Comparing gene expression in deep infiltrating endometriosis with adenomyosis uteri: evidence for dysregulation of oncogene pathways

BACKGROUND

The pathogenesis of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) is poorly understood. It is considered a benign disease but has histologic features of malignancy, such as local invasion or gene mutations. Moreover, it is not clear whether its invasive potential is comparable to that of adenomyosis uteri (FA), or whether it has a different biological background. Therefore, the aim of this study was to molecularly characterize the gene expression signatures of both diseases in order to gain insight into the common or different underlying pathomechanisms and to provide clues to pathomechanisms of tumor development based on these diseases.

METHODS

In this study, we analyzed formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue samples from two independent cohorts. One cohort involved 7 female patients with histologically confirmed FA, the other cohort 19 female patients with histologically confirmed DIE. The epithelium of both entities was microdissected in a laser-guided fashion and RNA was extracted. We analyzed the expression of 770 genes using the nCounter expression assay human PanCancer (Nanostring Technology).

RESULTS

In total, 162 genes were identified to be significantly down-regulated (n = 46) or up-regulated (n = 116) in DIE (for log2-fold changes of < 0.66 or > 1.5 and an adjusted p-value of < 0.05) compared to FA. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis of increased gene expression in DIE compared to FA revealed significant overlap with genes upregulated in the PI3K pathway and focal adhesion signaling pathway as well as other solid cancer pathways. In FA, on the other hand, genes of the RAS pathway showed significant expression compared to DIE.

CONCLUSION

DIE and FA differ significantly at the RNA expression level: in DIE the most expressed genes were those belonging to the PI3K pathway, and in FA those belonging to the RAS pathway.

The NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE): facilitating European and worldwide collaboration on suspect screening in high resolution mass spectrometry

Background

The NORMAN Association (https://www.norman-network.com/) initiated the NORMAN Suspect List Exchange (NORMAN-SLE; https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/) in 2015, following the NORMAN collaborative trial on non-target screening of environmental water samples by mass spectrometry. Since then, this exchange of information on chemicals that are expected to occur in the environment, along with the accompanying expert knowledge and references, has become a valuable knowledge base for "suspect screening" lists. The NORMAN-SLE now serves as a FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) chemical information resource worldwide.

Results

The NORMAN-SLE contains 99 separate suspect list collections (as of May 2022) from over 70 contributors around the world, totalling over 100,000 unique substances. The substance classes include per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals, pesticides, natural toxins, high production volume substances covered under the European REACH regulation (EC: 1272/2008), priority contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and regulatory lists from NORMAN partners. Several lists focus on transformation products (TPs) and complex features detected in the environment with various levels of provenance and structural information. Each list is available for separate download. The merged, curated collection is also available as the NORMAN Substance Database (NORMAN SusDat). Both the NORMAN-SLE and NORMAN SusDat are integrated within the NORMAN Database System (NDS). The individual NORMAN-SLE lists receive digital object identifiers (DOIs) and traceable versioning via a Zenodo community (https://zenodo.org/communities/norman-sle), with a total of > 40,000 unique views, > 50,000 unique downloads and 40 citations (May 2022). NORMAN-SLE content is progressively integrated into large open chemical databases such as PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and the US EPA's CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/), enabling further access to these lists, along with the additional functionality and calculated properties these resources offer. PubChem has also integrated significant annotation content from the NORMAN-SLE, including a classification browser (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/classification/#hid=101).

Conclusions

The NORMAN-SLE offers a specialized service for hosting suspect screening lists of relevance for the environmental community in an open, FAIR manner that allows integration with other major chemical resources. These efforts foster the exchange of information between scientists and regulators, supporting the paradigm shift to the "one substance, one assessment" approach. New submissions are welcome via the contacts provided on the NORMAN-SLE website (https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/).

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12302-022-00680-6.

Pan-cancer analysis of genomic scar patterns caused by homologous repair deficiency (HRD)

Homologous repair deficiency (HRD) is present in many cancer types at variable prevalence and can indicate response to platinum-based chemotherapy and PARP inhibition. We developed a tumor classification system based on the loss of function of genes in the homologous recombination repair (HRR) pathway. To this end, somatic and germline alterations in BRCA1/2 and 140 other HRR genes were included and assessed for the impact on gene function. Additionally, information on the allelic hit type and on BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation was included. The HRDsum score including LOH, LST, and TAI was calculated for 8847 tumors of the TCGA cohort starting from genotyping data and for the subcohort of ovarian cancer also starting from WES data. Pan-cancer, deleterious BRCA1/2 alterations were detected in 4% of the tumors, while 18% of the tumors were HRD-positive (HRDsum ≥ 42). Across 33 cancer types, both BRCA1/2 alterations and HRD-positivity were most prevalent in ovarian cancer (20% and 69%). Pan-cancer, tumors with biallelic deleterious alterations in BRCA1/2 were separated strongly from tumors without relevant alterations (AUC = 0.89), while separation for tumors with monoallelic deleterious BRCA1/2 alterations was weak (AUC = 0.53). Tumors with biallelic deleterious alterations in other HHR genes were separated moderately from tumors without relevant alterations (AUC = 0.63), while separation for tumors with such monoallelic alterations was weaker (AUC = 0.57). In ovarian cancer, HRDsum scores calculated from WES data correlated strongly with HRDsum scores calculated from genotyping data (R = 0.87) and were slightly (4%) higher. We comprehensively analyzed HRD scores and their association with mutations in HRR genes in common cancer types. Our study identifies important parameters influencing HRD measurement and argues for an integration of HRDsum score with specific mutational profiles.

Tranexamic acid reduced blood transfusions in acute burn surgery: A retrospective case-controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

Early excision and grafting of burn wounds are key for reducing prevalence of infection and sepsis. However, it is associated with massive blood loss and patients frequently require large numbers of blood transfusions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of tranexamic acid (TXA) on blood transfusion requirements in acute burn surgery.

METHODS

Patients admitted to the burn intensive care unit between January 2018 and May 2021 and received TXA before first surgery for wound excision and grafting were matched in a 1:2 ratio to patients that did not receive TXA (confounders age,sex,total body surface area (TBSA) burned). Primary endpoint of the analysis was the total number of transfused units of red blood cells (RBC) intra- and postoperatively up to 48 h. Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelets were evaluated. Endpoints were compared between groups using van Elteren tests adjusting for strata variable age, gender, TBSA.

RESULTS

Twenty-six TXA patients were matched with 52 control patients resulting in similar distributions of gender (77.9%(TXA)vs. 82.7%(control) males, p=0.542), age (51.7±21.3vs.48.3 ±17.4years,p = 0.459) and %TBSA burned (33.5%(IQR34)vs. 38.5% (IQR 30.5),p = 1.000). TXA group received significantly less RBC units intraoperatively (2.5(IQR 2.0)vs.4.0 units (IQR4.0), p = 0.038) and in total (4.0(IQR3.0)vs.6.0(IQR4.0),p = 0.017). TXA patients also received less blood products in general (RBC, FFP, platelets) in each period and in total. We found no significant difference in length of stay (24.0(IQR26.0)vs.33.0 days (IQR 0.5),p = 0.367) or mortality (15.4%vs.21.2%, p = 0.542).

DISCUSSION

This study shows that necessity for blood transfusions in acute burn surgery may be reduced significantly by administration of TXA perioperatively. Randomized-controlled trials are needed to prove these findings.

Cambridge hybrid closed-loop algorithm in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a multicentre 6-month randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Closed-loop insulin delivery systems have the potential to address suboptimal glucose control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. We compared safety and efficacy of the Cambridge hybrid closed-loop algorithm with usual care over 6 months in this population.

METHODS

In a multicentre, multinational, parallel randomised controlled trial, participants aged 6-18 years using insulin pump therapy were recruited at seven UK and five US paediatric diabetes centres. Key inclusion criteria were diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for at least 12 months, insulin pump therapy for at least 3 months, and screening HbA1c levels between 53 and 86 mmol/mol (7·0-10·0%). Using block randomisation and central randomisation software, we randomly assigned participants to either closed-loop insulin delivery (closed-loop group) or to usual care with insulin pump therapy (control group) for 6 months. Randomisation was stratified at each centre by local baseline HbA1c. The Cambridge closed-loop algorithm running on a smartphone was used with either (1) a modified Medtronic 640G pump, Medtronic Guardian 3 sensor, and Medtronic prototype phone enclosure (FlorenceM configuration), or (2) a Sooil Dana RS pump and Dexcom G6 sensor (CamAPS FX configuration). The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c at 6 months combining data from both configurations. The primary analysis was done in all randomised patients (intention to treat). Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02925299.

FINDINGS

Of 147 people initially screened, 133 participants (mean age 13·0 years [SD 2·8]; 57% female, 43% male) were randomly assigned to either the closed-loop group (n=65) or the control group (n=68). Mean baseline HbA1c was 8·2% (SD 0·7) in the closed-loop group and 8·3% (0·7) in the control group. At 6 months, HbA1c was lower in the closed-loop group than in the control group (between-group difference -3·5 mmol/mol (95% CI -6·5 to -0·5 [-0·32 percentage points, -0·59 to -0·04]; p=0·023). Closed-loop usage was low with FlorenceM due to failing phone enclosures (median 40% [IQR 26-53]), but consistently high with CamAPS FX (93% [88-96]), impacting efficacy. A total of 155 adverse events occurred after randomisation (67 in the closed-loop group, 88 in the control group), including seven severe hypoglycaemia events (four in the closed-loop group, three in the control group), two diabetic ketoacidosis events (both in the closed-loop group), and two non-treatment-related serious adverse events. There were 23 reportable hyperglycaemia events (11 in the closed-loop group, 12 in the control group), which did not meet criteria for diabetic ketoacidosis.

INTERPRETATION

The Cambridge hybrid closed-loop algorithm had an acceptable safety profile, and improved glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. To ensure optimal efficacy of the closed-loop system, usage needs to be consistently high, as demonstrated with CamAPS FX.

FUNDING

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.

AB0040 PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE KINASES AS A POTENTIAL TARGET IN THE TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS TO UNLEASH THE METABOLIC FLOW?

Background:

While osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease worldwide, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) represents the most common type of autoimmune arthritis. In both diseases, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), which maintain the structural and dynamic integrity of the joint, have been identified as key drivers of cartilage degradation. FLS can be divided into two major populations. The destructive phenotype which is restricted to the THY1- FLS of the synovial lining promotes bone erosion, while THY1+ FLS of the sublining layer drives synovitis. The FLS phenotype is shaped by glucose metabolism, which promotes disease progression in patients with synovitis. However, profound knowledge about the contribution of FLS to pathogenic mechanisms in cartilage degradation is limited.

Objectives:

Here, we present the phenotypic features of FLS obtained from patients with OA (OA-FLS) compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) on transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolic levels with the aims (i) to identify novel targets for the development of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs and (ii) to distinguish both cell types.

Methods:

To this end, we comprehensively compared human bone marrow-derived MSC with OA-FLS isolated from human knee joint sections. MSC and OA-FLS were characterized in detail according to their multipotency, surface marker pattern, cell viability, proliferation rate, morphology and expression of fibroblast- and metabolic-related markers using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and SeahorseTM. More in-depth, selected gene and protein expression patterns were analyzed using qPCR and mass spectrometry.

Results:

We observed a similar phenotype of OA-FLS and MSC with regard to the minimal criteria that define a MSC phenotype. In-depth comparison of OA-FLS and MSC on proteome level revealed 598 differentially expressed proteins. We observed no differences in the expression of classical fibroblast markers such as vimentin, tenascin C and decorin as confirmed on RNA level. Remarkably, fibronectin, which is mainly produced by fibroblasts, is significantly lower expressed at both protein and RNA levels in OA-FLS together with collagen type 1 and CD106. Conversely, CD9, CD54 and fibroblast-specific protein-1 were expressed significantly higher in FLS at both levels, while hyaluronan synthase 1-3 remained unchanged. Of note, in terms of mitochondrial function, human OA-FLS show a significantly lower basal respiration and ATP production than MSC, but a comparable spare respiratory capacity and cellular mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (NADH amount) per cell. Additionally, we identified the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 3 to be highly expressed in OA-FLS, while the expression of mitochondrial ATP synthase subunits, electron transport chain complexes and glycolytic enzymes was comparable with MSC. Finally, inhibition of PDK by using DCA resulted in a significant increase in oxygen consumption rate and ATP production in OA-FLS. Thus, our data newly suggest, that PDKs may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of OA and possibly RA.

Conclusion:

Our data provide evidence that, although the classical fibroblast markers do not discriminate between MSC and FLS, the latter demonstrate a significantly higher expression of PDKs, known to inhibit the pyruvate entry into the TCA cycle which finally limits the mitochondrial ATP production. Therefore, shifting the metabolism of FLS from glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration via inhibition of PDKs might be a novel approach in OA for the development of disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs in order to unleash the metabolic flow.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

BILCAP-study: Should patients with resected biliary tract cancer really receive adjuvant chemotherapy with capecitabine?

Objective

According to the 2019 published ASCO guidelines patients with resected biliary tract cancer should be offered adjuvant capecitabine chemotherapy based solely on the results of the BILCAP trial. Aim of this work is to analyze the quality of the BILCAP trial.

Methods

Design, conduct, statistics and reporting of the study were analyzed according to the Delphi list and the CONSORT checklist. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool.

Results

Several shortcomings could be identified in the study regarding design, conduct, statistics and reporting. The BILCAP study is a randomized, controlled, multicenter, phase 3 study which was done across 44 specialist hepatopancreatobiliary centres in the UK. Despite the inclusion of high specialized centres, the number of included patients each year for each center is extremely low. In particular, a total of 447 patients were included by 44 centers over a period of 11 years, meaning that less than 1 patient was included in this study every year by each center. However, the analysis was not adjusted for center which was one of the stratification factors. Follow up treatment for patients who had disease recurrence was not recorded. Randomization procedure is not well described. Minimization technique was adopted for stratification but mode of application is poorly reported and the choice of variables not justified. No blinding was present. Extensive power evaluations after adjusting the number of needed events, due to lower event rates than expected, were not done. For the observed HR = 0.81 with 234 events statistical power is only around 37%. 4 out of 9 items of the Delphi list and 6 out of 35 items of the CONSORT checklist were not properly addressed. According to the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2) the overall risk-of-bias judgment for the outcome overall survival of the BILCAP study was “some concerns”. Almost all authors declared to have received funds from pharmaceutical companies, so a conflict of interest cannot be excluded. Additionally, the funding agency for this study (Cancer Research UK and Roche) had an advisory role in design and the first author of the BILCAP study was also involved in the generation of the ASCO guideline.

Conclusion

Based on the results of this study there is not enough evidence for the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy with capecitabine in patients with resected biliary tract cancer.

Risk stratification of EGFR+ lung cancer diagnosed with panel-based next-generation sequencing

OBJECTIVE

Panel-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) is increasingly used for the diagnosis of EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and could improve risk assessment in combination with clinical parameters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To this end, we retrospectively analyzed the outcome of 400 tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-treated EGFR⁺ NSCLC patients with validation of results in an independent cohort (n = 130).

RESULTS

EGFR alterations other than exon 19 deletions (non-del19), TP53 co-mutations, and brain metastases at baseline showed independent associations of similar strengths with progression-free (PFS hazard ratios [HR] 2.1-2.3) and overall survival (OS HR 1.7-2.2), in combination defining patient subgroups with distinct outcome (EGFR⁺NSCLC risk Score, "ENS", p < 0.001). Co-mutations beyond TP53 were rarely detected by our multigene panel (<5%) and not associated with clinical endpoints. Smoking did not affect outcome independently, but was associated with non-del19 EGFR mutations (p < 0.05) and comorbidities (p < 0.001). Laboratory parameters, like the blood lymphocyte-to-neutrophil ratio and serum LDH, correlated with the metastatic pattern (p < 0.01), but had no independent prognostic value. Reduced ECOG performance status (PS) was associated with comorbidities (p < 0.05) and shorter OS (p < 0.05), but preserved TKI efficacy. Non-adenocarcinoma histology was also associated with shorter OS (p < 0.05), but rare (2-3 %). The ECOG PS and non-adenocarcinoma histology could not be validated in our independent cohort, and did not increase the range of prognostication alongside the ENS.

CONCLUSIONS

EGFR variant, TP53 status and brain metastases predict TKI efficacy and survival in EGFR⁺ NSCLC irrespective of other currently available parameters ("ENS"). Together, they constitute a practical and reproducible approach for risk stratification of newly diagnosed metastatic EGFR⁺ NSCLC.

FRI0004 SURFACE AMP DEAMINASE 2 AS A NOVEL REGULATOR MODIFYING THE EXTRACELLULAR ATP-ADENOSINE BALANCE THAT IS DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Background:

Adenosine and its nucleotides represent crucial immunomodulators in the extracellular environment. ATP and ADP are released from stressed cells in states of inflammation, whereas adenosine serves as a key anti-inflammatory mediator1. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 are responsible for the sequential catabolism of ATP to adenosine via AMP, thereby promoting an anti-inflammatory milieu induced by the “adenosine halo”. Great importance has been attributed to these enzymes in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and as targets in cancer therapy2 3. AMPD2 mediates AMP deamination to IMP, thus constituting an ambiguous mediator both enhancing the degradation of inflammatory ATP and reducing the formation of protective adenosine. Here, we postulate that this pathway is also present on the cell surface of immune cells and modified under inflammatory conditions.

Objectives:

Therefore, we analysed surface AMPD2 expression and its modulation on distinct cell lines and primary immune cells.

Figure 1.

Surface AMPD2 as a novel regulator of the extracellular ATP-adenosine balance.

Methods:

Firstly, AMPD2 surface expression was verified by immunoprecipitation from membrane fractions isolated from cell lines (HEK293 and HMEC1) and CD14+ monocytes analysed by western blot and mass spectrometry. In addition, surface biotinylation of the aforementioned cells was performed. Also, AMPD2 surface expression was evaluated by flow cytometry, analysing both cell lines (HEK293, HMEC1, THP1, and Jurkat) and primary human immune cells from healthy donors and patients with RA.

Secondly, co-expression of surface AMPD2, CD39 and CD73 on PBMCs was analysed by flow cytometry directly after isolation as well as after a 24h culture period. Moreover, surface expression was assessed after immunostimulation and Golgi transport inhibition.

Results:

AMPD2 surface expression was confirmed by western blot and mass spectrometry of (i) precipitated AMPD2 from membrane fractions and (ii) biotinylated surface molecules in HEK293 and HMEC1 as well as CD14+ monocytes. Surface expression was reduced after AMPD2 knockdown in HEK293. Flow cytometric analysis further verified AMPD2 surface expression and revealed a significant decrease after Golgi transport inhibition (p<0.01). TLR stimulation strongly enhanced the surface expression of AMPD2 and CD39 on monocytes (p<0.05), whereas dexamethasone at high therapeutic doses inversely affected AMPD2 surface expression on lymphocytes and monocytes (p<0.01). Analysis of AMPD2 surface expression on PBMCs from RA patients revealed higher expression levels compared to sex- and age-matched healthy controls (p<0.05).

Conclusion:

We demonstrate AMPD2 surface expression on immune cells for the first time. Hence, we reveal a novel regulator of the extracellular ATP-adenosine balance that is differentially expressed in RA patients compared to healthy controls. The extracellular conversion of AMP into IMP may constitute a shunt-like mechanism adding to the CD39-CD73 system controlling immunomodulation.

References:

[1]Regateiro FS, Cobbold SP, Waldmann H. CD73 and adenosine generation in the creation of regulatory microenvironments.Clinical and experimental immunology2013;171(1):1-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04623.x

[2]Morandi F, Horenstein AL, Rizzo R, et al. The Role of Extracellular Adenosine Generation in the Development of Autoimmune Diseases.Mediators of inflammation2018;2018:7019398. doi: 10.1155/2018/7019398

[3]Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, et al. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets.Immunol Rev2017;276(1):121-44. doi: 10.1111/imr.12528

Acknowledgments:

This project is funded by an unrestricted grant by Horizon Pharma plc.

Disclosure of Interests:

Lisa Ehlers: None declared, Aditi Kuppe: None declared, Alexandra Damerau: None declared, Marieluise Kirchner: None declared, Cindy Strehl: None declared, Frank Buttgereit Grant/research support from: Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Generic Assays, GSK, Hexal, Horizon, Lilly, medac, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and Sanofi., Timo Gaber: None declared

A sensitive method for the recovery of Escherichia coli serogroup O55 including Shiga toxin-producing variants for potential use in outbreaks

AIM

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause bloody diarrhoea, kidney failure and occasionally death. However, identifying the source of infection caused by STEC other than serogroup O157 is hampered by the availability of sensitive methods for detecting these pathogens. In this study, we developed novel tools for detecting E. coli O55 that is potentially associated with human outbreaks.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Overall specificity of immuno-magnetic separation (IMS) beads coated with anti-O55 serum was good with exception of cross-reactivity with E. coli O22 and O23, which was eliminated using an O55-specific PCR. Limit of detection for E. coli O55 using O55-IMS beads in spiked cattle faeces was on average 50 CFU per ml (range 1-90), and improved to <10 CFU per ml using the O55-specific PCR, following IMS on samples enriched for 2 h with E. coli O55. Application of these tools to test cattle faeces collected on-farm allowed the isolation of O55:H19, which through whole genome sequencing was compared to STEC O55:H7 human outbreak strains.

CONCLUSION

These tools provide a sensitive method which could be used to screen samples for STEC O55, whether environmental or human clinical.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Several human outbreaks reported in England were caused by STEC O55:H7. Tools developed here could assist in identification of the environmental source for these isolates, which has not yet been established.

[From panel diagnostics to comprehensive genomic analysis : Infobesity or empowerment?]

Precision oncology is obtaining a central role in the therapy of malignant diseases. The indication for targeted therapy is based on the identification of molecular targets for which next-generation sequencing (NGS) is commonly used nowadays. All approved predictive biomarkers and molecular targets, including gene fusions and copy number alterations, can be identified depending on panel design and method applied. Some clinical scenarios, however, may require more holistic genomic approaches, such as whole-genome/whole-exome and transcriptome analysis, which must be embedded in a clinical trial. Here, key aspects and applications of each method are summarized and discussed.

Why air quality in the Alps remains a matter of concern. The impact of organic pollutants in the alpine area

In the middle of Europe, the Alps form a geographical and meteorological trap for atmospheric pollutants including volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds emitted in the surrounding lowlands. This is due to their barrier effects, high precipitation rates, and low ambient temperatures. Also the pollutants emitted in the cities inside the Alps spread in the region depending on orographic and meteorological conditions. Although a number of studies on the distribution and effect of pollutants in the Alps has been published, comprehensive information on potential hazards, and ways to improve this sensible environment are lacking. This opinion paper is the result of a discussion during the Winterseminar of the AlpsBioCluster project in Munich. It summarizes the current literature and presents some case studies on local pollution sources in the Alps, and the possibility of using biomonitoring techniques to assess critical pollution loads and distributions.

Effect of altered surfaces on postural sway characteristics in elderly subjects

Mobility is essentially based on successful balance control. The evaluation of functional strategies for postural stability is requisite for effective balance rehabilitation and fall prevention in elderly subjects. Our objective was to clarify control mechanisms of different standing positions reflecting challenges of typical everyday life situations. For this purpose, elderly subjects stood on different surfaces resulting in a change of the biomechanical constraints. Sway parameters out of time and frequency domain were calculated from center-of-pressure (COP) excursions. Besides the classic quantification of the amount of sway variability, we investigated the temporal organization of postural sway by means of nonlinear time series analysis. Limb load symmetry was quantified via foot pressure insoles. We found task dependent motor outputs: (1) asymmetrical loading in all conditions; (2) altered amount and structure of COP movements with dissimilar changes in medio-lateral and anterior-posterior direction; (3) changes of the motor output affect several time scales especially when standing on a balance board or with one foot on a step. Our results indicate that elderly subjects preferred forcefully one limb which supports a step-initiation strategy. Modifications of the postural sway structure refer to the interaction of multiple control mechanisms to cope with the altered demands. The identification of postural strategies employed in daily activities augments the ecological validity of postural control studies.

Outbreak of Salmonella Montevideo associated with a dietary food supplement flagged in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) in Germany, 2010

In March 2010 the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) was used to inform about Salmonella Montevideo in a herbal food supplement, formulated in capsules, distributed under a Dutch label in Germany. Simultaneous to the first RASFF notice, in the last two weeks of March 2010 an unusual number of 15 infections with S. Montevideo was notified within the electronic reporting system for infectious diseases at the Robert Koch Institute. Adult women (median age: 43, range: 1-90 years) were mainly affected. An outbreak was suspected and the food supplement hypothesised to be its vehicle. Cases were notified from six federal states throughout Germany, which required efficient coordination of information and activities. A case-control study (n=55) among adult women showed an association between consumption of the specific food supplement and the disease (odds ratio (OR): 27.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.1-infinity, p-value=0.002). Restricting the case-control study to the period when the outbreak peaked (between 29 March and 11 April 2010) resulted in an OR of 43.5 (95% CI: 4.8-infinity, p-value=0.001). Trace-back of the supplement's main ingredient, hemp seed flour, and subsequent microbiological testing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis supported its likely role in transmission. This outbreak investigation illustrates that information from RASFF may aid in hypothesis generation in outbreak investigations, though likely late in the outbreak.

Outbreak of Salmonella Montevideo associated with a dietary food supplement flagged in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) in Germany, 2010

Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches

Multiresistant Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- in Europe: a new pandemic strain?

A marked increase in the prevalence of S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- with resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines (R-type ASSuT) has been noted in food-borne infections and in pigs/pig meat in several European countries in the last ten years. One hundred and sixteen strains of S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- from humans, pigs and pig meat isolated in England and Wales, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain and the Netherlands were further subtyped by phage typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis to investigate the genetic relationship among strains. PCR was performed to identify the fljB flagellar gene and the genes encoding resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines. Class 1 and 2 integrase genes were also sought. Results indicate that genetically related serovar 4,[5],12:i:- strains of definitive phage types DT193 and DT120 with ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline resistance encoded by blaTEM, strA-strB, sul2 and tet(B) have emerged in several European countries, with pigs the likely reservoir of infection. Control measures are urgently needed to reduce spread of infection to humans via the food chain and thereby prevent the possible pandemic spread of serovar 4,[5],12:i:- of R-type ASSuT as occurred with S. Typhimurium DT104 during the 1990s.

Multiresistant Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- in Europe: a new pandemic strain?

A marked increase in the prevalence of S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- with resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines (R-type ASSuT) has been noted in food-borne infections and in pigs/pig meat in several European countries in the last ten years. One hundred and sixteen strains of S. enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- from humans, pigs and pig meat isolated in England and Wales, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Spain and the Netherlands were further subtyped by phage typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis to investigate the genetic relationship among strains. PCR was performed to identify the fljB flagellar gene and the genes encoding resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines. Class 1 and 2 integrase genes were also sought. Results indicate that genetically related serovar 4,[5],12:i:- strains of definitive phage types DT193 and DT120 with ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamide and tetracycline resistance encoded by blaTEM, strA-strB, sul2 and tet(B) have emerged in several European countries, with pigs the likely reservoir of infection. Control measures are urgently needed to reduce spread of infection to humans via the food chain and thereby prevent the possible pandemic spread of serovar 4,[5],12:i:- of R-type ASSuT as occurred with S. Typhimurium DT104 during the 1990s.

Vertical distribution of organochlorine pesticides in humus along Alpine altitudinal profiles in relation to ambiental parameters

In forest soils along vertical profiles located in different parts of the Alps, concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), namely organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin and mirex, were measured. Though local characteristics of the sites are influenced by numerous factors like orographic and meteorological parameters, forest stand characteristics and humus parameters, we ascertained a marked vertical increase of concentrations of some organochlorine compounds in the soil. On the basis of climatological values of each site, we found that the contamination increase with altitude can be ascribed to a certain 'cold condensation effect'. In addition, the perennial atmospheric deposition of POPs is controlled by precipitation. Other key parameters explaining the accumulation of POPs are the soil organic carbon stocks, the turnover times, the re-volatilisation and degradation processes, which vary with altitude.

PCDD/F and PCB in spruce forests of the Alps

PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in remote mountainous spruce stands of the Central European Alps show strong geographic variation. Independent of the matrix (0.5 year old needles, humus or mineral soil), the highest pollutant levels were always found at the lateral zones of the mountain range. High levels coincided with strong precipitation, particularly along the northern margin of the study region. The most volatile PCB congener propagated farther into the colder, drier central Alps than the heavier species. Matrices with different accumulation history (needles and humus) repeatedly reflected different spatial emission patterns. Consistent with its much longer exposure, pollutant levels in humus exceeded those of needles by up to two orders of magnitude. Needle contamination varied with altitude but the vertical trends were highly variable between transsects and changed between years, too.

Novel sampling methods for atmospheric semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) in a high altitude alpine environment

High- and low-volume active air samplers as well as bulk deposition samplers were developed to sample atmospheric SOCs under the adverse conditions of a mountain environment. Active sampling employed separate filters for different European source regions. Filters were switched depending on daily trajectory forecasts, whose accuracy was evaluated post hoc. The sampling continued on three alpine summits over five periods of four months. The prevailing trajectories varied stronger between sampling periods than between stations. The sampling equipment (active and bulk deposition) proved dependable for operation in a mountain environment, with idle times being mainly due to non-routine manipulations and connectivity.

A comparison of Alpine emissions to forest soil and spruce needle loads for persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

The project MONARPOP analysed the concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in two important sink compartments, needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and forest soil from 40 remote Alpine forest sites in Austria, Germany, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland. In the present study the load of PCDD/F, PCB, PBDE, PAH, HCB, HCH and DDT in the Alps calculated on the basis of measured data are compared with their estimated emissions in the Alpine region. It comes out that the masses of the studied pollutants stored in the forests are higher than the corresponding emissions in the Alpine area indicating that the Alps are a sink for POPs advected from surrounding areas. It is assumed that local emissions of PCDD/F and PAH deriving from biomass burning are probably underestimated and that the pool of these pollutants in the forests represents the accumulation over some decades.

Long-term air monitoring of organochlorine pesticides using Semi Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) in the Alps

Atmospheric sampling of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was conducted using Semi Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) deployed in the Alps at different altitudinal transects for two consecutive exposure periods of half a year and a third simultaneous year-long period. Along all the altitude profiles, the sequestered amounts of OCPs increased in general with altitude. SPMDs were still working as kinetic samplers after half a year for the majority of the OCPs. However, compounds with the lowest octanol-air partition coefficient (K(oa)), reached equilibrium within six months. This change in the SPMD uptake was determined for the temperature gradient along the altitude profile influencing K(oa), OCPs availability in the gaseous phase, and SPMD performance. In sum, it seems two effects are working in parallel along the altitude profiles: the change in SPMD performance and the different availability of OCPs along the altitudinal transects determined by their compound properties and concentrations in air.

Improved signal-to-noise ratio of 10 GHz microwave signals generated with a mode-filtered femtosecond laser frequency comb

We use a Fabry-Perot cavity to optically filter the output of a Ti:sapphire frequency comb to integer multiples of the original 1 GHz mode spacing. This effectively increases the pulse repetition rate, which is useful for several applications. In the case of low-noise microwave signal generation, such filtering leads to improved linearity of the high-speed photodiodes that detect the mode-locked laser pulse train. The result is significantly improved signal-to-noise ratio at the 10 GHz harmonic with the potential for a shot-noise limited single sideband phase noise floor near -168 dBc/Hz.