis, and response to hypoxia in Drosophila. We cloned and analyzed the only gene in the fly genome that encodes Drosophila nitric-oxide synthase (dNOS). It consists of 19 exons and is dispersed over 34 kilobases of genomic DNA. Alternative transcription start sites and alternative splice sites are used to generate a remarkable variety of mRNAs from the dNOS gene. We identified eight new transcripts that are widely expressed throughout Drosophila development and encode a family of DNOS-related proteins. Alternative splicing affects both the 5'-untranslated region and the coding region of the dNOS primary transcript. Most of the splicing alterations in the coding region of the gene lead to premature termination of the open reading frame. As a result, none of the alternative transcripts encode an enzymatically active protein. However, some of these shorter DNOS protein products can effectively inhibit enzymatic activity of the full-length DNOS1 protein when co-expressed in mammalian cells, thus acting as dominant negative regulators of NO synthesis. Using immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that these short DNOS protein isoforms can form heterodimers with DNOS1, pointing to a physical basis for the dominant negative effect. Our results suggest a novel regulatory function for the family of proteins encoded by the Drosophila NOS gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Stasiv
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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25
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Kuzin B, Regulski M, Stasiv Y, Scheinker V, Tully T, Enikolopov G. Nitric oxide interacts with the retinoblastoma pathway to control eye development in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2000; 10:459-62. [PMID: 10801421 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00443-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal organ development requires that tissue patterning and differentiation is tightly coordinated with cell multiplication and cell cycle progression. Several variations of the cell cycle program are used by Drosophila cells at different stages during development [1] [2]. In imaginal discs of developing larvae, cell cycle progression is controlled by a modified version of the well-characterized mammalian retinoblastoma (Rb) pathway [3] [4], which integrates signals from multiple effectors ranging from growth factors and receptors to small signaling molecules. Nitric oxide (NO), a multifunctional second messenger [5], can reversibly suppress DNA synthesis and cell division [6] [7]. In developing flies, the antiproliferative action of NO is essential for regulating the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation and, ultimately, the shape and size of adult structures in the fly [8] [9] [10]. The mechanisms of the antiproliferative activity of NO in developing organisms are not known, however. We used transgenic flies expressing the Drosophila nitric oxide synthase gene (dNOS1) and/or genes encoding components of the cell cycle regulatory pathways (the Rb-like protein RBF and the E2F transcription factor complex components dE2F and dDP) combined with NOS inhibitors to address this issue. We found that manipulations of endogenous or transgenic NOS activity during imaginal disc development can enhance or suppress the effects of RBF and E2F on development of the eye. Our data suggest a role for NO in the developing imaginal eye disc via interaction with the Rb pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kuzin
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 11724, USA
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Tully T, Bolwig G, Christensen J, Connolly J, DeZazzo J, Dubnau J, Jones C, Pinto S, Regulski M, Svedberg F, Velinzon K. Genetic dissection of memory in Drosophila. J Physiol Paris 1996; 90:383. [PMID: 9089518 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4257(97)87924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Tully
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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27
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Tully T, Bolwig G, Christensen J, Connolly J, DelVecchio M, DeZazzo J, Dubnau J, Jones C, Pinto S, Regulski M, Svedberg B, Velinzon K. A return to genetic dissection of memory in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1996; 61:207-18. [PMID: 9246449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Tully
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 11724, USA
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Regulski M, Tully T. Molecular and biochemical characterization of dNOS: a Drosophila Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:9072-6. [PMID: 7568075 PMCID: PMC40926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.20.9072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an intercellular messenger involved with various aspects of mammalian physiology ranging from vasodilation and macrophage cytotoxicity to neuronal transmission. NO is synthesized from L-arginine by NO synthase (NOS). Here, we report the cloning of a Drosophila NOS gene, dNOS, located at cytological position 32B. The dNOS cDNA encodes a protein of 152 kDa, with 43% amino acid sequence identity to rat neuronal NOS. Like mammalian NOSs, DNOS protein contains putative binding sites for calmodulin, FMN, FAD, and NADPH. DNOS activity is Ca2+/calmodulin dependent when expressed in cell culture. An alternative RNA splicing pattern also exists for dNOS, which is identical to that for vertebrate neuronal NOS. These structural and functional observations demonstrate remarkable conservation of NOS between vertebrates and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Regulski
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY 11724, USA
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29
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Regulski M, Orłowska K, Kowalski J, Lewandowski Z. [Impairment of bronchial reactivity in patients with diabetes mellitus type I]. Pol Arch Med Wewn 1993; 89:481-91. [PMID: 8415210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bronchial provocation tests (histamine and acetylcholine) were performed in 40 subjects (30 of them with type 1 diabetes, and 10 healthy volunteers) without any history of respiratory disease, not smoking and not taking any bronchodilating drugs. Bronchial reactivity was assessed using PC20 estimated spirographically by measuring FEV1. The patients were classified into three groups according to the duration of the disease: group I (0-7 yrs), group II (8-15), and group III (> 15). In all the three groups diabetes was at a similar degree of compensation, as evaluated by the mean circadian glycaemia, serum fructosamine and the Schlichtkrull Mw index. Bronchial reactivity to acetylcholine and histamine decreased with diabetes duration. Reaction to acetylcholine was statistically lower after 7 years of diabetes. An autonomic neuropathy was detected within the respiratory system, parallel to tachycardia at rest, alteration of the Valsalva test and orthostatic hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Regulski
- Kliniki Gastroenterologii i Chorób Przemiany Materii Akademii Medycznej, Warszawie
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McGinnis W, Jack T, Chadwick R, Regulski M, Bergson C, McGinnis N, Kuziora MA. Establishment and maintenance of position-specific expression of the Drosophila homeotic selector gene Deformed. Adv Genet 1990; 27:363-402. [PMID: 1971987 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W McGinnis
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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Krzymień J, Szymerska E, Bak M, Regulski M, Tracz M. [Short-term subcutaneous infusion of insulin using a portable insulin pump in the treatment of diabetes mellitus]. Pol Arch Med Wewn 1989; 81:214-22. [PMID: 2626347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The authors evaluated the effectiveness of treatment by means of constant subcutaneous insulin infusions (CPWI) in patients with diabetes staying in hospital. The infusions were made by means of portable insulin pumps (Microjet Bolus 1, Microjet Bolus 2 and Promedos E 1). The therapy was applied in a group of 15 patients with diabetes admitted to hospital because of symptoms of uncontrolled diabetes, among them 3 patients with diabetes freshly diagnosed. After 2-3 days of infusions 12 patients had glycaemia level approached to the physiological level. Only in one case of diabetes with significant resistance to insulin, the physicians were not able to control the diabetes. After 4-9 days of CPWI, patients who had been given conventional insulin injection had their insulin day demand reduced by 11-33%. In 4 cases the insulin demand had been established by means of Biostator GCIIS, after the introduction of the pumps the demand decreased by 40 +/- 5%, when the open loop system was applied. The above results suggest that the use of constant subcutaneous insulin infusion by means of a dosimeter may be recommended as a method of determining day demand for insulin, significantly shortening hospitalization period in patients with uncontrolled diabetes.
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32
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Krzymień J, Wójcicki J, Plechanow J, Regulski M, Szymerska E, Tracz M. [Treatment of diabetes mellitus type 1 by long-term infusion of insulin]. Pol Arch Med Wewn 1989; 81:223-30. [PMID: 2626348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the article the authors evaluate the portable insulin pump, a prototype designed at the Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and also Promedos E1 pump produced by Siemens in the therapy of patients with diabetes type 1 brittle. Two patients underwent therapy by means of continuous intravenous insulin infusions (CDWI) for two months, two other patients--(CPWI) for about five years. The authors made an evaluation of the two methods by counting mean blood glucose, value M according to Schlichtkrull and determining the level of glycosylated haemoglobin. By continuous infusions of insulin, the authors achieved better diabetes control than with the previous conventional therapy.
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33
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Krzymień J, Szymerska E, Tracz M, Regulski M, Jasik M. [Effect of insulin sensitivity on the occurrence of early-morning hyperglycemia in patients treated with insulin]. Pol Arch Med Wewn 1989; 81:176-82. [PMID: 2697868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The study was aimed at elucidation of the effect of insulin-sensitivity on the occurring of the dawn phenomenon. Diabetic patients were investigated in whom the fasting glycaemia was often higher than 17 mmol/l (300 mg%). In all patients the euglycaemic state was maintained by a continuous i.v. infusion of insulin using a micropump and a changing infusion of glucose using Biostator. A slight increase in the insulin-sensitivity was seen in the early morning in 3 patients in whom the glucose consumption during the constant insulin infusion was 4 mg/min/kg b.w. Among 7 patients with lower glucose consumption in 6 a markedly low insulin-sensitivity was seen at down. The investigations allow to assume that the dawn phenomenon occurs mainly in patients with uncompensated diabetes which induces changes in insulin-sensitivity.
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35
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Regulski M, McGinnis N, Chadwick R, McGinnis W. Developmental and molecular analysis of Deformed
; a homeotic gene controlling Drosophila
head development. EMBO J 1987; 6:767-77. [PMID: 16453752 PMCID: PMC553462 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The characteristic morphology of many elements of the Drosophila body plan is crucially dependent upon the proper spatial expression of homeotic selector genes. The Deformed locus, which we isolated by virtue of its homology to the homeo box, is a candidate for a homeotic selector in the head region of the developing embryo. Here we show that null mutants of Deformed result in a loss of pattern elements derived from the maxillary and mandibular segments, and a duplication of a cuticular element of the larval head skeleton. Molecular analysis of the locus shows that Dfd transcripts are encoded in five exons distributed over 11 kb. The major transcript of 2.8 kb contains a 1758-bp open reading frame that would translate to yield a 63.5-kd protein containing a homeo domain and conspicuous regions of monotonic amino acid sequences. The Dfd protein exhibits extensive homology to a protein encoded by a Xenopus homeo box gene, Xhox 1A, suggesting that the Xenopus gene is the frog homologue of Dfd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Regulski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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36
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Wysocka K, Regulski M. [Results of using the preparation Voltaren SR 100 in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis]. Pol Tyg Lek 1987; 42:118-20. [PMID: 3299314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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37
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Abstract
The Antennapedia, Ultrabithorax, and fushi tarazu genes of Drosophila melanogaster each contain a very similar protein coding sequence, the homeo box. Previously cloned homeo box sequences were used to isolate additional well conserved members of the homeo box gene family. The most strongly conserved members of the homeo box gene family map within either the Antennapedia or Bithorax gene complexes. The tissue distribution of transcripts encoded by the two rightmost homeo box genes of the Bithorax complex are compared with the iab-2 and iab-7 phenotypes.
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38
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Paszewski A, Prazmo W, Nadolska J, Regulski M. Mutations affecting the sulphur assimilation pathway in Aspergillus nidulans: their effect on sulphur amino acid metabolism. J Gen Microbiol 1984; 130:1113-21. [PMID: 6381643 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-130-5-1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Several sul-reg mutants of Aspergillus nidulans isolated as constitutive for arylsulphatase were studied with respect to the regulation of enzymes involved in cysteine and homocysteine synthesis and to the pool of sulphur amino acids. All mutants examined showed a decreased concentration of glutathione as compared with the wild type, and all mutants, with one exception, had a decreased total pool of sulphur amino acids. The results suggest that the mutants are leaky in the sulphate assimilation pathway. They show derepression of cysteine synthase, homocysteine synthase, cystathionine beta-synthase and gamma-cystathionase. In spite of having derepressed homocysteine synthase, the enzyme which constitutes an alternative pathway for homocysteine synthesis, the sul-reg mutations do not suppress lesions in genes required for the main homocysteine-synthesizing pathway. This indicates that the derepression of homocysteine synthase is not in itself sufficient for physiological functioning of this enzyme, but seems to depend also on the effectiveness of cysteine synthesis and sulphide formation.
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39
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Krzymień J, Lawecki J, Plechanow J, Bak M, Regulski M. [Use of the intravenous programmed insulin infusion system in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus]. Pol Arch Med Wewn 1983; 69:325-32. [PMID: 6356056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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