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Coba MP, Ramaker MJ, Ho EV, Thompson SL, Komiyama NH, Grant SGN, Knowles JA, Dulawa SC. Dlgap1 knockout mice exhibit alterations of the postsynaptic density and selective reductions in sociability. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2281. [PMID: 29396406 PMCID: PMC5797244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaffold protein DLGAP1 is localized at the post-synaptic density (PSD) of glutamatergic neurons and is a component of supramolecular protein complexes organized by PSD95. Gain-of-function variants of DLGAP1 have been associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), while haploinsufficient variants have been linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia in human genetic studies. We tested male and female Dlgap1 wild type (WT), heterozygous (HT), and knockout (KO) mice in a battery of behavioral tests: open field, dig, splash, prepulse inhibition, forced swim, nest building, social approach, and sucrose preference. We also used biochemical approaches to examine the role of DLGAP1 in the organization of PSD protein complexes. Dlgap1 KO mice were most notable for disruption of protein interactions in the PSD, and deficits in sociability. Other behavioral measures were largely unaffected. Our data suggest that Dlgap1 knockout leads to PSD disruption and reduced sociability, consistent with reports of DLGAP1 haploinsufficient variants in schizophrenia and ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Coba
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - M J Ramaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - E V Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - S L Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA
- Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - N H Komiyama
- Genes to Cognition Program, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - S G N Grant
- Genes to Cognition Program, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - J A Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - S C Dulawa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, USA.
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Kirov G, Pocklington AJ, Holmans P, Ivanov D, Ikeda M, Ruderfer D, Moran J, Chambert K, Toncheva D, Georgieva L, Grozeva D, Fjodorova M, Wollerton R, Rees E, Nikolov I, van de Lagemaat LN, Bayés À, Fernandez E, Olason PI, Böttcher Y, Komiyama NH, Collins MO, Choudhary J, Stefansson K, Stefansson H, Grant SGN, Purcell S, Sklar P, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ. De novo CNV analysis implicates specific abnormalities of postsynaptic signalling complexes in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:142-53. [PMID: 22083728 PMCID: PMC3603134 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A small number of rare, recurrent genomic copy number variants (CNVs) are known to substantially increase susceptibility to schizophrenia. As a consequence of the low fecundity in people with schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental phenotypes to which these CNVs contribute, CNVs with large effects on risk are likely to be rapidly removed from the population by natural selection. Accordingly, such CNVs must frequently occur as recurrent de novo mutations. In a sample of 662 schizophrenia proband-parent trios, we found that rare de novo CNV mutations were significantly more frequent in cases (5.1% all cases, 5.5% family history negative) compared with 2.2% among 2623 controls, confirming the involvement of de novo CNVs in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Eight de novo CNVs occurred at four known schizophrenia loci (3q29, 15q11.2, 15q13.3 and 16p11.2). De novo CNVs of known pathogenic significance in other genomic disorders were also observed, including deletion at the TAR (thrombocytopenia absent radius) region on 1q21.1 and duplication at the WBS (Williams-Beuren syndrome) region at 7q11.23. Multiple de novos spanned genes encoding members of the DLG (discs large) family of membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) that are components of the postsynaptic density (PSD). Two de novos also affected EHMT1, a histone methyl transferase known to directly regulate DLG family members. Using a systems biology approach and merging novel CNV and proteomics data sets, systematic analysis of synaptic protein complexes showed that, compared with control CNVs, case de novos were significantly enriched for the PSD proteome (P=1.72 × 10⁻⁶. This was largely explained by enrichment for members of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) (P=4.24 × 10⁻⁶) and neuronal activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC) (P=3.78 × 10⁻⁸) postsynaptic signalling complexes. In an analysis of 18 492 subjects (7907 cases and 10 585 controls), case CNVs were enriched for members of the NMDAR complex (P=0.0015) but not ARC (P=0.14). Our data indicate that defects in NMDAR postsynaptic signalling and, possibly, ARC complexes, which are known to be important in synaptic plasticity and cognition, play a significant role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kirov
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - A J Pocklington
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - P Holmans
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - D Ivanov
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - D Ruderfer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - J Moran
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K Chambert
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - D Toncheva
- University Hospital Maichin Dom, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - L Georgieva
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - D Grozeva
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Fjodorova
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - R Wollerton
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - E Rees
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - I Nikolov
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - L N van de Lagemaat
- Genes to Cognition Program, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - À Bayés
- Genes to Cognition Program, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E Fernandez
- VIB Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - N H Komiyama
- Genes to Cognition Program, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M O Collins
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - J Choudhary
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | | | - S G N Grant
- Genes to Cognition Program, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S Purcell
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - P Sklar
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M C O'Donovan
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK,Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, Henry Wellcome Building, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK. E-mail: or
| | - M J Owen
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Whitaker TL, Berry MB, Ho EL, Hargrove MS, Phillips GN, Komiyama NH, Nagai K, Olson JS. The D-helix in myoglobin and in the beta subunit of hemoglobin is required for the retention of heme. Biochemistry 1995; 34:8221-6. [PMID: 7599114 DOI: 10.1021/bi00026a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
All globins consist of eight helices and interconnecting loops except alpha hemoglobin subunits which lack the D-helix due to deletion of five consecutive residues. Previous site-directed mutagenesis work suggested that this deletion is a neutral modification in hemoglobin with respect to equilibrium O2 binding [Komiyama, N. H., Shih, T.-B., Looker, D., Tame, J., & Nagai, K. (1991) Nature 352, 349-351]. To examine the role of the D-helix in myoglobin, we have measured the O2 and CO binding and hemin dissociation properties of recombinant sperm whale myoglobin mutants in which residues 52-56 have been deleted, Mb(-D), replaced by five alanines, Mb(Ala52-56), and substituted with four alanines and a methionine, Mb(Ala52-55Met56). Crystal structures of aquometMb(-D) and aquometMb(Ala52-55Met56) were determined to 2.0 A resolution and show that the conformation of the distal pocket is little affected by removal of the D-helix or mutations in this region. As a result, these mutations have little effect on O2 and CO binding. Diffuse electron density is observed in the region between the C- and E-helices of Mb(-D), indicating a highly mobile or heterogeneous conformation in this portion of the tertiary structure. This flexibility provides an explanation for the 50-fold higher rate of hemin loss from Mb(-D) as compared to that from wild-type myoglobin. Hemin loss from Mb(Ala52-56) is also rapid. In contrast, Mb(Ala52-55Met56) shows a well-defined D-helix and has a rate of hemin loss identical to that of wild-type holoprotein [corrected].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Whitaker
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005-1892, USA
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