1
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Crasta JE, Green OJ, Gavin WJ, Davies PL. The Relationship Between Attention, Sensory Processing, and Social Responsiveness Among Adults on the Autism Spectrum. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-06019-1. [PMID: 37270447 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-06019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated attention, sensory processing, and social responsiveness and the relationship between these constructs among autistic and neurotypical adults. Participants included 24 autistic adults (17-30 years) and 24 neurotypical peers who completed the Test of Everyday Attention, Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP), and the Social Responsiveness Scale-2. Autistic individuals showed greater attention, sensory processing, and social responsiveness challenges compared to neurotypical peers. Using mediation models, we showed that the relationship between attention and social responsiveness was mediated by sensory processing, specifically the low registration and sensation-seeking AASP quadrants. The relationship between attention, sensory processing, and social responsiveness suggests that adults with greater attention issues may have greater sensory and social challenges. Specifically, having poor attention may lead to poor sensory processing skills which compound poor social responsiveness. Understanding the relationships between these domains is critical for developing effective interventions and support for autistic adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Elias Crasta
- Occupational Therapy Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Olivia J Green
- Occupational Therapy Division, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William J Gavin
- Molecular, Cellular, Integrated Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Patricia L Davies
- Molecular, Cellular, Integrated Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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2
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Giessler-Gonzalez K, Tracy BL, Davies PL, Stephens JA. Revised Dual Task Screen is a Valid Measure of Dual Task Performance: Developing a Motor and Cognitive Dual Task Measure with Healthy Female Athletes. Occup Ther Health Care 2023:1-15. [PMID: 37014275 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2023.2191357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Multitasking measures, such as dual task assessments, are particularly useful in detecting subtle deficits that can influence occupational performance after injuries, like sports-related concussion (SRC). In past work, our research team developed and revised a dual task assessment, the Dual Task Screen (DTS). Here, we evaluated nineteen healthy athletes using the revised DTS to address two specific research objectives. First, to replicate pilot study findings and demonstrate that the revised DTS is sensitive to dual task motor costs (i.e. poorer motor performance under dual task conditions, compared to single task conditions). Second, to evaluate if the revised DTS is sensitive to dual task cognitive costs (i.e. poorer cognitive performance under dual task conditions, compared to single task conditions). We confirmed that the revised DTS was sensitive to both dual task motor and cognitive costs; thus it is a valid measure of dual task performance. These positive findings support its prospective, future use by occupational therapists to evaluate multitasking performance after injuries, like SRC, or other injuries and illnesses that elicit deficits affecting optimal occupational performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian L Tracy
- Health & Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Patricia L Davies
- Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Stephens
- Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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3
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Mingils SM, Davies PL, Stephens JA, Gavin WJ. Developmental trends of auditory novelty oddball P3 while accounting for N2 in 7- to 25-year-olds. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14214. [PMID: 36350088 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many previous studies examining developmental trends in P3 amplitude or latency have used a two-stimulus (standard and target) oddball paradigm. Fewer studies exist using the novelty oddball paradigm, a three-tone (standard, target, and novel) paradigm. In this study with 204 typically developing participants aged 7-25 years, the influence of participant traits-age and sex-on the developmental trends of P3 peak-to-peak amplitude and latency were examined. Additionally, interactions between the three tones of the novelty oddball paradigm and scalp sites on P3 amplitude and latency were evaluated. While previous studies using baseline-to-peak measures have shown smaller P3 amplitude in children compared with adults, this study, using peak-to-peak measures (P3 minus N2 amplitude), found the opposite effect with children having larger P3 amplitudes than adults. This finding is explained by further analyses of N2, representing discrimination. N2 baseline-to-peak amplitude significantly predicted P3 baseline-to-peak amplitude; a mediation effect such that as N2 becomes less negative, P3 becomes larger. Regression analyses revealed that developmental trends of the P3 amplitude were primarily linear, but trends in P3 latency were mostly non-linear. Sex differences were observed, although limited to latency measures. Results from ancovas found significant interactions between the three tones and between frontal (Fz) and parietal (Pz) sites, with larger P3 amplitude during target and novel tones at Pz than Fz, and larger amplitudes during frequent tones at Fz than Pz. These findings highlight the importance of considering more than P3 amplitude in understanding developmental trends in cognitive processing during oddball paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Mingils
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neuroscience, 1680 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Stephens
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neuroscience, 1680 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - William J Gavin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neuroscience, 1680 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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4
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Giessler-Gonzalez K, Tracy B, Davies PL, Stephens JA. Revised Dual Task Screen is a Valid Measure of Dual Task Performance: Developing a Motor and Cognitive Dual Task Measure with Healthy Female Athletes. Occup Ther Health Care 2023:1-15. [PMID: 36943802 PMCID: PMC10511656 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2023.2191280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Multitasking measures, such as dual task assessments, are particularly useful in detecting subtle deficits that can influence occupational performance after injuries, like sports-related concussion (SRC). In past work, our research team developed and revised a dual task assessment, the Dual Task Screen (DTS). Here, we evaluated nineteen healthy athletes using the revised DTS to address two specific research objectives. First, to replicate pilot study findings and demonstrate that the revised DTS is sensitive to dual task motor costs (i.e. poorer motor performance under dual task conditions, compared to single task conditions). Second, to evaluate if the revised DTS is sensitive to dual task cognitive costs (i.e. poorer cognitive performance under dual task conditions, compared to single task conditions). We confirmed that the revised DTS was sensitive to both dual task motor and cognitive costs; thus it is a valid measure of dual task performance. These positive findings support its prospective, future use by occupational therapists to evaluate multitasking performance after injuries, like SRC, or other injuries and illnesses that elicit deficits affecting optimal occupational performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Tracy
- Health & Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Patricia L Davies
- Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Stephens
- Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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5
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Lin MH, Davies PL, Taylor BK, Prince MA, Gavin WJ. Modeling electrophysiological measures of decision-making and performance monitoring in neurotypical children engaging in a speeded flanker task. Psychophysiology 2021; 59:e13972. [PMID: 34818441 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to use structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the role of error processing in behavioral adaptation in children by testing relationships between error-related and stimulus-related event-related potentials (ERPs) obtained from two sessions of a speeded Eriksen flanker task. First, path models of averaged ERP components and mean response times (N1 → P2 → N2 → P3 → RTs) while controlling for trait effects, age, and sex, on each was examined separately for correct and incorrect trials from each session. While the model demonstrated acceptable fit statistics, the four models yielded diverse results. Next, path models for correct and incorrect trials were tested using latent variables defined by factoring together respective measures of ERP component amplitudes from each session. Comparison of correct and incorrect models revealed significant differences in the relationships between the successive measures of neural processing after controlling for trait effects. Moreover, latent variable models controlling for both trait and session-specific state variables yielded excellent model fit while models without session-specific state variables did not. In the final model, the error-related neural activity (i.e., the ERN and Pe) from incorrect trials was found to significantly relate to the stream of neural processes contributing to trials with the correct behavior. Importantly, the relationship between RT and error detection in the final model signifies a brain-and-behavior feedback loop. These findings provided empirical evidence that supports the adaptive orienting theory of error processing by demonstrating how the neural signals of error processing influence behavioral adaptations that facilitate correct behavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Heng Lin
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Brittany K Taylor
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Mark A Prince
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - William J Gavin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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6
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Crasta JE, Gavin WJ, Davies PL. Expanding our understanding of sensory gating in children with autism spectrum disorders. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 132:180-190. [PMID: 33310588 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined sensory gating in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Gating is usually examined at the P50 component and rarely at mid- and late-latency components. METHODS Electroencephalography data were recorded during a paired-click paradigm, from 18 children with ASD (5-12 years), and 18 typically-developing (TD) children. Gating was assessed at the P50, N1, P2, and N2 event-related potential components. Parents of all participants completed the Short Sensory Profile (SSP). RESULTS TD children showed gating at all components while children with ASD showed gating only at P2 and N2. Compared to TD children, the ASD group showed significantly reduced gating at P50, N1, and P2. No group differences were found at N2, suggesting typical N2 gating in the ASD group. Time-frequency analyses showed reduced orientation and neural synchronization of auditory stimuli. P50 and N1 gating significantly correlated with the SSP. CONCLUSION Although children with ASD have impaired early orientation and filtering of auditory stimuli, they exhibited gating at P2 and N2 components suggesting use of different gating mechanisms compared to TD children. Sensory deficits in ASD may relate to gating. SIGNIFICANCE The data provide novel evidence for impaired neural orientation, filtering, and synchronization in children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel E Crasta
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - William J Gavin
- School of Music, Theatre, and Dance, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Neuroscience, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Neuroscience, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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7
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Lin MH, Davies PL, Stephens J, Gavin WJ. Test-Retest Reliability of Electroencephalographic Measures of Performance Monitoring in Children and Adults. Dev Neuropsychol 2020; 45:341-366. [PMID: 33078653 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2020.1833208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the test-retest reliability of the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe) amplitudes using a Flanker task in 118 neurotypical children and 53 adults before and after latency jitter adjustments. The reliability of the ERN and Pe amplitudes was moderate for children and moderate to strong for adults. The latency variability adjustment did not improve the reliability of the ERN and Pe amplitudes for either group, suggesting that latency variability may be a trait-like measure. For comparison purposes, the reliability of the stimulus-locked ERPs was strong for correct trials, yet the reliability was weak for incorrect trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Heng Lin
- Department of Occupational Therapy, 1573 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, 1573 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neuroscience, 1680 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jaclyn Stephens
- Department of Occupational Therapy, 1573 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neuroscience, 1680 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - William J Gavin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neuroscience, 1680 Campus Delivery, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, CO, USA
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8
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Crasta JE, Salzinger E, Lin MH, Gavin WJ, Davies PL. Sensory Processing and Attention Profiles Among Children With Sensory Processing Disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Integr Neurosci 2020; 14:22. [PMID: 32431600 PMCID: PMC7214749 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explores the differences in the profile of relationships between sensory processing and attention abilities among children with sensory processing disorder (SPD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and typically developing (TD) children. The Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA-Ch), a performance-based measure of attention, was administered to 69 children (TD: n = 24; SPD: n = 21; ASD: n = 24), ages 6-10 years. All participants' parents completed the Short Sensory Profile (SSP), a standardized parent-report measure of sensory-related behaviors. Discriminant analyses using the TEA-Ch and the SSP domains revealed two classification functions; the first revealed that both clinical groups significantly differed from the TD group with greater sensory processing challenges in the categories of auditory filtering, under-responsive/seeks sensation, low energy/weak, and taste/smell sensitivity subscales of the SSP. The second function discriminated between the two clinical groups, indicating that children with ASD had significantly greater control and sustained attention deficits and less sensory issues than did children with SPD. Together, the two functions correctly classified 76.8% of the participants as to their group membership. The different profiles of sensory processing and attention abilities in children with SPD and ASD may provide guidance in identifying appropriate individualized therapeutic strategies for these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel E. Crasta
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Occupational Therapy Division, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Emily Salzinger
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Fairfax County Public Schools, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Mei-Heng Lin
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - William J. Gavin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neuroscience, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- School of Music, Theatre, and Dance, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Patricia L. Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neuroscience, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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9
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Davies PL, Blanchard AM, Staley CE, Bollard NJ, Coffey TJ, Tötemeyer S. Genomic heterogeneity of Dichelobacter nodosus within and between UK sheep flocks and between age groups within a flock. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:107. [PMID: 32357840 PMCID: PMC7193352 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01769-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Footrot and interdigital dermatitis are endemic infectious diseases in all sheep farming regions, impairing welfare and production. The development of efficacious vaccines against the primary causative pathogen has been hampered by the extensive antigenic diversity of Dichelobacter nodosus. Understanding the heterogeneity of the pathogen within and between flocks is essential if the feasibility of bespoke vaccine production is to be assessed for use in the U.K. Results In this study 56 ewe and lamb isolates from 9 flocks were compared by D. nodosus serogroup and Multi Locus Sequence Type which provides significantly enhanced discriminatory power for molecular epidemiology. Serogroup heterogeneity between flocks ranged from two to five unique serogroups per flock. Three flocks contained isolates of two serogroups, two flocks contained isolates of three serogroups and one flock included isolates of five serogroups. Analysis of 25 isolates from one flock with high prevalence of lameness, identified that serogroup and sequence type was significantly correlated with age. Significantly higher proportion of lambs were infected with serogroup B (principally ST85) as opposed to serogroup H (principally ST86), which predominated amongst adult sheep. Conclusions Genomic heterogeneity of the pathogen was significantly lower within flock compared to heterogenicity observed between flocks. Furthermore, this study indicates that within a flock, the host-pathogen dynamics and susceptibility to particular D. nodosus strains may be age dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Davies
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK.
| | - A M Blanchard
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - C E Staley
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - N J Bollard
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - T J Coffey
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - S Tötemeyer
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, UK
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10
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LaGasse AB, Manning RCB, Crasta JE, Gavin WJ, Davies PL. Assessing the Impact of Music Therapy on Sensory Gating and Attention in Children With Autism: A Pilot and Feasibility Study. J Music Ther 2019; 56:287-314. [PMID: 31225588 DOI: 10.1093/jmt/thz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently demonstrate atypical processing of sensory information and deficits in attentional abilities. These deficits may impact social and academic functioning. Although music therapy has been used to address sensory and attentional needs, there are no studies including physiologic indicators of sensory processing to determine the impact of music therapy. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of conducting study protocols, determine the adequacy of electroencephalography (EEG) and behavioral measures in identifying attentional differences in children with ASD compared with typically developing (TD) children, and to gather preliminary evidence of intervention effects on brain responses and attention outcomes. Seven children with high functioning ASD ages 5 -12 and seven age- and gender-matched TD completed procedures measuring brain responses (EEG) and behaviors (the Test of Everyday Attention for Children). Children with ASD then completed a 35-min individual music therapy attention protocol delivered by a board-certified music therapist ten times over 5 weeks. Children with ASD completed measures of brain responses and behavior post-intervention to determine pre- to post-test differences. Consent and completion rates were 100% for children who met the study criteria. Feasibility measures indicated that measures of brain responsivity could be used to determine attentional differences between children with ASD and typical children. Initial outcome data for brain responses and behavior indicated positive trends for the impact of music therapy on selective attention skills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jewel E Crasta
- Colorado State University Department of Occupational Therapy
| | - William J Gavin
- Colorado State University Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neurosciences
| | - Patricia L Davies
- Colorado State University Department of Occupational Therapy.,Colorado State University Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neurosciences
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11
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Gavin WJ, Lin MH, Davies PL. Developmental trends of performance monitoring measures in 7- to 25-year-olds: Unraveling the complex nature of brain measures. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13365. [PMID: 30942480 PMCID: PMC6570561 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study explores how trial-to-trial latency variability contributes to the developmental trends observed in ERN amplitude found in the incorrect trials of a performance monitoring task, the visual flanker task. An Adaptive Woody filter was used to measure and correct for the trial-to-trial latency variability of the ERN in 240 participants aged 7-25 years. Using three measures of latency variability, the degree of trial-to-trial latency variability was shown to decrease as the age of the participants increased from 7 to 25 years. The success of the Adaptive Woody filter technique to remove the trial-to-trial latency variability was demonstrated in a straightforward manner by the significant changes in the measures of fit and intraindividual variability obtained before and after applying the filter. After the latency variability effects were removed and adjusted averaged ERPs were obtained, a more subtle but significant nonlinear developmental trend was still found in the amplitude of the ERN component.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Gavin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mei-Heng Lin
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Patricia L. Davies
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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12
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Taylor BK, Gavin WJ, Grimm KJ, Prince MA, Lin MH, Davies PL. Towards a unified model of event-related potentials as phases of stimulus-to-response processing. Neuropsychologia 2019; 132:107128. [PMID: 31229538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the utility of combining principles of connectionist theory with a sophisticated statistical approach, structural equation modeling (SEM), to better understand brain-behavior relationships in studies using event-related potentials (ERPs). The models show how sequential phases of neural processing measured by averaged ERP waveform components can successfully predict task behavior (response time; RT) while accounting for individual differences in maturation and sex. The models assume that all ERP measures are affected by individual differences in physical and mental state that inflate measurement error. ERP data were collected from 154 neurotypical children (7-13 years, M = 10.22, SD = 1.48; 74 males) performing a cued Go/No-Go task during two separate sessions. Using SEM, we show a latent variable path model with good fit (e.g., χ2(51) = 56.20, p = .25; RMSEA = .03; CFI = .99; SRMR = .06) yielding moderate-to-large predictive coefficients from N1 through the E-wave latent variables (N1 β = -.29 → P2 β = -.44 → N2 β = .28 → P3 β =.64→ E-wave), which in turn significantly predicted RT (β =.34, p = .02). Age significantly related to N1 and P3 latent variables as well as RT (β =.31, -.58, & -.40 respectively), and Sex significantly related to the E-wave latent variable and RT (β =.36 & 0.21 respectively). Additionally, the final model suggested that individual differences in emotional and physical state accounted for a significant proportion of variance in ERP measurements, and that individual states systematically varied across sessions (i.e., the variance was not just random noise). These findings suggest that modeling ERPs as a system of inter-related processes may be a more informative approach to examining brain-behavior relationships in neurotypical and clinical groups than traditional analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany K Taylor
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
| | - William J Gavin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
| | - Kevin J Grimm
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States.
| | - Mark A Prince
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
| | - Mei-Heng Lin
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
| | - Patricia L Davies
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States; Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
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13
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Boles RE, Johnson SL, Burdell A, Davies PL, Gavin WJ, Bellows LL. Home food availability and child intake among rural families identified to be at-risk for health disparities. Appetite 2019; 134:135-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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14
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Stephens JA, Davies PL, Gavin WJ, Mostofsky SH, Slomine BS, Suskauer SJ. Evaluating Motor Control Improves Discrimination of Adolescents with and without Sports Related Concussion. J Mot Behav 2019; 52:13-21. [PMID: 30732536 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2019.1570908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted motor performance is increasingly recognized as a critical sequela of concussion which may have relevance for diagnosis and treatment. In 17 adolescents with recent concussion and 20 never-concussed controls, we evaluated the discriminant ability of a commonly used neurocognitive measure compared to a motor subtle sign exam, which evaluates gait, balance, and fine and gross motor control. We found that the motor subtle sign exam had better discriminant ability than the neurocognitive measure, but combining both measures was superior to analyses with individual measures (Wilks' ƛ = .297, p < .001). This supports that there is an added benefit of evaluating motor control along with neurocognitive capacities after suspected concussion to enhance diagnosis and treatment of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn A Stephens
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Molecular Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.,Molecular Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - William J Gavin
- Molecular Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Beth S Slomine
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stacy J Suskauer
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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15
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Abstract
Abstract
Date Presented 4/19/2018
Results of this study indicate that young adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder have significant deficits in both behavioral and neural measures of sensory processing. Additionally, attention influences early stages of neural sensory processing.
Primary Author and Speaker: Jewel Crasta
Additional Authors and Speakers: Patricia L. Davies
Contributing Authors: William J. Gavin
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16
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Ling SD, Davey A, Reeves SE, Gaylard S, Davies PL, Stuart-Smith RD, Edgar GJ. Pollution signature for temperate reef biodiversity is short and simple. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 130:159-169. [PMID: 29866542 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pollution increasingly impacts healthy functioning of marine ecosystems globally. Here we quantify concentrations of major pollutant types (heavy metals/sewage/petrochemicals/plastics) as accumulated within marine sediments on and/or immediately adjacent to shallow reefs for 42 sites spanning coastal population centres across south-eastern Australia. Gradients in pollutants were revealed, but few pollutants co-varied, while increasing wave exposure ostensibly diluted concentrations of all pollutants except microplastics. Examination of reef biodiversity indicators revealed that maximum size of fauna and flora, a key life-history parameter summarised by the Community shortness index, plus declining functional and species richness, were the most sensitive bioindicators of pollutants - for which heavy metals and nutrient-enrichment were most pervasive. Results indicate that assemblages of biogenic habitat formers and associated fauna collapse from "long and complicated" to "short and simplified" configurations in response to increasing pollution, and this community signature may form an effective bioindicator to track human-driven degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Ling
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia.
| | - A Davey
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - S E Reeves
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - S Gaylard
- Environment Protection Authority, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - P L Davies
- New South Wales Office of Environment and Heritage, 59-61 Goulburn Street, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
| | - R D Stuart-Smith
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - G J Edgar
- Institute for Marine & Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
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17
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Taylor BK, Gavin WJ, Grimm KJ, Passantino DE, Davies PL. Modeling the interrelationships between brain activity and trait attention measures to predict individual differences in reaction times in children during a Go/No-Go task. Neuropsychologia 2017; 109:222-231. [PMID: 29253492 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Many researchers are utilizing event-related potentials (ERPs) to better understand brain-behavior relationships across development. The present study demonstrates how structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques can be used to refine descriptions of brain-behavior relationships in a sample of neurotypical children. We developed an exploratory latent variable model in which trait measures of maturation and attention are related to neural processing and task behaviors obtained during a cued Go/No-Go task. Model findings are compared to results of traditional analysis techniques such as bivariate correlations. The data suggest that more sophisticated statistical approaches are beneficial to accurately interpreting the nature of brain-behavior relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany K Taylor
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - William J Gavin
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America.
| | - Kevin J Grimm
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | | | - Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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18
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Lin MH, Mascarenhas J, Davies PL, Marshall E, LaGasse B, Gavin WJ. Attention and Sensory Characteristics in Children With High-Functioning Autism and Sensory Processing Disorder. Am J Occup Ther 2017. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2017.71s1-rp201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Date Presented 3/30/2017
Children with sensory processing disorder and high-functioning autism have different attention and sensory processing characteristics. These results can help therapists identify specific treatment strategies while working on attention and sensory processing skills with these children.
Primary Author and Speaker: Mei-Heng Lin
Additional Authors and Speakers: Jewel Mascarenhas, Patricia L. Davies
Contributing Authors: Emily Marshall, Blythe LaGasse, William J. Gavin
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19
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Bellows LL, Davies PL, Courtney JB, Gavin WJ, Johnson SL, Boles RE. Motor skill development in low-income, at-risk preschoolers: A community-based longitudinal intervention study. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:997-1002. [PMID: 28506451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to: (1) determine the status of fundamental movement skill (FMS) performance in low-income, at-risk preschoolers; and (2) evaluate the impact of the Food Friends Get Movin' with Mighty Moves (MM) program on improving children's FMS at two-year follow-up. DESIGN Longitudinal, quasi-experimental study with matched controls. METHODS The Colorado LEAP study was conducted in four Head Start/preschools (two intervention, two control) serving children aged 3-5 years. MM was delivered to the intervention group during preschool. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2) subtests for balance, running speed and agility, upper-limb coordination (object control (OC) skills) and strength were administered to children at baseline, post-intervention in preschool, one-year follow-up (kindergarten), and two-year follow-up (first grade). RESULTS Compared to the normative sample's mean, the mean scaled score for all participants at baseline was significantly lower for balance (p=0.016) and OC skills (p<0.001). At two-year follow-up, the means of balance for all participants and OC skills for just the control group were significantly lower than those of the normative sample (p≤0.001). Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed a significant intervention effect for OC skills with the overall model accounting for 41% of variance at two-year follow-up, F(6,165)=20.45, p<0.001. No intervention effects were found for the other three BOT-2 subtests. CONCLUSIONS Delivering the MM program in preschool confers a lasting impact on FMS, specifically OC skills, in at-risk elementary school children. Results suggest that at-risk preschoolers are already behind in FMS development and these delays will continue through first grade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Bellows
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, United States.
| | - Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, United States
| | - Jimikaye B Courtney
- Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, United States
| | - William J Gavin
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, United States
| | - Susan L Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, United States
| | - Richard E Boles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, United States
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20
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Benjamin TE, Lucas-Thompson RG, Little LM, Davies PL, Khetani MA. Participation in Early Childhood Educational Environments for Young Children with and Without Developmental Disabilities and Delays: A Mixed Methods Study. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2017; 37:87-107. [PMID: 26930134 PMCID: PMC5209297 DOI: 10.3109/01942638.2015.1130007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This mixed methods study examined: 1) how young children with and without developmental disabilities and delays participate in daycare or preschool activities; 2) similarities and differences in environmental factors impacting daycare or preschool participation; and 3) strategies used by parents who desired a change in their child's participation. METHODS Data were drawn from 129 parents of young children with and without developmental disabilities and delays (mean age = 49.3 months) residing in North America. Summary and item-level group differences based on disability status were assessed for participation and environmental supports to participation. Narrative data on parental strategies were content coded, transformed into numerical counts, and summarized to identify strategies commonly employed by parents to promote their child's participation. RESULTS Moderate to large disability related group differences in participation and environmental support to participation were found even after controlling for confounding effects of child age, child gender, and family income. Parents commonly described strategies focused on "child care tasks" and "child peer groups," irrespective of the type(s) of change they desired. CONCLUSIONS Study findings suggest that discrepancies in school participation between young children with and without disabilities and delays can be detected and intervened on during the early childhood period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya E Benjamin
- a Department of Occupational Therapy , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
| | - Rachel G Lucas-Thompson
- a Department of Occupational Therapy , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
| | - Lauren M Little
- b Department of Occupational Therapy Education , University of Kansas , Kansas City , Kansas , USA
| | - Patricia L Davies
- a Department of Occupational Therapy , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
| | - Mary A Khetani
- a Department of Occupational Therapy , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado , USA
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21
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Hwang JL, Davies PL, Taylor MP, Gavin WJ. Validation of School Function Assessment with Elementary School Children. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/153944920202200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to examine the validity of the School Function Assessment (SFA). The study sample consisted of 64 children: 29 in general education (GEN) without disabilities, 18 with learning disabilities (LD), and 17 with cerebral palsy (CP). Convergent validity was supported by the significant correlation (r values ranged from .56 to .72) found between the scores on the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (classroom edition) to comparable scales of the SFA. Construct validity of the SFA using the known groups method was also supported. Significant differences in SFA scores among the 3 groups were found using the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance and multiple comparisons. The GEN group differed from the LD group in cognitive/behavioral subtests, the CP group differed from the GEN group in all areas of the SFA, and the LD and CP groups differed on the physical domain of the SFA. Finally, the discriminant analysis of scores on the SFA showed the high percentage of participants being correctly classified in the respective groups (93.1% for GEN, 55.8% for LD, and 88.2% for CP). These results provide new evidence for the validity of the SFA using methodologies not previously reported in the literature. Given the unique features as well as the provided psychometrical properties of the SFA, this recently developed functional assessment should be considered a valid instrument for use in school settings.
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22
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Taylor BK, Gavin WJ, Davies PL. The Test-Retest Reliability of the Visually Evoked Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) in Children and Adults. Dev Neuropsychol 2016; 41:162-75. [PMID: 27145115 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2016.1170835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Establishing the reliability of event-related potentials is critical for future applications to biomarker development and clinical research. Few studies have examined the reliability of the contingent negative variation (CNV), and only in adults. The current study explored test-retest reliability of the visually evoked CNV and its embedded components, the O-wave and the E-wave, in children (7-13 years) and young adults (19-28 years) during a visual Go/No-Go task over 1-2 weeks. Test-retest reliability of the components was moderate for children, and low-to-moderate for adults. These findings were in contrast to previous work with adults showing moderate-to-high reliability of the auditory-evoked CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany K Taylor
- a Department of Human Development and Family Studies , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado
| | - William J Gavin
- a Department of Human Development and Family Studies , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado
| | - Patricia L Davies
- b Department of Occupational Therapy , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado
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23
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Johnson SL, Davies PL, Boles RE, Gavin WJ, Bellows LL. Young Children's Food Neophobia Characteristics and Sensory Behaviors Are Related to Their Food Intake. J Nutr 2015; 145:2610-6. [PMID: 26423739 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.217299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food neophobia in children has been associated with poor dietary variety and nutrient intakes. Underlying characteristics that may predispose a child to neophobia have not been widely studied. OBJECTIVE We investigated the associations between children's food neophobia, sensory sensitivity, and dietary intake in a diverse sample of typically developing preschoolers. METHODS Caregiver reports of children's food neophobia and sensory behaviors (SBs) as measured by the Food Neophobia Scale and the Sensory Profile, children's observed weight outcome [body mass index z score (BMIz)], and children's food intake as estimated from the Block Kids Food Screener were collected at baseline in the Colorado LEAP (Longitudinal Eating and Physical Activity Study) study of childhood obesity. Preschool-aged children (n = 249; 136 girls, 113 boys; aged 55.6 ± 4.7 mo; BMIz = 0.54 ± 1.14) and caregivers [n = 180; 57 Hispanic, 119 non-Hispanic white (NHW), 4 unknown] participated. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlations and multivariate hierarchical linear regression analyses. RESULTS Lower scores for children's oral sensory characteristics (i.e., more atypical) were related to higher neophobia ratings (r = -0.53, P < 0.001), and neophobia was negatively associated with reported vegetable intake (r = -0.31, P = 0.001) and dietary variety (r = -0.22, P < 0.001). Hispanic caregivers reported more atypical child SB scores (46.2 ± 8.8) than did NHW caregivers (50.5 ± 7.6; P = 0.006); however, no differences were noted for neophobia and SB scores by parent income and education or child sex. Neophobia was negatively associated with vegetable intake and dietary variety (P < 0.001 for both). SBs were associated with children's energy intake from sugar-sweetened beverages in bivariate analyses (r = -0.18, P < 0.05); however, in regression models, only ethnicity was significantly associated with energy from sugar-sweetened beverages (P < 0.001). Hispanic ethnicity was positively associated with sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Children's neophobia and sensory sensitivity may be important in understanding underlying issues related to limited food acceptance in typically developing young children and for helping caregivers facilitate healthy dietary intake patterns for their children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01937481.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | | | - Richard E Boles
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | | | - Laura L Bellows
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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24
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Khetani MA, Graham JE, Davies PL, Law MC, Simeonsson RJ. Psychometric properties of the Young Children's Participation and Environment Measure. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 96:307-16. [PMID: 25449189 PMCID: PMC4306635 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the psychometric properties of the newly developed Young Children's Participation and Environment Measure (YC-PEM). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Data were collected online and by telephone. PARTICIPANTS Convenience and snowball sampling methods were used to survey caregivers of children (N=395, comprising children with [n=93] and without [n=302] developmental disabilities and delays) between the ages of 0 and 5 years (mean age±SD, 35.33±20.29 mo) and residing in North America. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The YC-PEM includes 3 participation scales and 1 environment scale. Each scale is assessed across 3 settings: home, daycare/preschool, and community. Data were analyzed to derive estimates of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. RESULTS Internal consistency ranged from .68 to .96 and .92 to .96 for the participation and environment scales, respectively. Test-retest reliability (2-4 wk) ranged from .31 to .93 for participation scales and from .91 to .94 for the environment scale. One of 3 participation scales and the environment scale demonstrated significant group differences by disability status across all 3 settings, and all 4 scales discriminated between disability groups for the daycare/preschool setting. The participation scales exhibited small to moderate positive associations with functional performance scores. CONCLUSIONS Results lend initial support for the use of the YC-PEM in research to assess the participation of young children with disabilities and delays in terms of (1) home, daycare/preschool, and community participation patterns; (2) perceived environmental supports and barriers to participation; and (3) activity-specific parent strategies to promote participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Khetani
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
| | - James E Graham
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Mary C Law
- CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Boles RE, Burdell A, Johnson SL, Gavin WJ, Davies PL, Bellows LL. Home food and activity assessment. Development and validation of an instrument for diverse families of young children. Appetite 2014; 80:23-7. [PMID: 24798760 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to refine and psychometrically test an instrument measuring the home food and activity environment of geographically and economically diverse families of preschool aged children. Caregivers of preschool aged children (n = 83) completed a modified self-report questionnaire. Reliably trained researchers conducted independent observations on 25 randomly selected homes. Agreement statistics were conducted at the item level (154 total items) to determine reliability. Frequency counts were calculated to identify item availability. Results showed Kappa statistics were high (.67-1.00) between independent researchers but varied between researchers and parents resulting in 85 items achieving criterion validity (Kappa >.60). Analyses of reliable items revealed the presence in the home of a high frequency of unhealthy snack foods, high fat milk and low frequency of availability of fruits/vegetables and low fat milk. Fifty-two percent of the homes were arranged with a television in the preschool child's bedroom. Physical Activity devices also were found to have high frequency availability. Families reporting lower education reported higher levels of sugar sweetened beverages and less low-fat dairy (p < .05) compared with higher education families. Low-income families (<$27K per year) reported significantly fewer Physical Activity devices (p < .001) compared with higher income families. Hispanic families reported significantly higher numbers of Sedentary Devices (p < .05) compared with non-Hispanic families. There were no significant differences between demographic comparisons on available fruits/vegetables, meats, whole grains, and regular fat dairy. A modified home food and activity instrument was found to reliably identify foods and activity devices with geographically and economically diverse families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Boles
- Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | | | - Susan L Johnson
- Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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26
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Bellows LL, Johnson SL, Davies PL, Anderson J, Gavin WJ, Boles RE. The Colorado LEAP study: rationale and design of a study to assess the short term longitudinal effectiveness of a preschool nutrition and physical activity program. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:1146. [PMID: 24321701 PMCID: PMC3867674 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The preschool years are a critical window for obesity prevention efforts; representing a time when children establish healthy eating habits and physical activity patterns. Understanding the context in which these behaviors develop is critical to formulating a model to address childhood obesity. The Colorado LEAP Study, an intervention study designed to prevent early childhood obesity, utilizes a social ecological approach to explore individual, family and environmental factors and their relationship to child weight status over a 3 year timeframe. METHODS The study is located in 5 rural Colorado preschool centers and elementary schools (2 treatment and 3 control). Treatment sites receive The Food Friends nutrition (12 weeks) and physical activity (18 weeks) interventions during preschool. Observational measures assess 3 layers of the social ecological model including individual, family and organizational inputs. Children's food preferences, food intake, gross motor skills, physical activity (pedometers/accelerometers), cognitive, physical and social self-competence and height/weight are collected. Parents provide information on feeding and activity practices, child's diet, oral sensory characteristics, food neophobia, home food and activity environment, height/weight and physical activity (pedometers). School personnel complete a school environment and policy assessment. Measurements are conducted with 3 cohorts at 4 time points - baseline, post-intervention, 1- and 2-year follow-up. DISCUSSION The design of this study allows for longitudinal exploration of relationships among eating habits, physical activity patterns, and weight status within and across spheres of the social ecological model. These methods advance traditional study designs by allowing not only for interaction among spheres but predictively across time. Further, the recruitment strategy includes both boys and girls from ethnic minority populations in rural areas and will provide insights into obesity prevention effects on these at risk populations. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01937481.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Bellows
- Colorado State University, Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, 1571 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - Susan L Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jennifer Anderson
- Colorado State University, Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, 1571 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA
| | - William J Gavin
- Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Richard E Boles
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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27
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Barge J, Cheong Y, Thomson L, Gibson NA, Davies PL. P79 The Impact of Social Deprivation on Clinical Outcomes in Children with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) in a Deprived Area of Scotland. Thorax 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204457.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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28
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Bellows LL, Davies PL, Anderson J, Kennedy C. Effectiveness of a physical activity intervention for Head Start preschoolers: a randomized intervention study. Am J Occup Ther 2013; 67:28-36. [PMID: 23245780 PMCID: PMC3722665 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2013.005777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The level of children's motor skill proficiency may be an important determinant of their physical activity behaviors. This study assessed the efficacy of an intervention on gross motor skill performance, physical activity, and weight status of preschoolers. METHOD The Food Friends: Get Movin' With Mighty Moves(®) program was conducted in four Head Start centers. Measurements included the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, pedometer counts, and body mass index (BMI) z scores. RESULTS The intervention led to significant changes in gross motor skills in the treatment group (n = 98) compared with the control group (n = 103) and was a strong predictor of overall gross motor performance (gross motor quotient), locomotor, stability, and object manipulation skills. No intervention effect was found for physical activity levels or weight status. CONCLUSION The intervention dose was adequate for enhancing gross motor skill performance but not for increasing physical activity levels or reducing BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Bellows
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1571, USA.
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29
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Chang WP, Gavin WJ, Davies PL. Bandpass filter settings differentially affect measurement of P50 sensory gating in children and adults. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123:2264-72. [PMID: 22608969 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of four different bandpass filter settings on measures of the P50 component and the signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of averaged ERPs obtained from a sensory gating paradigm employing paired-click stimuli. METHODS Participants were adults (n=18) 20-55years old and children (n=25) 5-10years old who were free of neurological disorders. RESULTS Results show that the filter settings (0.23-75Hz, 10-50Hz, 10-75Hz, and 10-200Hz) differentially affected the P50 amplitude, noise power and SNR measures of the conditioning and test clicks, and P50 T/C ratios. CONCLUSIONS The 10-50Hz filter setting may be optimal in studies that include only adults as these settings resulted in the smallest mean P50 T/C ratio, a reasonable standard deviation (SD) for the ratio, and the highest SNRs. The 10-200Hz filter may be the best for studying young children as this setting had the smallest mean and SD of P50 T/C ratios for these participants. SIGNIFICANCE In studies that include both adults and children investigators are advised to use the 10-200Hz filter setting because the smaller variability of sensory gating in the child group helps ensure better homogeneity of variance measures between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pin Chang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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Gavin WJ, Dotseth A, Roush KK, Smith CA, Spain HD, Davies PL. Electroencephalography in children with and without sensory processing disorders during auditory perception. Am J Occup Ther 2011; 65:370-7. [PMID: 21834451 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2011.002055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether children with sensory processing disorder (SPD) differ from typically developing children on a neurophysiological measure, the P300 component of event-related potentials produced in response to brief auditory stimulation. METHOD We used electroencephalographic measures (i.e., N200 and P300 components) to examine auditory processing in 20 children with SPD and 71 typically developing children, ages 5-10 yr. RESULTS Children with SPD demonstrated significantly smaller P300 amplitudes and shorter N200 latencies than typically developing children. Brain activity correctly distinguished children with SPD from typically developing children with 77% accuracy. We also found a significant relationship between the neurophysiological measures and functional performance on sensory and motor tasks. CONCLUSION This study presents empirical evidence that children with SPD display unique brain processing mechanisms compared with typical children and, therefore, provide further evidence for the neural deviations associated with SPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Gavin
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Beeton ML, Maxwell NC, Davies PL, Nuttall D, McGreal E, Chakraborty M, Spiller OB, Kotecha S. Role of pulmonary infection in the development of chronic lung disease of prematurity. Eur Respir J 2010; 37:1424-30. [PMID: 20884745 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00037810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We studied the role of ante- and post-natal infection in the development of chronic lung disease (CLD) of prematurity. 192 newborn infants (61 term and 131 pre-term of <34 weeks gestation: 88 with respiratory distress syndrome, 35 developed CLD and eight died) were recruited. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes were identified by PCR of DNA isolated from 840 gastric and lung fluid samples. Ureaplasma spp. were also cultured. Presence of 16S rRNA genes (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.2) and Ureaplasma spp. (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.7-7.7) was significantly associated with the development of CLD. This association remained if the 16S rRNA genes and Ureaplasma spp. were first identified within the first 3 days of life (OR 2.4 (95% CI 1.4-4.1) and 3.8 (95% CI 1.4-10.0), respectively) or if first identified after 3 days of age (OR 1.7 (95% CI 1.1-2.8) and OR 5.1 (95% CI 1.3-19.8), respectively). Peak lung fluid interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were significantly associated with presence of microbes (p<0.0001 and p=0.0001, respectively) and development of CLD (p=0.003 and 0.001, respectively). Both early and late microbial presence in neonatal lung fluid samples was significantly associated with the development of CLD suggesting that both ante- and post-natal infection play a role in the development of CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Beeton
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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Davies PL, Tucker R. Evidence review to investigate the support for subtypes of children with difficulty processing and integrating sensory information. Am J Occup Ther 2010; 64:391-402. [PMID: 20608271 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2010.09070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the evidence for subtypes in children with difficulty processing and integrating sensory information. Fifty-seven articles were incorporated into a systematic literature review; only 4 articles provided direct evidence for subtypes. These studies did not provide a comprehensive assessment of all sensory functions and sensory-based motor functions (i.e., praxis) and included different diagnostic groups. Therefore, generalized conclusions about subtypes could not be drawn. The other 53 studies reviewed provided meaningful information about strengths and challenges that children with difficulty processing and integrating sensory information demonstrate, but these studies were limited in scope. A principal theme was the importance of conducting comprehensive assessments of sensory-based functions, including multiple measures of sensory integrative functions such as praxis, sensory modulation, and sensory discrimination in children and adolescents with various clinical disorders. In addition, more consistency in the use of specific assessment tools will allow for synthesis of data across studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, 219 Occupational Therapy, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Chang WP, Davies PL, Gavin WJ. Individual differences in error monitoring in healthy adults: psychological symptoms and antisocial personality characteristics. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:1388-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Davies PL, Chang WP, Gavin WJ. Middle and Late Latency ERP Components Discriminate between Adults, Typical Children, and Children with Sensory Processing Disorders. Front Integr Neurosci 2010; 4:16. [PMID: 20577583 PMCID: PMC2889678 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2010.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether combinations of middle latency sensory evoked potential components and late components, possibly indicative of cognitive processing, can discriminate between three sample groups; 18 adults (20–55 years), 25 typical children (5–10 years) and 28 children with sensory processing disorders (SPD) (5–12 years). Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings were made while participants heard random presentations of two auditory stimuli (1 and 3 kHz) each at two intensities (50 and 70 dB). Amplitude and latency measurements were obtained for the N1, P2, N2, and P3 components from the averaged event-related potential (ERP) for each of the four auditory stimuli. Discriminant analyses revealed two functions, one which described the relationship of the components on SPD deficit continuum and one which described the relationship of these components on a developmental continuum. Together, these two functions correctly classified 90.5% of the participants as to their group membership. These results are discussed in relation to neurodevelopmental theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Hwang JL, Davies PL. Rasch Analysis of the School Function Assessment Provides Additional Evidence for the Internal Validity of the Activity Performance Scales. Am J Occup Ther 2009; 63:369-73. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.63.3.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The internal construct validity of the School Function Assessment (SFA) was determined by examining its unidimensionality and hierarchical structure.
METHOD. The SFA was completed for 64 elementary school children (35 with disabilities, 29 without disabilities). Data were examined through Rasch analysis.
RESULTS. The majority of test items (252 of 266) within the Activity Performance Scales met the criterion set for Rasch goodness-of-fit statistics. All but three scales were found to be unidimensional, measuring a single construct. Item difficulty analysis yielded a hierarchical structure of the scales similar to the existing item layout of the SFA.
CONCLUSION. Internal validity was supported for 15 of the 18 Activity Performance scales. Each scale is psychometrically sound in measuring a specific functional task. The reliable hierarchical pattern of the assessment helps anticipate and document the student's progress in functional performance from easier to more difficult school tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Liang Hwang
- Jeng-Liang Hwang, PhD, OTR/L,is Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, California State University, Dominguez Hills;
| | - Patricia L. Davies
- Patricia L. Davies, PhD, OTR, FAOTA,is Associate Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, 219 Occupational Therapy, Fort Collins, CO 80523
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Abstract
Recent error-related event-related potential (ERP) studies suggest that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display deficits in error monitoring compared to control children. Information regarding error monitoring deficit in adults with ADHD, however, is scarce. We investigated error monitoring in a sample of college students with ADHD and compared them to their control peers. In addition to error (-related) negativity (Ne/ERN) and error positivity (Pe), we examined behavioral performance such as reaction time (RT) as well as self-reported monitoring behaviors in daily-life situations. Thirty-two college students with no known disorders and 36 college students with ADHD between 18 and 30 years of age participated in this study. Results showed that college students with ADHD were slower in their RT and displayed more RT variability. College students with ADHD also demonstrated significantly smaller Ne/ERN amplitude and shorter Ne/ERN latency compared to control students. There were, however, no significant group differences in either Pe amplitude or Pe latency. With self-reported monitoring behaviors, ADHD students reported significantly more difficulties in both the Self-Monitor and Task Monitor scales of the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Adult Version (BRIEF-A) compared to control students. Collectively, these results suggest that college students with ADHD have atypical error monitoring as measured by brain processing, behavioral performance, and self-report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Pin Chang
- Krannert School of Physical Therapy, University of Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Patricia L. Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - William J Gavin
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Davies PL, Chang WP, Gavin WJ. Maturation of sensory gating performance in children with and without sensory processing disorders. Int J Psychophysiol 2008; 72:187-97. [PMID: 19146890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent interest in sensory gating in children with and without neuropsychological disorders has resulted in a number of studies and the results regarding the developmental trajectory of sensory gating are inconsistent. We investigated the maturational course of sensory gating in samples of typically developing children and children with sensory processing deficits (SPD) and compared their performance to adults. Besides gating ratios, we also examined the brain responses to conditioning and test click stimuli in the sensory gating paradigm separately to clarify if the changes in click amplitudes could explain the maturational change in the T/C ratio in children. Eighteen adults with no known disorders, 25 typical children, and 28 children with SPD participated in this study. The children ranged in ages between 5 and 12 years. The three groups differed in their P50 and N100 ERP components. Both child groups displayed significantly less gating than the adults. Children with SPD demonstrated significantly less gating and more within-group variability compared to typical children. There were significant relationships between age and T/C ratios and between age and peak-to-peak amplitude of the conditioning click in typical children but not in children with SPD. Typical children demonstrated significantly smaller brain response amplitudes to the clicks as compared to adults. These findings suggest that there is a maturational course of sensory gating in typical children and if there is a maturational trajectory in children with SPD it appears to be different than typical children. In addition, children with SPD were found to be lacking in their ability to filter out repeated auditory input and failed to selectively regulate their sensitivity to sensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Brett-Green BA, Miller LJ, Gavin WJ, Davies PL. Multisensory integration in children: a preliminary ERP study. Brain Res 2008; 1242:283-90. [PMID: 18495092 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The spatio-temporal scalp distribution of multisensory auditory-somatosensory integration was investigated in typically developing children ages 6-13. Event-related potentials were recorded from 32 scalp electrodes while participants watched a silent cartoon. Three types of sensory stimulation were presented pseudo-randomly: auditory clicks, somatosensory median nerve electrical pulses, or simultaneous auditory and somatosensory stimuli. No behavioral responses were required of the participant. To examine integration, responses to simultaneous auditory and somatosensory stimulation were compared to the sum of unisensory auditory plus unisensory somatosensory responses for four time-windows: (60-80 ms, 80-110 ms, 110-150 ms and 180-220 ms). Results indicated significant multisensory integration occurred in central/post-central scalp regions between 60-80 ms in the hemisphere contralateral to the side of somatosensory stimulation and between 110-150 ms in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the side of somatosensory stimulation. Between 180-220 ms, significant multisensory integration was evident in central/post-central regions in both hemispheres as well as midline scalp regions. This study suggests that children exhibit differential processing of multisensory compared to unisensory stimuli, as has previously been reported in adults.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested the assumption of sensory integration theory that states that a relationship exists between brain function and the behavioral manifestations of sensory integrative dysfunction. METHOD Electroencephalographic measures were used to examine brain processing in 28 children with sensory processing disorders (SPD) and 25 children who were typically developing, ages 5-12 years. RESULTS Children with SPD demonstrated less sensory gating than children who were typically developing. A significant relationship between sensory gating and age was found in children who were typically developing but not in children with SPD. Brain activity correctly distinguished children with SPD from children who were typically developing with 86% accuracy. CONCLUSION These results present empirical evidence that children with SPD display unique brain processing mechanisms compared to children who are typically developing and provide external validity for the diagnosis of SPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, 219 Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Cuerrier D, Moldoveanu T, Inoue J, Davies PL, Campbell RL. Calpain Inhibition by α-Ketoamide and Cyclic Hemiacetal Inhibitors Revealed by X-ray Crystallography,. Biochemistry 2006; 45:7446-52. [PMID: 16768440 DOI: 10.1021/bi060425j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calpains are intracellular calcium-activated cysteine proteases whose unregulated proteolysis following the loss of calcium homeostasis can lead to acute degeneration during ischemic episodes and trauma, as well as Alzheimer's disease and cataract formation. The determination of the crystal structure of the proteolytic core of mu-calpain (muI-II) in a calcium-bound active conformation has made structure-guided design of active site inhibitors feasible. We present here high-resolution crystal structures of rat muI-II complexed with two reversible calpain-specific inhibitors employing cyclic hemiacetal (SNJ-1715) and alpha-ketoamide (SNJ-1945) chemistries that reveal new details about the interactions of inhibitors with this enzyme. The SNJ-1715 complex confirms that the free aldehyde is the reactive species of the cornea-permeable cyclic hemiacetal. The alpha-ketoamide warhead of SNJ-1945 binds with the hydroxyl group of the tetrahedral adduct pointing toward the catalytic histidine rather than the oxyanion hole. The muI-II-SNJ-1945 complex shows residue Glu261 displaced from the S1' site by the inhibitor, resulting in an extended "open" conformation of the domain II gating loop and an unobstructed S1' site. This conformation offers an additional template for structure-based drug design extending to the primed subsites. An important role for the highly conserved Glu261 is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cuerrier
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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Moldoveanu T, Campbell RL, Cuerrier D, Davies PL. Crystal Structures of Calpain–E64 and –Leupeptin Inhibitor Complexes Reveal Mobile Loops Gating the Active Site. J Mol Biol 2004; 343:1313-26. [PMID: 15491615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous calpain inhibitor, calpastatin, modulates some patho-physiological aspects of calpain signaling. Excess calpain can escape this inhibition and as well, many calpain isoforms and autolytically generated protease core fragments are not inhibited by calpastatin. There is a need, therefore, to develop specific, cell-permeable calpain inhibitors to block uncontrolled proteolysis and prevent tissue damage during brain and heart ischemia, spinal-cord injury and Alzheimer's diseases. Here, we report the first high-resolution crystal structures of rat mu-calpain protease core complexed with two traditional, low molecular mass inhibitors, leupeptin and E64. These structures show that access to a slightly deeper, but otherwise papain-like active site is gated by two flexible loops. These loops are divergent among the calpain isoforms giving a potential structural basis for substrate/inhibitor selectivity over other papain-like cysteine proteases and between members of the calpain family.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Moldoveanu
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ont. K7L 3N6, Canada
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Abstract
In a target discrimination task, trials with incorrect responses elicit event-related potentials (ERPs) that include an error-related negativity (ERN or Ne) and a later error-positivity (Pe). Substantial evidence points to the anterior cingulate cortex as the source generator of the ERN. We examined the development of ERP component morphology, amplitude and latency to processing of correct and incorrect responses in 124 children, 7 to 18 years of age, and 27 adults, 19 through 25 years of age. The ERN and Pe were recorded during a standard 480-trial visual flanker task. As expected, response times decreased significantly with age. The ERN amplitude in error trials increased with age, although this was qualified by a nonlinear change as well. The Pe amplitude did not change with age. In correct trials, most participants produced a small negativity corresponding to the timing of the ERN in error trials. This correct-response negativity (CRN) amplitude was larger in children than in adults. Results are discussed with respect to continued maturation of the anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex into young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, 219 Occupational Therapy, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Abstract
Tracking the functional development of specific regions of the prefrontal cortex in children using event-related potentials (ERPs) is challenging for both technical and conceptual reasons. In this paper we outline our strategy for studying frontal lobe development and present preliminary results from children aged 7-17 years and young adults using ERPs functionally associated with anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex, especially the orbitofrontal, ventral, and medial portions. Our analysis of contingent negative variation, error-related negativity, and novelty P300 data show that the ERPs associated with these regions are still maturing into late adolescence, and that their amplitude has significant correlations with behavioral capacities.
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Abstract
In order to study the maturation of neurobehavioral systems involved in affect regulation and behavioral choices during adolescence, we examined brain activity associated with response monitoring and error detection using event-related potentials (ERPs). In a visual flanker test, trials with incorrect responses elicit ERP components including an error-related negativity (ERN) and a later error-positivity (Pe). We examined the amplitude and latency of the ERN and Pe of incorrect responses in 124 children from 7 to 18 years of age. The ERN amplitude in error trials increased with age although this was qualified by a nonlinear change. The quadratic distribution of the ERN indicated an initial drop in amplitude (lowest at age 10 for girls; age 13 for boys) with a subsequent rise through adolescence. The Pe amplitude did not change with age. Results are discussed with respect to continued maturation of the anterior cingulate cortex and possible influences on adolescent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Davies
- 219 Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the assumption that preschool children who receive occupational therapy will demonstrate significant improvement in their visual-motor skills as measured on the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) and the two supplemental Visual Perception and Motor Coordination tests. METHOD Preschool children with developmental delays (n = 12) received occupational therapy a minimum of one individual 30-minute session, and one group 30-minute session per week for 1 school year. Their performance was compared to that of two control groups; preschool students without disabilities who received occupational therapy (n = 16) for one 30-minute group session per week and students without disabilities (n = 15) who received no occupational therapy. The VMI and two supplemental tests were administered three times to each student, at the beginning, middle, and end of school year. RESULTS Planned comparison tests showed that students with developmental delays demonstrated statistically significant improvement in visual-motor skills and developed skills at a rate faster than expected when compared to typically developing peers on the VMI. The effect size for preschool students without disabilities who received occupational therapy exceeded the effect size for the VMI and Visual Perception supplemental test for the preschool students without disabilities who received no therapy, although, the difference in the post-test performance of these two groups was not statistically significant. DISCUSSION The results of this study demonstrate that intervention, including occupational therapy, can effectively improve visual-motor skills in preschool-aged children.
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Davies PL, Soon PL, Young M, Clausen-Yamaki A. Validity and reliability of the school function assessment in elementary school students with disabilities. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2004; 24:23-43. [PMID: 15257967 DOI: 10.1300/j006v24n03_03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined validity of the School Function Assessment (SFA) and interrater reliability of occupational therapist and teacher ratings of students' school function. The validity of the SFA was examined using the known-group method in 35 participants in kindergarten through 7th grade attending elementary schools; 15 students with learning disabilities (LD), 11 students with autism, and 9 students with traumatic brain injury (TBI). The SFA criterion scores for the 23 individual scales were clustered into five distinct parts for the validity analyses. Significant differences in SFA scores among the 3 groups of students were found using Kruskal-Wallis analyses (Chi2 ranged from 9.28 to 20.55, p <.01). Two discriminant analyses demonstrated high correct classification of students with autism and LD, but showed less accurate classification of students with TBI, indicating that the SFA scores of students with TBI did not fall into a systematic pattern for classification. For the interrater reliability study, 16 students' ratings by their teacher and occupational therapist were analyzed. Intraclass correlations resulted in moderate relationships between teacher and occupational therapist ratings for the average criterion scores for the three main sections of the SFA: participation,.70; task supports,.68; and activity performance,.73. Results of this study are discussed in terms of validity of score interpretation and the reliability of different team members completing the SFA questionnaire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Davies
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Leinala EK, Arthur JSC, Grochulski P, Davies PL, Elce JS, Jia Z. A second binding site revealed by C-terminal truncation of calpain small subunit, a penta-EF-hand protein. Proteins 2003; 53:649-55. [PMID: 14579356 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The subunits in calpain and in the related penta-EF-hand (PEF) proteins are bound through contacts between the unpaired EF-hand 5 from each subunit. To study subunit binding further, a tetra-EF-hand 18 kDa N- and C-terminally truncated form of the calpain small subunit was prepared (18k). This protein does not combine with the calpain large subunit to form active calpain, but forms homodimers in solution, as shown by ultracentrifugation. The X-ray structure of the 18k protein in the presence of cadmium was solved to a resolution of 2.0 A. The structure of the monomer is almost identical to the known structure of the calpain small subunit, but the 18k protein forms an oligomer in the crystal by the use of two binding sites. One of these sites is an artefact arising from the C-terminal truncation, but the other is a naturally occurring site that is fully exposed to water in intact purified calpain. The characteristics of this site suggest that it may be important in binding other protein modulators involved in the regulation of calpain and of PEF proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Leinala
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Error trials are associated with faster responses than correct trials in simple discrimination tasks suggesting that errors result from impulsive responding. We investigated the relationship between error negativity (Ne/ERN), an event-related potential associated with error detection, and two behavioral indices of response control: response time (RT) differences between incorrect and correct trials (an index of impulsivity) and percentage of errors. Response-locked ERPs were collected from 17 young adults during a visual flanker task. Consistent with previous findings, participants were significantly faster on error trials. However, participants who exhibited larger Ne/ERN peak amplitudes had significantly smaller RT differences, suggesting a more controlled response strategy. Furthermore, Ne/ERN latencies were positively associated with percentage of errors. These findings are consistent with the view that the Ne/ERN reflects the activity of a monitoring system that is closely linked to remedial systems responsible for individual differences in response control or impulsive behavior.
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