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Yin J, Qi TF, Yang YY, Vera-Colón M, Zur Nieden NI, Wang Y. Temporal Profiling of Epitranscriptomic Modulators during Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells. J Proteome Res 2023. [PMID: 37348120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenesis is modulated by multiple regulatory networks. Recent studies showed that RNA modifications and their reader, writer, and eraser (RWE) proteins are involved in regulating various biological processes. Few studies, however, were conducted to investigate the functions of RNA modifications and their RWE proteins in osteogenesis. By using LC-MS/MS in parallel-reaction monitoring (PRM) mode, we performed a comprehensive quantitative assessment of 154 epitranscriptomic RWE proteins throughout the entire time course of osteogenic differentiation in H9 human embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We found that approximately half of the 127 detected RWE proteins were down-regulated during osteogenic differentiation, and they included mainly proteins involved in RNA methylation and pseudouridylation. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis unveiled significant associations between the down-regulated epitranscriptomic RWE proteins and osteogenesis-related proteins. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of publicly available RNA-seq data obtained from osteogenesis imperfecta patients suggested a potential role of METTL1 in osteogenesis through the cytokine network. Together, this is the first targeted profiling of epitranscriptomic RWE proteins during osteogenic differentiation of human ESCs, and our work unveiled potential regulatory roles of these proteins in osteogenesis. LC-MS/MS data were deposited on ProteomeXchange (PXD039249).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiekai Yin
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Tianyu F Qi
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Yen-Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Madeline Vera-Colón
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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Yang YY, Soh R, Vera-Colón M, Huang M, Zur Nieden NI, Wang Y. Targeted Proteomic Profiling Revealed Roles of Small GTPases during Osteogenic Differentiation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6879-6887. [PMID: 37083350 PMCID: PMC10290900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The small GTPase superfamily of proteins are crucial for numerous cellular processes, including early development. The roles of these proteins in osteogenic differentiation, however, remained poorly explored. In this study, we employed a high-throughput targeted proteomic method, relying on scheduled liquid chromatography-multiple-reaction monitoring (LC-MRM) coupled with synthetic stable isotope-labeled peptides, to interrogate systematically the temporal responses of the entire small GTPase proteome during the course of osteogenic differentiation of H9 human embryonic stem cells. Our results demonstrated that the method offers high quantification accuracy, reproducibility, and throughput. In addition, the quantification results revealed altered expression of a large number of small GTPases accompanied with osteogenic differentiation, especially those involved with autophagy. We also documented a previously unrecognized role of KRAS in osteogenesis, where it regulates the accumulation of extracellular matrix for mineralization through attenuating the activity of secreted matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). Together, this study represents a novel application of a state-of-the-art analytical method, i.e., targeted quantitative proteomics, for revealing the progressive reprogramming of the small GTPase proteome during osteogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells, and our results revealed KRAS as a new regulator for osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Ruthia Soh
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Madeline Vera-Colón
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Ming Huang
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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Martinez IKC, Sparks NRL, Madrid JV, Talbot P, Zur Nieden NI. Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Impedes Human Osteoblast Differentiation Independently of Nicotine. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1921-1926. [PMID: 35778911 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoking has been implicated in an array of adverse health outcomes, including those that affect adult bone. However, little is known about the impact of tobacco products on developing bone tissue as it develops in the embryo. AIMS AND METHODS Here, human embryonic stem cells were differentiated into osteoblasts in vitro and concomitantly exposed to various concentrations of smoke solutions from two conventional, one additive-free and two harm-reduction brands of cigarettes. Differentiation inhibition was determined by calcium assays that quantified matrix mineralization and compared to the cytotoxicity of the tobacco product. RESULTS Exposure to mainstream smoke from conventional and additive-free cigarettes caused no inhibition of cell viability or mineralization, while sidestream smoke (SS) concentration-dependently produced cell death. In contrast, mineralization was inhibited only by the highest mainstream concentration of harm-reduction smoke solution. Additionally, sidestream smoke solution from the harm-reduction cigarettes impeded calcification at concentrations lower than those determined to be cytotoxic for conventional products. CONCLUSIONS Sidestream smoke impaired in vitro osteogenesis at subtoxic concentrations. In addition, though often perceived as safer, smoke from harm-reduction cigarettes was more potent in inhibiting in vitro osteogenesis than smoke from conventional cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS This study adds to a growing list of adverse outcomes associated with pre-natal tobacco exposure. Specifically, in vitro exposure to tobacco products interfered with osteogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells, a well-established surrogate model for human embryonic bone development. Contrasting a diverse array of tobacco products unveiled that sidestream smoke was generally more developmentally osteotoxic than mainstream smoke and that harm-reduction products may not be less harmful than conventional products, adverse effects that were seemingly independent of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivann K C Martinez
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- IGERT Graduate Program in Videobioinformatics and Cell, Molecular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole R L Sparks
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - J V Madrid
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- IGERT Graduate Program in Videobioinformatics and Cell, Molecular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- IGERT Graduate Program in Videobioinformatics and Cell, Molecular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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Kozlova EV, Carabelli B, Bishay AE, Liu R, Denys ME, Macbeth JC, Piamthai V, Crawford MS, McCole DF, Zur Nieden NI, Hsiao A, Curras-Collazo MC. Induction of distinct neuroinflammatory markers and gut dysbiosis by differential pyridostigmine bromide dosing in a chronic mouse model of GWI showing persistent exercise fatigue and cognitive impairment. Life Sci 2022; 288:120153. [PMID: 34801513 PMCID: PMC9048156 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize neuroinflammatory and gut dysbiosis signatures that accompany exaggerated exercise fatigue and cognitive/mood deficits in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness (GWI). METHODS Adult male C57Bl/6N mice were exposed for 28 d (5 d/wk) to pyridostigmine bromide (P.O.) at 6.5 mg/kg/d, b.i.d. (GW1) or 8.7 mg/kg/d, q.d. (GW2); topical permethrin (1.3 mg/kg), topical N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (33%) and restraint stress (5 min). Animals were phenotypically evaluated as described in an accompanying article [124] and sacrificed at 6.6 months post-treatment (PT) to allow measurement of brain neuroinflammation/neuropathic pain gene expression, hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein, brain Interleukin-6, gut dysbiosis and serum endotoxin. KEY FINDINGS Compared to GW1, GW2 showed a more intense neuroinflammatory transcriptional signature relative to sham stress controls. Interleukin-6 was elevated in GW2 and astrogliosis in hippocampal CA1 was seen in both GW groups. Beta-diversity PCoA using weighted Unifrac revealed that gut microbial communities changed after exposure to GW2 at PT188. Both GW1 and GW2 displayed systemic endotoxemia, suggesting a gut-brain mechanism underlies the neuropathological signatures. Using germ-free mice, probiotic supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri produced less gut permeability than microbiota transplantation using GW2 feces. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings demonstrate that GW agents dose-dependently induce differential neuropathology and gut dysbiosis associated with cognitive, exercise fatigue and mood GWI phenotypes. Establishment of a comprehensive animal model that recapitulates multiple GWI symptom domains and neuroinflammation has significant implications for uncovering pathophysiology, improving diagnosis and treatment for GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Kozlova
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Bruno Carabelli
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Anthony E Bishay
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Maximillian E Denys
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - John C Macbeth
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Varadh Piamthai
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Meli'sa S Crawford
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Declan F McCole
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ansel Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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Martinez IK, Bhanu B, Zur Nieden NI. Video-based calcification assay: A novel method for kinetic analysis of osteogenesis in live cultures. MethodsX 2021; 8:101265. [PMID: 34434787 PMCID: PMC8374304 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional methods of quantifying osteoblast calcification in culture require the use of calcium sensitive dyes, such as Arsenazo III or Alizarin Red S, which have been successfully used for decades to assess osteogenesis. Because these dyes elicit a colorimetric change when reacted with a cell lysate and are cytotoxic to live cells, they forfeit the ability to trace calcification longitudinally over time. Here, we demonstrate that image analysis and quantification of calcification can be performed from a series of time-lapse images acquired from videos. This method capitalizes on the unique facet of the mineralized extracellular matrix to appear black when viewed with phase contrast optics. This appearance of calcified areas had been previously documented to be characteristic to the formation of bone nodules in vitro. Due to this distinguishable appearance, extracting the information corresponding to calcification through segmentation allowed us to threshold only the pixels that comprise the mineralized areas in the image. Ultimately, this method can be used to quantify calcification yield, rates and kinetics facilitating the analyses of bone-supportive properties of growth factors and morphogens as well as of adverse effects elicited by toxicants. It may also be used on images that were acquired manually.The method is less error-prone than absorption-based assays since it takes longitudinal measurements from the same cultures It is cost effective as it foregoes the use of calcium-sensitive dyes It is automatable and amenable to high-throughput and thus allows the concurrent quantification of multiple parameters of differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivann Kc Martinez
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,IGERT Graduate Program in Video Bioinformatics and Cell, Molecular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Bir Bhanu
- IGERT Graduate Program in Video Bioinformatics and Cell, Molecular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Center for Research in Intelligent Systems, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,IGERT Graduate Program in Video Bioinformatics and Cell, Molecular Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Abstract
Previous views of reactive oxygen species (ROS) depicted them as harmful byproducts of metabolism as uncontrolled levels of ROS can lead to DNA damage and cell death. However, recent studies have shed light into the key role of ROS in the self-renewal or differentiation of the stem cell. The interplay between ROS levels, metabolism, and the downstream redox signaling pathways influence stem cell fate. In this review we will define ROS, explain how they are generated, and how ROS signaling can influence transcription factors, first and foremost forkhead box-O transcription factors, that shape not only the cellular redox state, but also stem cell fate. Now that studies have illustrated the importance of redox homeostasis and the role of redox signaling, understanding the mechanisms behind this interplay will further shed light into stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthia Soh
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - Ariana Hardy
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA; Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, 92521, CA, USA.
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Vliet SMF, Dasgupta S, Sparks NRL, Kirkwood JS, Vollaro A, Hur M, Zur Nieden NI, Volz DC. Maternal-to-zygotic transition as a potential target for niclosamide during early embryogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019. [PMID: 31398420 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114699,114699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Niclosamide is an antihelminthic drug used worldwide for the treatment of tapeworm infections. Recent drug repurposing screens have highlighted the broad bioactivity of niclosamide across diverse mechanisms of action. As a result, niclosamide is being evaluated for a range of alternative drug-repurposing applications, including the treatment of cancer, bacterial infections, and Zika virus. As new applications of niclosamide will require non-oral delivery routes that may lead to exposure in utero, it is important to understand the mechanism of niclosamide toxicity during early stages of embryonic development. Previously, we showed that niclosamide induces a concentration-dependent delay in epiboly progression in the absence of effects on oxidative phosphorylation - a well-established target for niclosamide. Therefore, the overall objective of this study was to further examine the mechanism of niclosamide-induced epiboly delay during zebrafish embryogenesis. Based on this study, we found that (1) niclosamide exposure during early zebrafish embryogenesis resulted in a decrease in yolk sac integrity with a concomitant decrease in the presence of yolk sac actin networks and increase in cell size; (2) within whole embryos, niclosamide exposure did not alter non-polar metabolites and lipids, but significantly altered amino acids specific to aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; (3) niclosamide significantly altered transcripts related to translation, transcription, and mRNA processing pathways; and (4) niclosamide did not significantly alter levels of rRNA and tRNA. Overall, our findings suggest that niclosamide may be causing a systemic delay in embryonic development by disrupting the translation of maternally-supplied mRNAs, an effect that may be mediated through disruption of aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M F Vliet
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Subham Dasgupta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole R L Sparks
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jay S Kirkwood
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa Vollaro
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Manhoi Hur
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Vliet SMF, Dasgupta S, Sparks NRL, Kirkwood JS, Vollaro A, Hur M, Zur Nieden NI, Volz DC. Maternal-to-zygotic transition as a potential target for niclosamide during early embryogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 380:114699. [PMID: 31398420 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Niclosamide is an antihelminthic drug used worldwide for the treatment of tapeworm infections. Recent drug repurposing screens have highlighted the broad bioactivity of niclosamide across diverse mechanisms of action. As a result, niclosamide is being evaluated for a range of alternative drug-repurposing applications, including the treatment of cancer, bacterial infections, and Zika virus. As new applications of niclosamide will require non-oral delivery routes that may lead to exposure in utero, it is important to understand the mechanism of niclosamide toxicity during early stages of embryonic development. Previously, we showed that niclosamide induces a concentration-dependent delay in epiboly progression in the absence of effects on oxidative phosphorylation - a well-established target for niclosamide. Therefore, the overall objective of this study was to further examine the mechanism of niclosamide-induced epiboly delay during zebrafish embryogenesis. Based on this study, we found that (1) niclosamide exposure during early zebrafish embryogenesis resulted in a decrease in yolk sac integrity with a concomitant decrease in the presence of yolk sac actin networks and increase in cell size; (2) within whole embryos, niclosamide exposure did not alter non-polar metabolites and lipids, but significantly altered amino acids specific to aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; (3) niclosamide significantly altered transcripts related to translation, transcription, and mRNA processing pathways; and (4) niclosamide did not significantly alter levels of rRNA and tRNA. Overall, our findings suggest that niclosamide may be causing a systemic delay in embryonic development by disrupting the translation of maternally-supplied mRNAs, an effect that may be mediated through disruption of aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M F Vliet
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Subham Dasgupta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole R L Sparks
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jay S Kirkwood
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Alyssa Vollaro
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Manhoi Hur
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Martinez IKC, Sparks NRL, Madrid JV, Affeldt H, Vera MKM, Bhanu B, Zur Nieden NI. Video-based kinetic analysis of calcification in live osteogenic human embryonic stem cell cultures reveals the developmentally toxic effect of Snus tobacco extract. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 363:111-121. [PMID: 30468815 PMCID: PMC6594699 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest tobacco consumption as a probable environmental factor for a variety of congenital anomalies, including low bone mass and increased fracture risk. Despite intensive public health initiatives to publicize the detrimental effects of tobacco use during pregnancy, approximately 10-20% of women in the United States still consume tobacco during pregnancy, some opting for so-called harm-reduction tobacco. These include Snus, a type of orally-consumed yet spit-free chewing tobacco, which is purported to expose users to fewer harmful chemicals. Concerns remain from a developmental health perspective since Snus has not reduced overall health risk to consumers and virtually nothing is known about whether skeletal problems from intrauterine exposure arise in the embryo. Utilizing a newly developed video-based calcification assay we determined that extracts from Snus tobacco hindered calcification of osteoblasts derived from pluripotent stem cells early on in their differentiation. Nicotine, a major component of tobacco products, had no measurable effect in the tested concentration range. However, through the extraction of video data, we determined that the tobacco-specific nitrosamine N'-nitrosonornicotine caused a reduction in calcification with similar kinetics as the complete Snus extract. From measurements of actual nitrosamine concentrations in Snus tobacco extract we furthermore conclude that N'-nitrosonornicotine has the potential to be a major trigger of developmental osteotoxicity caused by Snus tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivann K C Martinez
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; IGERT Graduate Program in Video Bioinformatics and Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Nicole R L Sparks
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Joseph V Madrid
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Henry Affeldt
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Madeline K M Vera
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Bir Bhanu
- Center for Research in Intelligent Systems, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; IGERT Graduate Program in Video Bioinformatics and Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States; Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.
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Abstract
Musculoskeletal birth defects are frequent, yet their causes remain insufficiently investigated. Aside from genetic factors, exposure to environmental toxicants is suspected to contribute to the etiology of skeletal malformations. However, most chemicals in the environment are insufficiently characterized for their potential to cause harm to the differentiation of osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells and thereby the development of the skeleton.This lack of information primarily stems from animal testing being prohibitively expensive and time-consuming, which has prompted the development of predictive in vitro alternative methods. With the advent of mouse embryonic stem cells, which represent cells with the potential to become any of the 200 cell types in the body, among them osteoblasts, the past 15 years have borne suitable opportunities to assess chemicals in vitro. However, with an increasing understanding of the differences between mouse and human embryonic development, a need for human-specific developmental toxicity testing has risen. This chapter provides a detailed protocol on how to differentiate human embryonic stem cells into the osteogenic lineage, how to assess differentiation inhibition and how to evaluate such findings in relation to the mitochondrial activity of human embryonic stem cells and human fibroblasts, while exposed to a potential toxicant. Together, these endpoints allow for a human-specific screening of developmental toxicity specifically related to the osteogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph V Madrid
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Sera
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole R L Sparks
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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McClelland Descalzo DL, Satoorian TS, Walker LM, Sparks NRL, Pulyanina PY, Zur Nieden NI. Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress Reduces Proliferation in Embryonic Stem Cells via FOXO3A/β-Catenin-Dependent Transcription of p21(cip1). Stem Cell Reports 2017; 7:55-68. [PMID: 27411103 PMCID: PMC4945584 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which are derived from a peri-implantation embryo, are routinely cultured in medium containing diabetic glucose (Glc) concentrations. While pregnancy in women with pre-existing diabetes may result in small embryos, whether such high Glc levels affect ESC growth remains uncovered. We show here that long-term exposure of ESCs to diabetic Glc inhibits their proliferation, thereby mimicking in vivo findings. Molecularly, Glc exposure increased oxidative stress and activated Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a), promoting increased expression and activity of the ROS-removal enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase and the cell-cycle inhibitors p21cip1 and p27kip1. Diabetic Glc also promoted β-catenin nuclear localization and the formation of a complex with FOXO3a that localized to the promoters of Sod2, p21cip1, and potentially p27kip1. Our results demonstrate an adaptive response to increases in oxidative stress induced by diabetic Glc conditions that promote ROS removal, but also result in a decrease in proliferation. Exposure of ESCs to diabetic glucose (Glc) induces oxidative stress ESCs fight oxidative stress via FOXO3a-mediated transcription of Sod2 FOXO3a activation promotes p21cip1 and p27kip1 expression and cell-cycle inhibition Glc regulates FOXO3a/β-catenin co-occupation of the p21 and Sod2 promoters
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie L McClelland Descalzo
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Tiffany S Satoorian
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lauren M Walker
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nicole R L Sparks
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Polina Y Pulyanina
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Osteogenesis is a complex process involving the specification of multiple progenitor cells and their maturation and differentiation into matrix-secreting osteoblasts. Osteogenesis occurs not only during embryogenesis but also during growth, after an injury, and in normal homeostatic maintenance. While much is known about osteogenesis-associated regulatory genes, the role of microRNAs (miRNAs), which are epigenetic regulators of protein expression, is just beginning to be explored. While miRNAs do not abrogate all protein expression, their purpose is to finely tune it, allowing for a timely and temporary protein down-regulation. RECENT FINDINGS The last decade has unveiled a multitude of miRNAs that regulate key proteins within the osteogenic lineage, thus qualifying them as "ostemiRs." These miRNAs may endogenously target an activator or inhibitor of differentiation, and depending on the target, may either lead to the prolongation of a progenitor maintenance state or to early differentiation. Interestingly, cellular identity seems intimately coupled to the expression of miRNAs, which participate in the suppression of previous and subsequent differentiation steps. In such cases where key osteogenic proteins were identified as direct targets of miRNAs in non-bone cell types, or through bioinformatic prediction, future research illuminating the activity of these miRNAs during osteogenesis will be extremely valuable. Many bone-related diseases involve the dysregulation of transcription factors or other proteins found within osteoblasts and their progenitors, and the dysregulation of miRNAs, which target such factors, may play a pivotal role in disease etiology, or even as a possible therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Sera
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, 1113 Biological Sciences Building, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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13
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Nampe D, Joshi R, Keller K, Zur Nieden NI, Tsutsui H. Impact of fluidic agitation on human pluripotent stem cells in stirred suspension culture. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2109-2120. [PMID: 28480972 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The success of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) as a source of future cell therapies hinges, in part, on the availability of a robust and scalable culture system that can readily produce a clinically relevant number of cells and their derivatives. Stirred suspension culture has been identified as one such promising platform due to its ease of use, scalability, and widespread use in the pharmaceutical industry (e.g., CHO cell-based production of therapeutic proteins) among others. However, culture of undifferentiated hPSCs in stirred suspension is a relatively new development within the past several years, and little is known beyond empirically optimized culture parameters. In particular, detailed characterizations of different agitation rates and their influence on the propagation of hPSCs are often not reported in the literature. In the current study, we systematically investigated various agitation rates to characterize their impact on cell yield, viability, and the maintenance of pluripotency. Additionally, we closely examined the distribution of cell aggregates and how the observed culture outcomes are attributed to their size distribution. Overall, our results showed that moderate agitation maximized the propagation of hPSCs to approximately 38-fold over 7 days by keeping the cell aggregates below the critical size, beyond which the cells are impacted by the diffusion limit, while limiting cell death caused by excessive fluidic forces. Furthermore, we observed that fluidic agitation could regulate not only cell aggregation, but also expression of some key signaling proteins in hPSCs. This indicates a new possibility to guide stem cell fate determination by fluidic agitation in stirred suspension cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 2109-2120. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nampe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521.,Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Ronak Joshi
- Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Kevin Keller
- Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521.,Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Hideaki Tsutsui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521.,Stem Cell Center, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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14
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Keller KC, Ding H, Tieu R, Sparks NRL, Ehnes DD, Zur Nieden NI. Wnt5a Supports Osteogenic Lineage Decisions in Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1020-32. [PMID: 26956615 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The specification of pluripotent stem cells into the bone-forming osteoblasts has been explored in a number of studies. However, the current body of literature has yet to adequately address the role of Wnt glycoproteins in the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells along the osteogenic lineage. During mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) in vitro osteogenesis, the noncanonical WNT5a is expressed early on. Cells either sorted by their positive WNT5a expression or when supplemented with recombinant WNT5a (rWNT5a) during a 2-day window showed significantly enhanced osteogenic yield. Mechanistically, rWNT5a supplementation upregulated protein kinase C (PKC), calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CamKII) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity while antagonizing the key effector of canonical Wnt signaling: β-catenin. Conversely, when recombinant WNT3a (rWNT3a) or other positive regulators of β-catenin were employed during this same time window there was a decrease in osteogenic marker expression. However, if rWNT3a was supplemented during a time window following rWNT5a treatment, osteogenic differentiation was enhanced both in murine and human ESCs. Elucidating the role of these WNT ligands in directing the early stages of osteogenesis has the potential to considerably improve tissue engineering protocols and applications for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Keller
- 1 Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Huawen Ding
- 2 Applied Stem Cell Technologies Unit, Department for Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rudy Tieu
- 1 Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Nicole R L Sparks
- 1 Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Devon D Ehnes
- 1 Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- 1 Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California.,2 Applied Stem Cell Technologies Unit, Department for Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology , Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Puig-Sanvicens VAC, Semino CE, Zur Nieden NI. Cardiac differentiation potential of human induced pluripotent stem cells in a 3D self-assembling peptide scaffold. Differentiation 2015; 90:101-10. [PMID: 26707885 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, various strategies for cardiac reparative medicine involving stem cells from multiple sources have been investigated. However, the intra-cardiac implantation of cells with contractile ability may seriously disrupt the cardiac syncytium and de-synchronize cardiac rhythm. For this reason, bioactive cardiac implants, consisting of stem cells embedded in biomaterials that act like band aids, have been exploited to repair the cardiac wall after myocardial infarction. For such bioactive implants to function properly after transplantation, the choice of biomaterial is equally important as the selection of the stem cell source. While adult stem cells have shown promising results, they have various disadvantages including low proliferative potential in vitro, which make their successful usage in human transplants difficult. As a first step towards the development of a bioactive cardiac patch, we investigate here the cardiac differentiation properties of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) when cultured with and without ascorbic acid (AA) and when embedded in RAD16-I, a biomaterial commonly used to develop cardiac implants. In adherent cultures and in the absence of RAD16-I, AA promotes the cardiac differentiation of hiPSCs by enhancing the expression of specific cardiac genes and proteins and by increasing the number of contracting clusters. In turn, embedding in peptide hydrogel based on RAD16-I interferes with the normal cardiac differentiation progression. Embedded hiPSCs up-regulate genes associated with early cardiogenesis by up to 105 times independently of the presence of AA. However, neither connexin 43 nor troponin I proteins, which are related with mature cardiomyocytes, were detected and no contraction was noted in the constructs. Future experiments will need to focus on characterizing the mature cardiac phenotype of these cells when implanted into infarcted myocardia and assess their regenerative potential in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica A C Puig-Sanvicens
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, United States; Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià, School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carlos E Semino
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Institut Químic de Sarrià, School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, United States.
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16
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Walker L, Baumgartner L, Keller KC, Ast J, Trettner S, Zur Nieden NI. Non-human primate and rodent embryonic stem cells are differentially sensitive to embryotoxic compounds. Toxicol Rep 2014; 2:165-174. [PMID: 28962348 PMCID: PMC5598278 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many industrial chemicals and their respective by-products need to be comprehensively evaluated for toxicity using reliable and efficient assays. In terms of teratogenicity evaluations, the murine-based embryonic stem cell test (EST) offers a promising solution to screen for multiple tissue endpoints. However, use of a mouse model in the EST can yield only a limited understanding of human development, anatomy, and physiology. Non-human primate or human in vitro models have been suggested to be a pharmacologically and pathophysiologically desirable alternative to murine in vitro models. Here, we comparatively evaluated the sensitivity of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) of a non-human primate to skeletal teratogens with mouse ESCs hypothesizing that inclusion of non-human primate cells in in vitro tests would increase the reliability of safety predictions for humans. First, osteogenic capacity was compared between ESCs from the mouse and a New World monkey, the common marmoset. Then, cells were treated with compounds that have been previously reported to induce bone teratogenicity. Calcification and MTT assays evaluated effects on osteogenesis and cell viability, respectively. Our data indicated that marmoset ESCs responded differently than mouse ESCs in such embryotoxicity screens with no obvious dependency on chemical or compound classes and thus suggest that embryotoxicity screening results could be affected by species-driven response variation. In addition, ESCs derived from rhesus monkey, an Old World monkey, and phylogenetically closer to humans than the marmoset, were observed to respond differently to test compounds than marmoset ESCs. Together these results indicate that there are significant differences in the responses of non-human primate and mouse ESC to embryotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Walker
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Laura Baumgartner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin C Keller
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Julia Ast
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Trettner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole I Zur Nieden
- Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience and Stem Cell Center, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.,Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Taiani JT, Krawetz RJ, Zur Nieden NI, Elizabeth Wu Y, Kallos MS, Matyas JR, Rancourt DE. Reduced differentiation efficiency of murine embryonic stem cells in stirred suspension bioreactors. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:989-98. [PMID: 19775198 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for regenerative medicine has generated increased attention due to the favorable attributes of these cells; namely, they are pluripotent and possess long-term self-renewal capacity. The initial aims of the present study were: (i) to use stirred suspension bioreactors to expand and differentiate ESCs into osteogenic and chondrogenic cell types and (ii) to explore if these ESC-derived cells influenced skeletal healing in an in vivo fracture model. We show that differentiation protocols used in static culture are insufficient when applied directly to suspension culture bioreactors. Moreover, when bioreactor-differentiated cells are transplanted into a burr-hole defect in bone, severe disruption of the bone architecture was noted at the fracture site, as determined by microcomputed tomography (microCT) imaging and histopathology. Further characterization of the bioreactor-differentiated cultures revealed that a subpopulation of cells in the resulting aggregates expressed the pluripotency marker Oct-4 in the nucleus. Nuclear Oct-4 expression persisted even after 30 days of culture in the absence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Remarkably, and unlike ESCs differentiated into skeletal cell types in static cultures, bioreactor-differentiated aggregates implanted subcutaneously into SCID mice formed teratomas. The development of effective ESC differentiation protocols for suspension bioreactors will require a more complete understanding of the environmental conditions within these culture systems and the influence that these conditions have on the regulation of pluripotency and differentiation in ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaymi T Taiani
- Department of Medical Science, Schulich School of Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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