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Gioia G, Severgnini M, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Freeman J, Sipka A, Santisteban C, Wieland M, Gallardo VA, Scott JG, Moroni P, Addis MF. Genomic Characterization of Mycoplasma arginini Isolated from a Housefly on a Dairy Farm and Comparison with Isolates from Bovine Milk and Lung Tissue. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0301022. [PMID: 37199649 PMCID: PMC10269790 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03010-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma mastitis can be highly contagious, unresponsive to treatment, and cause severe economic problems in affected herds. Notable routes of Mycoplasma spp. transmissions are contaminated milking equipment and animal contact through respiratory secretions. Only a few studies report the environment as a possible source of infection. Our group studied the presence of pathogens in houseflies (Musca domestica) in a New York State dairy in the United States. Among others, a Mycoplasma spp. was found in the gut of a housefly captured in the sick pen and identified as M. arginini. Here, we characterized its genome and investigated its relatedness with eight isolates from milk, one isolate from lung tissue collected in the same dairy, and five other dairies in New York State. We applied whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of the 16S rRNA gene and 76 conserved proteins. We also assessed an in silico virulence profile by considering a panel of 94 putative virulence genes. As a result of the genome analysis, the housefly M. arginini isolate was highly similar to the milk isolates; interestingly, the similarity was highest with M. arginini isolated from milk on the same dairy farm where the housefly was captured. The housefly and milk M. arginini isolates possessed 54 of the 94 pathogenicity genes considered. Our data support the hypothesis that houseflies are carriers of Mycoplasma spp. and can be considered within the possible roots of environmental transmission of infection in dairy cows. Nevertheless, M. arginini pathogenicity will need to be investigated with dedicated studies. IMPORTANCE It is critical to control the spread of bovine mastitis caused by Mycoplasma spp., as this disease can be highly contagious and have a severe economic impact on affected dairies. A better understanding of possible transmission routes is crucial for infection control and prevention. Based on our data, the composite milk isolates are genetically similar to the housefly isolate. This provides evidence that the same Mycoplasma species found in milk and associated with mastitis can also be isolated from houseflies captured in the dairy environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Gioia
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - M. Severgnini
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - P. Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - B. Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - J. Freeman
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - A. Sipka
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - C. Santisteban
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - M. Wieland
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - V. Alanis Gallardo
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J. G. Scott
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - P. Moroni
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MiLab, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
| | - M. F. Addis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Scienze Animali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
- Laboratorio di Malattie Infettive degli Animali-MiLab, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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Maisano AM, Luini M, Gazzola A, Sala L, Vezzoli F, Bertocchi L, Lorenzi V, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Bergagna S, Romano A, Scaltriti E, Bolzoni L, Ivanovic I, Romanò A, Graber HU. Staphylococcus aureus adlb gene is associated with high prevalence of intramammary infection in dairy herds of northern Italy: A cross-sectional study. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:3421-3435. [PMID: 36907760 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major mastitis pathogen in dairy cattle worldwide, responsible for substantial economic losses. Environmental factors, milking routine, and good maintenance of milking equipment have been described as important factors to prevent intramammary infections (IMI). Staphylococcus aureus IMI can be widespread within the farm or the infection can be limited to few animals. Several studies have reported that Staph. aureus genotypes differ in their ability to spread within a herd. In particular, Staph. aureus belonging to ribosomal spacer PCR genotype B (GTB)/clonal complex 8 (CC8) is associated with high within-herd prevalence of IMI, whereas other genotypes are generally associated with individual cow disease. The adlb gene seems to be strictly related to Staph. aureus GTB/CC8, and is a potential marker of contagiousness. We investigated Staph. aureus IMI prevalence in 60 herds in northern Italy. In the same farms, we assessed specific indicators linked to milking management (e.g., teat condition score and udder hygiene score) and additional milking risk factors for IMI spread. Ribosomal spacer-PCR and adlb-targeted PCR were performed on 262 Staph. aureus isolates, of which 77 underwent multilocus sequence typing. In most of the herds (90%), a predominant genotype was identified, especially Staph. aureus CC8 (30%). In 19 of 60 herds, the predominant circulating Staph. aureus was adlb-positive and the observed IMI prevalence was relevant. Moreover, the adlb gene was detected only in genotypes of CC8 and CC97. Statistical analysis showed a strong association between the prevalence of Staph. aureus IMI, the specific CCs, and carriage of adlb, with the predominant circulating CC and presence of the gene alone explaining the total variation. Interestingly, the difference in the odds ratio obtained in the models for CC8 and CC97 suggests that it is carriage of the adlb gene, rather than the circulation of these CCs per se, that leads to higher within-herd prevalence of Staph. aureus. In addition, the model showed that environmental and milking management factors had no or minimal effect on Staph. aureus IMI prevalence. In conclusion, the circulation of adlb-positive Staph. aureus strains within a herd has a strong effect on the prevalence of IMI. Thus, adlb can be proposed as a genetic marker of contagiousness for Staph. aureus IMI in cattle. However, further analyses using whole-genome sequencing are required to understand the role of genes other than adlb that may be involved in the mechanisms of contagiousness of Staph. aureus strains associated with high prevalence of IMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - M Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - A Gazzola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - L Sala
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - F Vezzoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - L Bertocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Reparto Produzione e Controllo Materiale Biologico, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - V Lorenzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Reparto Produzione e Controllo Materiale Biologico, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - S Bergagna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Laboratorio Benessere Animale, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - A Romano
- Reference Laboratory for Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci Including Staphylococcus aureus, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - E Scaltriti
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - L Bolzoni
- Risk Analysis and Genomic Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - I Ivanovic
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Romanò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
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Morandi S, Cremonesi P, Arioli S, Stocco G, Silvetti T, Biscarini F, Castiglioni B, Greco D, D'Ascanio V, Mora D, Brasca M. Erratum to "Effect of using mycotoxin-detoxifying agents in dairy cattle feed on natural whey starter biodiversity" (J. Dairy Sci. 105:6513-6526). J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:8590. [PMID: 36116870 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-105-10-8590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Morandi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - S Arioli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - G Stocco
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, I-43126 Parma, Italy
| | - T Silvetti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - F Biscarini
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - D Greco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - V D'Ascanio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - D Mora
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - M Brasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Morandi S, Cremonesi P, Arioli S, Stocco G, Silvetti T, Biscarini F, Castiglioni B, Greco Ç, D'Ascanio V, Mora D, Brasca M. Effect of using mycotoxin-detoxifying agents in dairy cattle feed on natural whey starter biodiversity. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:6513-6526. [PMID: 35840409 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural whey cultures (NWC) are undefined multiple-strain bacterial starter communities that can be affected by even small changes along the entire dairy chain. We applied a multidisciplinary approach to investigate how the addition of 2 mycotoxin-detoxifying agents [sodium smectite and lignocellulose-based material (B1); leonardite and betaine (B2)] to cow diets modified the microbiota of the NWC in manufacture of a Grana-like cheese. Microbiological and flow cytometry analyses showed that the content and viability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and the total whey microbiota were not affected by the detoxifying agents, and Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus, and Limosilactobacillus fermentum were the dominant taxa. Random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR fingerprinting and metagenomic analysis highlighted differences in the bacterial community of the NWC and in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes that increased when B1 and B2 were included in the diet. Two of 6 St. thermophilus biotypes were detected only in control samples; conversely, none of the Lb. helveticus biotypes found in control samples were isolated from B1 and B2. In vitro tests showed that the 2 binders did not significantly affect the development of St. thermophilus, but they stimulated the growth of Lb. helveticus strains recovered only from B1 and B2 NWC. The addition of binders in cow feed can affect the LAB biotypes present in NWC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morandi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - S Arioli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - G Stocco
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, I-43126 Parma, Italy
| | - T Silvetti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - F Biscarini
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Ç Greco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - V D'Ascanio
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - D Mora
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - M Brasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
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5
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Mallardi D, Tabasso C, Piemontese P, Morandi S, Silvetti T, Biscarini F, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Pica V, Stuknyte M, De Noni I, Amato O, Liotto N, Mosca F, Roggero P. Inoculation of mother's own milk could personalize pasteurized donor human milk used for feeding preterm infants. J Transl Med 2021; 19:420. [PMID: 34627277 PMCID: PMC8502300 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03096-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk is a vehicle for bioactive compounds and beneficial bacteria which promote the establishment of a healthy gut microbiome of newborns, especially of preterm infants. Pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM) is the second-best option when preterm mother's own milk is unavailable. Since pasteurization affect the microbiological quality of donor milk, PDHM was inoculated with different preterm milk samples and then incubated, in order to evaluate the effect in terms of bacterial growth, human milk microbiome and proteolytic phenomena. METHODS In an in-vitro study PDHM was inoculated at 10% v/v using ten preterm milk samples. Microbiological, metataxonomic and peptidomic analyses, on preterm milk samples at the baseline (T0), on PDHM and on inoculated milk (IM) samples at T0, after 2 h (T1) and 4 h (T2) of incubation at 37 °C, were conducted. RESULTS IM samples at T2 showed a Total Bacterial Count not significantly different (p > 0.01) compared to preterm milk samples. At T2 lactic acid bacteria level was restored in all IM. After inoculation, metataxonomic analysis in IM samples showed that Proteobacteria remained the predominant phylum while Firmicutes moved from 3% at T1 to 9.4% at T2. Peptidomic profile of IM resembled that of PDHM, incubated for the same time, in terms of number and type of peptides. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that inoculation of PDHM with mother's own milk could restore bacterial growth and personalize human milk microbiome in PDHM. This effect could be beneficial because of the presence of maternal probiotic bacteria which make PDHM more similar to mother's own milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mallardi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - C Tabasso
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - P Piemontese
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - S Morandi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - T Silvetti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - F Biscarini
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), U.O.S. Di Lodi, Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), U.O.S. Di Lodi, Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), U.O.S. Di Lodi, Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - V Pica
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - M Stuknyte
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - I De Noni
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - O Amato
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - N Liotto
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - F Mosca
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - P Roggero
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via della Commenda 12, 20122, Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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6
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Monistero V, Barberio A, Biscarini F, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Graber HU, Bottini E, Ceballos-Marquez A, Kroemker V, Petzer IM, Pollera C, Santisteban C, Veiga Dos Santos M, Bronzo V, Piccinini R, Re G, Cocchi M, Moroni P. Different distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence profiles of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from clinical mastitis in six countries. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3431-3446. [PMID: 32008788 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is recognized worldwide as one of the main contagious mastitis agents in cattle and can express a set of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence-associated genes that explain the wide range of outcomes of intramammary infections. Staphylococcus aureus strains are heterogeneous: their different resistance and virulence patterns, associated with host-level factors and treatment factors, are related to the severity of infection. The aim of this study was to determine phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility, occurrence of selected antimicrobial resistance genes and other virulence genes in 93 S. aureus strains isolated from clinical mastitis in 6 countries: Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Italy, the United States (New York State), and South Africa. These isolates were tested against a total of 16 drugs (amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin, cefazolin, cefoperazone, cefquinome, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, lincomycin, oxacillin, penicillin, rifampin, spiramycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, tylosin) by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, and examined for the presence of 6 antibiotic-resistance genes (blaZ, mecA, mecC, ermA, ermB, ermC) and 6 virulence-associated genes (scn, chp, sak, hla, hlb, sea) via PCR analysis. The phenotypic results of this study revealed the presence of 19.4% penicillin-resistant strains, whereas 22.6% of the strains were classified as having resistance (5.4%) or intermediate resistance (17.2%) to erythromycin. Most (96.8%) of the isolates were inhibited by cephalosporins, and all were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate. Two strains (1 from Germany, 1 from Italy) were resistant to oxacillin and were positive for mecA. Among the other antimicrobial resistance genes, the most frequently detected was blaZ (46.2%), and 32.3% of the isolates were positive for erm genes: ermC (21.5%) and ermB (10.8%). The most prevalent virulence gene was hla (100%), followed by hlb (84.9%) and sea (65.6%). These results show a low prevalence of antibiotic multidrug resistance in S. aureus isolates, even if the detection of selected antimicrobial resistance genes did not always correspond with the occurrence of phenotypic antibiotic resistance; the immune evasion cluster gene prevalence was quite low in the samples analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Monistero
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Italy, 20133
| | - A Barberio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione Territoriale di Padova, Legnaro (PD), Italy, 3020
| | - F Biscarini
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy, 26900
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy, 26900
| | - B Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy, 26900
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Research Division, Food Microbial Systems, Bern, Switzerland, 3003
| | - E Bottini
- Laboratorio de Microbiologia Clinica y Experimental, Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva SAMP/CIVENTAN, Becaria CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV, UNCPBA), Paraje Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, CP 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - A Ceballos-Marquez
- Laboratorio de Calidad de Leche y Epidemiología Veterinaria (Grupo CLEV), Universidad de 6 Caldas, Manizales, 170003, Colombia
| | - V Kroemker
- Bioprocess Engineering-Faculty II, Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 30453 Hannover, Germany
| | - I M Petzer
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort, University of Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - C Pollera
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Italy, 20133
| | - C Santisteban
- Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - M Veiga Dos Santos
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Pirassununga-SP 13635900, Brazil
| | - V Bronzo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Italy, 20133
| | - R Piccinini
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Italy, 20133
| | - G Re
- Università degli Studi di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Turin, Italy, 10085
| | - M Cocchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Sezione Territoriale di Udine, Basaldella di Campoformido (UD), Italy, 33030
| | - P Moroni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Italy, 20133; Quality Milk Production Services, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850.
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7
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Gazzola A, Maisano AM, Bianchini V, Vezzoli F, Romanò A, Graber HU, Cremonesi P, Zanardi G, Cappa V, Luini M. Short communication: Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from bulk tank milk of dairy cattle in Lombardy (northern Italy). J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:2685-2692. [PMID: 31954577 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important pathogens causing mastitis in cattle, and it is responsible for economic losses in dairy herds worldwide. The PCR amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer (ribosomal spacer PCR, RS-PCR) allows a rapid classification of the strains in genotypes and genotypic clusters (CL), which are characterized by different epidemiological and clinical properties. Both RS-PCR and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) were performed on strains isolated from bovine bulk tank milk (BTM) collected from dairy herds located in the Lombardy region (northern Italy), to outline the distribution of Staph. aureus genotypes in this geographical area. Out of 844 examined samples, 398 were positive for Staph. aureus, with a variable count (cfu/mL) Up to 8 colonies from each sample were genotyped. A total of 1,101 Staph. aureus strains were analyzed with RS-PCR, and only a selection of them (n = 86), in relation to their frequency and geographical origin, underwent MLST. This study revealed 8 major genotypic clusters (CLB, CLC, CLR, CLS, CLI, CLF, CLAO, and CLZ), of which Staph. aureus CLB (29.3%) was the most common. Samples of BTM positive for CLB had a Staph. aureus cfu/mL count significantly higher than the non-CLB positive ones. Our MLST analysis showed genotypes already known as bovine-associated in literature, such as clonal complexes CC8, CC97, and CC151. The same selection of 86 strains was also analyzed for the presence of the adlb gene, which was recently proposed as a possible marker of contagiousness. Most Staph. aureus belonging to CLB or CC8 carried the adlb gene (85%), whereas this gene was detected in only 9% of non-CLB strains (CLAA, CLBI, CLBJ, CLS). In conclusion, the present study confirms that Staph. aureus CLB, which is recognized as a contagious genotype, is a particularly relevant agent of intramammary infection in dairy cows in Lombardy, and indirectly supports the idea that adlb can be a possible marker of contagiousness of isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gazzola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Infectious Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS "San Matteo," 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - A M Maisano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - V Bianchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - F Vezzoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - A Romanò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Food Microbial Systems, Group Microbiological Safety of Foods of Animal Origin, 3003 Berne, Switzerland
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - G Zanardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Reparto Produzione Primaria, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - V Cappa
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regione Lombardia, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - M Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, 26900 Lodi, Italy
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8
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Filipe J, Curone G, Bronzo V, Pisoni G, Cremonesi P, Pollera C, Turin L, Vigo D, Roccabianca P, Caniatti M, Moroni P, Riva F. Pentraxin 3 is up-regulated in epithelial mammary cells during Staphylococcus aureus intra-mammary infection in goat. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 59:8-16. [PMID: 30290890 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 is the prototypic long pentraxin and is produced by different cell populations (dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts) after pro-inflammatory stimulation. Different studies demonstrated the up-regulation of PTX3 during mastitis in ruminants, but its role is still unknown. We first investigated the conservation of PTX3 sequence among different species and its pattern of expression in a wide panel of organs from healthy goats. We studied the modulation of PTX3 during natural and experimental mammary infection, comparing its expression in blood, milk and mammary tissues from healthy and Staphylococcus aureus infected animals. We confirmed the high conservation of the molecule among different species. Goat PTX3 was expressed at high levels in bone marrow, mammary gland, aorta, rectum, pancreas, skin and lungs. PTX3 was up-regulated in epithelial mammary cells and in milk cells after S. aureus infection, suggesting that it represents a first line of defense in goat udder.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Filipe
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - G Curone
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - V Bronzo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - P Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
| | - C Pollera
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - L Turin
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - D Vigo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - P Roccabianca
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - M Caniatti
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - P Moroni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy; Cornell University, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Quality Milk Production Services, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - F Riva
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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9
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Alves AC, Capra E, Morandi S, Cremonesi P, Pantoja JCF, Langoni H, de Vargas APC, da Costa MM, Jagielski T, Bolaños CAD, Guerra ST, Ribeiro MG. In vitro algicidal effect of guanidine on Prototheca zopfii genotype 2 strains isolated from clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 64:419-423. [PMID: 28349671 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prototheca species have increasingly been reported to be opportunistic pathogens that cause mastitis in dairy herds, and it poses an emergent problem because at present, there are no effective therapies for the treatment of protothecal mastitis. This study investigated the in vitro algicidal effect of guanidine on 75 Prototheca zopfii genotype 2 strains isolated from 75 cases of clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis. All strains were susceptible to guanidine in vitro with minimal algaecide concentrations ranging from 0·001 to 0·035%. Guanidine is known to have a high microbicidal effect and is considered to be a new generation microbicidal compound. It is not toxic to human mucous membranes and conjunctivas at low concentrations and has been used as a disinfectant in swimming pools and as an antiseptic for human wounds. The algicidal action of guanidine at low concentrations indicates that it could be an alternative disinfectant or antiseptic for cleaning of the dairy environment and milking equipment, in pre- and postdipping solutions, in the chemical dry therapy of bovine teats and even in the intramammary therapy of P. zopfii infections. This is the first report of the in vitro algicidal effect of guanidine on P. zopfii strains of animal origin. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Prototheca zopfii genotype 2 is an opportunistic pathogen of bovine mastitis. To date, no effective therapies against protothecal mastitis have been developed. The in vitro algicidal effect of guanidine on 75 P. zopfii genotype 2 strains isolated from cows revealed that all of the isolates were susceptible to the compound at low concentrations, which indicates that guanidine may be used as an antiseptic/disinfectant for dairy milking equipment, in pre- and postdipping solutions, and as a chemical dry therapy or an intramammary therapy. This study describes the in vitro algicidal effect of guanidine on P. zopfii for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Alves
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - E Capra
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - S Morandi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Milan, Italy
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - J C F Pantoja
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - H Langoni
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - A P C de Vargas
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M M da Costa
- Federal University of São Francisco Valley, PE, Brazil
| | - T Jagielski
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - C A D Bolaños
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - S T Guerra
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - M G Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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10
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Capra E, Cremonesi P, Pietrelli A, Puccio S, Luini M, Stella A, Castiglioni B. Genomic and transcriptomic comparison between Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with high and low within herd prevalence of intra-mammary infection. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:21. [PMID: 28103794 PMCID: PMC5247818 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-0931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) is one of the major pathogens causing mastitis in dairy ruminants worldwide. The chronic nature of Staph. aureus infection enhances the contagiousness risk and diffusion in herds. In order to identify the factors involved in intra-mammary infection (IMI) and diffusion in dairy cows, we investigated the molecular characteristics of two groups of Staph. aureus strains belonging to ST8 and ST398, differing in clinical properties, through comparison of whole genome and whole transcriptome sequencing. Results The two groups of strains, one originated from high IMI prevalence herds and the other from low IMI prevalence herds, present a peculiar set of genes and polymorphisms related to phenotypic features, such as bacterial invasion of mammary epithelial cells and host adaptation. Transcriptomic analysis supports the high propensity of ST8 strain to chronicity of infection and to a higher potential cytotoxicity. Conclusions Our data are consistent with the invasiveness and host adaptation feature for the strains GTB/ST8 associated to high within-herd prevalence of mastitis. Variation in genes coding for surface exposed proteins and those associated to virulence and defence could constitute good targets for further research. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-017-0931-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Capra
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
| | - P Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Pietrelli
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milano, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - S Puccio
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milano, Italy.,Scuola di Dottorato in Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Milano, Segrate, Milan, 20009, Italy
| | - M Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Sezione di Lodi, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Stella
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy.,Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
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11
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Capra E, Turri F, Lazzari B, Cremonesi P, Gliozzi TM, Fojadelli I, Stella A, Pizzi F. Small RNA sequencing of cryopreserved semen from single bull revealed altered miRNAs and piRNAs expression between High- and Low-motile sperm populations. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:14. [PMID: 28052756 PMCID: PMC5209821 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Small RNAs present in bovine ejaculate can be linked to sperm abnormalities and fertility disorders. At present, quality parameters routinely used in semen evaluation are not fully reliable to predict bull fertility. In order to provide additional quality measurements for cryopreserved semen used for breeding, a method based on deep sequencing of sperm microRNA (miRNA) and Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) from individual bulls was developed. To validate our method, two populations of spermatozoa isolated from high and low motile fractions separated by Percoll were sequenced, and their small RNAs content characterized. Results Sperm cells from frozen thawed semen samples of 4 bulls were successfully separated in two fractions. We identified 83 miRNAs and 79 putative piRNAs clusters that were differentially expressed in both fractions. Gene pathways targeted by 40 known differentially expressed miRNAs were related to apoptosis. Dysregulation of miR-17-5p, miR-26a-5p, miR-486-5p, miR-122-5p, miR-184 and miR-20a-5p was found to target three pathways (PTEN, PI3K/AKT and STAT). Conclusions Small RNAs sequencing data obtained from single bulls are consistent with previous findings. Specific miRNAs are differentially represented in low versus high motile sperm, suggesting an alteration of cell functions and increased germ cell apoptosis in the low motile fraction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3394-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Capra
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - F Turri
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - B Lazzari
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy.,Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - P Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - T M Gliozzi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - I Fojadelli
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Stella
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy.,Parco Tecnologico Padano, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - F Pizzi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
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12
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Locatelli C, Cremonesi P, Caprioli A, Carfora V, Ianzano A, Barberio A, Morandi S, Casula A, Castiglioni B, Bronzo V, Moroni P. Occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dairy cattle herds, related swine farms, and humans in contact with herds. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:608-619. [PMID: 27865508 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the circulation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in 2 dairy cattle farms (farm A and B), previously identified as MRSA-positive in bulk tank milk samples, and epidemiologically related to swine farms. Collected specimens included quarter milk samples and nasal swabs from dairy cows, pig nasal swabs collected at both the farm and slaughterhouse level, environmental dust samples, and human nasal swabs from the farms' owners and workers. The prevalence of MRSA was estimated at the herd level by testing quarter milk samples. The prevalence of MRSA was 4.8% (3/63; 95% confidence interval=0-10.2%) and 60% (33/55; 95% confidence interval=47.05-72.95) in farm A and B, respectively. In farm A, MRSA was also isolated from humans, pigs sampled at both farm and slaughterhouse level, and from environmental samples collected at the pig facilities. The dairy cattle facilities of farm A tested negative for MRSA. In farm B, MRSA was isolated from environmental dust samples in both the cattle and pig facilities, whereas nasal swabs collected from cows and from humans tested negative. Sixty-three selected MRSA isolates obtained from different sources in farm A and B were genetically characterized by multilocus sequence typing, spa-typing, ribosomal spacer-PCR, and also tested for the presence of specific virulence genes and for their phenotypical antimicrobial susceptibility by broth microdilution method. Different clonal complex (CC) and spa-types were identified, including CC398, CC97, and CC1, CC already reported in livestock animals in Italy. The MRSA isolates from quarter milk of farm A and B mostly belonged to CC97 and CC398, respectively. Both lineages were also identified in humans in farm A. The CC97 and CC398 quarter milk isolates were also identified as genotype GTBE and GTAF by ribosomal spacer-PCR respectively, belonging to distinct clusters with specific virulence and resistance patterns. The GTBE and GTAF clusters also included swine, environmental, and human isolates from both farms. A high heterogeneity in the genetic and phenotypic profiles was observed in environmental isolates, in particular from farm B. These results demonstrate the possibility of a dynamic sharing and exchange of MRSA lineages or genotypes between different species and farm compartments in mixed-species farms. The risk of transmission between swine and related dairy cattle herds should be considered. Our findings also confirm the zoonotic potential of livestock-associated MRSA and underline the importance of applying biosecurity measures and good hygiene practices to prevent MRSA spread at the farm level and throughout the food production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - P Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, (IBBA-CNR), via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - A Caprioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri" General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - V Carfora
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri" General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - A Ianzano
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri" General Diagnostic Department, National Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - A Barberio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Vicenza viale Fiume 78, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - S Morandi
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, (ISPA-CNR), via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - A Casula
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, (IBBA-CNR), via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - V Bronzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - P Moroni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; Animal Heath Diagnostic Center, Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
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13
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Ben Said M, Abbassi MS, Bianchini V, Sghaier S, Cremonesi P, Romanò A, Gualdi V, Hassen A, Luini MV. Genetic characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine milk in Tunisia. Lett Appl Microbiol 2016; 63:473-481. [PMID: 27657910 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major agent of bovine mastitis in dairy herds, causing economic losses in dairy industry worldwide. In addition, milk and milk-products contaminated by Staph. aureus can cause harmful human diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize Staph. aureus strains isolated from dairy farms in Tunisia. Bulk tank milk (n = 32) and individual cow milk (n = 130) samples were collected during the period of 2013-2014. Forty-three Staph. aureus isolates were recovered and typed by spa typing, 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer (RS-PCR) and multiplex PCRs for 22 virulence genes. Antimicrobial resistance was also investigated with a disc diffusion test. A selected subsample of 22 strains was additionally genotyped by multilocus sequence typing. Seventeen spa types were recovered, and t2421 (n = 10), t521 (n = 6) and t2112 (n = 5) were the most common. Fourteen different RS-PCR genotypes grouped into 11 clusters were detected in our study, with predominance of the RVI genotype (n = 24). Eight sequence types were identified and Clonal Complex 97, corresponding to RS-PCR cluster R, was the most common (n = 10), followed by CC1 (n = 4), CC15 (n = 3) and other four accounting for one or two strains. Different combinations of virulence genes were reported, and enterotoxin genes were present in few strains (seh, n = 4; sea, n = 2; sea and seh, n = 2; sec and sel, n = 2). The majority of strains were resistant only to penicillin; only one strain was found to be multiresistant and no methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus was demonstrated. Our study reported the isolation of CC97 from bovine milk in Tunisia for the first time and confirmed the relevance of this lineage in intramammary infection in cows. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This paper describes the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank and individual cow milk in Tunisia. All strains were genotyped by spa typing and RS-PCR, a method based on the amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region, and multiplex PCRs for 22 virulence genes. A selected subsample of strains was also genotyped by multilocus sequence typing. All strains were tested for antimicrobial resistance. Our study evidences a predominance of strains belonging to Clonal Complex 97. Methicillin-resistant strains were not detected, and overall low level of antimicrobial resistance was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ben Said
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisie.,Laboratory Wastewater Treatment, and Research Center of Water Technologies, Techno park Borj Cedria, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - M S Abbassi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisie
| | - V Bianchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - S Sghaier
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisie.,Laboratory Wastewater Treatment, and Research Center of Water Technologies, Techno park Borj Cedria, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Romanò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Lodi, Italy
| | - V Gualdi
- Piattaforma Genomica, Parco Tecnologico Padano, Lodi, Italy
| | - A Hassen
- Laboratory Wastewater Treatment, and Research Center of Water Technologies, Techno park Borj Cedria, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - M V Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Lodi, Italy
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14
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Morandi S, Cremonesi P, Capra E, Silvetti T, Decimo M, Bianchini V, Alves AC, Vargas AC, Costa GM, Ribeiro MG, Brasca M. Molecular typing and differences in biofilm formation and antibiotic susceptibilities among Prototheca strains isolated in Italy and Brazil. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:6436-6445. [PMID: 27236754 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca is a serious and complex problem that accounts for high economic losses in the dairy industry. The main objective of this study was to identify and characterize at genetic level different Prototheca strains and provide the most complete data about protothecal antibiotic resistance. The study involves 46 isolates from Italian (13 strains) and Brazilian (33 strains) mastitic milk. These strains were identified by multiplex PCR and single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and characterized by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR. Moreover, biofilm production and antibiotic susceptibility were evaluated. Forty-two strains resulted as Prototheca zopfii genotype 2, whereas 4 isolates could belong to a potential new Prototheca species. The RAPD-PCR, performed with 3 primers (M13, OPA-4, and OPA-18), showed a notable heterogeneity among isolates and grouped the strains according to the species and geographical origin. Biofilm production was species-dependent and P. zopfii genotype 2 strains were classified as strong biofilm producers. In vitro antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that Prototheca strains were susceptible to antibacterial drugs belonging to aminoglycosides group; the highest activity against Prototheca strains was observed in the case of colistin sulfate, gentamicin, and netilmicin (100% of susceptible strains). It is interesting to note that all the Italian P. zopfii genotype 2 strains showed lower minimum inhibitory concentration values than the Brazilian ones. Nisin showed more efficacy than lysozyme and potassium sorbate, inhibiting 31% of the strains. Results obtained in this study confirmed that RAPD-PCR is a rapid, inexpensive, and highly discriminating tool for Prototheca strains characterization and could give a good scientific contribution for better understanding the protothecal mastitis in dairy herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morandi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - E Capra
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - T Silvetti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - M Decimo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - V Bianchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - A C Alves
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - A C Vargas
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - G M Costa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200000, Larvas, MG, Brazil
| | - M G Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - M Brasca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Locatelli C, Cremonesi P, Bertocchi L, Zanoni M, Barberio A, Drigo I, Varisco G, Castiglioni B, Bronzo V, Moroni P. Short communication: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk of dairy cows and effect of swine population density. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:2151-2156. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Cremonesi P, Pozzi F, Raschetti M, Bignoli G, Capra E, Graber HU, Vezzoli F, Piccinini R, Bertasi B, Biffani S, Castiglioni B, Luini M. Genomic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with high within-herd prevalence of intramammary infections in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6828-38. [PMID: 26233457 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causes of mastitis in dairy cattle. Based on previous research, Staph. aureus genotypes with different pathogenic and contagious properties can cause intramammary infection (IMI) and coexist in the same herd. Our study aimed to compare Staph. aureus strains from herds that differed in IMI prevalence using different molecular approaches such as ribosomal spacer (RS)-PCR, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), spa typing, ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multiplex PCR. For this purpose, 31 dairy herds with Staph. aureus IMI were selected, and 16 of these were chosen for a comparison study: the 8 high-prevalence (HP) herds had Staph. aureus IMI prevalence >28% and the 8 low-prevalence (LP) herds had an IMI prevalence <4%. A total of 650 isolates of Staph. aureus from mammary quarters of all positive cows were genotyped with RS-PCR, a technique based on amplification of a portion of the intergenic spacer 16S-23S rRNA, and a subset of 54 strains was also analyzed by multiplex PCR, ribotyping, PFGE, MLST, and spa typing. The RS-PCR analysis revealed 12 different profiles. Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from 5 out of 8 HP herds showed a profile identical to the genotype B (GTB), described in previous studies as being strongly associated with high within-herd prevalence of Staph. aureus mastitis and the presence of the genes coding for enterotoxins sea, sed, and sej, a long x-region of spa gene, and 3 lukE fragments. Moreover, all strains isolated in the HP herds possessed genes coding for staphylococcal enterotoxins. In LP herds, a limited number of strains of 6 genotypes, different from those isolated in HP herds, were identified and GTB was not found. Within these genotypes, 4 strains were positive for the mecA gene. Preliminary results and comparison with other genotyping methods confirmed that genotyping by RS-PCR is an accurate, rapid, and inexpensive tool for future field studies on Staph. aureus mastitis strains and generates clinically relevant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - F Pozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Sezione di Lodi, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - M Raschetti
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - G Bignoli
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - E Capra
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - H U Graber
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences (IFS), Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, CH-3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - F Vezzoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Sezione di Lodi, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - R Piccinini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - B Bertasi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Reparto Tecnologie Acidi Nucleici Applicate agli Alimenti, via Bianchi, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - S Biffani
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy; Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - M Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Sezione di Lodi, via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
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Luini M, Cremonesi P, Magro G, Bianchini V, Minozzi G, Castiglioni B, Piccinini R. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with low within-herd prevalence of intra-mammary infections in dairy cows: Genotyping of isolates. Vet Microbiol 2015; 178:270-4. [PMID: 26009302 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common mastitis-causing pathogens worldwide. In the last decade, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (LA-MRSA) infections have been described in several species, included the bovines. Hence, this paper investigates the diffusion of MRSA within Italian dairy herds; the strains were further characterized using a DNA microarray, which detects 330 different sequences, including the methicillin-resistance genes mecA and mecC and SCCmec typing. The analysis of overall patterns allows the assignment to Clonal Complexes (CC). Overall 163 S. aureus isolates, collected from quarter milk samples in 61 herds, were tested. MRSA strains were further processed using spa typing. Fifteen strains (9.2%), isolated in 9 herds (14.75%), carried mecA, but none harboured mecC. MRSA detection was significantly associated (P<0.011) with a within-herd prevalence of S. aureus intra-mammary infections (IMI) ≤5%. Ten MRSA strains were assigned to CC398, the remaining ones to CC97 (n=2), CC1 (n=2) or CC8 (n=1). In 3 herds, MRSA and MSSA co-existed: CC97-MRSA with CC398-MSSA, CC1-MRSA with CC8-MSSA and CC398-MRSA with CC126-MSSA. The results of spa typing showed an overall similar profile of the strains belonging to the same CC: t127-CC1, t1730-CC97, t899 in 8 out of 10 CC398. In the remaining 2 isolates a new spa type, t14644, was identified. The single CC8 was a t3092. The SCCmec cassettes were classified as type IV, type V or type IV/V composite. All or most strains harboured the genes encoding the β-lactamase operon and the tetracycline resistance. Streptogramin resistance gene was related to CC398. Enterotoxin and leukocidin genes were carried only by CC1, CC8 and CC97-MRSA. The persistence of MRSA clones characterized by broader host range, in epidemiologically unrelated areas and in dairy herds with low prevalence of S. aureus IMI, might enhance the risk for adaptation to human species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna-IZSLER, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - P Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - G Magro
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - V Bianchini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna-IZSLER, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - G Minozzi
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - B Castiglioni
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - R Piccinini
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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18
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Capra E, Cremonesi P, Cortimiglia C, Bignoli G, Ricchi M, Moroni P, Pesce A, Luini M, Castiglioni B. Simultaneous identification by multiplex PCR of major Prototheca spp. isolated from bovine and buffalo intramammary infection and bulk tank. Lett Appl Microbiol 2014; 59:642-7. [PMID: 25196253 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca spp. infection is increasing worldwide, therefore becoming more relevant to the dairy industry. Almost all Prototheca isolates from bovine mammary protothecosis came from P. zopfii genotype 2, with a lower prevalence of infection due to P. blaschkeae and rarely to P. wickerhamii. In this study, we report the development of two multiplex PCR assays able to discriminate among the three species responsible for bovine intramammary infection (IMI). Our assay is based on the specific amplification of new DNA target from mitochondria and chloroplasts partial sequences, of different Prototheca isolates. Both methods were set up using reference strains belonging to all Prototheca species and validated by the analysis of 93 isolates from bovine and buffalo IMI and bulk tank milk samples. The investigation involves 70 isolates from North, 13 from Central and 10 from South Italian regions. Isolates from bovine were most commonly identified as P. zopfii genotype 2, and only in one case as P. blaschkeae, whereas isolates from buffaloes belonged both to P. zopfii genotype 2 and P. wickerhamii. These findings proved the suitability of our multiplex PCRs as a rapid test to discriminate among pathogenic Prototheca strains. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work reports PCR assays based on novel Prototheca spp. mitochondrial and chloroplastic target sequences. The multiplex PCR protocol described in this study is useful for rapid simultaneous detection of P. zopfii, P. wickerhamii and P. blaschkeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Capra
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, Lodi, Italy
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19
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Cremonesi P, Zottola T, Locatelli C, Pollera C, Castiglioni B, Scaccabarozzi L, Moroni P. Identification of virulence factors in 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer genotyped Staphylococcus aureus isolated from water buffaloes and small ruminants. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7666-74. [PMID: 24140323 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-6917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human and animal pathogen, and is regarded as an important cause of intramammary infection (IMI) in ruminants. Staphylococcus aureus genetic variability and virulence factors have been well studied in veterinary medicine, especially in cows as support for control and management of IMI. The aim of the present study was to genotype 71 Staph. aureus isolates from the bulk tank and foremilk of water buffaloes (n=40) and from udder tissue (n=7) and foremilk (n=24) from small ruminants. The method used was previously applied to bovine Staph. aureus and is based on the amplification of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region. The technique applied was able to identify different Staph. aureus genotypes isolated from dairy species other than the bovine species, and cluster the genotypes according to species and herds. Virulence gene distribution was consistent with genotype differentiation. The isolates were also characterized through determination of the presence of 19 virulence-associated genes by specific PCR. Enterotoxins A, C, D, G, I, J, and L were associated with Staph. aureus isolates from buffaloes, whereas enterotoxins C and L were linked to small ruminants. Genes coding for methicillin resistance, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, exfoliative toxins A and B, and enterotoxins B, E, and H were undetected. These findings indicate that RNA template-specific PCR is a valid technique for typing Staph. aureus from buffaloes and small ruminants and is a useful tool for understanding udder infection epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cremonesi
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi Italy
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20
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Modesto P, Peletto S, Pisoni G, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Colussi S, Caramelli M, Bronzo V, Moroni P, Acutis PL. Evaluation of internal reference genes for quantitative expression analysis by real-time reverse transcription-PCR in somatic cells from goat milk. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7932-44. [PMID: 24119819 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcription (RT) quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is the most accurate and easy-to-perform technique to measure the expression level of a selected gene of interest by quantifying mRNA transcripts. The use of reference genes is commonly accepted as the most reliable approach to normalize RT-qPCR data and reduce possible errors generated in the quantification of gene expression. The optimal number and choice of reference genes are experimentally validated for specific tissues or cell types and experimental designs. To date, data on qPCR normalization in goats are scarce and the most suitable reference genes in this species have been identified for only a limited number of tissues. The aim of this study was to determine an optimal combination of stably expressed reference genes in caprine milk somatic cells (MSC) from healthy and infected mammary glands. For the purpose, we performed RT-qPCR for 10 commonly used reference genes from various functional classes and then determined their expression level in MSC from goats intramammary challenged with Staphylococcus aureus and in MSC from healthy controls, with a view to select genes whose stability would be unaffected under infection conditions. The geNorm and NormFinder algorithms were used for validating the reference genes. Furthermore, to demonstrate the importance of normalization of gene expression with appropriate reference genes, we tested the effect of using a combination of the least stable genes for expression analysis evaluation. On the basis of our evaluation, we recommend the use of a panel of reference genes that should include G6PD, YWHAZ, and ACTB for caprine MSC gene expression profiling. The expression of the 2 genes of interest, pentraxin-related protein (PTX3) and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), was evaluated by RT-qPCR in all samples collected pre- and postinfection, and the recommended reference genes were used to normalize the data. Our study provides a validated panel of optimal reference genes for the identification of genes differentially expressed by qRT-PCR in caprine MSC. Moreover, we provided a set of intron-spanning primer sequences that could be suitable for gene expression experiments using SYBR Green chemistry on other caprine tissues and cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Modesto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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21
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Cremonesi P, Pozzi F, Ricchi M, Castiglioni B, Luini M, Chessa S. Technical note: Identification of Prototheca species from bovine milk samples by PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:6963-8. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- G Carrea
- Istituto di Chimica degli Ormoni, C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milano, Italy
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23
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Cremonesi P, Di Bella E, Montefiori M. Cost analysis of emergency department. J Prev Med Hyg 2010; 51:157-163. [PMID: 21553561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper is intended to examine both clinical and economic data concerning the activity of an emergency department of an Italian primary Hospital. Real data referring to arrivals, waiting times, service times, severity (according to triage classification) of patients' condition collected along the whole 2009 are matched up with the relevant accounting and economic information concerning the costs faced. A new methodological approach is implemented in order to identify a "standard production cost" and its variability. We believe that this kind of analysis well fits the federalizing process that Italy is experiencing. In fact the federal reform is driving our Country toward a decentralized provision and funding of local public services. The health care services are "fundamental" under the provisions of the law that in turn implies that a standard cost has to be defined for its funding. The standard cost (as it is defined by the law) relies on the concepts of appropriateness and efficiency in the production of the health care service, assuming a standard quality level as target. The identification and measurement of health care costs is therefore a crucial task propaedeutic to health services economic evaluation. Various guidelines with different amount of details have been set up for costing methods which, however, are defined in simplified frameworks and using fictious data. This study is a first attempt to proceed in the direction of a precise definition of the costs inherent to the emergency department activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cremonesi
- Complex Structure of Medicine and Surgery of Acceptance and Urgency, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
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24
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Sartini M, Cristina ML, Spagnolo AM, Cremonesi P, Costaguta C, Monacelli F, Garau J, Odetti P. The epidemiology of domestic injurious falls in a community dwelling elderly population: an outgrowing economic burden. Eur J Public Health 2009; 20:604-6. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckp165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Cremonesi P, Pisoni G, Severgnini M, Consolandi C, Moroni P, Raschetti M, Castiglioni B. Pathogen detection in milk samples by ligation detection reaction-mediated universal array method. J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:3027-39. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cremonesi P, Perez G, Pisoni G, Castiglioni B, Luzzana M, Battaglia C, Sartorelli P, Moroni P. Development of a microarray platform for detection of milk pathogens: preliminary results. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32 Suppl 1:S187-9. [PMID: 18696242 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9162-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Cremonesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Brigidi S, Cremonesi P, Cristina ML, Costaguta C, Sartini M. Inequalities and health: analysis of a model for the management of Latin American users of an emergency department. J Prev Med Hyg 2008; 49:6-12. [PMID: 18792528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The number of foreigners using emergency departments has risen in recent years. The aim of this study was to assess the management of Latin American users, above all Ecuadorian, of an emergency departments by analysing the main reasons for access to the emergency departments, the triage codes assigned and the attitudes and behaviours of healthcare personnel towards foreign nationals, particularly those classifiable as foreigners temporarily present. METHODS The management model was examined through the analysis of medical data, field observation and semi-structured interviews conducted in Spanish regarding sociodemographic, socioanthropological and healthcare issues. RESULTS Latin Americans accounted for 7.51% of the total number of users of the emergency departments; 50.91% were classifiable as foreigners temporarily present. The triage codes assigned to these patients have a high percentages of white (19.75%) and green (69.81%) codes. Patients with foreigners temporarily present status showed high rates of requests for prescriptions and examinations (85.19%), gynaecological problems (69.90%), fever (64.04%), abortion/pregnancy-related requests (56.77%) and leave without being seen (63.91%). CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that foreigners temporarily present look to the emergency departments for non-urgent services, as this is the only facility to which they are entitled to refer for medical treatment. This fact underlines the need to reform healthcare legislation in such a way as to entitle every foreigner to be treated by a Family Physician; this would reduce both waiting times in the emergency departments and the irritation of medical personnel who are called upon to deal with non-urgent cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brigidi
- Department of Anthropology, Philosophy and Social Work, Rovira and Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain
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28
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Cremonesi P, Perez G, Pisoni G, Moroni P, Morandi S, Luzzana M, Brasca M, Castiglioni B. Detection of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus isolates in raw milk cheese. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 45:586-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Cremonesi P, Vimercati C, Pisoni G, Perez G, Ribera AM, Castiglioni B, Luzzana M, Ruffo G, Moroni P. Development of DNA extraction and PCR amplification protocols for detection of Mycoplasma bovis directly from milk samples. Vet Res Commun 2007; 31 Suppl 1:225-7. [PMID: 17682881 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-007-0011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Cremonesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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30
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Morandi S, Brasca M, Lodi R, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B. Detection of classical enterotoxins and identification of enterotoxin genes in Staphylococcus aureus from milk and dairy products. Vet Microbiol 2007; 124:66-72. [PMID: 17462836 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Milk and dairy products are frequently contaminated with enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus, which is often involved in staphylococcal food poisoning. The distribution of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) in S. aureus isolated from bovine, goat, sheep and buffalo milk and dairy products was verified by the presence of the corresponding SE production. A total of 112 strains of S. aureus were tested for SE production by immuno-enzymatic (SEA-SEE) and reversed passive latex agglutination (SEA-SED) methods, while multiplex-PCR was applied for SE genes (sea, sec, sed, seg, seh, sei, sej and sel). Of the total strains studied, 67% were detected to have some SE genes (se), but only 52% produced a detectable amount of the classic antigenic SE types. The bovine isolates frequently had enterotoxin SEA, SED and sej, while SEC and sel predominated in the goat and sheep strains. The results demonstrated (i) marked enterotoxigenic S. aureus strain variations, in accordance with strain origin and (ii) the two methods resulted in different information but concurred on the risk of foodstuff infection by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morandi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Italian National Research Council, Celoria 2, Milan, Italy.
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Sartini M, Cremonesi P, Tamagno R, Cristina ML, Orlando P, Vandelli A, Carinci A, Caruso A, Grotti A, Iacovella A, La Brocca A, Mangioncalda A, Longanesi AM, Susi B, Barletta C, Braglia D, Coen D, Tazza D, Gottardi E, Palego E, Urbano E, Bar F, Bussani F, De Giorgi F, Esposito F, Fabi F, Lotti F, Miglio F, Moscariello F, Pertoldi F, Sardella F, Tosato F, Abregal G, Baldi G, Carbone G, Cerqua G, Giagnorio G, Pia G, Piazza G, Tedesco G, Sallustio GF, Morana I, Beringheli L, Jannotti L, Spinsi L, Zulli L, Cavazza M, De Simone M, Galletti M, Gioffrè Florio M, Greco M, Longoni M, Luppi M, Magnani M, Mazzone M, Pastorello M, Pazzaglia M, Ravaglia M, Zammataro M, Zanna M, Bressan MA, Saggese MP, Gentiloni Silveri N, Scopetta N, De Mitri O, Fantin O, Boscolo P, Cancemi P, De Angelis P, Di Pietro P, Mosca P, Pacelli P, Torboli P, Copetti R, Fazio R, Losordo R, Melandri R, Papitto R, Chiaravalle S, Orlando S, Sturlese U, Di Grande A, Narbone G, Zimmermann H, Martinelli L, Clanchini V, Paternosto D, Fiorilli M, Del Prato C, Becheri M, Lanigra M, Guerra G, Sinno C, Soragna A, Ferranio MP, Bua V, Capra R, Lualdi E. Quality in emergency departments: a study on 3,285,440 admissions. J Prev Med Hyg 2007; 48:17-23. [PMID: 17506233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A multi-centre study has been conducted, during 2005, by means of a questionnaire posted on the Italian Society of Emergency Medicine (SIMEU) web page. Our intention was to carry out an organisational and functional analysis of Italian Emergency Departments (ED) in order to pick out some macro-indicators of the activities performed. Participation was good, in that 69 ED (3,285,440 admissions to emergency services) responded to the questionnaire. METHODS The study was based on 18 questions: 3 regarding the personnel of the ED, 2 regarding organisational and functional aspects, 5 on the activity of the ED, 7 on triage and 1 on the assessment of the quality perceived by the users of the ED. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The replies revealed that 91.30% of the ED were equipped with data-processing software, which, in 96.83% of cases, tracked the entire itinerary of the patient. About 48,000 patients/year used the ED: 76.72% were discharged and 18.31% were hospitalised. Observation Units were active in 81.16% of the ED examined. Triage programmes were in place in 92.75% of ED: in 75.81% of these, triage was performed throughout the entire itinerary of the patient; in 16.13% it was performed only symptom-based, and in 8.06% only on-call. Of the patients arriving at the ED, 24.19% were assigned a non-urgent triage code, 60.01% a urgent code, 14.30% a emergent code and 1.49% a life-threatening code. Waiting times were: 52.39 min for non-urgent patients, 40.26 min for urgent, 12.08 for emergent, and 1.19 for life-threatening patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sartini
- Dept. Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy.
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Vimercati C, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Pisoni G, Boettcher PJ, Stella A, Vicenzoni G, Moroni P. Molecular typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from cows, goats and sheep with intramammary infections on the basis of gene polymorphisms and toxins genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 53:423-8. [PMID: 17062119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated 116 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows, goats and sheep with intramammary infections (IMI) in Italy to provide information about the spread of enterotoxigenic strains and to compare strains isolated from different ruminant species. The isolates were typed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the coagulase (coa) gene, by analysis of polymorphisms of the X region of protein A (spa) gene and by detection of genes encoding enterotoxins (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej and sel). Seven different coa types and 12 different spa types were distinguished. On the basis of polymerase chain reaction-RFLP, 29 different coa subtypes were identified. Two different coa subtypes accounted for 49% and 67% of bovine and ovine isolates respectively. Only seven coa subtypes were observed in isolates from more than one host species and no coa subtype was present in isolates from all three ruminant species. Furthermore, 85 of the isolates (73%) harboured at least one enterotoxin gene (se) with a predominance of sea, sed and sej among isolates from bovine IMI, and sec and sel among isolates from caprine and ovine IMI. Comparing the S. aureus isolates on the basis of gene polymorphisms and presence of se genes, significant differences were found in distributions of genotypes among isolates from cows, goats and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vimercati
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, Milan, Italy
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Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Malferrari G, Biunno I, Vimercati C, Moroni P, Morandi S, Luzzana M. Technical Note: Improved Method for Rapid DNA Extraction of Mastitis Pathogens Directly from Milk. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:163-9. [PMID: 16357279 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Efficient control against bovine mastitis requires sensitive, rapid, and specific tests to detect and identify the main bacteria that cause heavy losses to the dairy industry. Molecular detection of pathogenic microorganisms is based on DNA amplification of the target pathogen. Therefore, efficient extraction of DNA from pathogenic bacteria is a major step. In this study, we aimed to develop a specific, sensitive, and rapid method to extract DNA directly from the main gram-positive bacteria known to cause bovine mastitis (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, and Streptococcus uberis) found in milk samples. The DNA extraction method is based on the lysing and nuclease-inactivating properties of the chaotropic agent, guanidinium thiocyanate, together with the nucleic acid-binding properties of the silica particles. An efficient protocol consisting of 6 basic steps (3 of which were done twice) was developed and applied directly to milk samples. Absence of PCR inhibitors and DNA quality were evaluated by PCR amplification of the species-specific DNA sequences of the target bacteria. The level of sensitivity achieved in our experiments is applicable to milk sample analysis without sample enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cremonesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University of Milan, Segrate, Milan, Italy.
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Vimercati C, Cremonesi P, Castiglioni B, Boettcher P, Luzzana M, Ruffo G, Moroni P. Analysis of genetic polymorphisms in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine milk. Vet Res Commun 2005; 29 Suppl 2:257-9. [PMID: 16244969 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-005-0056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Vimercati
- Department of Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Milano, Italy
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Moroni P, Pisoni G, Vimercati C, Rinaldi M, Castiglioni B, Cremonesi P, Boettcher P. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Chronically Infected Dairy Goats. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:3500-9. [PMID: 16162524 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73035-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A herd of 88 Alpine goats in Northern Italy was monitored for a complete lactation. Milk samples were taken from each udder half during 8 monthly visits. Goats (n = 28) with > or =2 consecutive positive tests for Staphylococcus aureus in the same udder half were identified as chronically infected, and all of those had > or =4 positive tests of the 8 samples. Goats with no infections in either udder half during any visit were considered healthy (n = 26). Linear mixed models were used to examine the relationship between chronic infection by S. aureus and SCC and production traits. The bacteria isolated from one sample from each infected goat were genotyped on the basis of polymorphism in several genes and evaluated for the presence of genes encoding for enterotoxins. The bacteria isolated from each animal were also subject to a test for beta-lactamase production and to minimum inhibitory concentration tests for 11 antimicrobial agents. As expected, SCC (log2) was significantly higher in infected goats than in healthy goats (7.55 vs. 5.50). Also, mean log SCC from infected udder halves (8.02) was greater than that in uninfected udder halves from the same goats (6.44). No significant differences were observed in milk yield or for fat and protein percentages between infected and healthy goats. No genetic variability was observed among the bacteria isolated, suggesting that all were from the same strain, although isolates did vary in susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents. All S. aureus isolates were negative for the beta-lactamase production test. The most effective drugs when tested in vitro were benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, cloxacillin, and cephalosporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moroni
- Department of Animal Pathology, Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Milan, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Poscia A, Mascini M, Moscone D, Luzzana M, Caramenti G, Cremonesi P, Valgimigli F, Bongiovanni C, Varalli M. A microdialysis technique for continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring in diabetic patients (part 1). Biosens Bioelectron 2003; 18:891-8. [PMID: 12713912 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(02)00216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The performances and the stability of a novel subcutaneous glucose monitoring system have been evaluated. GlucoDay (A. Menarini I.F.R. S.r.l, Florence Italy) is a portable instrument provided with a micro-pump and a biosensor coupled to a microdialysis system capable of recording the subcutaneous glucose level every 3 min. Long and short term stability of the biosensor are discussed and the results of some critical in vitro and in vivo (on rabbits) experiments are reported. A linear response up to 30 mM has been found for in vivo glucose concentration. The sensitivity referred to blood glucose is better than 0.1 mM and the zero current is typically below the equivalent of 0.1 mM. In the accuracy study a mean bias of 2.7 mg/dl and a correlation coefficient equal to 0.9697 have been found. At room temperature, an excellent membrane stability assures good performances up to 6 months from the first use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Poscia
- Research and Development Department, A. Menarini Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.r.l., Via Sette Santi, Florence, 3-50131, Italy.
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Varalli M, Marelli G, Maran A, Bistoni S, Luzzana M, Cremonesi P, Caramenti G, Valgimigli F, Poscia A. A microdialysis technique for continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring in diabetic patients (part 2). Biosens Bioelectron 2003; 18:899-905. [PMID: 12713913 DOI: 10.1016/s0956-5663(02)00215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility, the accuracy and the reliability of a continuous subcutaneous glucose measuring system. The GlucoDay system (A. Menarini I.F.R. S.r.l.-Florence, Italy) is a portable instrument provided with a micro-pump and a biosensor, coupled to a microdialysis system (see part 1). This instrument has demonstrated high reliability coupled with a low degree of invasivity. The profiles of glucose monitoring allow to achieve an excellent knowledge of the real variation of glucose in diabetic patients. The reproducibility study showed a bias lower than 10% between instruments. The accuracy study showed a difference from the reference method lower than 15%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Varalli
- Research and Development Department, A. Menarini Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.r.l., Via Sette Santi, 3-50131, Florence, Italy
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Rogan EG, Cavalieri EL, Tibbels SR, Cremonesi P, Warner CD, Nagel DL, Tomer KB, Cerny RL, Gross ML. Synthesis and identification of benzo[a]pyrene-guanine nucleoside adducts formed by electrochemical oxidation and by horseradish peroxidase catalyzed reaction of benzo[a]pyrene with DNA. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00220a049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Williamson DS, Cremonesi P, Cavalieri E, Nagel DL, Markin RS, Cohen SM. Assignment of proton NMR spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by multiple quantum filtration. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00376a029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Luzzana M, Agnellini D, Cremonesi P, Caramenti G. Enzymatic reactions for the determination of sugars in food samples using the differential pH technique. Analyst 2001; 126:2149-52. [PMID: 11814194 DOI: 10.1039/b106880f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
All ATP coupled reactions, when performed at neutral or moderately alkaline pH, produce an acidification of the reaction mixture. The detection of small pH changes--0.1 mpH (1 mpH = 10(-3) pH)--in a constant buffering capacity solution makes it possible to quantify, over a wide concentration range (1-1500 mmol L(-1)), various analytes with very high precision and accuracy. Glucose, fructose, glycerol and gluconic acid can be analysed in less than 1 min with a single step reaction. Wine samples were analysed using the hexokinase reaction for glucose + fructose (sugars undergoing fermentation) and compared against an established method, showing excellent performance over the whole range of concentrations (R = 0.9994). Increased sensitivity in some applications can be obtained by cycling reactions, e.g. a kinase reaction followed by a phosphatase reaction. in a one step analysis, as required for lactulose assay in milk, a useful indicator of heat treatment damage. A sensitivity well below 0.1 mmol L(-1) in the original milk sample has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luzzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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Casoli A, Cremonesi P, Palla G, Vizzari M. Application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis to the study of works of art: paint media identification in polychrome multi-material sculptures. Ann Chim 2001; 91:727-39. [PMID: 11836950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
A new gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedure for characterizing both drying oils and proteinaceous binders in samples of painted artworks has been developed. Furthermore, a new analytical procedure for analysis of polysaccharide materials through identification of the monosaccharide constituents is proposed. The methods have been applied to characterizing binding media of the different layers of the polychrome surface in the multi-material sculptures from the sanctuary of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Mantova, Italy. It was found that animal glue was the main binder in the priming layer of all statues, whereas more complex mixtures were used in the paint layers. Generally, a drying oil was present, most often linseed oil alone or in combination with other organic binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Casoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Chimica Analitica, Chimica Fisica dell'Università, Parco Area delle Scienze, 17A, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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Raja KB, Jafri SE, Dickson D, Acebròn A, Cremonesi P, Fossati G, Simpson RJ. Involvement of iron (ferric) reduction in the iron absorption mechanism of a trivalent iron-protein complex (iron protein succinylate). Pharmacol Toxicol 2000; 87:108-15. [PMID: 11068850 DOI: 10.1111/j.0901-9928.2000.870302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Iron protein succinylate is a non-toxic therapeutic iron compound. We set out to characterise the structure of this compound and investigate the importance of digestion and intestinal reduction in determining absorption of the compound. The structure of the compound was investigated by variable temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy, molecular size determinations and kinetics of iron release by chelators. Intestinal uptake was determined with radioactive compound force fed to mice. Reduction of the compound was determined by in vitro incubation with intestinal fragments. The compound was found to contain only ferric iron, present as small particles including sizes below 10 nm. The iron was released rapidly to chelators. Digestion with trypsin reduced the molecular size of the compound. Intestinal absorption of the compound was inhibited by a ferrous chelator (ferrozine), indicating that reduction to ferrous iron may be important for absorption. The native compound was a poor substrate for duodenal reduction activity, but digestion with pepsin, followed by pancreatin, released soluble iron complexes with an increased reduction rate. We conclude that iron protein succinylate is absorbed by a mechanism involving digestion to release soluble, available ferric species which may be reduced at the mucosal surface to provide ferrous iron for membrane transport into enterocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Raja
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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Zaliani A, Pinori M, Ball HL, DiGregorio G, Cremonesi P, Mascagni P. The interaction of myristylated peptides with the catalytic domain of protein kinase C revealed by their sequence palindromy and the identification of a myristyl binding site. Protein Eng 1998; 11:803-10. [PMID: 9796830 DOI: 10.1093/protein/11.9.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Using a model of the enzyme structure and the results from a series of free and myristylated peptides, we provide evidence that peptides corresponding to the pseudosubstrate sequence of protein kinase C bind to the enzyme substrate binding site in an essentially extended conformation. This and the nearly symmetrical location of positive charges around the substrate phosphoritable site allow the peptide to bind to the enzyme in either an N-to-C orientation or its C-to-N opposite orientation. The latter is favoured by a change in residue chirality or when the peptide bears a myristoyl chain at its N-terminus. A myristyl binding site was also identified in the enzyme structure and its location in a region proximal to the C-terminal residue of pseudosubstrate bound in the N-to-C direction suggested that C-myristylation of peptide substrates should be more effective than N-myristoylation in antagonizing the enzyme. A peptide (H-RFARKGALRQKN-CONH-Myr) which contains the myristyl chain covalently linked to the C-terminal residue of the pseudosubstrate was thus made and shown to be a potent inhibitor of the histone kinase reaction of protein kinase C and the phosphorylation of p47 in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zaliani
- Italfarmaco Research Centre, Milan, Italy
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Sciumbata T, Caretto P, Pirovano P, Pozzi P, Cremonesi P, Galimberti G, Leoni F, Marcucci F. Treatment with modified heparins inhibits experimental metastasis formation and leads, in some animals, to long-term survival. Invasion Metastasis 1996; 16:132-43. [PMID: 9186548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two chemically modified heparins with low anticoagulant activity were studied in terms of their antimetastatic activity in the B16-BL6 melanoma model. The two heparins were a very low molecular weight heparin (VLMW-H) and a low molecular weight heparin with 100% succinylation of desulfated N groups (Succ100-LMW-H). Both heparins, VLMW-H more so than Succ100-LMW-H, were highly effective in decreasing the number of lung metastasis on day 21 when administered once subcutaneously 10 min before intravenous injection of melanoma cells or 2 times/week for 3 weeks. When the time of survival was measured, both heparins did not significantly prolong survival when administered once before injection of the tumor cells. When a repeated treatment schedule was adopted over 3 weeks, both heparins led to a slight, yet significant prolongation of survival. When the repeated treatment protocol was continued beyond 3 weeks, a highly significant prolongation of survival was observed with VLMW-H and there were some long-term survivors (20% for VLMW-H and 10% for Succ-LMW-H) that remained disease-free after discontinuation of therapy on day 90. The present results confirm and reinforce the concept that heparins with reduced anticoagulant activity may have interesting therapeutic applications in the prevention of tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sciumbata
- Italfarmaco S.p.A., Centro Ricerche, Cinisello Balsamo, Milano, Italia
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Stack DE, Cremonesi P, Hanson A, Rogan EG, Cavalieri EL. Radical cations of benzo[a]pyrene and 6-substituted derivatives: reaction with nucleophiles and DNA. Xenobiotica 1995; 25:755-60. [PMID: 7483671 DOI: 10.3109/00498259509061890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
1. Oxidation of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) by I2 in the presence of AgClO4 in benzene generates the BP.+ClO4-.AgI complex. This same method was used to produce radical cations from 6-FBP, 6-ClBP, 6-BrBP and 6-CH3BP. 2. Reaction of the BP, 6-FBP, 6-ClBP and 6-BrBP radical cation perchlorates with H2O produced BP 1,6-, 3,6- and 6,12- dione, whereas 6-CH3BP.+ClO4-.AgI yielded 6-CH2OHBP. 3. When BP.+ClO4-.AgI and 6-FBP.+ClO4-.AgI were reacted with NaOAc in H2O/CH3CN (9:1), 6-OAcBP was formed, in addition to the quinones. In the case of 6-ClBP.+ClO4-.AgI, a small amount of 1-OAc-6-ClBP and 3-OAc-6-ClBP was formed in addition to the diones, whereas for 6-BrBP and 6-CH3BP the reaction products were BP diones and 6-CH2OHBP respectively. 4. These results confirm the localization of charge in the BP.+ at C-6, followed by C-1 and C-3. 5. The reaction of BP with NOBF4 in CH2Cl2 produced BP.+BF4-, radical cation free of complexation with inorganic salts. 6. Reaction of BP.+BF4- with DNA produced the depurinating adducts BP-6-C8Gua, BP-6-C8dGua and BP-6-N7Gua.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Stack
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-6805, USA
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Masini A, Salvioli G, Cremonesi P, Botti B, Gallesi D, Ceccarelli D. Dietary iron deficiency in the rat. I. Abnormalities in energy metabolism of the hepatic tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994; 1188:46-52. [PMID: 7947904 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Severe iron deficiency was induced in rats by rearing nursing dams and their offspring on a diet comprising all the requisite nutrients and trace metals except iron. The iron deficient 5-week-old rats exhibited a severe anemia and a drastic decrease in iron content of the hepatic tissue and of the mitochondrial fraction. Cytochromes c + c1 and b were moderately but significantly reduced. A large increase in liver concentration was observed in iron-deficient animals; whereas there was no modification in total lipid, cholesterol, phospholipid and fatty acid composition of the mitochondrial membrane. Mitochondria from iron-deficient rats presented a partial uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation process. This functional derangement was completely reversed by the presence of either bovine serum albumin or L-carnitine plus ATP. This behaviour suggested that endogenous long-chain fatty acids could be primarily involved in the onset of mitochondrial dysfunction. The hepatic energy state of the liver appeared dramatically decreased under the pathological condition of severe iron-deficiency anemia. The possibility of a direct link between the partial loss of coupled functions observed in isolated mitochondria and the heavy energy deficit detected in the liver is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Masini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Modena, Italy
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Abstract
Fluoro-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons are useful probes for studying mechanistic details of oxygen transfer in metabolism catalyzed by cytochrome P450. Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) is a particularly suitable substrate for investigating this mechanism. Because 3-hydroxybenzo[a]-pyrene is one of the major metabolites of BP, preparation of 3-fluorobenzo[a]pyrene (3-FBP) was undertaken. Synthesis of 3-FBP was achieved in five steps starting from 6-chlorobenzo[a]pyrene (6-ClBP). In this synthesis 1-FBP was also produced. The overall yield was 16% for both 1-FBP and 3-FBP. After nitration of 6-ClBP at C-1 and C-3 with N2O4 and reduction by SnCl2 to the amino group, diazotization with NaNO2 in the presence of NaBF4 followed. The diazonium tetrafluoroborate salts were reacted with (CH3)2NH to produce the dimethyltriazonium tetrafluoroborate salts. By heating in toluene, a mixture of 1-F-6-ClBP and 3-F-6-ClBP was obtained. The two isomers were separated by normal-phase medium-pressure liquid chromatography. The chloro substituent was then selectively removed from both isomers by hydrogenolysis to yield 1-FBP and 3-FBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Mulder
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-6805
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48
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Cremonesi P, Caramazza I. Chemical and biological characterization of iron-protein succinylate (ITF 282). Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1993; 31:40-51. [PMID: 8444516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
ITF 282 is an iron succinyl casein complex containing 5% iron. The main property of the derivative is to keep iron bonded at acidic pH values. This accounts for a better tolerability of the compound compared with iron salts, during the treatment of iron deficiency. Pharmacological studies in normal and anemic rats demonstrated that this iron complex is almost as active as ferrous sulphate against iron deficiency anemia, but it is significantly less potent in increasing serum iron. Better gastrointestinal tolerability of ITF 282 was demonstrated in rats and dogs. Chemical and pharmacological properties of iron-protein succinylate are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cremonesi
- Italfarmaco Research Center, Cinisello Balsamo/Milano, Italy
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49
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Dwivedy I, Devanesan P, Cremonesi P, Rogan E, Cavalieri E. Synthesis and characterization of estrogen 2,3- and 3,4-quinones. Comparison of DNA adducts formed by the quinones versus horseradish peroxidase-activated catechol estrogens. Chem Res Toxicol 1992; 5:828-33. [PMID: 1336990 DOI: 10.1021/tx00030a016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Catechol estrogens (CE) are among the major metabolites of estrone (E1) and 17 beta-estradiol (E2). Oxidation of these metabolites to semiquinones and quinones could generate ultimate carcinogenic forms of E1 and E2. The 2,3- and 3,4-quinones of E1 and E2 were synthesized by MnO2 oxidation of the corresponding CE, following the method for synthesizing E1-3,4-quinone [Abul-Hajj (1984) J. Steroid Biochem. 21, 621-622]. Characterization of these compounds was accomplished by UV, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectrometry. The relative stability of these compounds was determined in DMSO/H2O (2:1) at room temperature, and the 3,4-quinones were more stable than the 2,3-quinones. The four quinones directly reacted with calf thymus DNA to form DNA adducts analyzed by the 32P-postlabeling method. The adducts were compared to those formed when the corresponding CE were activated by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to bind to DNA. The E1- and E2-2,3-quinones formed much higher levels of DNA adducts than the corresponding 3,4-quinones. In addition, many of the adducts (70-90%) formed by the E1- and E2-2,3-quinones appeared to be the same as those formed by activation of 2-OHE1 or 2-OHE2 by HRP to bind to DNA. Little overlap was observed between the adducts formed by E1- and E2-3,4-quinones and HRP-activated 4-OHE1 and 4-OHE2. These results suggest that semiquinones and/or quinones are ultimate reactive intermediates in the peroxidatic activation of catechol estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Dwivedy
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-6805
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50
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Cremonesi P, Rogan E, Cavalieri E. Correlation studies of anodic peak potentials and ionization potentials for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chem Res Toxicol 1992; 5:346-55. [PMID: 1504257 DOI: 10.1021/tx00027a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
One-electron oxidation represents one of the major metabolic pathways of bioactivation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to ultimate carcinogens capable of binding to cellular macromolecules, thereby initiating the cancer process. Since the ionization potential (IP) is related to the ease of removal of a pi electron from an aromatic molecule, a low IP is a necessary condition for the PAH to undergo one-electron oxidation. The principal aim of this study was to provide a general and simple technique suitable for obtaining IP of PAH with satisfactory accuracy. Anodic peak potentials (Eap) of 90 PAH were measured by cyclic voltammetry under irreversible oxidation conditions and correlated with the corresponding IP. This allowed determination of a least-squares regression line. From the corresponding equation, IP = 1.70Eap + 5.29, IP can be calculated with a narrow margin of error after a simple electrochemical measure. It was also found that PAH substituted with a methyl group on a position of appreciable electron density are best represented by a different line, corresponding to the equation IP = 1.65Eap + 5.27. The calculated IP were also compared to other tabulated values, determined by different experimental techniques, and our set of IP values proved to yield the most satisfactory correlation. For some PAH, further studies under reversible voltammetric conditions allowed determination of two additional parameters: formal oxidation potentials (Eo) and the number of electrons (n) involved in the redox process. IP is an important parameter in predicting the metabolic activation of carcinogenic PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cremonesi
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-6805
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