A morphometric medial compartment-specific unicompartmental knee system: 5 years follow up results from a pilot center

BACKGROUND

Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty (UKA) is a valuable solution for the treatment of medial osteoarthritis of the knee. New implants feature designs for the elective substitution of a specific compartment. Aim of this study was to assess the survivorship and functional outcomes at minimum 4 years of the first 60 implanted patients in a pilot center of a new medial UKA as the evolution of a well performing long lasting fixed bearing implant.

METHODS

Between June 2017 and the end of 2018, 60 medial UKA were implanted in 58 patients. All patients were available for the last follow up and were analyzed prospectively. 37 were females and 21 were males with a mean age of 67 years (SD 10,71) and a mean of BMI 27.16 (SD 3.94) for the male population and of 26.73 (SD 4.05) for the female population.

RESULTS

At final follow up the mean Oxford Knee Score (OKS) was 44,02 (SD 3,1) and the mean Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) 78,6 (SD 7,9). The Knee Society Score (KSS) score was 95,2 for the "knee" score and 89.8 for the "function" score. No patients were revised. Kaplan-Meyer survival estimate showed a 100% survivorship at final follow up. No progressive radiolucent lines were found and no direct or indirect signs of polyethylene wear were registered on the final radiographs.

CONCLUSIONS

This new implant demonstrated promising clinical results with an excellent survival rate at short to midterm follow- up. Further follow up is needed to confirm this trend at longer term.

Morphometric features, seminal profile and diluters effect on post-thaw semen quality of Munshiganj cattle in Bangladesh

The study investigates morphometric features, seminal profile and post-thaw semen quality of Munshiganj cattle. Morphometric features were measured using measuring tape from 20 Munshiganj cattle while coat color was measured by observing in naked eye. Fresh and post thaw semen quality parameters were analyzed using Computer Assisted semen analyzer (CASA). Coat color of Munshiganj male cattle were creamy white to dull pinkish and female were white to creamy. The mean body weight, body length, hearth girth, height at wither, head length, head width, ear length, ear width, fore leg length, hind leg length, tail length, tail doc circumference, horn length, horn diameter and mouth circumference were 362.80 kg, 137.31 cm, 160.66 cm, 135.21 cm, 50.97 cm, 20.58 cm, 19.75 cm, 9.88 cm, 73.02 cm, 74.84 cm, 106.10 cm, 20.75 cm, 13.60 cm, 16.12 cm and 43.00 cm, respectively. There was significant difference (p < 0.05) between male and female in terms of body weight (418.00 vs 307.60 kg), heart girth (173.74 vs 147.57 cm), head width (22.50 vs 18.67 cm), horn diameter (18.58 vs 13.66 cm) and mouth circumference (46.60 vs 39.40 cm). Average scrotal length was 16.76 cm while scrotal circumference was 32.70 cm. Age had significant effect (p < 0.05) on morphometric characteristics of Munshiganj male and female cattle. On the other hand, season had no significant effect on semen quality. Mean semen volume, sperm concentration, total motile, progressive, static, slow and live spermatozoa were 5.83 ± 0.88 ml, 1510.27 ± 844.07 million/ml, 91.9 ± 2.17 %, 63.80 ± 12.53 %, 8.10 ± 2.17 %, 0.10 ± 0.10 %, 91.38 ± 0.25 %, respectively. On the other hand, sperm head length and width, sperm tail length of Munshiganj cattle were 10.39 ± 0.16 μm, 4.26 ± 0.07 μm, 21.5 ± 0.52 μm, respectively. Individual breeding bull had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on post-thawed motile sperm percentage. Four different diluters (Triladyl, Steridyl, Tris-egg yolk-Citrate and Andromed) were used to compare the effects of diluter on post-thaw semen quality of Munshiganj cattle and found that diluter had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on post thaw semen quality except slow motility and proximal droplet percentages. Munshiganj cattle had a distinctive phenotypic feature with standard quality semen and had no effect of egg yolk free and egg yolk based diluters on post thaw semen quality.

Morphometric studies on the appendicular bony skeleton of the ostriches (Struthio Camelus)

BACKGROUND

Morphometric study of the bony elements of the appendicular skeleton in the ostrich was fully described and identified. The appendicular skeleton included the bones of the pectoral girdle, the wing, the pelvic girdle and the pelvic limb.

RESULTS

The shoulder girdle of the ostrich included the scapula and coracoid bones. The scapula appeared as a flattened spoon-like structure. The coracoid bone appeared quadrilateral in outline. The mean length of the scapula and coracoid (sternal wing) were 15.00 ± 0.23 and 10.00 ± 0.17 cm, respectively. The wing included the humerus, ulna, radius, radial carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone, carpometacarpus and phalanges of three digits. The mean length of the humerus, radius, and ulna were 33.00 ± 0.46, 10.50 ± 0.40 and 11.50 ± 0.29 cm respectively. The carpometacarpus was formed by the fusion of the distal row of carpal bones and three metacarpal bones. Digits of the wing were three in number; the alular, major and minor digits. Os coxae comprised the ilium, ischium and pubis. Their mean lengths were 36.00 ± 0.82 cm, 32.00 ± 0.20 and 55.00 ± 0.2.9 cm, respectively. The femur was a stout short bone, that appeared shorter than the tibiotarsus. The mean length of the femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus were 30.00 ± 0.23, 52.00 ± 0.50 and 46.00 ± 0.28 cm. Tibiotarsus was the longest bone in the pelvic limb. The fibula was a long bone (44.00 ± 0.41 cm) lying along the lateral surface of the tibiotarsus. The tarsometatarsus was a strong long bone formed by the fusion of the metatarsal (II, III, IV) and the distal row of tarsal bones. It was worth mentioning that metatarsal II was externally absent in adults.

CONCLUSIONS

In the appendicular skeleton of ostrich, there were special characteristic features that were detected in our study; the clavicle was absent, the coracoid bone was composed of a sternal wing and scapular wing, the ulna was slightly longer in length than the radius. The coupled patellae i.e., the proximal and distal patella were observed; and the ostrich pedal digits were only two; viz., the third (III) and fourth (IV) digits.

Phenotypic characterization of donkey population in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia

The study conducted in South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia with the aim of investigation within population diversification and characterization morphologically that helps to fill the gap of molecular characterization on this population. The data was collected from 500 adult donkeys from both sexes. Quantitative data was subjected to SAS GLM procedures by fitting districts and sex as the main effects. Qualitative data was subjected to a chi-square test with the district as the main effect. Color graph of donkey was done using Microsoft Excel, 2010. For both qualitative and quantitative data, the significance test was conducted at 5% of the level of error, and Tukey multiple range tests were used to separate the significance levels for the two types of data. CANDISC was used to calculate Mahalanobis distances, DISCRIM was used to cluster observations into predetermined groups, and STEPDISC was used to determine the quantitative characteristics that better differentiate populations. Roan coat color cover highest number compare with other coat color of donkey population. Quantitative traits of donkey has variation (P < 0.05) both in study areas and sex of donkeys. Overtly, except height at wither and height at the back Hammer donkey has mostly better metric value than the rest districts of the study areas. Moreover, CANDISC show variation on Hammer and Dasenech districts of donkey population. Furthermore, the longest (6.32) Mahalanobis distance observed in between Hammer and Dasenech donkey population. The Hammer and Dasenech donkey population is where the study fills in population variation the most. This can be because to management or genetics. Therefore, additional research might be required. Furthermore, morphometric measures show that donkey sex is similar, with the exception of heart girth circumference. This can be the result of poor selection, where superior male donkeys are sold for a higher price. Therefore, sound breeding programs should be used to reverse it.

Software-assisted preoperative planning of S1 Alar Iliac screws: a 3D morphometric and anatomical study

PURPOSE

S1 alar iliac (S1AI) trajectory has gained popularity as a salvage technique for revision surgeries and failed constructs in the lumbopelvic region. This study aims to investigate the morphometry of this new trajectory based on 3D models. The possible role of gender, ethnicity and view angle (surgeon's vs. radiologist's) was investigated.

METHODS

Computed tomography-driven virtual 3D models of spinopelvic region were created applying Materialize MIMICS software, and assessed for coronal and sagittal radiographic versus surgeon's view angles, and morphometry of the screw trajectory. Independent-samples t test was used to analyze the results. P value was set at <  = 0.05. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Software (SPSS version 24.0) was used for the statistical analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 164 3D models were simulated with a total 328 screws inserted satisfactorily within the S1AI trajectory. S1AI instrumentation was feasible in 96.48%. The mean radiological coronal angle was 50.619' ± 8.590' and the mean coronal angle for surgeons' perspective was 10.263' ± 5.860'. The mean radiological and surgeon's perspective sagittal angles were found to be 44.532' ± 6.424' and 31.164' ± 5.455', respectively. A statistically significant difference was found between anatomical and surgeon's perspective trajectories. Neither the pelvic laterality nor the gender influence the screw angles, length and diameter in radiological versus surgeon's view angles.

CONCLUSION

Preoperative 3D modeling would be an invaluable adjunct to increase the accuracy of S1AI screw placement. Surgeon's perspective of the trajectory differs from standard CT sections and should be considered in preoperative planning.

Anatomy of the mastoid triangle and morphometric sex differences

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to quantify the area of the mastoid triangle (MT) and assess potential morphometric differences between males and females.

PATIENTS

The sample consisted of 244 dry human skulls, with biological sex known based on genetic analysis, collected from a medicolegal osteological database from Central-Western Brazil.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was observational, analytical, and cross-sectional. The skulls were analyzed using Heron's equation to calculate the area of the MT. The landmarks connecting each of the sides of the triangle were: Porion (Po)>Mastoidale (Ma)>Asterion (Ast). Morphometric references were calculated and compared based on sex.

RESULTS

The area of the MT was nearly 14% larger in males compared to females (p<0.05). The mean MT area for the right and left sides of males were 684.11±93.25mm² and 668.94±111.95mm², respectively. In females, the mean MT for the right and left sides were 588.93±91.09mm² and 582.88±102.98mm², respectively. Right and left side measurements were significantly different (p<0.05), except for Po-Ast (p=0.232).

CONCLUSION

Morphometric features regarding the MT were slightly different between males and females. Application of the MT as a dimorphic tool should be adjuvant. Moreover, this tool should be considered carefully, especially because the sex-based differences were statistically significant, but discrete between males and females.

A computed tomography (CT) based morphometric study of superior pubic ramus anatomy among Arabs to determine safe intramedullary pubic rami screw insertion

PURPOSE

To assess the morphometric variables of the superior pubic ramus in an Arab/ Middle Eastern population to establish a safe pubic screw fixation technique.

METHODS

Cross-sectional retrospective analysis of computed tomography (CT) pelvic images. Morphometric data were extracted including; on pubic ramus length, insertion angles, potential danger zones and ramus diameters. The correlation between pubic rami diameter and patient demographics was also analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 231 participants were included (45% female). The mean pubic ramus length was 104 mm in females and 127 mm in males. The narrowest canal diameters at the para-symphyseal area were; 7.35 mm (males) and 4.75 mm (females). The mediolateral insertion angle was 49.4° in females and 41.8° in males. The cephalic-caudal angle was 49.9° in males and 42.1° in females. The mean distance from the lateral ilium entry point to the joint articular surface was 23.5 mm in males and 19.9 mm in females. The symphysis pubis to tubercle exit point was higher in females than males (24.2 mm vs 16.6 mm, respectively). There was a significant positive correlation between age and pubic ramus diameters in all age groups.

CONCLUSION

The results from this study suggest that percutaneous pubic rami screw fixation using the standard 6.5 or 7.3 mm cannulated screw system may potentially be unsafe in female Arab patients. This subset of patients may require alternative non-cannulated screws (3.5-4.5 mm) or plate options. Further, female patients may have a higher risk of acetabular joint penetration, while males have a potentially higher risk of pudendal nerve injury.

In Vivo Evaluation of BBB Integrity in the Post-stroke Brain

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic interface responsible for maintaining central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. An intact BBB protects the brain from undesired compounds and proteins from the blood; however, BBB impairment is involved in various pathological conditions including stroke. In vivo evaluation of BBB integrity in the post-stroke brain is important for investigating stroke-induced CNS pathogenesis and developing CNS-targeted therapeutic agents. In this chapter, we describe both quantitative and morphometric methods and tools to evaluate BBB integrity in vivo. These methods do not require expensive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) imaging capabilities and can be conducted in research laboratories with access to a confocal microscope and fluorescence microplate reader.

John's wort

Hypericum perforatum L., is a sprawling, leafy herb that grows in open, disturbed areas, known as St. John's wort, has a variety of secondary metabolites that can be used for medicinal and therapeutic purposes. Heavy metals have become the most dangerous pollutants in the environment. The effect of cadmium chloride, lead nitrate, silver nitrate, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid was studied on several morphometric and biochemical features of St. John's wort simultaneously using the Taguchi statistical method. The results showed cadmium chloride and lead nitrate reduced the morphometric and biochemical properties of St. John's wort while salicylic acid compensated for the adverse effects of heavy metals. Simultaneously, use of salicylic acid and silver nitrate with cadmium chloride and lead nitrate reduced the toxic effects of these metals on morphometric properties. Methyl jasmonate improved growth characteristics at low levels and inhibited at higher levels. Also, according to the results, salicylic acid could reduce the effects of heavy metals on the biochemical properties, while silver nitrate acts like heavy metals, especially at higher levels. Salicylic acid reduced the harmful effects of these heavy metals and at all levels was able to create a better induction effect on St. John's wort. These elicitors mainly changed the adverse effects of heavy metals by strengthening the pathways of the antioxidant system in St. John's wort. The research assumptions were validated, which suggests that the Taguchi method could be considered in an optimum culture of medicinal plants under different treatments such as heavy metals and elicitors.

Morphological and biochemical responses of tropical seagrasses (Family: Hydrocharitaceae) under colonization of the macroalgae Ulva reticulata Forsskål

BACKGROUND

Coastal land development has deteriorated the habitat and water quality for seagrass growth and causes the proliferation of opportunist macroalgae that can potentially affect them physically and biochemically. The present study investigates the morphological and biochemical responses of seagrass from the Hydrocharitaceae family under the macroalgal bloom of Ulva reticulata, induced by land reclamation activities for constructing artificial islands.

METHODS

Five seagrass species, Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila ovalis, Halophila major, and Halophila spinulosa were collected at an Ulva reticulata-colonized site (MA) shoal and a non-Ulva reticulata-colonized site (MC) shoal at Sungai Pulai estuary, Johor, Malaysia. Morphometry of shoots comprising leaf length (LL), leaf width (LW), leaf sheath length (LSL), leaflet length (LTL), leaflet width (LTW), petiole length (PL), space between intra-marginal veins (IV) of leaf, cross vein angle (CVA) of leaf, number of the cross vein (NOC), number of the leaf (NOL) and number of the leaflet (NOLT) were measured on fresh seagrass specimens. Moreover, in-situ water quality and water nutrient content were also recorded. Seagrass extracts in methanol were assessed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical cation scavenging activity (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP).

RESULTS

Seagrasses in the U. reticulata-colonized site (MA) had significantly higher (t-test, p < 0.05) leaf dimensions compared to those at the non-U. reticulata colonized site (MC). Simple broad-leaved seagrass of H. major and H. ovalis were highly sensitive to the colonization of U. reticulata, which resulted in higher morphometric variation (t-test, p < 0.05) including LL, PL, LW, and IV. Concerning the biochemical properties, all the seagrasses at MA recorded significantly higher (t-test, p < 0.05) TPC, TFC, and ABTS and lower DPPH and FRAP activities compared to those at MC. Hydrocharitaceae seagrass experience positive changes in leaf morphology features and metabolite contents when shaded by U. reticulata. Researching the synergistic effect of anthropogenic nutrient loads on the interaction between seagrasses and macroalgae can provide valuable information to decrease the negative effect of macroalgae blooms on seagrasses in the tropical meadow.

Mitochondrial sequence based characterization and morphometric assessment of Diara buffalo population

Objective

The present study is aimed at phenotypic characterization and mitochondrial d-loop analysis of indigenous “Diara” buffalo population, which are mostly confined to the villages on the South and North Gangetic marshy plains in the Bihar state of India. These buffaloes are well adapted and are best suited for ploughing and puddling the wet fields meant for paddy cultivation.

Methods

Biometric data on 172 buffaloes were collected using a standard flexible tape measure. Animals are medium in size; the typical morphometric features are long head with a broad forehead and moderately long and erect ears. Genomic DNA was isolated from unrelated animals. The mtDNA d-loop 358-bp sequence data was generated and compared with 338 sequences belonging to riverine and swamp buffaloes.

Results

Based on the mitochondrial d-loop analysis the Diara buffaloes were grouped along with the haplotypes reported for riverine buffalo. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of 7 mitochondrial D loop haplotypes with haplotype diversity of 0.9643. Five of the haplotypes were shared with established swamp breeds and with Buffalo population of Orissa in India.

Conclusion

Morphometric analyses clearly shows distinguishing features like long and broad forehead which may be useful in identification. The germplasm of Diara buffalo is much adapted to the marshy banks of river Ganga and its tributaries. It constitutes a valuable genetic resource which needs to be conserved on priority basis.

Morphometric and morphokinetic differences in the sperm- and oocyte-originated pronuclei of male and female human zygotes: a time-lapse study

PURPOSE

To study the morphometric and morphokinetic profiles of pronuclei (PN) between male and female human zygotes.

METHOD(S)

This retrospective cohort study included 94 consecutive autologous single day 5 transfer cycles leading to a singleton live birth. All oocytes were placed in the EmbryoScope + incubator post-sperm injection with all annotations performed retrospectively by one embryologist (L-SO). Timing parameters included 2nd polar body extrusion (tPB2), sperm-originated PN (tSPNa) or oocyte-originated PN (tOPNa) appearance, and PN fading (tPNF). Morphometrics were evaluated at 8 (stage 1), 4 (stage 2), and 0 h before PNF (stage 3), measuring PN area (um²), PN juxtaposition, and nucleolar precursor bodies (NPB) arrangement.

RESULTS

Male zygotes had longer time intervals of tPB2_tSPNa than female zygotes (4.8 ± 0.2 vs 4.2 ± 0.1 h, OR = 1.442, 95% CI 1.009-2.061, p = 0.044). SPN increased in size from stage 1 through 2 to 3 (435.3 ± 7.2, 506.7 ± 8.0, and 556.3 ± 8.9 um², p = 0.000) and OPN did similarly (399.0 ± 6.1, 464.3 ± 6.7, and 513.8 ± 6.5 um², p = 0.000), with SPN being significantly larger than OPN at each stage (p < 0.05 respectively). More male than female zygotes reached central PN juxtaposition at stage 1 (76.7% vs 51.0%, p = 0.010), stage 2 (97.7% vs 86.3%, p = 0.048), and stage 3 (97.7% vs 86.3%, p = 0.048). More OPN showed aligned NPBs than in SPN at stage 1 only (44.7% vs 28.7%, p = 0.023).

CONCLUSION(S)

Embryos with different sexes display different morphokinetic and morphometric features at the zygotic stage. Embryo selection using such parameters may lead to unbalanced sex ratio in resulting offspring.

Morphometric measurement of the proximal tibia to design the tibial component of total knee arthroplasty for the Thai population

Purpose

This study evaluates the morphology of the Thai proximal tibia based on three-dimensional (3D) models to design the tibial component.

Methods

The 3D models of 480 tibias were created using reverse engineering techniques from computed tomography imaging data obtained from 240 volunteers (120 males, 120 females; range 20–50 years). Based on 3D measurements, a digital ruler was used to measure the distance between the triangular points of the models. The morphometric parameters consisted of mediolateral length (ML), anteroposterior width (AP), medial anteroposterior width (MAP), lateral anteroposterior width (LAP), central to a medial length (CM), central to a lateral length (CL), medial anterior radius (MAR), lateral anterior radius (LAR), and tibial aspect ratio (AR). An independent t-test was performed for gender differences, and K-means clustering was used to find the optimum sizes of the tibial component with a correlation between ML length and AP width in Thai people.

Results

The average morphometric parameters of Thai proximal tibia, namely ML, AP, MAP, LAP, CM, and CL, were as follows: 72.52 ± 5.94 mm, 46.36 ± 3.84 mm, 49.22 ± 3.62 mm, 43.59 ± 4.05 mm, 14.29 ± 2.72 mm, and 15.28 ± 2.99 mm, respectively. The average of MAR, LAR, and AR was 24.43 ± 2.11 mm, 21.52 ± 2.00 mm, and 1.57 ± 0.08, respectively. All morphometric parameters in males were significantly higher than those of females. There was a difference between the Thai proximal tibia and other nationalities and a mismatch between the size of the commercial tibial component and the Thai knee. Using K-means clustering analysis, the recommended number of ML and AP is seven sizes for the practical design of tibial components to cover the Thai anatomy.

Conclusion

The design of the tibial component should be recommended to cover the anatomy of the Thai population. These data provide essential information for the specific design of Thai knee prostheses.

Morphological and molecular differentiation between Culicoides oxystoma and Culicoides kingi (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Tunisia

Background

Culicoides kingi and Culicoides oxystoma belong to the Schultzei group of biting midges. These two species are vectors of disease in livestock of economic importance. As described in the literature, morphological identification for discrimination between them is still unclear. However, species-specific identification is necessary to solve taxonomic challenges between species and to understand their roles in disease transmission and epidemiology. This study aims to develop accurate tools to discriminate C. oxystoma from C. kingi using traditional morphometry and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR RFLP) assays for use in developing countries.

Methods

Specimens were collected from the region of Kairouan in central Tunisia. A total of 446 C. oxystoma/C. kingi individuals were identified using traditional morphometric analyses combined with PCR–RFLP of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene. Thirteen morphometric measurements were performed from the head, wings, and abdomen of slide-mounted specimens, and six ratios were calculated between these measurements. Multivariate analyses of the morphometric measurements were explored to identify which variables could lead to accurate species identification.

Results

Four variables, namely antennae, wings, spermathecae, and palpus length, were suitable morphometric characteristics to differentiate between the species. Digestion with the SspI restriction enzyme of the PCR product led to good discriminative ability. Molecular procedures and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the efficiency of this simple and rapid PCR–RFLP method.

Conclusions

This study highlights for the first time in Tunisia the presence of C. oxystoma and its discrimination from C. kingi using abdominal measurements and the PCR–RFLP method. This approach could be applied in future epidemiological studies at the national and international levels.

Graphical Abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-05084-8.

Morphometric analysis of the proximal thoracic pedicles in Lenke II and IV adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an evaluation of the feasibility for pedicle screw insertion

PURPOSE

Pedicles on the concave side of the proximal thoracic (PT) curve in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients with Lenke II and IV deformities tend to be narrow and dysplastic, making pedicle screw (PS) insertion challenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility for PS placement in these patients using pedicle chord length, diameter, and channel morphology.

METHODS

In this retrospective study, 56 consecutive AIS patients with Lenke II or IV curves who underwent instrumented posterior spinal fusion (PSF) were studied. The mean age at surgery was 14.8 years and the mean PT curve measured 45°. Two independent investigators evaluated all visible pedicles from T₁ to T₆ vertebral levels using axial images from intraoperative computed tomography-guided navigation recording the pedicle: (1) maximum transverse diameter 'd' at the isthmus, (2) maximum chord length 'l', and (3) qualitative assessment of the channel morphology (types A-D).

RESULTS

Two hundred and sixty-eight concave and 264 convex pedicles were measured. The mean 'd' of the concave pedicles at T₃ and T₄ was < 3.0 mm, compared to > 5.0 mm for the convex counterparts (p < 0.001). Of all concave pedicle channels, 48% had morphology characteristics that were riskier for PS cannulation (type C or D) compared to 2% of all convex pedicle channels (type A or B) (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Almost half of all concave pedicles have morphologic characteristics that make them too small to accommodate a PS. Though PSs could be inserted using an in-out-in technique in these patients, alternative fixation anchors may improve strength and safety.

Morphometric analysis of patella and patellar ligament: a cadaveric study to aid patellar tendon grafts

PURPOSE

Morphometric analysis of the patella and the patellar ligament is crucial in diagnosing and surgical corrections of knee injuries and patellofemoral joint disorders. Dimensions of the patella and the patellar ligament are frequently used in implant design and ACL reconstruction. This study aims to obtain detailed morphometric data on the patellar ligament and its localization based on gross anatomical dissections in the adult cadavers.

METHODS

The present study consisted of 50 lower limbs from formalin-fixed male adult cadavers aged about 70 years (45-85) belonging to the South Indian population. Total length of the quadriceps tendon, patellar height, patellar ligament height, proximal width, distal width and thickness of the patellar ligament were measured meticulously. Mean, standard deviation, median scores of each parameter were computed for groups using SPSS 16.0. Level of significance was considered as p < 0.05. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the various parameters on the right and left limbs. The relationships between all parameters were analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation test.

RESULTS

There was no statistically significant difference in the various measurements of the patella and patellar ligament between the right and left lower limbs. Patellar ligament length showed positive correlation with ligament thickness (r = 0.36; p = 0.078 for right limb and r = 0.33; p = 0.104 for left limb). Proximal width of ligament showed significant positive correlation with distal width (r = 0.41; p = 0.041 for right limb and r = 0.54; p = 0.006 for left limb).

CONCLUSION

This morphometric data and analysis might be fundamental in understanding various knee conditions in situ and necessary to orthopedic surgeons for successful planning and execution for ACL reconstruction using patellar ligament graft and other patellofemoral joint disorders.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

I.

Video-based calcification assay: A novel method for kinetic analysis of osteogenesis in live cultures

Traditional methods of quantifying osteoblast calcification in culture require the use of calcium sensitive dyes, such as Arsenazo III or Alizarin Red S, which have been successfully used for decades to assess osteogenesis. Because these dyes elicit a colorimetric change when reacted with a cell lysate and are cytotoxic to live cells, they forfeit the ability to trace calcification longitudinally over time. Here, we demonstrate that image analysis and quantification of calcification can be performed from a series of time-lapse images acquired from videos. This method capitalizes on the unique facet of the mineralized extracellular matrix to appear black when viewed with phase contrast optics. This appearance of calcified areas had been previously documented to be characteristic to the formation of bone nodules in vitro. Due to this distinguishable appearance, extracting the information corresponding to calcification through segmentation allowed us to threshold only the pixels that comprise the mineralized areas in the image. Ultimately, this method can be used to quantify calcification yield, rates and kinetics facilitating the analyses of bone-supportive properties of growth factors and morphogens as well as of adverse effects elicited by toxicants. It may also be used on images that were acquired manually.•

The method is less error-prone than absorption-based assays since it takes longitudinal measurements from the same cultures

•

It is cost effective as it foregoes the use of calcium-sensitive dyes

•

It is automatable and amenable to high-throughput and thus allows the concurrent quantification of multiple parameters of differentiation

Health status of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) populations in a municipal wastewater effluent-dominated stream in the Canadian prairies, Wascana Creek, Saskatchewan

Their unique hydrological and climatic conditions render surface water systems in the southern Canadian Prairies at an elevated risk from exposure to contaminants released from municipal wastewater effluents (MWWEs). The aim of this study was to characterize the potential health effects and their underlying molecular mechanisms in populations of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas; FHM) in Wascana Creek, an effluent dominated stream in Southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Studies were conducted during the spawning season in 2014 and 2015 to assess responses in terms of overall health, reproductive functions, plasma sex steroid hormone levels, and expression of selected genes along the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. FHM downstream of the effluent fallout had lower gonadosomatic indices and significantly greater hepatosomatic indices compared to upstream populations. In both male and female FHMs, significantly greater occurrence and severity of gonadal degradation and delayed maturation were observed in downstream fish compared to upstream fish. Downstream males also displayed lower scores of secondary sexual characteristics and a decreasing trend in plasma 11-ketotestosterone levels. Interestingly, no indications of exposure to estrogenic compounds, such as occurrence of testicular oocytes were observed, which was in accordance with the lack of presence of key biomarkers of estrogenic exposure, such as induction of vitellogenin. In general, expression of the majority of transcripts measured in FHMs downstream of the effluent fallout was significantly downregulated, which supports observations of the general deterioration of the health and reproductive status of these fish. Chemical analysis indicated that 10 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were present at the downstream site, some at sufficiently great concentrations that may present a risk to aquatic organisms. With continuous exposure to a diverse number of stressors including high nutrient and ammonia levels, the presence of a variety of PPCPs and other contaminants, Wascana Creek should be considered as an ecosystem at risk.

Is there a morphometric cause of Chiari malformation type I? Analysis of existing literature

Although many etiologies have been proposed for Chiari malformation type I (CM-I), there currently is no singular known cause of CM-I pathogenesis. Advances in imaging have greatly progressed the study of CM-I. This study reviews the literature to determine if an anatomical cause for CM-I could be proposed from morphometric studies in adult CM-I patients. After conducting a literature search using relevant search terms, two authors screened abstracts for relevance. Full-length articles of primary morphometric studies published in peer-reviewed journals were included. Detailed information regarding methodology and symptomatology, craniocervical instability, syringomyelia, operative effects, and genetics were extracted. Forty-six studies met inclusion criteria, averaging 93.2 CM-I patients and 41.4 healthy controls in size. To obtain measurements, 40 studies utilized MRI and 10 utilized CT imaging, whereas 41 analyzed parameters within the posterior fossa and 20 analyzed parameters of the craniovertebral junction. The most commonly measured parameters included clivus length (n = 30), tonsillar position or descent (n = 28), McRae line length (n = 26), and supraocciput length (n = 26). While certain structural anomalies including reduced clivus length have been implicated in CM-I, there is a lack of consensus on how several other morphometric parameters may or may not contribute to its development. Heterogeneity in presentation with respect to the extent of tonsillar descent suggests alternate methods utilizing morphometric measurements that may help to identify CM-I patients and may benefit future research to better understand underlying pathophysiology and sequelae such as syringomyelia.

Sexual dimorphism in mud crabs: a tale of three sympatric Scylla species

Sexual dimorphism is a common phenomenon in the animal kingdom. To test the consistency of sexual dimorphism patterns among sympatric species of the same genus, ten morphometric characteristics of mud crabs Scylla olivacea, S. tranquebarica and S. paramamosain were measured and compared using Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). The descriptive analysis revealed that in all three species, body size dimensions and cheliped dimensions were significantly larger in males whereas the abdomen width was female-biased. Also, we described a morphological variation (carapace width, CW ≤ CW at spine 8, 8CW) that is unique to S. olivacea. Discriminant function analysis revealed that all nine morphometric characteristics were sexually dimorphic in S. olivacea, S. tranquebarica (except right cheliped's merus length, ML) and S. paramamosain (except 8CW). The obtained discriminant functions based on the morphometric ratios (with CW as divisor) correctly classified 100% of adults of known sex of all three species. Further, based on the selected body traits, DFA was able to almost completely distinguish males (94%), but not females (74%), among the three Scylla species. This study highlights that congeneric species of portunids (e.g., Scylla spp.) show similar sexually dimorphic characteristics (body size and secondary sexual characteristics).

Power of phenotypes in discriminating Awassi sheep to pure strains and from other breeds

The phenotypic description is the oldest method for animal taxonomic studies. In this study, we report phenotypic traits of discriminant power to assign sheep individuals into Awassi breed or other exotic breeds found in Jordan. Twenty-two and 19 phenotype traits for ewes and rams, respectively, were utilized using multivariate and discriminant analyses. Seven traits, out of them, for ewes and five for rams were qualitative traits: body color, nose shape, horn presence, ear shape, wattles presence, udder shape, and teat placement. The other 15 traits were quantitative traits: body weight, head width, head length, chest depth, chest girth, shoulder width, withers height, foreleg height, shin circumference, body length, rump width, rump length, rump height, rear leg height, and udder height. The traits were taken on 1697 and 652 adult ewes and rams of different breeds, respectively. The breeds were predefined as Awassi and three exotic breeds: Chios, Assaf, and improved Awassi sheep. The results indicated a significant relationship of the 21 and 16 studied traits in assigning and discriminating individual's sheep into their correct breed. The analysis revealed the clustering of the three strains of Awassi sheep in Jordan as the Baladi, the Naemi, and the Saqri. The genetic distances have also confirmed the findings. However, the potential of gene flow between Awassi strains and the exotic breed was reported. The phenotypic traits with discriminant power would be utilized in a guideline for sheep taxonomy in general and for Awassi sheep in particular.

Differentiation of intraspecific phenotypic plasticity of elongate glassy perchlet, Chanda nama: Insights into landmark-based truss morphometric and meristic variations

Objective:

Understanding intraspecific phenotypic plasticity is a prerequisite to fish stock identification and sustainable fisheries management. In this study, we assessed intraspecific phenotypic plasticity in terms of meristic and morphometric characters of wild populations of elongate glassy perchlet, Chanda nama from two different rivers, namely Madhumati River – Narail (MRN) and Tulshiganga River – Jaypurhat (TRJ), and an ox-bow lake, Jhapa Baor – Jashore (JBJ) in Bangladesh.

Materials and Methods:

In this study, six meristics, 15 conventional morphometrics, and 23-truss-based morphometrics were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Tukey-HSD test. The mean values of three meristic counts and nine conventional and 12 truss-based morphometrics demonstrated significant differences in the ANOVA test. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) and discrimination function analysis (DFA) were performed separately using conventional and truss-based morphometric data.

Results:

In PCA analysis, four principal components were extracted and cumulatively demonstrated 51.848%. On the contrary, two discriminant functions (DF1, 63.5%; DF2, 36.5%) resulted from DFA analysis. In the bi-plot alignment from the discriminant space, all individuals were exceedingly separated among the three inhabitants. A dendrogram developed using conventional and truss morphometric characters confirmed that two clusters were formed among three populations. The TRJ population formed a distinct cluster, and the JBJ population formed a different cluster with a subcluster of MRN. In the discriminant function analysis, precise classification outcomes displayed 82% of individuals into their unique populations, whereas 66.9% of individuals were categorized as a cross-validated assemblage.

Conclusion:

The baseline information resulting from the current study would be useful for environmental studies and further conservation of glassy perchlet populations in Bangladesh.

Phenotypic characterization of Raya cattle in northern Ethiopia

Thirteen qualitative and six morphometric variables on a total of 651 adult cattle (76 oxen and 575 cows) from four purposively selected districts were recorded to characterize the cattle populations in and around the breeding tract of Raya cattle. General linear model, frequency, and multivariate analysis procedures of Statistical Analysis Software (SAS 9.0) were used to analyze the data by splitting and merging the sexes. Higher measurement values for oxen were recorded over the cows. Location affects the studied traits significantly. The cattle population from Habru district was significantly differentiated from Raya cattle. Among the districts of Raya cattle, lowest values for most of the linear measurements were observed in Kobo district. Majority of the Raya cattle possess upright, lyre-shaped horn, small, and erected hump placed at the cervical thoracic position, large dewlap, naval flap, and perpetual sheath sizes and dominantly dark red body color with uniform body color pattern. Stepwise discriminant function analysis reveals horn length, ear length, and height at wither were the first three most important morphometric variables used in discriminating the cattle populations. Canonical discrimination analysis showed that the first canonical structure explains majority (94.13%) of the total variation with eigenvalue of 2.07 and canonical correlation of 82.14%. Discriminant function analysis showed the classification of an average 61% of the studied animals into their respective districts. Pairwise Mahalanobis distances between populations from different districts were found to be highly significant. Habru cattle population relates distantly from Raya cattle except its short distance with Kobo district. The shortest distance was observed between Raya cattle of Alamata and Raya Azebo districts. In conclusion, cattle from Alamata, Raya Azebo, and Kobo districts can be categorized as Raya cattle, while strong similarities between the first two districts in showing the real characteristics and morphology of Raya cattle were also revealed.

Conchology Variations in Species Identification of Pachychilidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Cerithiodea) through Multivariate Analysis

Pachychilidae is one of the freshwater gastropod family which was previously known under the Potamididae and Thiaridae families. Studies on freshwater gastropods especially on conchcology examinantions are still inadequate compared to marine gastropods. Morphological and morphometric studies of gastropods are practically used to identify and differentiate between species and necessary to complement molecular studies due to its low cost and tolerable resolving power of discrimination. The aim of the current study is to provide information on morphological and morphometric characteristics of Pachychilidae in Bintulu, Sarawak stream. A total of 20 individuals from each species of Sulcospira testudinaria, Sulcospira schmidti, Brotia siamensis, and Tylomelania sp. from Pachychilidae familiy were collected at three different sites from a small stream within the Bintulu area. Fourteen measurement of shell morphometrics were converted into proportioned ratios and analysed for univariate and multivariate analysis. Three shell morphometric (Aperture width, AW; Whorl width, WW2; and, Interior anterior length, AINL) of Pachychilidae indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) between species. However, multivariate analysis revealed that these shell morphometrics are pre-eminent factors to discriminate genus Sulcospira, Brotia and Tylomelania, as well as between Sulcospira species. This current study also suggests that these three characteristics are unique to Sulcospira species due to strong distinction among species. Findings on these three characteristics are significant for Sulcospira spp. as this study is the first shell morphometric report on the Pachychilidae species in Sarawak.

Morphometric, haematological and physio-biochemical characterization of Bactrian (Camelus bactrianus) camel at high altitude

BACKGROUND

Biochemical and haematological parameters have not been determined in Bactrian camels kept at high altitude. Therefore, this study was undertaken to characterise different physiological, haematological, biochemical, and morphometric parameters of Bactrian camels of high altitude. For this, total fourteen high altitude healthy Bactrian camels were selected from Leh-Ladakh, India, a high altitude area, and thereafter divided into three age groups (N = 3 young; N = 6 adult; N = 5 old camels) to characterise for above parameters. All the results were compared with Lowlander Bactrian camels.

RESULTS

Morphometric measurement showed significant difference in body height, body length, front-hump height and girth, back-hump height and girth, abdomen girth, neck length, and circumference of the shank in the young age group camels as compared to other age groups of Bactrian camels (p < 0.05). Furthermore, all the physiological and haematological parameters were similar in all the age groups of camels (p < 0.05). However, the leukocyte, erythrocyte, Hb, platelets, monocyte, and ESR level were towards the higher side of the normal reference range of Lowlander Bactrian camels. Whereas, the biochemical analysis revealed a significant increase in triglycerides and decrease in protein levels in the younger age group as compared to other age groups (p < 0.05). Although, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, iron, magnesium, urea, and creatinine levels were insignificant among the different groups, but observed towards the higher side of the low altitude reference range. Interestingly, the glucose levels in all the groups were observed towards the lower side of the range, which showed metabolic adaptation to high altitude.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggested there is morphometric and biochemical variation in Bactrian camel of high altitude. The results further helped in establishing novel reference ranges for these parameters in Highlander Bactrian camel. Hence, this study will be the basis of future research on a Bactrian camel from high-altitude cold desert and helpful for better camel husbandry and health management in high altitude.

Study on embryonic and larval developmental stages of Sucker head Garra gotyla (Gray 1830; Teleostei; Cyprinidae)

Garra gotyla is an indigenous coldwater fish of the cyprinid family and has wide geographical distribution in India as well as in other countries of Asia and Africa. Induced breeding in G. gotyla was carried out successfully for the first time and an attempt has been made to document developmental stages chronologically from the first minute of fertilization, through all stages of embryonic development until the fifth day post hatching. This experiment was carried out at 22-24°C water temperature at the Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, India. During the breeding trial, the fertilization rate was observed as 70-75% and hatching rate was 85-90%. The mature fertilized ova were measured as 0.8-1.0 mm in diameter and the perivitelline membrane became thick soon after fertilization and formation of the germ pole. The periods taken for complete developmental stages were recorded; cleavage stage 111 min (min post fertilization (pf)), blastulation stage 580 min (pf), neurulation and segmentation 1250 min (pf) and hatching was completed after 1420 min. The sac fry was measured as 3 mm in length and took almost 3 days for complete absorption of the yolk content. The major structural and differential changes observed are in head, tail, fins, alimentary canal, rudiments of each organ and appearance of melanophore pigmentation in the whole body. The 5-day-old larvae were measured as 6 mm in length with almost every organ fully differentiated. The present study will be utilized for large-scale production of fingerlings for stock enhancement in rivers, lakes and possibilities of genetic improvement and manipulation at the embryonic stage.

Anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant actions of Middle Eastern Phoenix dactylifera extract on mercury-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo

Mercuric chloride (MC) is a complex substance which is capable to produce free radicals. Middle Eastern Phoenix dactylifera (MEPD) is a flowering plant of palm family with potent antioxidant feature. Due to the increasing use of herbs in medicine, this study was designed to assess the effects of MEPD and MC on inflammatory apoptogenic, oxidative and histomorphometric alterations in liver. Sixty-four male rats were assigned to 8 groups including: control groups (normal group and MC (50 mg/kg)), MEPD groups (30, 90, 270 mg/kg) and MC + MEPD treated groups. All experimental groups were treated intraperitoneally and orally daily for 5 weeks. The relative expression level of apoptotic genes (p53, Bcl2 and Bax) and hepatocyte apoptotic index were analyzed. Also, Nitrite oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LP), Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) assays were conducted to assess the antioxidant levels. Cytokines involved in inflammation, hepatic enzymes and histomorphometric parameters (hepatocytes diameter (HD) and central hepatic vein (CHV)) were evaluated. All factors showed incremental trends following MC administration (else FRAP level and Bcl2, which were decreased) in MC group than normal group (P < 0.05). In comparison with the MC group, total values in MEPD and MEPD + MC groups were decreased (P < 0.05) (except FRAP level and Bcl2, which were increased). According to the obtained data, the administration of MEPD extract has potent antioxidant property that attenuates the destructive hepatic effects of MC by initiation of cellular antioxidant pathways and restoration of pathological changes into the physiological form.

in Sarawak, Malaysia

The genus Rasbora is one of the most species-rich genus among the freshwater fishes and cryptic diversity has been a major hindrance in species identification in the past four decades due to their high similarities in terms of morphology. This study aimed to investigate this issue both morphologically and molecularly. In this study, a total of 23 morphometric parameters were used to differentiate the 103 Rasbora fish samples harvested from different regions of Sarawak state of Malaysia via Multivariate Stepwise Discriminant Function Analysis (SDFA). Then, cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was utilised to further distinguish 33 of these fishes, followed by sequence and phylogenetic analysis. Our results unravelled pre-anal length as strongest morphometric discriminant (100%) and that all eight Rasbora species tested are monophyletic except for R. sumatrana and R. caudimaculata, revealing possible cryptic Rasbora species. Further investigations are vital to enrich the data from this study for Rasbora cryptic diversity and conservation studies in future.

Comparative study of two carnivorous fish (Parupeneus forsskali and Thalassoma klunzingeri) from the Red Sea: Hemato-biochemical parameters and cellular characterization

Although, the Red sea is highly rich with fish fauna but still the information known is so limited for the researchers especially about the fish physiology baselines. So, in the present study we investigated the heamto-biochemical parameters and cell characterization of two fish having the same feeding habitats. Fish specimens of Red Sea goatfish (Parupeneus forsskali) and Klunzinger's wrasse (Thalassoma klunzingeri) were captured from Hurghada, Egypt. Haematological and biochemical analysis as well as blood cells characterization were performed. The morphological and cytochemical aspects of peripheral blood cells of the two species were studied by light microscopy. Thalassoma klunzingeri showed lower Hct and Hb values and RBCs count. Fusiform to spindle shape thrombocytes were found only in the blood of Parupeneus forsskali while spiked thrombocytes were found only in the blood of Thalassoma klunzingeri. This investigation may be helpful as a tool to monitor the health status of the two species and will be used as biomarkers for clinical pathology.

Sex estimation using subpubic angle from reconstructed three-dimensional computed tomography pelvic model in a contemporary Malaysian population

Research in forensic anthropology is recent in Malaysia due to limited access to documented skeletal collections. However, advanced imaging techniques provide virtual bone samples for use in morphometric studies to establish population-specific standards by virtual anthropology. This study examined sexual dimorphism in the subpubic angle using a three-dimensional computed tomography model of the pelvis, in a contemporary Malaysian population. The sample comprised multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scans of 50 male and 50 female adults. Segmentation of the MDCT scans was performed using 3D Slicer, and four landmarks were acquired using Stratovan Checkpoint for the subpubic angle measurement. The technical error of measurement (TEM), relative TEM, and coefficient of reliability (R) exhibited high reliability in measurements. Results showed that the subpubic angle in males was 68.6°±7.6° and in females 87.4°±6.5°. The subpubic angle in females was significantly larger than in males (P<0.001). Inverse correlation was found between the subpubic angle and age, in both males (r=−0.449, P<0.01) and females (r=−0.385, P<0.01). The overall accuracy of sex estimation using the subpubic angle was 94% (P<0.001). The subpubic angle, with a demarcating point of 78.6°, showed a sensitivity and specificity of 94% in the classification of female individuals. In conclusion, sex estimation using the subpu bic angle is highly accurate, with a high degree of expected sensitivity and specificity in the Malaysian population.

Determination of whether morphometric analysis of vertebrae in the domestic cat (Felis catus) is related to sex or skull shape

In many mammals, gender and skull shape are related to the bone morphology of the entire body; however, this has not been well established in the domestic cat (Felis catus). This study aims to find a relationship between cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae morphometrics with regard to the sex and skull shape of domestic cats. A total of 79 samples obtained from 92 dried bones of domestic cats were used to determine morphometric measurements for a total of 29 parameters. Hierarchical clustering was used to cluster the vertebral bones found in three groups: C3-T1, T2-T11 and T12-L7. The skull shape identification process employed discriminative analysis and revealed the highest training data accuracy rate at up to 86.20% in T4 followed by L1 (86.04%) Axis (85.71%) and C5 (85.18%). Sex identification employed discriminative analysis and displayed the highest training data accuracy rate at up to 75.58% in L1 followed by, T7 (71.87%) and C6 (71.79%). Moreover, we found that 14% of the samples had one vertebra missing (T13 or L1). In conclusion, domestic cat vertebral morphometrics were found to be more related to skull shape than gender. In addition, bone clustering employed morphometric data and yielded a result that was similar to that of traditional cluster analysis involving body regions.

Silicified bulliform cells of Poaceae: morphological characteristics that distinguish subfamilies

BACKGROUND

Grass phytoliths are the most common phytoliths in sediments; recognizing grass phytolith types is important when using phytoliths as a tool to reconstruct paleoenvironments. Grass bulliform cells may be silicified to large size parallelepipedal or cuneiform shaped phytoliths, which were often regarded as of no taxonomic value. However, studies in eastern Asia had identified several forms of grass bulliform phytoliths, including rice bulliform phytolith, a phytolith type frequently used to track the history of rice domestication. Identification with a higher level of taxonomic resolution is possible, yet a systematic investigation on morphology of Poaceae bulliform phytoliths is lacking. We aimed at providing a morphological description of bulliform phytoliths of Poaceae from Taiwan based on morphometric measurements in anatomical aspect. The results are important references for paleo-ecological studies.

RESULT

The morphology of grass bulliform phytoliths is usually consistent within a subfamily; the end profile is relatively rectangular in Panicoideae and Micrairoideae, whereas cuneiform to nearly circular in Oryzoideae, Bambusoideae, Arundinoideae, and Chloridoideae. Bulliform phytoliths were seldom observed in Pooideae. Certain morphotypes are limited to plants growing in specific environments. For example, large, thin, and pointed bulliform phytoliths are associated with wet habitat; Chloridoideae types are mostly from C4 plants occupying open arid places.

CONCLUSION

Grass bulliform phytoliths can be identified at least to the subfamily level, and several forms were distinguished within large subfamilies. Previously un-reported silicified cell types, i.e., arm cells and fusoids, and two special trichome phytolith types associated with bulliform phytoliths, were described. Morphometric methods were great tools for delimiting morphotypes; with refined morphological classification the association between forms and habit/habitats was revealed. The knowledge provides new ways to interpret phytolith assemblage data, and it is especially useful when the sediments are enriched in large blocky phytoliths.

Additional morphometric and phylogenetic studies on Mothocya melanosticta (Isopoda: Cymothoidae) parasitizing the Red Sea Nemipterus randalli fish in Egypt

Cymothoidae, Leach, 1818 (Crustacea: Isopoda) are ectoparasites of marine, brackish and freshwater fishes that are reported to induce deleterious tissue impacts on the infested fish hosts. The present study aimed for the first-time screening of Mothocya melanosticta collected from the red sea fish Nemipterus randalli in Egypt. Surveillance study was conducted for isopod infestation among the Red Sea fish N. randalli revealing a total infestation rate of 40.96% with the species identified as M. melanosticta. The parasite species was isolated from the branchial cavity and gills. Morphometric description was estimated using dissecting stereo-microscope, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) provided new additional features for the isolated species including the microtrich sensillum in the body cuticle and the fine structure of the mouth parts and body appendages. Mitochondrial COI gene of M. melanosticta female isolated in the present study from N. randalli was detected for the first time in Egypt and recorded in the GenBank (MK168807). The study showed that the detected isopod species represents one monophyletic group closely affiliated to the genospecies of M. melanosticta, and can be distinguished clearly from other isopods genospecies. Based on the genetic distance values, lower level of genetic divergence was indicated within the genospecies of the present M. melanosticta isolated from Egypt and the same species isolated from India. The present investigation recorded N. randalli fish as a new host for the isopod M. melanosticta in Egypt and provided additional morphological features through SEM as well as molecular characterization of this isopod species for the first time.

Morphological descriptions and morphometric discriminant function analysis reveal an additional four groups of Scylla spp

There are four species of mud crabs within the genus Scylla, and most of them live sympatrically in the equatorial region. Apart from a report in Japan about the finding of a natural Scylla hybrid more than a decade ago after the division of genus Scylla into four species by Keenan, Davie & Mann (1998), no subsequent sighting was found. Thus, this study investigates the possible natural occurrence of potential hybridization among Scylla species in the wild. A total of 76,211 individuals from mud crab landing sites around the Malacca Straits, South China Sea and Sulu Sea were screened. In addition to the four-purebred species, four groups (SH 1, n = 2, 627; SH 2, n = 136; SH 3, n = 1; SH 4, n = 2) with intermediate characteristics were found, mostly at Sulu Sea. Discriminant Function Analysis revealed that all Scylla species, including SH 1 - 4, are distinguishable via their morphometric ratios. The most powerful discriminant ratios for each character and the top five discriminant ratios of males and females were suggested. The carapace width of SH 1 males and females were significantly smaller than pure species. Based on the discriminant ratios and the description of morphological characters, we hypothesize that the additional four groups of Scylla with intermediate characteristics could be presumed hybrids. Future work at the molecular level is urgently needed to validate this postulate.

A new species of Laelaps Koch, 1836 (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) parasitic of the sigmodontine rodent Oligoryzomys flavescens Waterhouse, 1837 (Rodentia: Cricetidae): Molecular and morphological characterization

Laelaps schatzi sp. nov. (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) is described on the bases of mites collected from the sigmodontine Oligoryzomys flavescens Waterhouse, 1837 (Rodentia: Cricetidae) in Pereyra, Buenos Aires, Argentina, based on morphological, morphometric and molecular data. Two DNA fragments, mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear 18.S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 partial gene sequence were deposited in the public Genbank datebase. The DNA extraction was conducted nondestructively using Chelex®100 modified for this study, to prevent vouchers for further microscopically examination. Laelaps schatzi sp. nov. is similar in general appearance to Laelaps paulistanensis Fonseca, 1936 and Laelaps fonsecai Gettinger, 1992, but the new species is unique in presenting a reticulated surface pattern on the genital shield from level of Zv1 up to posterior margin, and in the presence of one or two additional impair seta/e between J4 setae of dorsal shield. Also, the phylogenetic analyses separate the new species from all other species available in the GenBank of Laelaps.

Landmark-based morphometric and meristic variations of freshwater garfish, Xenentodon cancila from four natural stocks of South-Western Bangladesh

Objective:

The morphometric and meristic variations of Xenentodon cancila was studied based on the landmark-based truss network system to assess their phenotypic variations among four different freshwater stocks, viz. Boluhorpur baor, Jhenaidah (BBJ) (n = 29); Bhairab River, Jashore (BRJ) (n = 34); Arial Khan River, Madaripur (AKRM) (n = 28), and Bohnni baor, Gopalganj (BBG) (n = 25) in Bangladesh.

Materials and methods:

Seven meristic characters were counted by using a needle. Eight morphometrics and 28 truss measurements were measured by using tpsDigV.2.1 software. In meristic characters, Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to determine any significant differences, whereas, in morphometrics and truss measurements, univariate statistics and discriminant function analyses were carried out by using SPSS 22 version.

Results:

Significant differences were observed in four meristic characters among seven meristic characters in the Kruskal–Wallis test. In univariate statistics, only nine characters were observed significantly different among eight morphometrics and 28 truss measurements. The contribution of three discriminant function analyses (DFA), in which first DFA showed 49.2%, second DFA showed 33%, and third DFA showed 17.8% on behalf of both morphometric and truss measurements. In discriminant space, the four stocks were clearly separated. Two clusters were formed among four stocks, where BBG formed a single cluster, whereas BBJ and BRJ aggregately formed another cluster. Additionally, AKRM formed a sub-cluster with BBJ.

Conclusion:

The preliminary information generated from the current study would be beneficial for further genetic studies and in the assessment of ecological impacts on X. cancila stocks in Bangladesh.

Morphometric and hemodynamic parameter dataset for coronary artery aneurysms caused by atherosclerosis

In comparison with intracranial aneurysm, there are relatively few investigations of coronary artery aneurysms (CAA). Coronary atherosclerosis is the first cause of CAA; therefore, it is necessary to providing as many details of clinical CAA caused by atherosclerosis as possible. The aim of the data is to provide morphometric and hemodynamic parameters of CAAs caused by atherosclerosis, as well as the demographics of patients with CAAs. Various morphometric parameters were obtained from the reconstructed epicardial coronary arterial trees of 61 patients while multiple hemodynamic parameters were determined from their computed flow fields. The data classified the CAAs into 4 types. All subjects in each group are listed in this data article. This data set support the main findings presented in the research article (Fan et al., 2019).

New data on known species of Hirschmanniella and Pratylenchus (Rhabditida, Pratylenchidae) from Iran and South Africa

Hirschmanniella anchoryzae from Iran and Pratylenchus hippeastri from South Africa were recovered during a survey of plant-parasitic nematodes belonging to the family Pratylenchidae. Both species were studied using morphological and molecular techniques. Hirschmanniella anchoryzae is identified based on the flattened head, short stylet (19–22 µm), excretory pore position (anterior to pharyngo-intestinal junction), spicule length (27–30 µm), and existence of an axial mucro at the tail end. Phylogenetic analysis using 28S rDNA showed monophyly of Hirschmanniella which Iranian H. anchoryzae placed close to H. halophila (EU620464; EU620465). This result was supported by the principal component analysis of Hirschmanniella species. SEM observation of the South African population of P. hippeastri showed the presence of two annuli in the lip region. Morphometric characters resembled those of specimens earlier reported from South Africa. Hierarchal cluster using morphometrical criteria showed that the Floridian (USA) and South African populations form a group. However, the principal component analysis showed variation within this species. The molecular study of P. hippeastri populations using 18S, ITS, 28S rDNA, and COI of mtDNA showed that all P. hippeastri cluster in one group and confirmed the identification of the species using both morphological and molecular techniques. In addition, the results indicated that South African populations group close to the USA populations. Illustrations of both species including light and scanning electron microscopy observations for P. hippeastri are provided.

Technical note: A rapid, non-invasive method for measuring live or preserved insect specimens using digital image analysis

The measurement of insects is an important component of many entomological applications, including forensic evidence, where larvae size is used as a proxy for developmental stage, and hence time since colonization/death. Current methods for measuring insects are confounded by varying preservation techniques, biased and non-standardized measurements, and often a lack of sample size given practical constraints. Towards enhanced accuracy and precision in measuring live insects to help avoid these variables, and that allows for different measurements to be analyzed, we developed a non-invasive, digital method using widely available free analytical software to measure live blow fly larvae. Using crime scene photographic equipment currently standard in investigation protocols, we measured the live length of 282 Phormia regina larvae. Repeated measurements of maggots, for all instars, were performed for several orientations and images. Most accurate measurements were obtained when maggots were oriented in their natural full extension. Killed specimens resulted in greater length measurements (Mean 1.79 ± 1.11 mm) when compared to live length. Herein, we report a technically simple, fast, and accurate measurement technique adapted for field and lab-based measurements, as well as, a simple linear equation for conversion of live length to standard killed length measurements. We propose this method be utilized for the standardization of forensic entomological evidence collection and development model creation.

QuBiT: a quantitative tool for analyzing epithelial tubes reveals unexpected patterns of organization in the Drosophila trachea

Biological tubes are essential for animal survival, and their functions are dependent on tube shape. Analyzing the contributions of cell shape and organization to the morphogenesis of small tubes has been hampered by the limitations of existing programs in quantifying cell geometry on highly curved tubular surfaces and calculating tube-specific parameters. We therefore developed QuBiT (Quantitative Tool for Biological Tubes) and used it to analyze morphogenesis of the embryonic Drosophila trachea (airway). In the main tube, we find previously unknown anterior-to-posterior (A-P) gradients of cell apical orientation and aspect ratio, and periodicity in the organization of apical cell surfaces. Inferred cell intercalation during development dampens an A-P gradient of the number of cells per cross-section of the tube, but does not change the patterns of cell connectivity. Computationally 'unrolling' the apical surface of wild-type trachea and the hindgut reveals previously unrecognized spatial patterns of the apical marker Uninflatable and a non-redundant role for the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase in apical marker organization. These unexpected findings demonstrate the importance of a computational tool for analyzing small diameter biological tubes.

Data describing effects of perinatal exposure to bisphenol S on a peripubertal estrogen challenge in intact female CD-1 mice

Bisphenol S (BPS) is an analogue of bisphenol A (BPA), used in consumer products including food packaging and thermal paper. Like BPA, BPS is an estrogen receptor agonist and exposures during perinatal development have been shown to alter growth and morphology of the mouse female mammary gland prior to puberty and in adulthood. Reported here are data describing the effect of exposure to low doses of BPS (2, 200 or 2000 μg/kg/day) during perinatal development on morphology and gene expression in the mammary gland of female CD-1 mice, with or without an additional estrogen exposure (1 μg/kg/day ethinyl estradiol) during the peripubertal period. Additional data document other estrogen-sensitive outcomes including timing of vaginal opening and uterine weight. The data suggest that low doses of BPS induce modest changes in the mammary gland at puberty, but do not appear to sensitize the female to an estrogenic challenge administered during the peripubertal period.

Seed germination and seedling growth of Scots pine in technogenically polluted soils as container media

Reforestation of technologically polluted areas has become an increasingly important issue. In this study, seed germination capacity and survival rate and morphometric characteristics of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings grown in a magnesite-polluted soil medium were investigated in a pot experiment. Significant differences in seed field germination, sprout survival, seedling length at various growth stages, and root collar diameter of the seedling were discovered between the trial variants for the pot trial using growing media from the polluted areas and the control site. In addition, it was observed that the differences between the trial variants depended on seed origin and the level of soil pollution. The data indicate that seed germination and seedling growth were significantly reduced as the levels of pollution increased. These negative effects of the pollution tend to increase as the seedling gets older.

Cerebellar tonsil ectopia measurement in type I Chiari malformation patients show poor inter-operator reliability

Background

Type 1 Chiari malformation (CM-I) has been historically defined by cerebellar tonsillar position (TP) greater than 3–5 mm below the foramen magnum (FM). Often, the radiographic findings are highly variable, which may influence the clinical course and patient outcome. In this study, we evaluate the inter-operator reliability (reproducibility) of MRI-based measurement of TP in CM-I patients and healthy controls.

Methods

Thirty-three T2-weighted MRI sets were obtained for 23 CM-I patients (11 symptomatic and 12 asymptomatic) and 10 healthy controls. TP inferior to the FM was measured in the mid-sagittal plane by seven expert operators with reference to McRae’s line. Overall agreement between the operators was quantified by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

The mean and standard deviation of cerebellar TP measurements for asymptomatic (CM-Ia) and symptomatic (CM-Is) patients in mid-sagittal plane was 6.38 ± 2.19 and 9.57 ± 2.63 mm, respectively. TP measurements for healthy controls was 0.48 ± 2.88 mm. The average range of TP measurements for all data sets analyzed was 7.7 mm. Overall operator agreement for TP measurements was relatively high with an ICC of 0.83.

Conclusion

The results demonstrated a large average range (7.7 mm) of measurements among the seven expert operators and support that, if economically feasible, two radiologists should make independent measurements before radiologic diagnosis of CM-I and surgery is contemplated. In the future, an objective diagnostic parameter for CM-I that utilizes automated algorithms and results in smaller inter-operator variation may improve patient selection.

Morphometric changes over the whole brain in caffeine-containing combination-analgesic-overuse headache

Objective

To investigate brain morphometric changes in medication-overuse headache with excessive intake of caffeine-containing combination analgesics.

Materials and methods

We recruited 32 medication-overuse headache patients overusing caffeine-containing combination analgesics and 26 normal controls with matched sex and age. Magnetic resonance T1-weighted images were processed by automatic volume algorithm of brain regions over the whole brain according to the neuromorphometrics template. We explored the volume differences between groups and correlation with clinical variables.

Results

Medication-overuse headache patients demonstrated decreased volume in cerebellum, optic chiasm, and increased volume in right lateral orbital gyrus, left calcarine, bilateral middle occipital gyrus, right superior parietal lobe, and right temporal transverse gyrus compared with normal controls. The increased volume was primarily contributed by patients of lower headache frequency (10–20 days/month) and with no psychological comorbidities. In regression analyses, the volume of bilateral middle occipital gyrus had negative association with migraine duration, and the volume of right lateral orbital gyrus and right superior parietal lobe was negatively correlated with number of medications per month.

Conclusions

Volume changes of brain regions involved in affective and cognitive processing, visual and auditory perception, and pain sensory/discrimination suggested a particular role of those regions in the pathogenesis of medication-overuse headache overusing caffeine-containing combination analgesics. Morphometric changes in multiple visual processing areas and volume gain in lower headache frequency and less anxiety and depression may be specific features related to overusing caffeine-containing combination analgesics.

Integrated taxonomy of the Asplenium normale complex (Aspleniaceae) in China and adjacent areas

The Asplenium normale D. Don complex comprises several taxa that are either diploid or tetraploid. The tetraploids are assumed to have originated from diploid ancestors by relatively recent autopolyploidization or allopolyploidization. Some of the diploids are readily recognized morphologically but most of the taxa have until now been placed into a single species. However, phylogenetic studies have challenged this treatment and emphasized the notion that the taxonomic treatment of this complex needs to be revised. An integrative taxonomic approach was employed to delimit species in the complex using cytological, morphological, and DNA sequence data. Initially, we employed a diploid first approach to establish a robust taxonomic framework. Special efforts were made to collect and identify the diploid progenitors of each polyploid lineage identified in the plastid DNA based phylogenetic hypothesis. A total of six distinct diploid species were identified. The distinctive nature of the six diploids is strongly supported by sequence differences in plastid DNA and nuclear loci, as well as by the results of morphometric analysis. Diagnostic morphological characters were identified to distinguish the six diploid species, resulting in their revised taxonomy, which includes two novel species, namely, Asplenium normaloides and A. guangdongense. Further studies to strengthen the taxonomic classification of all of the tetraploid taxa are warranted.

Placental morphometry in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and its relationship with birth weight in a Latin American population

OBJECTIVE

To assess the placental morphometry in pregnancies with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and its relationship with birth weight (BW).

STUDY DESIGN

Cohort study of placental morphometry and fetal outcomes of 954 pregnancies at a university hospital in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2010. HDP categories were: chronic (CH), gestational (GH), preeclampsia (PRE) and pre-eclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension (CH + PRE). Associations between BW and placental measures (PM) in pregnancies were evaluated by multiple linear regression analyses.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES (PM)

Placental weight (PW, g), largest and smallest diameters (cm), thickness (cm), eccentricity, area (cm²), volume (cm³), BW/PW ratio and PW/BW ratio (efficiency).

RESULTS

The frequencies of each HDP categories were 6.5% CH; 7.6% GH; 6.1% PRE, and 2.0% CH + PRE. PW, largest and smallest diameters, area and BW/PW ratio were statistically different between HDP and the normotensive group, with the lowest values for CH + PRE; the remaining measures showed no difference. BW was lower in HDP than in the normotensive group (p = 0.016). BW and PW were highly correlated in the presence of HDP (r = 0.79, p < 0.001). Sixty-seven percent of BW variability was accounted for PM (p < 0.001), and increased to 81% when maternal variables, gestational age and sex were added (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy significantly influence the growth of both the placenta and the fetus. PM explain 67% of BW variability, and CH + PRE was the category with the strongest association to the results.

Cribriform plate width is highly variable within and between subjects

OBJECTIVE

All successful endonasal surgery, including functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), depends on knowledge of both anatomy and the specific variations that can occur between and within patients. Familiarity with these structures is a critical component in preventing complications from these procedures, and failure to understand subtle variation can have disastrous results. The aim of this study was to characterize the anatomical variations (if any) of the cribriform plate using a large cadaveric sample set. Better understanding of the disparities within and between patients may have important implications for surgical planning.

METHODS

Whole human skull specimens (31 specimens, 62 sides) were examined to obtain dimensional measurements of the cribriform plate on the right and left sides.

RESULTS

The average length of the cribriform plate was 21.28mm (range 15.25-27.73mm, SD 3.30mm). The average width of the cribriform plate (including the crista galli) was 4.53mm (range 1.75-8.03mm, SD 1.20mm). When comparing side differences in individual specimens, there was more variability between widths, relative standard deviation 26.4%, than between lengths, relative standard deviation 15.5%.

CONCLUSION

There is a range of both length and width of the cribriform plate, between and within individuals. This is particularly true for width. In practice, this emphasizes the importance of pre-operative imaging and recognition of anatomic variability for sinus or anterior skull base procedure.

Morphometric MRI Imaging Study of the Corridor for the Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique at L1-L5

BACKGROUND

Anterior lumbar interbody fusion and lateral lumbar interbody fusion are associated with approach-related disadvantages. Oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) is the proposed solution, especially for upper lumbar levels. We analyzed the size and regional anatomy of the corridor used in the OLIF technique between levels L1 and L5.

METHODS

This is a morphometric study of 200 randomly selected magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies with features of lumbar degenerative disease. On MRI, the oblique corridor was defined as the smallest distance between the psoas major muscle and aorta or inferior vena cava (or common iliac artery) and measured at the L1/L2, L2/L3, L3/L4, and L4/L5 disc levels on both the left and right on the axial images at the mid-disc level.

RESULTS

Mean distances of the oblique corridor on the left side were L1/L2 = 18.90 mm, L2/L3 = 15.50 mm; L3/L4 = 12.75 mm, and L4/L5 = 8.92 mm; on the right side, they were L1/L2 = 14.80 mm, L2/L3 = 5.50 mm, L3/L4 = 3.00 mm, and L4/L5 = 1.46 mm. For both sides, the corridor size was not significantly affected by sex, and it increased with age and decreased at the inferior lumbar disc levels. The L1/L2 and L2/L3 levels may be obstructed by the ipsilateral kidney and renal vasculature on both sides and the liver on the right side.

CONCLUSIONS

A left-sided OLIF approach is viable for both sexes. Oblique access to the L1/L2 and L2/L3 disc levels is feasible regardless of age, whereas the L3/L4 and L4/L5 levels may be more suitable in older patients, especially for male patients. The right-sided approach is less likely to be performed effectively.

[Craniometrical study of the species complex of Meriones shawii-grandis (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Morocco, in Algeria and in Tunisia]

In North Africa, the rodents of the species complex Meriones shawii-grandis have a considerable ecological, economic and epidemiological importance. Until now, the systematics of these species was subject to discussion due to the presence of populations displaying high morphological variability. By means of an approach of traditional morphometrics based on cranial distances and by using the method of the log shape-ratio, we attempt to characterize morphologically these two taxa. The results show significant differences in size and shape between the specimens of Morocco, on the one hand, and those of Algeria and Tunisia, on the other hand. The samples of Morocco that have been molecularly typed and attributed to M. grandis have larger tooth rows and narrower skulls, as well as relatively small tympanic bullae. On the other hand, those of Algeria and Tunisia assigned to M. shawii are characterized by small tooth rows and wide skulls with well-developed tympanic bullae. The morphological distance is relatively strong between both clades (79.5%), which corresponds to the molecular distance. However, the discriminant analysis performed after molecularly-typed specimens allows the correct classification of only 91.8% of the individuals.

Data describing lack of effects of 17α-ethinyl estradiol on mammary gland morphology in female mice exposed during pregnancy and lactation

Ethinyl estradiol (EE) is a synthetic estrogen used in pharmaceutical contraceptives. In many studies evaluating estrogenic endocrine disruptors, EE is used as a positive control for estrogenicity. However, the effects of EE often differ from the effects of other xenoestrogens, suggesting that these other compounds might act via distinct mechanisms. Reported here are data describing the effect of low doses of EE during pregnancy and lactation on the morphology of the lactating mammary gland in CD-1 mice. The data suggest that these low doses have few if any discernable effects on mammary gland morphology. Alterations to cell proliferation and the expression of estrogen receptor (ER)α were also not observed. These companion data were collected from the same females analyzed for effects of EE on maternal behavior and brain recently published in Reproductive Toxicology (Catanese & Vandenberg, 2017).