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Lennon JT, Abramoff RZ, Allison SD, Burckhardt RM, DeAngelis KM, Dunne JP, Frey SD, Friedlingstein P, Hawkes CV, Hungate BA, Khurana S, Kivlin SN, Levine NM, Manzoni S, Martiny AC, Martiny JBH, Nguyen NK, Rawat M, Talmy D, Todd-Brown K, Vogt M, Wieder WR, Zakem EJ. Priorities, opportunities, and challenges for integrating microorganisms into Earth system models for climate change prediction. mBio 2024; 15:e0045524. [PMID: 38526088 PMCID: PMC11078004 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00455-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change jeopardizes human health, global biodiversity, and sustainability of the biosphere. To make reliable predictions about climate change, scientists use Earth system models (ESMs) that integrate physical, chemical, and biological processes occurring on land, the oceans, and the atmosphere. Although critical for catalyzing coupled biogeochemical processes, microorganisms have traditionally been left out of ESMs. Here, we generate a "top 10" list of priorities, opportunities, and challenges for the explicit integration of microorganisms into ESMs. We discuss the need for coarse-graining microbial information into functionally relevant categories, as well as the capacity for microorganisms to rapidly evolve in response to climate-change drivers. Microbiologists are uniquely positioned to collect novel and valuable information necessary for next-generation ESMs, but this requires data harmonization and transdisciplinary collaboration to effectively guide adaptation strategies and mitigation policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. T. Lennon
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - R. Z. Abramoff
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Ronin Institute, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - S. D. Allison
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - K. M. DeAngelis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - J. P. Dunne
- NOAA/OAR Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - S. D. Frey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - P. Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - C. V. Hawkes
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - B. A. Hungate
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Ecosystem Science, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - S. Khurana
- Department of Physical Geography, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. N. Kivlin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - N. M. Levine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - S. Manzoni
- Department of Physical Geography, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. C. Martiny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - J. B. H. Martiny
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - N. K. Nguyen
- American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M. Rawat
- National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | - D. Talmy
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - K. Todd-Brown
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - M. Vogt
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - W. R. Wieder
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - E. J. Zakem
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, USA
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2
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Collalti A, Ibrom A, Stockmarr A, Cescatti A, Alkama R, Fernández-Martínez M, Matteucci G, Sitch S, Friedlingstein P, Ciais P, Goll DS, Nabel JEMS, Pongratz J, Arneth A, Haverd V, Prentice IC. Forest production efficiency increases with growth temperature. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5322. [PMID: 33087724 PMCID: PMC7578801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Forest production efficiency (FPE) metric describes how efficiently the assimilated carbon is partitioned into plants organs (biomass production, BP) or-more generally-for the production of organic matter (net primary production, NPP). We present a global analysis of the relationship of FPE to stand-age and climate, based on a large compilation of data on gross primary production and either BP or NPP. FPE is important for both forest production and atmospheric carbon dioxide uptake. We find that FPE increases with absolute latitude, precipitation and (all else equal) with temperature. Earlier findings-FPE declining with age-are also supported by this analysis. However, the temperature effect is opposite to what would be expected based on the short-term physiological response of respiration rates to temperature, implying a top-down regulation of carbon loss, perhaps reflecting the higher carbon costs of nutrient acquisition in colder climates. Current ecosystem models do not reproduce this phenomenon. They consistently predict lower FPE in warmer climates, and are therefore likely to overestimate carbon losses in a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Collalti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFOM), 06128, Perugia (PG), Italy
- University of Tuscia, Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A Ibrom
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Environmental Engineering, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - A Stockmarr
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A Cescatti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Sustainable Resources, Ispra, Italy
| | - R Alkama
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Sustainable Resources, Ispra, Italy
| | - M Fernández-Martínez
- Research group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - G Matteucci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - S Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - P Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - P Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et del'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - D S Goll
- Department of Geography, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - J E M S Nabel
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Pongratz
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr 37, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - A Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - V Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - I C Prentice
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, London, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
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3
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Bastos A, Fu Z, Ciais P, Friedlingstein P, Sitch S, Pongratz J, Weber U, Reichstein M, Anthoni P, Arneth A, Haverd V, Jain A, Joetzjer E, Knauer J, Lienert S, Loughran T, McGuire PC, Obermeier W, Padrón RS, Shi H, Tian H, Viovy N, Zaehle S. Impacts of extreme summers on European ecosystems: a comparative analysis of 2003, 2010 and 2018. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190507. [PMID: 32892728 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, three widespread extreme summer drought and heat (DH) events have occurred in 2003, 2010 and 2018. These events were comparable in magnitude but varied in their geographical distribution and biomes affected. In this study, we perform a comparative analysis of the impact of the DH events on ecosystem CO2 fluxes over Europe based on an ensemble of 11 dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs), and the observation-based FLUXCOM product. We find that all DH events were associated with decreases in net ecosystem productivity (NEP), but the gross summer flux anomalies differ between DGVMs and FLUXCOM. At the annual scale, FLUXCOM and DGVMs indicate close to neutral or above-average land CO2 uptake in DH2003 and DH2018, due to increased productivity in spring and reduced respiration in autumn and winter compensating for less photosynthetic uptake in summer. Most DGVMs estimate lower gross primary production (GPP) sensitivity to soil moisture during extreme summers than FLUXCOM. Finally, we show that the different impacts of the DH events at continental-scale GPP are in part related to differences in vegetation composition of the regions affected and to regional compensating or offsetting effects from climate anomalies beyond the DH centres. This article is part of the theme issue 'Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bastos
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Luisenstrasse 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Z Fu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - S Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - J Pongratz
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Luisenstrasse 37, 80333 Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - U Weber
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - M Reichstein
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - P Anthoni
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research / Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - A Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research / Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - V Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - A Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - E Joetzjer
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversite Biologique UMR 5174, CNRS Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - J Knauer
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - S Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - T Loughran
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Luisenstrasse 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - P C McGuire
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6BB, UK
| | - W Obermeier
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Luisenstrasse 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - R S Padrón
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - H Shi
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - H Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - N Viovy
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Zaehle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
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4
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Bastos A, Ciais P, Friedlingstein P, Sitch S, Pongratz J, Fan L, Wigneron JP, Weber U, Reichstein M, Fu Z, Anthoni P, Arneth A, Haverd V, Jain AK, Joetzjer E, Knauer J, Lienert S, Loughran T, McGuire PC, Tian H, Viovy N, Zaehle S. Direct and seasonal legacy effects of the 2018 heat wave and drought on European ecosystem productivity. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaba2724. [PMID: 32577519 PMCID: PMC7286671 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In summer 2018, central and northern Europe were stricken by extreme drought and heat (DH2018). The DH2018 differed from previous events in being preceded by extreme spring warming and brightening, but moderate rainfall deficits, yet registering the fastest transition between wet winter conditions and extreme summer drought. Using 11 vegetation models, we show that spring conditions promoted increased vegetation growth, which, in turn, contributed to fast soil moisture depletion, amplifying the summer drought. We find regional asymmetries in summer ecosystem carbon fluxes: increased (reduced) sink in the northern (southern) areas affected by drought. These asymmetries can be explained by distinct legacy effects of spring growth and of water-use efficiency dynamics mediated by vegetation composition, rather than by distinct ecosystem responses to summer heat/drought. The asymmetries in carbon and water exchanges during spring and summer 2018 suggest that future land-management strategies could influence patterns of summer heat waves and droughts under long-term warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bastos
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - P. Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P. Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
- LMD/IPSL, ENS, PSL Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - S. Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - J. Pongratz
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Fan
- ISPA, UMR 1391, INRA Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, Grande Ferrage, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - J. P. Wigneron
- ISPA, UMR 1391, INRA Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, Grande Ferrage, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - U. Weber
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - M. Reichstein
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Z. Fu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P. Anthoni
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - A. Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - V. Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - A. K. Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - E. Joetzjer
- CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - J. Knauer
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - S. Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - T. Loughran
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - P. C. McGuire
- Department of Meteorology, Department of Geography & Environmental Science, and National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading, Earley Gate, RG66BB Reading, UK
| | - H. Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - N. Viovy
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S. Zaehle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
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5
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Ahlstrom A, Raupach MR, Schurgers G, Smith B, Arneth A, Jung M, Reichstein M, Canadell JG, Friedlingstein P, Jain AK, Kato E, Poulter B, Sitch S, Stocker BD, Viovy N, Wang YP, Wiltshire A, Zaehle S, Zeng N. The dominant role of semi-arid ecosystems in the trend and variability of the land CO2 sink. Science 2015; 348:895-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 765] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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6
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Ciais P, Reichstein M, Viovy N, Granier A, Ogée J, Allard V, Aubinet M, Buchmann N, Bernhofer C, Carrara A, Chevallier F, De Noblet N, Friend AD, Friedlingstein P, Grünwald T, Heinesch B, Keronen P, Knohl A, Krinner G, Loustau D, Manca G, Matteucci G, Miglietta F, Ourcival JM, Papale D, Pilegaard K, Rambal S, Seufert G, Soussana JF, Sanz MJ, Schulze ED, Vesala T, Valentini R. Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 2005; 437:529-33. [PMID: 16177786 DOI: 10.1038/nature03972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1045] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Future climate warming is expected to enhance plant growth in temperate ecosystems and to increase carbon sequestration. But although severe regional heatwaves may become more frequent in a changing climate, their impact on terrestrial carbon cycling is unclear. Here we report measurements of ecosystem carbon dioxide fluxes, remotely sensed radiation absorbed by plants, and country-level crop yields taken during the European heatwave in 2003. We use a terrestrial biosphere simulation model to assess continental-scale changes in primary productivity during 2003, and their consequences for the net carbon balance. We estimate a 30 per cent reduction in gross primary productivity over Europe, which resulted in a strong anomalous net source of carbon dioxide (0.5 Pg C yr(-1)) to the atmosphere and reversed the effect of four years of net ecosystem carbon sequestration. Our results suggest that productivity reduction in eastern and western Europe can be explained by rainfall deficit and extreme summer heat, respectively. We also find that ecosystem respiration decreased together with gross primary productivity, rather than accelerating with the temperature rise. Model results, corroborated by historical records of crop yields, suggest that such a reduction in Europe's primary productivity is unprecedented during the last century. An increase in future drought events could turn temperate ecosystems into carbon sources, contributing to positive carbon-climate feedbacks already anticipated in the tropics and at high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ph Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE, F-91191, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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7
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Schimel DS, House JI, Hibbard KA, Bousquet P, Ciais P, Peylin P, Braswell BH, Apps MJ, Baker D, Bondeau A, Canadell J, Churkina G, Cramer W, Denning AS, Field CB, Friedlingstein P, Goodale C, Heimann M, Houghton RA, Melillo JM, Moore B, Murdiyarso D, Noble I, Pacala SW, Prentice IC, Raupach MR, Rayner PJ, Scholes RJ, Steffen WL, Wirth C. Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 2001; 414:169-72. [PMID: 11700548 DOI: 10.1038/35102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 959] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of carbon exchange between the atmosphere, land and the oceans is important, given that the terrestrial and marine environments are currently absorbing about half of the carbon dioxide that is emitted by fossil-fuel combustion. This carbon uptake is therefore limiting the extent of atmospheric and climatic change, but its long-term nature remains uncertain. Here we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of global and regional patterns of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen data confirm that the terrestrial biosphere was largely neutral with respect to net carbon exchange during the 1980s, but became a net carbon sink in the 1990s. This recent sink can be largely attributed to northern extratropical areas, and is roughly split between North America and Eurasia. Tropical land areas, however, were approximately in balance with respect to carbon exchange, implying a carbon sink that offset emissions due to tropical deforestation. The evolution of the terrestrial carbon sink is largely the result of changes in land use over time, such as regrowth on abandoned agricultural land and fire prevention, in addition to responses to environmental changes, such as longer growing seasons, and fertilization by carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Nevertheless, there remain considerable uncertainties as to the magnitude of the sink in different regions and the contribution of different processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Schimel
- Max Planck Institute für Biogeochemie, Jena, Germany.
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8
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Abstract
We have applied an inverse model to 20 years of atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements to infer yearly changes in the regional carbon balance of oceans and continents. The model indicates that global terrestrial carbon fluxes were approximately twice as variable as ocean fluxes between 1980 and 1998. Tropical land ecosystems contributed most of the interannual changes in Earth's carbon balance over the 1980s, whereas northern mid- and high-latitude land ecosystems dominated from 1990 to 1995. Strongly enhanced uptake of carbon was found over North America during the 1992-1993 period compared to 1989-1990.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bousquet
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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9
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Erickson DJ, Rasch PJ, Tans PP, Friedlingstein P, Ciais P, Maier-Reimer E, Six K, Fischer CA, Walters S. The seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2: A study based on the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1029/95jd03680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Friedlingstein P, Prentice KC, Fung IY, John JG, Brasseur GP. Carbon-biosphere-climate interactions in the last glacial maximum climate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1029/94jd02948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Friedlingstein P, Müller JF, Brasseur GP. Sensitivity of the terrestrial biosphere to climatic changes: impact on the carbon cycle. Environ Pollut 1994; 83:143-147. [PMID: 15091760 DOI: 10.1016/0269-7491(94)90032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The biosphere is a major pool in the global carbon cycle; its response to climatic change is therefore of great importance. We developed a 5 degrees x 5 degrees longitude-latitude resolution model of the biosphere in which the global distributions of the major biospheric variables, i.e. the vegetation types and the main carbon pools and fluxes, are determined from climatic variables. We defined nine major broad vegetation types: perennial ice, desert and semi-desert, tundra, coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, grassland and shrubland, savannah, seasonal tropical forest and evergreen tropical forest. Their geographical repartition is parameterized using correlations between observed vegetation type, precipitation and biotemperature distributions. The model computes as a function of climate and vegetation type, the variables related to the continental biospheric carbon cycle, i.e. the carbon pools such as the phytomass, the litter and the soil organic carbon; and carbon fluxes such as net primary production, litter production and heterotrophic respiration. The modeled present-day biosphere is in good agreement with observation. The model is used to investigate the response of the terrestrial biosphere to climatic changes as predicted by different General Circulation Models (GCM). In particular, the impact on the biosphere of climatic conditions corresponding to the last glacial climate (LGM), 18 000 years ago, is investigated. Comparison with results from present-day climate simulations shows the high sensitivity of the geographical distribution of vegetation types and carbon content as well as biospheric trace gases emissions to climatic changes. The general trend for LGM compared to the present is an increase in low density vegetation types (tundra, desert, grassland) to the detriment of forested areas, in tropical as well as in other regions. Consequently, the biospheric activity (carbon fluxes and trace gases emissions) was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Friedlingstein
- Department of Oceanography, Free University of Brussels, CP208, Bld du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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