1
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St Paul M, Saibil SD, Kates M, Han S, Lien SC, Laister RC, Hezaveh K, Kloetgen A, Penny S, Guo T, Garcia-Batres C, Smith LK, Chung DC, Elford AR, Sayad A, Pinto D, Mak TW, Hirano N, McGaha T, Ohashi PS. Ex vivo activation of the GCN2 pathway metabolically reprograms T cells, leading to enhanced adoptive cell therapy. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101465. [PMID: 38460518 PMCID: PMC10983112 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The manipulation of T cell metabolism to enhance anti-tumor activity is an area of active investigation. Here, we report that activating the amino acid starvation response in effector CD8+ T cells ex vivo using the general control non-depressible 2 (GCN2) agonist halofuginone (halo) enhances oxidative metabolism and effector function. Mechanistically, we identified autophagy coupled with the CD98-mTOR axis as key downstream mediators of the phenotype induced by halo treatment. The adoptive transfer of halo-treated CD8+ T cells into tumor-bearing mice led to robust tumor control and curative responses. Halo-treated T cells synergized in vivo with a 4-1BB agonistic antibody to control tumor growth in a mouse model resistant to immunotherapy. Importantly, treatment of human CD8+ T cells with halo resulted in similar metabolic and functional reprogramming. These findings demonstrate that activating the amino acid starvation response with the GCN2 agonist halo can enhance T cell metabolism and anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael St Paul
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - Samuel D Saibil
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada.
| | - Meghan Kates
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - SeongJun Han
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - Scott C Lien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - Rob C Laister
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Kebria Hezaveh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Andreas Kloetgen
- Department of Computational Biology of Infection Research, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Susanne Penny
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tingxi Guo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - Carlos Garcia-Batres
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Logan K Smith
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Douglas C Chung
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - Alisha R Elford
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Azin Sayad
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Devanand Pinto
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Naoto Hirano
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - Tracy McGaha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada.
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2
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Lien SC, Ly D, Yang SYC, Wang BX, Clouthier DL, St Paul M, Gadalla R, Noamani B, Garcia-Batres CR, Boross-Harmer S, Bedard PL, Pugh TJ, Spreafico A, Hirano N, Razak ARA, Ohashi PS. Tumor reactive γδ T cells contribute to a complete response to PD-1 blockade in a Merkel cell carcinoma patient. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1094. [PMID: 38321065 PMCID: PMC10848161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 are now widely used in the clinic to treat a variety of malignancies. While most of the research on T cell exhaustion and PD-1 blockade has been focused on conventional αβ T cells, the contribution of innate-like T cells such as γδ T cells to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 mediated therapy is limited. Here we show that tumor reactive γδ T cells respond to PD-1 blockade in a Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) patient experiencing a complete response to therapy. We find clonally expanded γδ T cells in the blood and tumor after pembrolizumab treatment, and this Vγ2Vδ1 clonotype recognizes Merkel cancer cells in a TCR-dependent manner. Notably, the intra-tumoral γδ T cells in the MCC patient are characterized by higher expression of PD-1 and TIGIT, relative to conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells. Our results demonstrate that innate-like T cells could also contribute to an anti-tumor response after PD-1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Lien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dalam Ly
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - S Y Cindy Yang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ben X Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Derek L Clouthier
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael St Paul
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ramy Gadalla
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Babak Noamani
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sarah Boross-Harmer
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philippe L Bedard
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Spreafico
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Naoto Hirano
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Albiruni R A Razak
- Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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3
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Kundu IK, Chowdhury AZ, Faisal A, Arefin KN, Rahman MN, Paul MS, Islam MS. Functional Outcome of Bilateral Total Knee Replacement in Advanced Osteoarthritis in Simultaneous Versus Staged Procedure. Mymensingh Med J 2022; 31:165-171. [PMID: 34999698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, progressive disease involving the degeneration of cartilage and joint tissue, resulting in pain and disability. Bilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is is an effective intervention that improves quality of life, reduces pain and increases functional capability. This study was performed to compare the functional outcomes between staged and simultaneous total knee arthroplasty. This prospective interventional study was carried out in Arthroscopic and Arthroplasty unit of BSMMU, Dhaka from January 2017 to December 2018. A total of 60 OA patients underwent TKA were included in this study. Thirty patients underwent simultaneous TKA procedure and 30 patients underwent staged TKA procedures performed with 1-6 months between stages were included. Pre-operative and post operative data were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0. Numerical data were analyzed using unpaired t test and categorical data were analyzed using Chi-Square test. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Mean age of the study subjects was 60.47±10.13 years in staged group and 59.30±9.90 years in simultaneous group. Male to female ratio was 1:1.5 in staged group and 1:2 in simultaneous group. Mean BMI of the study subjects was 30.70±4.91kg/m² in staged group and 30.06±4.79kg/m² in simultaneous group (p>0.05). In both groups, maximum study subjects were housewife (33.3% vs. 33.3%). In staged group 13.3% and 16.7% in simultaneous group were heavy worker; 20.0% in staged group and 16.7% in simultaneous group were medium worker (p>0.05). Pain, motion, stability and function were significantly changed after surgery comparing before surgery.Infection was observed in 10.0% cases in both groups. Stiffness was observed in 10.0% cases in staged group but in 6.7% cases in simultaneous group. Even final outcome showed better in simultaneous procedure, there was no significant difference between two procedures. The outcome of both simultaneous andstaged procedure of bilateral total knee replacement in Advanced Osteoarthritis is similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Kundu
- Dr Indrojit Kumar Kundu, Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh; E-mail:
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4
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St Paul M, Saibil SD, Han S, Israni-Winger K, Lien SC, Laister RC, Sayad A, Penny S, Amaria RN, Haydu LE, Garcia-Batres CR, Kates M, Mulder DT, Robert-Tissot C, Gold MJ, Tran CW, Elford AR, Nguyen LT, Pugh TJ, Pinto DM, Wargo JA, Ohashi PS. Coenzyme A fuels T cell anti-tumor immunity. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2415-2427.e6. [PMID: 34879240 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic programming is intricately linked to the anti-tumor properties of T cells. To study the metabolic pathways associated with increased anti-tumor T cell function, we utilized a metabolomics approach to characterize three different CD8+ T cell subsets with varying degrees of anti-tumor activity in murine models, of which IL-22-producing Tc22 cells displayed the most robust anti-tumor activity. Tc22s demonstrated upregulation of the pantothenate/coenzyme A (CoA) pathway and a requirement for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for differentiation. Exogenous administration of CoA reprogrammed T cells to increase OXPHOS and adopt the CD8+ Tc22 phenotype independent of polarizing conditions via the transcription factors HIF-1α and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). In murine tumor models, treatment of mice with the CoA precursor pantothenate enhanced the efficacy of anti-PDL1 antibody therapy. In patients with melanoma, pre-treatment plasma pantothenic acid levels were positively correlated with the response to anti-PD1 therapy. Collectively, our data demonstrate that pantothenate and its metabolite CoA drive T cell polarization, bioenergetics, and anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael St Paul
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - Samuel D Saibil
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - SeongJun Han
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - Kavita Israni-Winger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - Scott C Lien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - Rob C Laister
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Azin Sayad
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Susanne Penny
- National Research Council, Human Health Therapeutics, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Rodabe N Amaria
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lauren E Haydu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Meghan Kates
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - David T Mulder
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Céline Robert-Tissot
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Matthew J Gold
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Charles W Tran
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - Alisha R Elford
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Linh T Nguyen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Devanand M Pinto
- National Research Council, Human Health Therapeutics, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1C1, Canada.
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5
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Abstract
CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic capability are increasingly recognized as potentially key actors in anti-tumor immunity. A new report in Cell elucidates the presence and potential role of a population of cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in bladder cancer using single cell sequencing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian G Sacher
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael St Paul
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher J Paige
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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6
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Abstract
Effector CD8+ T cells are typically thought to be a homogenous group of cytotoxic cells that produce interferon-(IFN) γ. However, recent findings have challenged this notion because multiple subsets of CD8+ T cells have been described, each with distinct effector functions and cytotoxic potential. These subsets, referred to as the Tc subsets, have also been detected in tumor microenvironments (TMEs), where they potentially influence the antitumor response and patient outcomes. In this review, we highlight the prevalence and roles of Tc subsets in the TME. We also discuss their therapeutic applications in the context of adoptive immunotherapy to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael St Paul
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1C1, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C1, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1C1, Canada.
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7
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Han S, Chung DC, St Paul M, Liu ZQ, Garcia-Batres C, Elford AR, Tran CW, Chapatte L, Ohashi PS. Overproduction of IL-2 by Cbl-b deficient CD4 + T cells provides resistance against regulatory T cells. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1737368. [PMID: 32313719 PMCID: PMC7153846 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1737368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells are integral to the regulation of autoimmune and anti-tumor immune responses. However, several studies have suggested that changes in T cell signaling networks can result in T cells that are resistant to the suppressive effects of regulatory T cells. Here, we investigated the role of Cbl-b, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, in establishing resistance to Treg-mediated suppression. We found that the absence of Cbl-b, a negative regulator of multiple TCR signaling pathways, rendered T cells impartial to Treg suppression by regulating cytokine networks leading to improved anti-tumor immunity despite the presence of Treg cells in the tumor. Specifically, Cbl-b KO CD4+FoxP3− T cells hyper-produced IL-2 and together with IL-2 Rα upregulation served as an essential mechanism to escape suppression by Treg cells. Furthermore, we report that IL-2 serves as the central molecule required for cytokine-induced Treg resistance. Collectively our data emphasize the role of IL-2 as a key mechanism that renders CD4+ T cells resistant to the inhibitory effects of Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeongJun Han
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas C Chung
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael St Paul
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhe Qi Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carlos Garcia-Batres
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alisha R Elford
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles W Tran
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laurence Chapatte
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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St Paul M, Saibil SD, Lien SC, Han S, Sayad A, Mulder DT, Garcia-Batres CR, Elford AR, Israni-Winger K, Robert-Tissot C, Zon M, Katz SR, Shaw PA, Clarke BA, Bernardini MQ, Nguyen LT, Haibe-Kains B, Pugh TJ, Ohashi PS. IL6 Induces an IL22 + CD8 + T-cell Subset with Potent Antitumor Function. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:321-333. [PMID: 31964625 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells can be polarized into several different subsets as defined by the cytokines they produce and the transcription factors that govern their differentiation. Here, we identified the polarizing conditions to induce an IL22-producing CD8+ Tc22 subset, which is dependent on IL6 and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor transcription factor. Further characterization showed that this subset was highly cytolytic and expressed a distinct cytokine profile and transcriptome relative to other subsets. In addition, polarized Tc22 were able to control tumor growth as well as, if not better than, the traditional IFNγ-producing Tc1 subset. Tc22s were also found to infiltrate the tumors of human patients with ovarian cancer, comprising up to approximately 30% of expanded CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Importantly, IL22 production in these CD8+ TILs correlated with improved recurrence-free survival. Given the antitumor properties of Tc22 cells, it may be prudent to polarize T cells to the Tc22 lineage when using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T or T-cell receptor (TCR) transduction-based immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/immunology
- Cell Polarity/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/immunology
- Interleukin-6/pharmacology
- Interleukins/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/immunology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Transcriptome
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael St Paul
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel D Saibil
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott C Lien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - SeongJun Han
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Azin Sayad
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David T Mulder
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alisha R Elford
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kavita Israni-Winger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Céline Robert-Tissot
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Zon
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Rachel Katz
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia A Shaw
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blaise A Clarke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcus Q Bernardini
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linh T Nguyen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin Haibe-Kains
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Saibil SD, St Paul M, Laister RC, Garcia-Batres CR, Israni-Winger K, Elford AR, Grimshaw N, Robert-Tissot C, Roy DG, Jones RG, Nguyen LT, Ohashi PS. Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors α and δ Synergizes with Inflammatory Signals to Enhance Adoptive Cell Therapy. Cancer Res 2018; 79:445-451. [PMID: 30573521 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Memory CD8+ T cells (Tmem) are superior mediators of adoptive cell therapy (ACT) compared with effector CD8+ T cells (Teff) due to increased persistence in vivo. Underpinning Tmem survival is a shift in cellular metabolism away from aerobic glycolysis towards fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Here we investigated the impact of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist GW501516 (GW), an agent known to boost FAO in other tissues, on CD8+ T-cell metabolism, function, and efficacy in a murine ACT model. Via activation of both PPARα and PPARδ/β, GW treatment increased expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a, the rate-limiting enzyme of FAO, in activated CD8+ T cells. Using a metabolomics approach, we demonstrated that GW increased the abundance of multiple different acylcarnitines, consistent with enhanced FAO. T cells activated in the presence of GW and inflammatory signals, either mature dendritic cells or IL12, also demonstrated enhanced production of IFNγ and expression of T-bet. Despite high expression of T-bet, a characteristic of short-lived effector cells, GW-treated cells demonstrated enhanced persistence in vivo and superior efficacy in a model of ACT. Collectively, these data identify combined PPARα and PPARδ/β agonists as attractive candidates for further studies and rapid translation into clinical trials of ACT. SIGNIFICANCE: Dual activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and δ improves the efficacy of adoptive cell therapy by reprogramming T-cell metabolism and cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Saibil
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael St Paul
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert C Laister
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dominic G Roy
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Russell G Jones
- Metabolism and Nutrition Program, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Linh T Nguyen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Faisal MA, Chowdhury AZ, Kundu IK, Arifeen KN, Ullah AS, Mahmud CI, Dastagir OM, Islam MA, Paul MS. Comparative Study of Patellar Tendon Graft versus Hamstrings Graft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Mymensingh Med J 2018; 27:108-115. [PMID: 29459600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graft selection for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is very important part of knee stability. The purpose of this Qasi experimental study was to compare the clinical outcomes after ACL reconstruction using either a BPTB graft or a four-strand hamstrings graft and conducted from January 2012 to December 2013. Patients presented with a symptomatic unilateral ACL rupture who were underwent ACL reconstruction by using either BPTB or Hamstrings graft, IPD of Department of Orthopedics at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka as well as in a private hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh were selected as study population. Patients were divided into Group A who were treated with the patellar tendon bone graft and Group B patients who were received hamstrings tendon graft. All surgery was performed by the same surgeon and the both procedures were arthroscopically assisted. Operation was performed at least three (03) weeks after initial trauma. All patients were assessed by independent examiner before surgery, at 6 months, 12 months and then annually by clinically. A total number of 70 patients were recruited for this study. The mean age with SD of Group A and Group B were 27.31±10.91 and 26.97±10.10 years respectively (p=0.892). Tegner scores were measured preoperatively and post-operatively. The score were 2.2±1.1 and 2.1±1.0 in preoperatively (p=0.817). In post-operatively the mean score were 6.0±1.7 and 5.8±1.5 in Group A and Group B respectively (p=0.508). Regarding outcome of the operation excellent was 18(51%) cases in both Group A and Group B, good was 15 (43%) and 16(46%) cases in Group A and Group B respectively (p=0.793). In conclusion there was no significant difference between the two groups of the ACL reconstructions cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Faisal
- Dr Md Ali Faisal, Assistant Professor, Department of Orthopaedics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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11
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Hodgins DC, Barjesteh N, St Paul M, Ma Z, Monteiro MA, Sharif S. Evaluation of a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine to reduce colonization by Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:204. [PMID: 26032784 PMCID: PMC4467597 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni is a leading bacterial cause of food-borne illness in humans. Symptoms range from mild gastroenteritis to dysentery. Contaminated chicken meat is the most common cause of infection. Broiler chickens become colonized with high numbers of C. jejuni in the intestinal tract, but do not become clinically ill. Vaccination of broiler chicks to control colonization by C. jejuni is challenging because immune function is limited in the first 2 weeks post-hatch and immune suppressive maternal antibodies are common. In addition, there is little time for induction of immunity, since broilers reach slaughter weight by 5–6 weeks of age. In the current study the immunogenicity of a C. jejuni capsular polysaccharide—diphtheria toxoid conjugated vaccine (CPSconj), administered subcutaneously with various adjuvants was assessed and the efficacy of vaccination for reducing cecal colonization after experimental challenge was evaluated by determining colony-forming units (CFU) of C. jejuni in cecal contents. Results The CPSconj vaccine was immunogenic when administered as three doses at 3, 4 and 5 weeks of age to specific pathogen free chicks lacking maternal antibodies (seroconversion rates up to 75%). Commercial broiler chicks (having maternal antibodies) receiving two doses of CPSconj vaccine at 7 and 21 days of age did not seroconvert before oral challenge at 29 days, but 33% seroconverted post challenge; none of the placebo-injected, challenged birds seroconverted. Vaccinated birds had significantly lower numbers of C. jejuni in cecal contents than control birds at necropsy (38 days of age). CFU of C. jejuni did not differ significantly among groups of birds receiving CPSconj vaccine with different adjuvants. In two trials, the mean reduction in CFU associated with vaccination was 0.64 log10 units. Conclusions The CPSconj vaccine was immunogenic in chicks lacking maternal antibodies, vaccinated beginning at 3 weeks of age. In commercial broiler birds (possessing maternal antibodies) vaccinated at 7 and 21 days of age, 33% of birds seroconverted by 9 days after challenge, and there was a modest, but significant, reduction in cecal counts of C. jejuni. Further studies are needed to optimize adjuvant, route of delivery and scheduling of administration of this vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Neda Barjesteh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Michael St Paul
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Zuchao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
| | | | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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12
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Alkie TN, St Paul M, Barjesteh N, Brisbin J, Sharif S. Expression profiles of antiviral response genes in chicken bursal cells stimulated with Toll-like receptor ligands. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 163:157-63. [PMID: 25618589 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the adaptive immune system express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and are able to respond to TLR ligands. With this in mind, the goal of the current study was to determine the expression of antiviral response genes in the cells of the chicken bursa of Fabricius (BF) to stimulation with TLR ligands. We investigated initially the response of bursal B cells to CpG-ODN, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and poly(I:C) treatment. The expression level of type I interferons (IFNs) and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) did not differ between CpG-ODN and LPS treated groups compared to the non-stimulated cells. Poly(I:C) was the only TLR ligand, which has induced significant expression of antiviral innate immune response genes from bursal cells. Further in vitro and in vivo studies need to examine the efficacy of these antiviral responses against avian viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru Negash Alkie
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michael St Paul
- Immunology and Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Neda Barjesteh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Brisbin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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13
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St Paul M, Barjesteh N, Brisbin JT, Villaneueva AI, Read LR, Hodgins D, Nagy É, Sharif S. Effects of ligands for Toll-like receptors 3, 4, and 21 as adjuvants on the immunogenicity of an avian influenza vaccine in chickens. Viral Immunol 2014; 27:167-73. [PMID: 24797893 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are of great concern to the worldwide community as well as the poultry industry. Although existing vaccines are successful in limiting the spread of the virus, these vaccines do not eliminate virus shedding into the environment. As a result, it is of great importance to enhance the efficacy of existing AIV vaccines. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to utilize the immunostimulatory Toll-like receptor ligands poly I:C, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and CpG DNA motifs, either alone or in combination with each other, as adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of an inactivated AIV vaccine. Chickens were vaccinated twice, 14 days apart. Antibody-mediated responses were assessed by collected sera and lacrimal secretions, while cell-mediated immunity was assessed by stimulating splenocytes from vaccinated chickens in vitro with the vaccine antigen. The results suggest that CpG alone served as the best single-ligand adjuvant compared to poly I:C or LPS, as it significantly enhanced antibody-mediated responses, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Furthermore, upon combining CpG with poly I:C, a robust antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune response was elicited, resulting in an enhanced hemagglutination inhibition titer and splenocyte proliferation respectively. Future studies may be aimed at assessing the efficacy of the poly I:C and CpG combination adjuvant in protecting against AIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael St Paul
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Haq K, Wootton SK, Barjesteh N, St Paul M, Golovan S, Bendall AJ, Sharif S. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of chicken interferon-γ expression. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:319-27. [PMID: 23458611 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-γ is a cytokine with a variety of functions, including direct antiviral activities and the capacity to polarize T-cells. However, there is limited information available about the function of this cytokine in the avian immune system. To gain a better understanding of the biological relevance of IFN-γ in chicken immunity, gain-of-function (upregulation) and loss-of-function (downregulation) studies need to be conducted. RNA interference (RNAi), a technique employed for downregulating gene expression, is mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA), which can trigger sequence-specific gene silencing. In this regard, sequence specificity and delivery of siRNA molecules remain critical issues, especially to cells of the immune system. Various direct and indirect approaches have been employed to deliver siRNA, including the use of viral vectors. The objectives of the present study were to determine whether RNAi could effectively downregulate expression of chicken IFN-γ in vitro, and investigate the feasibility of recombinant adeno-associated virus to deliver siRNA in vitro as well. Three 27-mer Dicer substrate RNAs were selected based on the chicken IFN-γ coding sequence and transfected into cells or delivered using a recombinant avian adeno-associated virus (rAAAV) into a chicken fibroblast cell line expressing chIFN-γ. The expression of chIFN-γ transcripts was significantly downregulated when a cocktail containing all three siRNAs was used. Expression of endogenous IFN-γ was also significantly downregulated in primary cells after stimulation with a peptide. Further, significant suppression of IFN-γ transcript was also observed in vitro in cells that were treated with rAAAV, expressing siRNA targeting IFN-γ. Off-target effects in the form of triggering IFN responses by RNAi, including expression of chicken 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase and IFN-α, were also examined. Our results suggest that siRNAs selected were effective at downregulating IFN-γ in vitro both when delivered directly as well as when expressed by an rAAAV-based vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Haq
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Barjesteh N, Hodgins DC, St Paul M, Quinteiro-Filho WM, DePass C, Monteiro MA, Sharif S. Induction of chicken cytokine responses in vivo and in vitro by lipooligosaccharide of Campylobacter jejuni HS:10. Vet Microbiol 2013; 164:122-30. [PMID: 23473646 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract of humans, but colonizes chickens for prolonged periods without causing disease. It is unclear what host and bacterial mechanisms maintain a non-inflammatory state in chickens. The present work was undertaken to characterize cytokine responses of chickens to purified lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of C. jejuni HS:10. Chickens were injected with purified LOS, and expression of interleukin (IL)-1β (pro-inflammatory cytokine), IL-8 (pro-inflammatory chemokine), interferon (IFN)γ (Th1-like cytokine), IL-10 (immune regulatory/anti-inflammatory cytokine) and IL-13 (Th2-like cytokine) was evaluated in spleen using quantitative RT-PCR, up to 24h post-injection. In an in vitro study, splenocytes were incubated with LOS, and cytokine expression followed up to 18 h. Chickens injected with LOS had increased expression of IL-1β up to 24h later. Expression of IL-8 was significantly increased at 2h but then declined below baseline. Expression of IFNγ and IL-10 was increased significantly at 2h, but declined thereafter. Splenocytes incubated with LOS had increased expression of IL-1β and IL-8 up to 18 h of incubation. Expression of IFNγ was increased at 6 and 18 h, IL-10 was increased at 2h, but expression of IL-13 did not differ significantly up to 18h. It is concluded that LOS of C. jejuni can induce expression of pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-8, as well as IFNγ and IL-10 in chickens. More extensive studies with more prolonged exposure to LOS are needed to further clarify the interaction between C. jejuni and the chicken host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Barjesteh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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16
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St Paul M, Brisbin JT, Abdul-Careem MF, Sharif S. Immunostimulatory properties of Toll-like receptor ligands in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 152:191-9. [PMID: 23305711 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors that have been identified in mammals and avian species. Ligands for TLRs are typically conserved structural motifs of microorganisms termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Several TLRs have been detected in many cell subsets, such as in macrophages, heterophils and B cells, where they mediate host-responses to pathogens by promoting cellular activation and the production of cytokines. Importantly, TLR ligands help prime a robust adaptive immune response by promoting the maturation of professional antigen presenting cells. These properties make TLR ligands an attractive approach to enhance host-immunity to pathogens by administering them either prophylactically or in the context of a vaccine adjuvant. In this review, we discuss what is known about the immunostimulatory properties of TLR ligands in chickens, both at the cellular level as well as in vivo. Furthermore, we highlight previous successes in exploiting TLR ligands to protect against several pathogens including avian influenza virus, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Newcastle disease Virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael St Paul
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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17
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St Paul M, Paolucci S, Sharif S. Treatment with ligands for toll-like receptors 2 and 5 induces a mixed T-helper 1- and 2-like response in chicken splenocytes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32:592-8. [PMID: 23030671 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the induction of host responses to pathogens. Interactions between TLRs and their ligands result in the production of cytokines that modulate the adaptive immune response through polarizing CD4+ T cells into either T-helper (T(H))1 or T(H)2 phenotypes. In this regard, TLR2 and TLR5 ligands have been shown to induce responses in mammals that are biased toward T(H)1 or T(H)2 phenotypes. However, whether a similar phenomenon occurs in chickens remains to be elucidated. To this end, chicken splenocytes were stimulated with the TLR2 ligand Pam3CSK4 and the TLR5 ligand flagellin, and the relative expression of several cytokines and transcription factors was quantified at 1, 3, 8, and 18 h poststimulation. The results suggest that both TLR ligands induce a mixed T(H)1- and T(H)2-like response, as characterized by the upregulation of both the T(H)1-associated cytokine interferon-γ and the T(H)1-inducing cytokine interleukin (IL)-12, in addition to the T(H)2-associated cytokine IL-4, and in the case of flagellin, IL-13 as well. Future studies may be aimed at assessing the adjuvant potential of these ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael St Paul
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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18
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Parvizi P, Mallick AI, Haq K, Haghighi HR, Orouji S, Thanthrige-Don N, St Paul M, Brisbin JT, Read LR, Behboudi S, Sharif S. A toll-like receptor 3 ligand enhances protective effects of vaccination against Marek's disease virus and hinders tumor development in chickens. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:394-401. [PMID: 22857262 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) is caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV). Various vaccines including herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) have been used to control this disease. However, HVT is not able to completely protect against very virulent strains of MDV. The objective of this study was to determine whether a vaccination protocol consisting of HVT and a Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand could enhance protective efficacy of vaccination against MD. Hence, chickens were immunized with HVT and subsequently treated with synthetic double-stranded RNA polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic [poly(I:C)], a TLR3 ligand, before or after being infected with a very virulent strain of MDV. Among the groups that were HVT-vaccinated and challenged with MDV, the lowest incidence of tumors was observed in the group that received poly(I:C) before and after MDV infection. Moreover, the groups that received a single poly(I:C) treatment either before or after MDV infection were better protected against MD tumors compared to the group that only received HVT. No association was observed between viral load, as determined by MDV genome copy number, and the reduction in tumor formation. Overall, the results presented here indicate that poly(I:C) treatment, especially when it is administered prior to and after HVT vaccination, enhances the efficacy of HVT vaccine and improves protection against MDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payvand Parvizi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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19
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St Paul M, Paolucci S, Read LR, Sharif S. Characterization of responses elicited by Toll-like receptor agonists in cells of the bursa of Fabricius in chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 149:237-44. [PMID: 22884396 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an evolutionarily conserved group of pattern recognition receptors that play an important role in mediating host-responses to pathogens. Several TLRs have been identified in chickens and their expression has been detected in many immune cell subsets including in B cells. However, the mechanisms through which TLRs modulate B cell responses have not been well characterized in chickens. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the responses mounted by cells of the bursa of Fabricius to treatment with the TLR 3, 4 and 21 ligands, poly I:C, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), respectively. The relative expression of several immune system genes was quantified at 1, 3, 8 and 18 h post-treatment. The results show that all three ligands induced the up-regulation of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 transcripts and promoted the up-regulation of transcripts associated with antigen presentation, namely CD80 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. Furthermore, the results indicated that LPS and poly I:C induced the greatest IFN-γ and IL-10 responses, respectively, while CpG ODN was the most efficacious inducer of CD80 and MHC-II expression. Future studies may be aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of TLR-mediated activation of chicken B cells. These mechanisms may be then exploited for the development of adjuvants with enhanced ability to stimulate B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael St Paul
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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20
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St Paul M, Mallick AI, Read LR, Villanueva AI, Parvizi P, Abdul-Careem MF, Nagy É, Sharif S. Prophylactic treatment with Toll-like receptor ligands enhances host immunity to avian influenza virus in chickens. Vaccine 2012; 30:4524-31. [PMID: 22531557 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) pose a threat towards the health of both poultry and humans. To interrupt the transmission of the virus, novel prophylactic strategies must be considered which may reduce the shedding of AIV. One potential is the prophylactic use of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. Many cells of the immune system express TLRs, and cellular responses to TLR stimulation include activation and the production of cytokines. TLR ligands have been employed as prophylactic treatments to enhance host resistance to pathogens both in mammals and chickens. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine whether TLR ligands may be used prophylactically in chickens to enhance host immunity to AIV. Chickens received intramuscular injections of either low or high doses of the TLR ligands poly I:C, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG ODN. Twenty-four hours post-treatment, chickens were infected with the low pathogenic avian influenza virus H4N6, and both oropharyngeal and cloacal virus shedding were assessed on days 4 and 7 post-infection. To identify potential correlates of immunity, spleen and lungs were collected on days 2, 4 and 7 post-infection for RNA extraction. The results suggested that all of the TLR ligand treatments induced a significant reduction in virus shedding, with the TLR3 ligand poly I:C conferring the greatest AIV immunity compared to control birds, followed by CpG ODN and LPS. Furthermore, transcriptional analysis of gene expression in the spleen and lungs suggest IFN-α and IL-8 as correlates of immunity conferred by poly I:C, and IFN-γ for CpG ODN and LPS. In conclusion, TLR ligands, have the ability to enhance host immunity against AIV, and future studies should consider exploring the combinatory effects of poly I:C and CpG ODN prophylaxis in conjunction with AIV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael St Paul
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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21
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Mallick AI, Kulkarni RR, St Paul M, Parvizi P, Nagy E, Behboudi S, Sharif S. Vaccination with CpG-adjuvanted avian influenza virosomes promotes antiviral immune responses and reduces virus shedding in chickens. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:226-31. [PMID: 22512311 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of virosomes as a vaccine platform has proven successful against several viruses. Here we examined the protective efficacy of a virosome-based vaccine consisting of avian influenza virus (AIV) A/Duck/Czech/56/H4N6 in chickens against a homologous AIV challenge. Virosomes adjuvanted with CpG-ODN or recombinant chicken interferon (IFN)-γ significantly reduced virus shedding after virus challenge. Furthermore, immunization with virosomes adjuvanted with CpG-ODN increased hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus-specific neutralizing serum antibodies, as well as virus-specific serum IgG and mucosal IgA responses. We also found a significant increase in the expression of type I and II interferon genes in the protected birds following virus challenge. In summary, this study demonstrated the ability of virosomes adjuvanted with CpG-ODN to reduce AIV shedding, and elicit virus-specific protective antibody responses in vaccinated birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirul I Mallick
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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22
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St Paul M, Mallick AI, Haq K, Orouji S, Abdul-Careem MF, Sharif S. In vivo administration of ligands for chicken toll-like receptors 4 and 21 induces the expression of immune system genes in the spleen. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:228-37. [PMID: 22019071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of conserved proteins that play an important role in pathogen recognition in addition to the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. To date, several TLRs have been identified in chickens, each recognizing different ligands. TLR stimulation in chickens has been shown to play a role in host-responses to pathogens. However, the mechanisms through which TLRs modulate the chicken immune system have not been well examined. The present study was conducted to characterize the kinetics of responses to TLR4 and TLR21 stimulation in chickens following intramuscular injections of their corresponding ligands, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), respectively. To this end, relative expression of cytokine genes in the spleen was determined at 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after injection of TLR ligands. The results indicated that LPS strongly induced the up-regulation of some immune system genes early on in the response to treatment, including interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-1β. Furthermore, treatment with CpG ODN promoted the up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II, IFN-γ and IL-10. The response to CpG ODN appeared to be somewhat delayed compared to the response to LPS. Moreover, we found a significant increase in IFN-α gene expression in response to LPS but not CpG ODNs. Future studies may be aimed to further characterize the molecular mechanisms of TLR activation in chickens or to exploit TLR agonists as vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael St Paul
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Varun M, D'Souza R, Pratas J, Paul MS. Phytoextraction potential of Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. with specific reference to lead and cadmium. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2011; 87:45-9. [PMID: 21556781 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-011-0305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Root and shoot samples of Prosopis juliflora were assessed for their heavy metal content to evaluate the species as a green solution to decontaminate soils contaminated with lead and cadmium. The highest uptake of both the metals was observed in plants from industrial sites. Sites with more anthropogenic disturbance exhibited reduced chlorophyll levels, stunted growth, delayed and shortened reproductive phase. The ratios of lead and cadmium in leaves to lead and cadmium in soil were in the range of 0.62-1.46 and 0.55-1.71, respectively. Strong correlation between the degree of contamination and concentrations of lead and cadmium in plant samples identifies P. juliflora as an effective heavy metal remediator coupled with environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Varun
- Department of Botany, St. John's College, Agra 282002, India.
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24
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Jacobson SL, Eicher A, Paul MS, Giraud GD, Morton MJ, Thornburg KL. The sequential effects of estrogen administration and hypertension on cardiac function in ewes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179:610-9. [PMID: 9757960 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(98)70053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to study the effect of estrogen administration and moderate hypertension on left ventricular size, pump function, and contractility in chronically instrumented ewes. STUDY DESIGN Ewes were either given 0.06 mg/kg 17beta-estradiol intramuscularly (n = 8) or were made hypertensive (n = 6) by inflation of an occluder around the aorta and were studied weekly. After 3 weeks each ewe received the opposite treatment. RESULTS Estrogen administration caused an increase in left ventricular chamber size at a given pressure, fractional shortening (21.9% +/- 2.9% to 28.5% +/- 3.7%), and stroke volume (1.4 +/- 0.3 mL/kg to 1.6 +/- 0.3 mL/kg). Subsequent hypertension further increased left ventricular size at a given pressure but decreased fractional shortening (20.0% +/- 4.4%) and stroke volume (1.3 +/- 0.3 mL/kg). With hypertension first, there was no left ventricular enlargement, even with subsequent estrogen administration, and there were no changes in left ventricular pump function. End-systolic pressure and stress-dimension relationships did not change with either treatment. The end-systolic wall stress-fractional shortening relationship was likewise unchanged, suggesting that neither treatment changed contractility. CONCLUSIONS The left ventricle previously exposed to hypertension does not remodel when exposed to estrogen, and cardiac pump function decreases when the estrogen enlarged heart is faced with moderate, subacute hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Jacobson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Congenital Heart Research Center, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3098, USA
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25
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Abstract
The general view that mRNA does not contain inosine has been challenged by the discovery of adenosine deaminases that act on RNA (ADARs). Although inosine monophosphate (IMP) cannot be detected in crude preparations of nucleotides derived from poly(A)+ RNA, here we show it is readily detectable and quantifiable once it is purified away from the Watson-Crick nucleotides. We report that IMP is present in mRNA at tissue-specific levels that correlate with the levels of ADAR mRNA expression. The amount of IMP present in poly(A)+ RNA isolated from various mammalian tissues suggests adenosine deamination may play an important role in regulating gene expression, particularly in brain, where we estimate one IMP is present for every 17 000 ribonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Paul
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84132, USA
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Varghese SJ, Dhot PS, Bhardwaj TR, Paul MS, Kapoor HK. BRUNNEROMA - A RARE TUMOUR OF THE DUODENUM: A Case Report. Med J Armed Forces India 1997; 53:61-62. [PMID: 28769439 DOI: 10.1016/s0377-1237(17)30649-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S J Varghese
- Graded Specialist (Pathology), Command Hospital Northern Command, C/O 56 APO
| | - P S Dhot
- Reader, Dept of Blood Transfusion, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune 411040
| | - T R Bhardwaj
- Senior Adviser (Pathology), Command Hospital Northern Command, C/O 56 APO
| | - M S Paul
- Classified Specialist (Medicine) & Gastroenterologist, Command Hospital Northern Command, C/O 56 APO
| | - H K Kapoor
- Senior Adviser (Surgery), Command Hospital Northern Command, C/O 56 APO
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27
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Abstract
We studied the chronic effect of administration of a single large intramuscular dose of 17 beta-estradiol on left ventricular chamber size and output in the ewe. Fourteen oophorectomized ewes were successfully instrumented and studied, with measurements made of left ventricular, aortic, right and left atrial pressures, left ventricular stroke volume, and left ventricular minor axis dimension. Unanesthetized ewes were studied before and 1, 2, and 3 wk after intramuscular administration of 0.6 mg/kg 17 beta-estradiol (7 ewes) or 1.5 ml sesame oil placebo (7 ewes). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure-end-diastolic dimension (LVEDP-EDD) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure-stroke volume (LVEDP-SV) relationships were quantified during graded inferior vena caval occlusion and volume infusion. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was larger after estrogen but not after placebo administration. The LVEDP-EDD relationship shifted progressively rightward, indicating left ventricular chamber enlargement in the estrogen group but was unchanged in the placebo group. The plateau limb of the LVEDP-SV relationship in the estrogen group shifted up from a mean stroke volume of 77.1-89.5 ml/beat and did not change in the placebo group. We conclude that administration of a single large intramuscular dose of 17 beta-estradiol resulted in left ventricular chamber enlargement and increased stroke volume in the ewe.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Giraud
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3098
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28
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Veille JC, Morton MJ, Paul MS. Maternal left ventricular dimension in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth retardation. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78:265-9. [PMID: 2067773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies using two-dimensional chest radiographs have found a significant correlation between prematurity, fetal growth retardation, and the size of the maternal heart. Accordingly, we evaluated maternal left ventricular size and function by M-mode echocardiography near the end of gestation in 42 women with suspected fetal growth retardation and in 79 women whose pregnancies were normal. No significant differences were found between the two groups, implying that maternal left ventricular size and function is adequate in pregnancies complicated by "idiopathic" fetal growth retardation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Veille
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland
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29
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Paul MS, Aegerter M, Cepek K, Miller MD, Weis JH. The murine complement receptor gene family. III. The genomic and transcriptional complexity of the Crry and Crry-ps genes. The Journal of Immunology 1990. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.144.5.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The murine CR genes Crry (previously termed mCRY) and Crry-ps (previously termed mCRX) are two distinct, but related, sequences which are the evolutionary homologs to sequences contained within the human CR1 gene. Screening a BALB/c genomic DNA library with the Crry/Crry-ps specific cDNA resulted in the isolation of two clusters of genomic sequences: those specific for Crry and those specific for Crry-ps. The coding sequences of the Crry gene encompass over 25 kb of DNA, whereas the Crry-ps sequences are included within a single 5.6-kb Eco-R1 fragment. The Crry gene consists of 10 separate exons. The first of these contains both the signal sequence and an alternatively spliced 129 bp present in approximately 10% of the Crry transcripts. Of the remaining exons, two encode a single sixty amino acid repeat domain each (A and E), two encode a split sixty amino acid repeat (B), and another encodes two 60 amino acid domains (C and D) fused as one exon. The transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions are both split into two exons each. RNA protection analysis indicates that although there is alternative splicing in the 5' region of the gene, the 3' exons encoding the terminal 60 amino acid repeat, the transmembrane region and cytoplasmic exons are used in the same order in all Crry transcripts. This suggests that the Crry gene product is not found as a secreted protein, but only as a cell surface bound protein. DNA sequence analysis of the Crry-ps gene indicates that this sequence most likely represents a pseudogene resulting from a processed mRNA transcript from the Crry gene. This conclusion is based on the lack of intervening sequences in the Crry-ps gene and the observation that the Crry-ps gene sequence contains both an 11-bp deletion within the "coding" region and a degenerate poly A tail at the 3' end of the homologous sequence. Additionally, RNA protection analysis indicates that mRNA cannot be detected which matches the Crry-ps sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Paul
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
| | - M Aegerter
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
| | - K Cepek
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
| | - M D Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
| | - J H Weis
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
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Paul MS, Aegerter M, Cepek K, Miller MD, Weis JH. The murine complement receptor gene family. III. The genomic and transcriptional complexity of the Crry and Crry-ps genes. J Immunol 1990; 144:1988-96. [PMID: 2307848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The murine CR genes Crry (previously termed mCRY) and Crry-ps (previously termed mCRX) are two distinct, but related, sequences which are the evolutionary homologs to sequences contained within the human CR1 gene. Screening a BALB/c genomic DNA library with the Crry/Crry-ps specific cDNA resulted in the isolation of two clusters of genomic sequences: those specific for Crry and those specific for Crry-ps. The coding sequences of the Crry gene encompass over 25 kb of DNA, whereas the Crry-ps sequences are included within a single 5.6-kb Eco-R1 fragment. The Crry gene consists of 10 separate exons. The first of these contains both the signal sequence and an alternatively spliced 129 bp present in approximately 10% of the Crry transcripts. Of the remaining exons, two encode a single sixty amino acid repeat domain each (A and E), two encode a split sixty amino acid repeat (B), and another encodes two 60 amino acid domains (C and D) fused as one exon. The transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions are both split into two exons each. RNA protection analysis indicates that although there is alternative splicing in the 5' region of the gene, the 3' exons encoding the terminal 60 amino acid repeat, the transmembrane region and cytoplasmic exons are used in the same order in all Crry transcripts. This suggests that the Crry gene product is not found as a secreted protein, but only as a cell surface bound protein. DNA sequence analysis of the Crry-ps gene indicates that this sequence most likely represents a pseudogene resulting from a processed mRNA transcript from the Crry gene. This conclusion is based on the lack of intervening sequences in the Crry-ps gene and the observation that the Crry-ps gene sequence contains both an 11-bp deletion within the "coding" region and a degenerate poly A tail at the 3' end of the homologous sequence. Additionally, RNA protection analysis indicates that mRNA cannot be detected which matches the Crry-ps sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Paul
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
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31
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Abstract
We investigated the relationship between mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP) and blood volume in nonpregnant (NP), estrogen-treated (E), and pregnant (P) guinea pigs. Reversible circulatory arrest was produced by rapid ventricular pacing or acetylcholine in unanesthetized animals remote from surgery. MCFP (mmHg) was higher for E (7.1 +/- 0.3) than for NP (5.8 +/- 0.5) or P (5.3 +/- 0.4). The gradient for venous return, the difference between MCFP and right atrial pressure (mmHg), did not differ in NP- (6.0 +/- 0.5), P- (5.8 +/- 0.5), or E- (5.8 +/- 0.4) treated animals. Capacitance, the blood volume (ml/kg) at an MCFP of 6 mmHg, was increased in P (84 +/- 6) and E (89 +/- 7), compared with NP (64 +/- 5) animals. Compliance, the ratio of the change in volume to change in pressure in the range of 6-12 mmHg (ml.kg-1.mmHg-1), was greater in P (4.4 +/- 0.3) than NP (3.5 +/- 0.3) animals. Hexamethonium blockade did not affect MCFP, capacitance, or compliance. We conclude that the effect of blood volume expansion on the circulation in pregnancy cannot be predicted from knowledge of MCFP-blood volume relationships in the nonpregnant animal, because capacitance and compliance are altered. Estrogen administration to nonpregnant animals reproduces some of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Davis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3098
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32
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Kurtz CB, Paul MS, Aegerter M, Weis JJ, Weis JH. Murine complement receptor gene family. II. Identification and characterization of the murine homolog (Cr2) to human CR2 and its molecular linkage to Crry. The Journal of Immunology 1989. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.143.6.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CR2, a 145,000 to 150,000 Mr protein which binds specific breakdown products of C3, has been identified on the surface of both human and murine B cells. In order to understand the evolutionary relatedness of the human and murine proteins, we have used the coding sequences from the human CR2 gene to investigate those homologous sequences of murine Cr2. Human CR2 cDNA sequences were used as probes on a cDNA library derived from BALB/c spleen mRNA to identify cross-reacting cDNA sequences. A number of putative cDNA clones encoding murine Cr2 have been isolated and examined. DNA sequence analysis of these Cr2 cDNA clones indicates that they represent the murine homolog to human CR2. mRNA analysis with these Cr2 cDNA clones has revealed a transcription pattern similar to, but distinct from that seen for CR2. Whereas human CR2 coding sequences identify a single mRNA species of approximately 5 kb from human tonsillar mRNA, the murine counterpart identifies four transcripts from murine spleen of approximately 3, 5, 9 and 11 kb in size. The Cr2 cDNA clones which detect the four forms of spleen mRNA overlap in coding sequences and contain exons mapping to three colinear fragments as defined by EcoRI digestion. This suggests that the 3- 5-, 9-, and 11-kb mRNA forms arise by alternative splicing from a single gene. Use of these murine Cr2-specific cDNA clones to isolate their respective genomic sequences has allowed for the linkage of the 3' end of the Cr2 gene to the 5' end of the Crry gene, the evolutionary homolog to human CR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Kurtz
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
| | - M S Paul
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
| | - M Aegerter
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
| | - J J Weis
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
| | - J H Weis
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
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33
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Kurtz CB, Paul MS, Aegerter M, Weis JJ, Weis JH. Murine complement receptor gene family. II. Identification and characterization of the murine homolog (Cr2) to human CR2 and its molecular linkage to Crry. J Immunol 1989; 143:2058-67. [PMID: 2528587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CR2, a 145,000 to 150,000 Mr protein which binds specific breakdown products of C3, has been identified on the surface of both human and murine B cells. In order to understand the evolutionary relatedness of the human and murine proteins, we have used the coding sequences from the human CR2 gene to investigate those homologous sequences of murine Cr2. Human CR2 cDNA sequences were used as probes on a cDNA library derived from BALB/c spleen mRNA to identify cross-reacting cDNA sequences. A number of putative cDNA clones encoding murine Cr2 have been isolated and examined. DNA sequence analysis of these Cr2 cDNA clones indicates that they represent the murine homolog to human CR2. mRNA analysis with these Cr2 cDNA clones has revealed a transcription pattern similar to, but distinct from that seen for CR2. Whereas human CR2 coding sequences identify a single mRNA species of approximately 5 kb from human tonsillar mRNA, the murine counterpart identifies four transcripts from murine spleen of approximately 3, 5, 9 and 11 kb in size. The Cr2 cDNA clones which detect the four forms of spleen mRNA overlap in coding sequences and contain exons mapping to three colinear fragments as defined by EcoRI digestion. This suggests that the 3- 5-, 9-, and 11-kb mRNA forms arise by alternative splicing from a single gene. Use of these murine Cr2-specific cDNA clones to isolate their respective genomic sequences has allowed for the linkage of the 3' end of the Cr2 gene to the 5' end of the Crry gene, the evolutionary homolog to human CR1.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/isolation & purification
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/isolation & purification
- DNA Probes
- Genes
- Genetic Linkage
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Receptors, Complement/genetics
- Receptors, Complement/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Complement 3d
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Kurtz
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
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Paul MS, Aegerter M, O'Brien SE, Kurtz CB, Weis JH. The murine complement receptor gene family. Analysis of mCRY gene products and their homology to human CR1. The Journal of Immunology 1989. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.142.2.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The mouse genome contains two sets of gene sequences which are highly homologous to the gene encoding the human C3b/C4b receptor (CR1). These genes, termed murine CRY (mCRY) and murine CRX (mCRX) reside on murine chromosomes 1 and 8, respectively. Analysis of cDNA isolated by using these sequences as probes indicates that there are two related but distinct mRNA which are expressed in a wide variety of murine tissues including spleen, liver, lung, and brain. Both of these transcripts encode proteins which should contain a signal sequence for membrane insertion, a transmembrane/cytoplasmic tail region for membrane anchoring, and five extracellular domains made up of 60 amino acid consensus repeat sequences. The difference between the two is the presence of an additional exon of 129 bp immediately 3' of the signal sequence. This additional exon does not encode a 60 amino acid repeat. The sizes of the mature proteins predicted from the cDNA sequences are 43,998 Mr and 48,680 Mr; however, antisera raised against carboxy-terminal sequences detects a 70,000 Mr protein from murine fibroblasts suggesting a high degree of post-translational modification of the mature protein. A comparison of these murine gene sequences with a partial human CR1 sequence suggests that the human CR1 gene evolved by direct duplication of the ancestral coding sequences contained within these murine genes including those sequences important for membrane anchoring and cytoplasmic protein attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Paul
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - M Aegerter
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - S E O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - C B Kurtz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - J H Weis
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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35
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Paul MS, Aegerter M, O'Brien SE, Kurtz CB, Weis JH. The murine complement receptor gene family. Analysis of mCRY gene products and their homology to human CR1. J Immunol 1989; 142:582-9. [PMID: 2911011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The mouse genome contains two sets of gene sequences which are highly homologous to the gene encoding the human C3b/C4b receptor (CR1). These genes, termed murine CRY (mCRY) and murine CRX (mCRX) reside on murine chromosomes 1 and 8, respectively. Analysis of cDNA isolated by using these sequences as probes indicates that there are two related but distinct mRNA which are expressed in a wide variety of murine tissues including spleen, liver, lung, and brain. Both of these transcripts encode proteins which should contain a signal sequence for membrane insertion, a transmembrane/cytoplasmic tail region for membrane anchoring, and five extracellular domains made up of 60 amino acid consensus repeat sequences. The difference between the two is the presence of an additional exon of 129 bp immediately 3' of the signal sequence. This additional exon does not encode a 60 amino acid repeat. The sizes of the mature proteins predicted from the cDNA sequences are 43,998 Mr and 48,680 Mr; however, antisera raised against carboxy-terminal sequences detects a 70,000 Mr protein from murine fibroblasts suggesting a high degree of post-translational modification of the mature protein. A comparison of these murine gene sequences with a partial human CR1 sequence suggests that the human CR1 gene evolved by direct duplication of the ancestral coding sequences contained within these murine genes including those sequences important for membrane anchoring and cytoplasmic protein attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Paul
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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36
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Abstract
Male and female guinea pigs underwent immunisation with heterologous heart protein (rat heart), complete Freund's adjuvant and pertussis vaccine (immunised) or normal saline (control) at weekly intervals for 6 weeks, and were subsequently studied. In vivo intracardiac pressures, cardiac outputs, blood volumes, in vitro pressure-volume relations, left ventricular collagen contents, light microscopy, direct immunofluorescence, lymphocyte stimulation studies, and serology for circulating anti heart antibody (haemagglutination and radioimmunoassay) were performed. Immunised guinea pigs studied between 5 and 8 weeks following the immunisation protocol demonstrated a 44% increase in LVEDP (p less than 0.005), an increase in right atrial pressure (p less than 0.001), although no change in aortic pressure or cardiac output when compared with controls. Left ventricular weight was increased 20% (p less than 0.001), and in vitro left ventricular volume by 34% (at 8 mmHg distending pressure, p less than 0.001). Lung wet weight was increased 44% (p less than 0.005), and left ventricular collagen content increased 60% (p less than 0.001). Cultured lymphocytes from treated guinea pigs demonstrated a 1.5- to 4.5-fold (dependent upon proximity to last immunisation) increase in radiolabelled thymidine uptake when incubated with guinea pig heart protein compared to controls (p less than 0.001), and circulating anti guinea pig heart antibodies were detected by haemagglutination and radioimmunoassay. Histological examination of the left ventricles revealed inflammatory cell infiltration and myocyte increase to varying degrees in 15 of the 18 treated animals. We conclude that inflammatory, probably immune-mediated, chronic myocarditis can be produced in the guinea pig.
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Abstract
Heart rate and stroke volume were measured serially in subjects at rest in the sitting position and at the onset and end of a 6-minute period of upright bicycle exercise. Twenty-three subjects with normal pregnancy were studied in late gestation and again post partum. Rest and exercise cardiac outputs in late gestation were not different from those in the postpartum period. Heart rate was higher at rest and stroke volume lower during exercise in late gestation than post partum. At the end of exercise, stroke volume fell dramatically in late gestation but not post partum. Ten women prospectively identified as physically fit had responses that were not different from those of the nonfit cohort in late gestation. Post partum, the physically fit women had exercise responses typical of trained persons and different from those of the nonfit cohort. In late gestation, rest and exercise hemodynamics in subjects in the sitting position appeared to be dominated by factors influencing venous return, independent of physical fitness.
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38
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Abstract
Theoretical arguments suggest that cardiovascular fitness would be desirable during pregnancy but that high-intensity exercise should be avoided; both notions require rigorous testing. Moderate exercise, by normal women with uncomplicated pregnancy, does not appear to affect fetal health. Coexisting maternal medical or obstetrical complications may contraindicate exercise.
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Abstract
We studied the rates of change of expired ventilation (VE, BTPS), O2 consumption (VO2, STPD) and CO2 production (VCO2, STPD) at the start and stop of 6 min of 50-W bicycle exercise, comparing 20 healthy young women at 38 weeks of pregnancy (G) and 3 months postpartum (NG). VO2, VCO2 and VE were significantly greater at rest for G than for NG. The absolute increases of VO2 and VCO2 from steady-state rest (SSR) to steady-state exercise (SSE) were the same for G and NG. The absolute increase of VE from SSR to SSE was significantly greater for G than NG. VCO2 and VE increased more rapidly in G than NG, but only during the first 90 sec of exercise. Recovery rates after exercise were equal for G and NG. We believe that lower extremity muscles of G contract on more distended veins at the onset of exercise, forcing increased volumes of venous blood through the lungs, increasing VO2 and VCO2. VE follows VCO2 closely.
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Bissonnette JM, Hohimer AR, Cronan JZ, Paul MS. Effect of oxygen and of carbon dioxide tension on the incidence of apnea in fetal lambs. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 137:575-8. [PMID: 6770689 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(80)90698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Fetal breathing movements (FBM) in unanesthetized lambs in utero were correlated with measurements of arterial blood gases. One hundred and eighty-seven observations, consisting of the incidence of FBM during the hour preceding and the hour after the blood gas determinations, were made on 125 separate days in 30 fetuses of 117 to 146 days' gestational age. Fifty-eight percent of the observations with fetal apnea (FBM 0 to 9% in 2 hours) showed hypoxia (PaO2 less than or equal to 16 torr), whereas only 4% of the observations with FBM greater than 10% were associated with hypoxia. Sevety-eight percent of the hypoxic and normocarbic (PaCO2 42 to 53 torr) observations demonstrated apnea. However, only 44% of hypoxic plus hypercarbic (PaCO2 57 to 63 torr) fetuses were apneic, and with an elevated PaCO2, apnea tended to develop at a lower level of PaO2. We conclude that FBM may persist in the presence of hypercarbia with hypoxia.
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Neill WA, Nakornchai V, Oxendine J, Paul MS. Effect of beta-adrenergic suppression by propranolol on coronary collateral development in response to chronic coronary ischemia in dogs. Circulation 1979; 59:280-5. [PMID: 215339 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.59.2.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute left circumflex coronary artery (LC) occlusion in conscious dogs caused marked ischemia in the myocardium supplied by the occluded artery, as judged by the radioactive microsphere technique for determining blood flow distribution. With the chest open, LC pressure distal to the occlusion fell to 21 +/- 1.9% of aortic pressure. By 8 weeks after gradual LC occlusion with an ameroid constrictor, collateral development had restored coronary blood flow distribution to near-normal under basal conditions and during pacing, at a heart rate of 200 beats/min. The only evidence for ischemia was in the subepicardium within the distribution of the unoccluded left anterior descending artery, which provided the extra collateral blood flow. Distal LC pressure was 70 +/- 1.7% of aortic pressure. Propranolol 160 mg orally every 6 hours for 8 weeks had no detectable effect on coronary collateral development, as judged by blood flow distribution or distal LC pressure. The only significant difference for the propranolol dogs was a slight transmural shift away from the subendocardium in the left anterior descending region.
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