Comparison of cell viability assessment and visualization of Aspergillus niger biofilm with two fluorescent probe staining methods

Filamentous fungi are ubiquitous and frequent components of biofilms. A means to visualize them and quantify their viability is essential for understanding their development and disruption. However, quantifying filamentous fungal biofilms poses challenges because, unlike yeasts and bacteria, they are not composed of discrete cells of similar size. This research focused on filamentous fungal biofilms that are representative of those in the built environment. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid method to examine biofilm structure and quantify live (metabolically active/ membrane undamaged) and dead (inactive/ membrane damaged) cells in Aspergillus niger biofilms utilizing a fluorescent probe staining method and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). For this, we compared two commercially available probe staining kits that have been developed for bacterial and yeast systems. One method utilized the classic cell stain FUN 1 that exhibits orange-red fluorescent intravacuolar structures in metabolically active cells, while dead cells are fluoresced green. The second method utilized a combination of SYTO9 and propidium iodide (PI), and stains cells based on their membrane morphology. SYTO9 is a green fluorescent stain with the capacity to penetrate the living cell walls, and PI is a red fluorescent stain that can only penetrate dead or dying cells with damaged cell membranes. Following staining, the biofilms were imaged using CLSM and biofilm volumes and thickness were quantified using COMSTAT, a computer program that measures biofilm accumulation from digital image stacks. The results were compared to independent measurements of live-dead cell density, as well as a classic cell viability assay-XTT. The data showed that the combination of SYTO9 and PI is optimal for staining filamentous fungal biofilms.

Systematic Review and Regression Modeling of the Effects of Age, Body Size, and Exercise on Cardiovascular Parameters in Healthy Adults

PURPOSE

Blood pressure, cardiac output, and ventricular volumes correlate to various subject features such as age, body size, and exercise intensity. The purpose of this study is to quantify this correlation through regression modeling.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review to compile reference data of healthy subjects for several cardiovascular parameters and subject features. Regression algorithms used these aggregate data to formulate predictive models for the outputs-systolic and diastolic blood pressure, ventricular volumes, cardiac output, and heart rate-against the features-age, height, weight, and exercise intensity. A simulation-based procedure generated data of virtual subjects to test whether these regression models built using aggregate data can perform well for subject-level predictions and to provide an estimate for the expected error. The blood pressure and heart rate models were also validated using real-world subject-level data.

RESULTS

The direction of trends between model outputs and the input subject features in our study agree with those in current literature.

CONCLUSION

Although other studies observe exponential predictor-output relations, the linear regression algorithms performed the best for the data in this study. The use of subject-level data and more predictors may provide regression models with higher fidelity.

SIGNIFICANCE

Models developed in this study can be useful to clinicians for personalized patient assessment and to researchers for tuning computational models.

Predictive Models for Pulmonary Artery Size in Fontan Patients

We developed models of pulmonary artery (PA) size in Fontan patients as a function of age and body surface area (BSA) using linear regression and breakpoint analyses based on data from 43 Fontan patients divided into two groups: the extracardiac conduit (ECC) group (n = 24) and the non-ECC group (n = 19). Model predictions were compared against those of a non-Fontan control group (n = 18) and published literature. We observed strong positive correlations of the mean PA diameter with BSA (r = 0.9, p < 0.05) and age (r = 0.88, p < 0.05) in the ECC group. The absolute percentage differences between our BSA and age model predictions against published literature were less than 16% and 20%, respectively. Predicted PA size for Fontan patients was consistently smaller than the control group. These models may serve as useful references for clinicians and be utilized to construct 3D anatomic models that correspond to patient body size or age.

Investigating hierarchical effects of adaptive signal control system on crash severity using random-parameter ordered regression models incorporating observed heterogeneity

By handling conflicting traffic movements and establishing dynamic coordination between intersections in real-time, the Adaptive Signal Control System (ASCS) can potentially improve the operation and safety of signalized intersections on a corridor. This study identifies the hierarchical effects of ASCS on the crash severity by exploring the heterogeneous effect of ASCS on the crash severity. Four different random-parameter ordered regression models (two ordered probit models, and two ordered logit models) are developed and compared. The analysis reveals that the random-parameter ordered probit and logit models (ROP and ROL) with observed heterogeneity perform better than the random-parameter ordered probit and logit models (RP and RL) without observed heterogeneity in terms of the Akaike information criteria and the goodness of fit of the model. The ROP model performs better than the ROL model in terms of classification model performance measures. The ROP model enables parameters (i.e., the coefficients of the explanatory variables) to vary as a function of explanatory variables as well as across observations, thus accounting for both observed (captured by available explanatory variables) and unobserved (not captured by available explanatory variables) heterogeneity. The analysis reveals that the presence of ASCS is associated with lower crash severity. In this study, observed heterogeneity of ASCS effects on the crash severity is captured by variables related to the intersection and corridor features. Other contributing factors besides ASCS, such as annual average daily traffic, speed limit, lighting, peak period, crash type (rear-end, angle), and pedestrian involvements, are also associated with the probability of crash severity. Unobserved heterogeneity of the effect of angle crash type on the crash severity is found to exist across the observations. The findings of this research have practical implications for establishing ASCS implementation guidelines in lowering the probability of higher crash severity.

Assessing the likelihood of secondary crashes on freeways with Adaptive Signal Control System deployed on alternate routes

INTRODUCTION

Reducing the likelihood of freeway secondary crashes will provide significant safety, operational and environmental benefits. This paper presents a method for assessing the likelihood of freeway secondary crashes with Adaptive Signal Control Systems (ASCS) deployed on alternate routes that are typically used by diverted freeway traffic to avoid any delay or congestion due to a freeway primary crash.

METHOD

The method includes four steps: (1) identification of secondary crashes, (2) verification of alternate routes, (3) assessment of the likelihood of secondary crashes for freeways with ASCS deployed on alternate routes and non-ASCS (i.e. pre-timed, semi- or fully-actuated) alternate routes, and (4) investigation of unobserved heterogeneity of the likelihood of freeway secondary crashes. Four freeway sections (i.e., two with ASCS deployed on alternate routes and two non-ASCS alternate routes) in South Carolina are considered.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Findings from the logistic regression modeling reveal significant reduction in the likelihood of secondary crashes for one freeway section (i.e., Charleston I-26 E) with ASCS deployed on alternate route. Other factors such as rear-end crash, dark or limited light, peak period, and annual average daily traffic contribute to the likelihood of freeway secondary crashes. Furthermore, random-parameter logistic regression model results for Charleston I-26 E reveal that unobserved heterogeneity of ASCS effect exists across the observations and ASCS are associated with the reduction of the likelihood of freeway secondary crashes for 84% of the observations (i.e., primary crashes). Location of the primary crash on the freeway is observed to affect the benefit of ASCS toward freeway secondary crash reduction as the primary crash's location determines how many upstream freeway vehicles will be able to take the alternate route. Practical Applications: Based on the findings, it is recommended that the South Carolina Department of Transportation (SCDOT) considers deploying ASCS on alternate routes parallel to freeway sections where high percentages of secondary crashes are found.

Investigating the impacts of crash prediction models on quantifying safety effectiveness of Adaptive Signal Control Systems

INTRODUCTION

Adaptive Signal Control System (ASCS) can improve both operational and safety benefits at signalized corridors.

METHODS

This paper develops a series of models accounting for model forms and possible predictors and implements these models in Empirical Bayes (EB) and Fully Bayesian (FB) frameworks for ASCS safety evaluation studies. Different models are validated in terms of the ability to reduce the potential bias and variance of prediction and improve the safety effectiveness estimation accuracy using real-world crash data from non-ASCS sites. This paper then develops the safety effectiveness of ASCS at six different corridors with a total of 65 signalized intersections with the same type of ASCS, in South Carolina.

RESULTS

Validation results show that the FB model that accounts for traffic volume, roadway geometric features, year factor, and spatial effects shows the best performance among all models. The study findings reveal that ASCS reduces crash frequencies in the total crash, fatal and injury crash, and angle crash for most of the intersections. The safety effectiveness of ASCS varies with different intersection features (i.e., AADT at major streets, number of legs at an intersection, the number of through lanes on major streets, the number of access points on minor streets, and the speed limit at major streets).

CONCLUSIONS

ASCS is associated with crash reductions, and its safety effects vary with different intersection features. Practical Applications: The findings of this research encourage more ASCS deployments and provide insights into selecting ASCS deployment sites for reducing crashes considering the variation of the safety effectiveness of ASCS.

La cohérence cardiaque : état des connaissances actuelles et bénéfices en psychiatrie

Le stress joue un rôle prépondérant dans un grand nombre d’affections psychiatriques. L’institut HeartMath® a développé une technique de gestion du stress appelée cohérence cardiaque. Cette technique se fonde sur une rééducation du système nerveux autonome en améliorant l’équilibre de la balance sympatho-vagale par augmentation de la Variabilité de la Fréquence Cardiaque (VFC). Par cela, on obtient une augmentation de la flexibilité de ce système nerveux autonome et ainsi une meilleure tolérance au stress.

À ce jour, la VFC peut se mesurer à l’aide d’un photopléthysmographe relié à un ordinateur permettant de visualiser le résultat (biofeedback). L’intérêt du biofeedback est la visualisation en direct de la VFC au cours de manœuvres respiratoires et techniques issues des thérapies cognitivo-comportementales Le lien entre une altération de la VFC et différentes pathologies organiques (telles que l’hypertension artérielle et l’infarctus du myocarde) mais aussi psychiatriques (telles que les troubles anxieux et thymiques) a été établi depuis plusieurs années. De même, l’administration de certaines molécules comme les bêta-bloquants et les antidépresseurs sont associés à l’augmentation de la VFC lors de l’amélioration des symptômes. Enfin, la cohérence cardiaque a déjà prouvé ses bénéfices dans le traitement de plusieurs troubles psychiatriques tels que les troubles anxieux et les troubles thymiques. Notre but est de réaliser une synthèse des connaissances actuelles sur la VFC et la cohérence cardiaque, de présenter cette thérapie, puis d’exposer ses bénéfices dans le traitement des pathologies psychiatriques allant des troubles anxieux jusqu’aux syndromes schizophréniques.

Defects in the Exocyst-Cilia Machinery Cause Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease and Aortic Stenosis

BACKGROUND

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease is a congenital defect that affects 0.5% to 1.2% of the population and is associated with comorbidities including ascending aortic dilation and calcific aortic valve stenosis. To date, although a few causal genes have been identified, the genetic basis for the vast majority of BAV cases remains unknown, likely pointing to complex genetic heterogeneity underlying this phenotype. Identifying genetic pathways versus individual gene variants may provide an avenue for uncovering additional BAV causes and consequent comorbidities.

METHODS

We performed genome-wide association Discovery and Replication Studies using cohorts of 2131 patients with BAV and 2728 control patients, respectively, which identified primary cilia genes as associated with the BAV phenotype. Genome-wide association study hits were prioritized based on P value and validated through in vivo loss of function and rescue experiments, 3-dimensional immunohistochemistry, histology, and morphometric analyses during aortic valve morphogenesis and in aged animals in multiple species. Consequences of these genetic perturbations on cilia-dependent pathways were analyzed by Western and immunohistochemistry analyses, and assessment of aortic valve and cardiac function were determined by echocardiography.

RESULTS

Genome-wide association study hits revealed an association between BAV and genetic variation in human primary cilia. The most associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in or near genes that are important in regulating ciliogenesis through the exocyst, a shuttling complex that chaperones cilia cargo to the membrane. Genetic dismantling of the exocyst resulted in impaired ciliogenesis, disrupted ciliogenic signaling and a spectrum of cardiac defects in zebrafish, and aortic valve defects including BAV, valvular stenosis, and valvular calcification in murine models.

CONCLUSIONS

These data support the exocyst as required for normal ciliogenesis during aortic valve morphogenesis and implicate disruption of ciliogenesis and its downstream pathways as contributory to BAV and associated comorbidities in humans.

Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Foliar Pathogens in Commercial Watermelon Fields in South Carolina Based on Stratified Cluster Sampling

The influence of environmental and management factors on the occurrence of foliar pathogens of watermelon was analyzed using survey-sampling data collected from commercial farms in South Carolina in spring 2015 and spring and fall 2016. A stratified two-stage cluster sampling design was used to sample symptomatic watermelon leaves from 56 fields of 27 growers in seven counties representing the main watermelon-producing areas in the state. In the sampling design, counties corresponded to strata, growers to first-stage clusters, and fields to second-stage clusters. Pathogens were identified on 100 leaves collected per field based on reproductive structures that formed on the leaves. Information about previous crops, fruit type, field size, transplanting date, first harvest date, and fungicides applied within 7 days and within 7 to 14 days prior to sampling was obtained from growers. Field alignment was determined with a compass. Survey-specific logistic regression procedures were used to analyze the effect of these factors on the probabilities of pathogen occurrence. Five fungal pathogens, Stagonosporopsis spp., Podosphaera xanthii, Cercospora citrullina, Colletotrichum orbiculare, and Myrothecium sensu lato (s.l.), and the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis were included in the analyses. Among the factors we analyzed, there was a consistent increased probability of occurrence of Stagonosporopsis spp. in fields with a previous cucurbit crop, increasing probabilities of pathogen occurrence with increasing plant age, a lower probability of occurrence of some pathogens on triploid cultivars compared with diploid cultivars, and a decrease in probability of pathogen occurrence in fields aligned toward southwest or west. Application of fungicides significantly reduced the probability of observing C. citrullina, P. cubensis, and Stagonosporopsis spp. in 2015 and P. xanthii in spring 2016. This study emphasizes the importance of crop rotation and fungicide applications to manage foliar diseases of watermelon, particularly gummy stem blight, powdery mildew, and downy mildew. Crop age, cultivar type, and field alignment also were found to significantly influence the probability of pathogen occurrence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study examining the influence of various factors on foliar pathogens of watermelon with data collected from commercial fields.

Occurrence of Foliar Pathogens of Watermelon on Commercial Farms in South Carolina Estimated with Stratified Cluster Sampling

A survey of foliar pathogens of watermelon based on two-stage cluster sampling was conducted on commercial farms in South Carolina in spring 2015, spring and fall 2016, and fall 2017. In total, 60 fields from 27 different growers in seven counties representing the main watermelon-producing areas in the state were sampled, using a stratified two-stage cluster sampling approach. In the sampling design, counties corresponded to strata, growers to first-stage clusters, and fields to second-stage clusters. In each field, 100 symptomatic leaves were collected at five equidistant sampling points along four transects encompassing a square shape of 2,500 m². After collection, pathogens were identified based on reproductive structures formed on leaves during >12 h incubation. Estimates were obtained for the statewide probability of pathogen occurrence and associations between pathogen pairs. Six fungal pathogens, Stagonosporopsis spp., Podosphaera xanthii, Cercospora citrullina, Colletotrichum orbiculare, Myrothecium sensu lato (s.l.), and Corynespora cassiicola; the oomycete Pseudoperonospora cubensis; and three viral pathogens were identified on the examined leaves. With the exception of fall 2017, Stagonosporopsis spp. was the most prevalent pathogen in every season, followed by P. xanthii. The highest occurrence of P. cubensis was in spring 2015; it did not occur in 2016. The highest occurrence of C. orbiculare was in spring 2016; it did not occur in spring 2015. Myrothecium s.l. was the most common pathogen in fall 2017 and the second most common pathogen occurring by itself in fall 2016. The third most common pathogen in fall 2017, Corynespora cassiicola, was not observed in any other season. Eight of the 80 isolates of Stagonosporopsis spp. collected were identified as S. caricae, the rest as S. citrulli. All isolates of S. caricae were found in spring 2015 and originated from two fields in different counties. A total of three positive and five negative associations were found between pathogen pairs co-occurring on the same leaf. A positive association between Stagonosporopsis spp. and C. citrullina was the only significant association between pathogens found in two seasons, spring 2015 and spring 2016. Based on estimates of probability of pathogen occurrence across seasons, Stagonosporopsis spp. and P. xanthii are the most common pathogens on watermelons in South Carolina. This is the first report of C. cassiicola, S. caricae, and Myrothecium s.l. on watermelon in South Carolina.

Comparative Metabolomic Analyses of Ipomoea lacunosa Biotypes with Contrasting Glyphosate Tolerance Captures Herbicide-Induced Differential Perturbations in Cellular Physiology

Glyphosate-tolerant Ipomoea lacunosa is emerging as a problematic weed in the southeastern United States. Metabolomic profiling was conducted to examine the innate physiology and the glyphosate induced perturbations in two biotypes of I. lacunosa (WAS and QUI) that had contrasting glyphosate tolerance. Compared to the less tolerant QUI-biotype, the innate metabolism of the more tolerant WAS-biotype was characterized by a higher abundance of amino acids, and pyruvate; whereas the sugar profile of the QUI biotype was dominated by the transport sugar sucrose. Glyphosate application (80 g ae/ha) caused similar shikimate accumulation in both biotypes. Compared to QUI, in WAS, the content of aromatic amino acids was less affected by glyphosate treatment, and the content of Ala, Val, Ile, and Pro increased. However, the total sugars decreased by ∼75% in WAS, compared to ∼50% decrease in QUI. The innate, higher proportional abundance, of the transport-sugar sucrose in QUI coud partly explain the higher translocation and greater sensitivity of this biotype to glyphosate. The decrease in sugars, accompanied by an increase in amino acids could delay feedback regulation of upstream enzymes of the shikimate acid pathway in WAS, which could contribute to a greater glyphosate tolerance. Our study, through a metabolomics approach, provides complementary data that elucidates the cellular physiology of herbicide tolerance in Ipomoea lacunosa biotypes.

[Recent eye surgery]

The evolution of eye surgery has been truly extraordinary since the last decades, with the development of machines and techniques more and more accurate and effective. In this article will be detailed the novelties in terms of cataract surgery and refractive surgery.

Old hearts for modern investigations: CT and MR for archaeological human hearts remains

INTRODUCTION

Among 800 burials dated between the 15th and 18th centuries and found in the center of Rennes (Brittany, France), a collection of five heart-shaped lead urns was discovered. This material was studied using classical methods (external study, autopsy and histology), and also modern imaging like computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) before and after coronary opacification. The aim of this manuscript is to describe different steps of ancient soft tissues study, especially using imaging techniques.

METHODS

The study gathered various specialists: anthropologists, archeologists, forensic pathologists, radiologists, pathologic physicians, and physicists. Imaging techniques were performed, before and after coronary opacification. Finally, hearts were autopsied and different histological samples were analyzed.

RESULTS

Only heart n°2 was too damaged to be studied. Heart n°3 was considered as normal using all investigation techniques. The study of Hearts n°s 4 and 5 revealed dilated cardiomyopathy while Heart n°1 showed important signs of diffuse hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Different fibro lipid plaques were identified using imaging techniques, and were confirmed by histology.

CONCLUSIONS

The study of archeological soft tissues using modern imaging is possible if the material is well-preserved. This type of research can uncover principal findings, allowing scientists to establish diseases of ancient times.

Reversal of Vascular Calcification and Aneurysms in a Rat Model Using Dual Targeted Therapy with EDTA- and PGG-Loaded Nanoparticles

Degeneration of elastic lamina and vascular calcification are common features of vascular pathology such as aortic aneurysms. We tested whether dual therapy with targeted nanoparticles (NPs) can remove mineral deposits (by delivery of a chelating agent, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)) and restore elastic lamina (by delivery of a polyphenol, pentagalloyl glucose (PGG)) to reverse moderate aneurysm development. EDTA followed by PGG NP delivery led to reduction in macrophage recruitment, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, elastin degradation and calcification in the aorta as compared to delivery of control blank NPs. Such dual therapy restored vascular elastic lamina and improved vascular function as observed by improvement in circumferential strain. Therefore, dual targeted therapy may be an attractive option to remove mineral deposits and restore healthy arterial structures in moderately developed aneurysms.

Hwæt!: adaptive benefits of public displays of generosity and bravery in Beowulf

Costly signalling — along with other adaptive mechanisms, including reciprocity and kin selection — supports altruism in human societies. Because literary works can reflect the lives, motivations and ideals of real cultures, the same adaptive forces governing the actions of actual persons may drive the interactions depicted in these stories. Based on this reasoning, we analysed the interactions in the Old-English poem Beowulf, asking whether the beneficent behaviour exhibited by the characters functions as costly signalling or as exchange-based interactions. We found that both mechanisms play a role but costly signalling provides benefits beyond those from relationships based on exchange. Specifically, gift exchange promoted comrade allegiance but costly signalling additionally provided status increase to the signaller. Furthermore, boasting about oneself forged alliances whereas telling tales about the exploits of others increased speaker status. We show that hypotheses derived from evolutionary theory can be explored through quantitative text analyses of period-specific literature.

Metabolic Profiling and Enzyme Analyses Indicate a Potential Role of Antioxidant Systems in Complementing Glyphosate Resistance in an Amaranthus palmeri Biotype

Metabolomics and biochemical assays were employed to identify physiological perturbations induced by a commercial formulation of glyphosate in susceptible (S) and resistant (R) biotypes of Amaranthus palmeri. At 8 h after treatment (HAT), compared to the respective water-treated control, cellular metabolism of both biotypes were similarly perturbed by glyphosate, resulting in abundance of most metabolites including shikimic acid, amino acids, organic acids and sugars. However, by 80 HAT the metabolite pool of glyphosate-treated R-biotype was similar to that of the control S- and R-biotypes, indicating a potential physiological recovery. Furthermore, the glyphosate-treated R-biotype had lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage, higher ROS scavenging activity, and higher levels of potential antioxidant compounds derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. Thus, metabolomics, in conjunction with biochemical assays, indicate that glyphosate-induced metabolic perturbations are not limited to the shikimate pathway, and the oxidant quenching efficiency could potentially complement the glyphosate resistance in this R-biotype.

Prevention of abdominal aortic aneurysm progression by targeted inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity with batimastat-loaded nanoparticles

RATIONALE

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-mediated extracellular matrix destruction is the major cause of development and progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Systemic treatments of MMP inhibitors have shown effectiveness in animal models, but it did not translate to clinical success either because of low doses used or systemic side effects of MMP inhibitors. We propose a targeted nanoparticle (NP)-based delivery of MMP inhibitor at low doses to the abdominal aortic aneurysms site. Such therapy will be an attractive option for preventing expansion of aneurysms in patients without systemic side effects.

OBJECTIVE

Our previous study showed that poly(d,l-lactide) NPs conjugated with an antielastin antibody could be targeted to the site of an aneurysm in a rat model of abdominal aortic aneurysms. In the study reported here, we tested whether such targeted NPs could deliver the MMP inhibitor batimastat (BB-94) to the site of an aneurysm and prevent aneurysmal growth.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Poly(d,l-lactide) NPs were loaded with BB-94 and conjugated with an elastin antibody. Intravenous injections of elastin antibody-conjugated BB-94-loaded NPs targeted the site of aneurysms and delivered BB-94 in a calcium chloride injury-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in rats. Such targeted delivery inhibited MMP activity, elastin degradation, calcification, and aneurysmal development in the aorta (269% expansion in control versus 40% elastin antibody-conjugated BB-94-loaded NPs) at a low dose of BB-94. The systemic administration of BB-94 alone at the same dose was ineffective in producing MMP inhibition.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeted delivery of MMP inhibitors using NPs may be an attractive strategy to inhibit aneurysmal progression.

Using the DAS-ELISA Test to Establish an Effective Distance Between Bait Stations for Control of Linepithema humile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Natural Areas

Linepithema humile (Mayr), the Argentine ant, is an invasive pest that has spread throughout the United States and is a problem in natural and managed habitats in South Carolina. Foraging patterns and the effectiveness of liquid baits for control of this pest have been studied in urban areas. However, similar studies have not been conducted in natural areas such as parks, picnic grounds, or campsites. L. humile populations can be large and widespread, making them a major nuisance pest for visitors to these natural areas. The primary objective of this study was to determine an effective distance between bait stations for control of L. humile in a natural area. A double antibody-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) procedure was used to detect individual ants that consumed rabbit immunoglobin (IgG) protein for marking and tracking. In both lab and field conditions, there was a significant difference in the detection of IgG in ants fed protein marker mixed with sugar water compared with ants only fed sugar water. Additional field studies revealed that an individual ant could retain detectable levels of protein marker for 3 d and that an ant feeding on IgG containing bait could be detected over 15 m from the original bait source. Overall, we found that using liquid ant baits, with a placement of 20 m between stations, was effective in reducing L. humile numbers between April to October, 2012 in a natural park area of Lake Greenwood State Park, SC.

Increased physical activity may be more protective for metabolic syndrome than reduced caloric intake. An analysis of estimated energy balance in U.S. adults: 2007-2010 NHANES

BACKGROUND AND AIM

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between physical activity (PA), caloric intake, and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in a representative sample of the United States population.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Data for 4327 adults from 2007 to 2010 NHANES were analyzed. MetS was defined using both ATPIII and AHA/NHLBI criteria. Weekly moderate and vigorous physical activity (PA) minutes from work, leisure-time, and transportation PA were used to estimate Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) from Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) using the Harris-Benedict equation. Average total calories (KCAL) from two 24-h dietary recalls were used to compare energy intake and expenditure between subjects with and without MetS. An alpha of 0.05 was used to determine statistical differences. The age adjusted prevalence of MetS was 21.9% (95% CI 20.1-23.6) and 36.8% (34.7-39.0) using ATPIII and AHA/NHLBI criteria, respectively. The estimated population mean for KCAL/TEE was 0.83 (95% CI 0.82-0.84), and the mean for KCAL/BMR was 1.25 (95% CI 1.23-1.27). Subjects without MetS (MetS-) reported 36 ± 13 (ATPIII) and 45 ± 18 (AHA/NHLBI) more daily moderate PA minutes than subjects with MetS (MetS+). At each level of PA, MetS- consumed more calories relative to BMR and TEE than MetS+. For both normal and overweight adults, KCAL/BMR was higher for MetS- than MetS+. For all BMI groups, there were no differences between MetS- and MetS+ with respect to KCAL/TEE. Though MetS+ adults in either MetS criteria were generally less physically active, MetS- adults maintained a higher caloric intake relative to estimated energy needs.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest energy needs may be distorted in Metabolic Syndrome and increased physical activity may be more protective than reduced caloric intake.

Spatial distribution of reniform nematode in cotton as influenced by soil texture and crop rotations

Reniform nematode (RN) is an important pest in cotton production. Knowledge of the distribution patterns of RN is essential for selecting sampling strategies and for site-specific management. A 3-year study was conducted in two fields in South Carolina with the purpose of characterizing the distribution of RN using a fine-scale sampling scheme in plots representing different soil textures (field 1), and using a large-scale arbitrary sampling scheme (field 2). Horizontal distribution data showed an aggregated pattern of RN densities at planting and after harvest in both fields each year, with patches ranging from 8 to 12 m. However, a significant neighborhood structure was only detected when suitable hosts (cotton and soybean) were planted. Correlations between RN densities and percent sand and silt were detected, showing nematode densities peaked when sand content was around 60% and declined when sand content increased above 60 to 65%. When fewer samples were taken in the field with more uniform sand content, percentage of sand was a less reliable predictor of RN densities. Vertical sampling showed the highest numbers of RN were found at 15 to 30 cm deep after cotton, but were deeper after a nonhost crop. Understanding distribution patterns of RN within a field may improve the effectiveness of management practices.

Race and gender disparities in nutrient intake are not related to metabolic syndrome in 20- to 59-year-old US adults

BACKGROUND

The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between macronutrient and micronutrient intake and metabolic syndrome within race and gender cohorts of young US adults.

METHODS

The 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for adults (n=2440) aged 20-59 were analyzed. Two 24-hr dietary recalls were used to measure intake of total calories, macronutrients, and 20 vitamins and minerals. Metabolic syndrome and its components were defined by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute criteria. Differences in statistical tests were noted when significant at P<0.05.

RESULTS

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among 20- to 59-year-old adults was 30.4% [95% confidence interval 27.6-33.2]. Among cohorts, metabolic syndrome was highest in black women and white men, and lowest in black men and white women. Regression analysis indicated that no macronutrients were associated with greater risk of metabolic syndrome. For relative macronutrient intake, men with metabolic syndrome consumed more polyunsaturated fats, whereas women with metabolic syndrome consumed more total, saturated and monounsaturated fats and less fiber and starch than women without metabolic syndrome. Among races, white men and women consumed greater absolute quantities of all macronutrients except carbohydrates and sugar. Micronutrient intake was greatest for white men and women; women without metabolic syndrome had greater micronutrient adequacy than women with metabolic syndrome.

CONCLUSION

Nutrient intake varied between race/gender cohorts; however, there were few clinically significant differences in nutrient intake between those with and without metabolic syndrome. Diet may be marginally related to diagnosis of metabolic syndrome.

Harnessing the beneficial properties of adipogenic microbes for improving human health

Obesity is associated with numerous metabolic comorbidities. Weight loss is an effective measure for alleviating many of these metabolic abnormalities. However, considering the limited success of most medical weight-management approaches in producing a sustained weight loss, approaches that improve obesity-related metabolic abnormalities independent of weight loss would be extremely attractive and of practical benefit. Metabolically healthy obesity supports the notion that a better metabolic profile is possible despite obesity. Moreover, adequate expansion of adipose tissue appears to confer protection from obesity-induced metabolic comorbidities. To this end, the 10th Stock conference examined new approaches to improve metabolic comorbidities independent of weight loss. In particular, human adenovirus 36 (Ad36) and specific gut microbes were examined for their potential to influence lipid and glucose homeostasis in animals and humans. While these microbes possess some undesirable properties, research has identified attributes of adenovirus Ad36 and gut microbes that may be selectively harnessed to improve metabolic profile without the obligatory weight loss. Furthermore, identifying the host signalling pathways that these microbes recruit to improve the metabolic profile may offer new templates and targets, which may facilitate the development of novel treatment strategies for obesity-related metabolic conditions.

A Protocol for Assessing Resistance to Aphelenchoides fragariae in Hosta Cultivars

The use of resistant and tolerant cultivars is an important component of an integrated management plan for foliar nematodes on hosta. In order to identify tolerance and resistance in commercial hosta cultivars, reliable and efficient screening methods are required. To optimize the screening protocol, a series of greenhouse experiments was conducted using six hosta cultivars and two types of nematode inoculum. The pathogenicity and reproduction of Aphelenchoides fragariae maintained on fungal cultures versus maintenance on hosta were evaluated with two inoculation methods (with injury and without injury). Both sources of inoculum were pathogenic on all six cultivars tested but the plant inoculum caused two to eight times larger lesions than the fungus inoculum. Both inocula caused larger lesions and resulted in higher reproduction rates on injured leaves than on noninjured leaves. Water soaking was more efficient than traditional Baermann funnel extraction methods. Correlations between foliage symptom severity and nematode reproduction were low or nonexistence. A numerical scale for faster assessment of disease severity was developed, and recommendations for a reliable protocol for assessment of resistance and tolerance are discussed.

Effect of Temperature on the Embryogenesis of Geographic Populations of Rotylenchulus reniformis

The effect of temperature on the embryonic development of three populations of reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) from the southeastern United States was studied. The development of eggs from single-cell stage to eclosion of second-stage juvenile was monitored at 20, 25, 30, and 35°C. All populations completed embryogenesis in 7 days at 25°C. The greatest differences among populations in time to completion of embryogenesis were observed at 20 and 35°C. Results at the intermediate temperatures (25 and 30°C) were similar for the three populations. The optimal temperature for embryogenesis was calculated to be 31.4°C for the population from Alabama, 28.4°C for the one from Mississippi, and 37.5°C for the one from South Carolina.

Open surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm or aorto-iliac occlusive disease--clinical and ultrasonographic long-term results

OBJECTIVE

To determine postoperative and long-term outcome and assess the relevance of abdominal ultrasound (US) after surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) or aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD).

METHODS

Records of 1704 consecutive patients having graft implantation from 1988 to 2000, either for AAA (n = 1144) or for AIOD (n = 560), were reviewed. In 2006, follow-up was 9180 patients-years for the AAA group and 5450 patients-years for the AIOD group. Among 1006 alive patients, 377 were invited randomly for US and clinical examination.

RESULTS

Hospital death occurred in 99 patients (8.6%) of the AAA group (53% in ruptured and 2% in elective AAA), and in 18 patients of the AIOD group (3.2%). There were 581 late deaths, including eight due to prosthesis infection, one to pseudo-aneurysm rupture, and one to graft thrombosis (0.6% graft-related mortality). Prosthesis thrombosis occurred in 32 patients (26 in AIOD group, p < 0.001), and graft infection in 26 (17 in AAA group, p < 0.01). Pseudoaneurysms developed in 90 patients (68 in AIOD group, p < 0.001), including eight at the proximal aortic, one at the distal aortic, two at the iliac and 79 at the femoral anastomosis. In the AAA group only, surgery was required for a new thoraco-abdominal and pararenal aneurysm in eight and four patients, respectively, while US evidenced a 26-35 and a 36-50 mm supraanastomotic aortic dilatation in 65 (32%) and in 14 (7%) patients, at a mean follow-up of 10.5 and 9.3 years, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Long-term results are good after open surgery for AAA or AIOD. Prosthesis infection and anastomotic pseudo-aneurysm are the main causes of graft-related mortality and morbidity, respectively. Because of high incidence of asymptomatic supraanastomotic aortic dilatation, all patients with a history of AAA repair should have regular abdominal US.

Combined effect of packaging atmosphere and storage temperature on growth of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat shrimp

Cooked, peeled, and deveined shrimp were inoculated with a 5 strain mixture of Listeria monocytogenes and packaged in air, vacuum, and a 100% carbon dioxide modified atmosphere. The packaged shrimp were then stored at 3, 7, and 12 degrees C for 15 days to monitor the growth of L. monocytogenes and psychrotrophic bacteria. Uninoculated shrimp were also subjected to sensory evaluation by a trained panel to measure odor and appearance over the storage period. Results demonstrated that shrimp packaged in CO(2) and stored at 3 degrees C did not permit growth of L. monocytogenes during the 15-day storage period, while all other packaging/temperature combinations allowed for multiplication of the bacterium. Carbon dioxide packaging also resulted in the slowest growth of psychrotrophic bacteria and resulted in shrimp having acceptable sensory odor and appearance scores at the end of storage. When strict temperature control is difficult, such as during processing, transportation, retail display, or home use, additional antimicrobial hurdles may be necessary to ensure safety.

[Surgical left ventricular remodelling via endoventriculoplasty: clinical observation]

A case of dilated ischemic cardiomyopathy, with severely impaired left ventricular systolic function, treated by endoventriculoplasty and CABG, is reported. The authors discuss the modern concepts regarding the surgical treatment of large anterior asynergic scars following occlusion of the LAD. Since there are more similarities between akinesia and dyskinesia than previously thought, the endoventriculoplasty of DOR may constitute a new way to surgically remodel the left ventricle in dilated cardiomyopathies with large anterior akinesia. This surgery significantly improves the ventricular function and the overall patients' prognosis at short and mid term follow up.

Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography and prognostic significance in patients with acute pulmonary embolism

BACKGROUND

Patients with acute pulmonary embolism (APE) present with a broad spectrum of prognoses. Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) has progressively been established as a first line test in the APE diagnostic algorithm, but estimation of short term prognosis by this method remains to be explored.

METHODS

Eighty two patients admitted with APE were divided into three groups according to their clinical presentation: pulmonary infarction (n = 21), prominent dyspnoea (n = 29), and circulatory failure (n = 32). CTPA studies included assessment of both pulmonary obstruction index and right heart overload. Haemodynamic evaluation was based on systolic aortic blood pressure, heart rate, and systolic pulmonary arterial pressure obtained non-invasively by echocardiography at the time of diagnosis of pulmonary embolism.

RESULTS

The mortality rate was 0%, 13.8% and 25% in the three groups, respectively. Neither the pulmonary obstruction index nor the pulmonary artery pressure could predict patient outcome. In contrast, a significant correlation with mortality was found using the systolic blood pressure (p<0.001) and heart rate (p<0.05), as well as from imaging parameters including right to left ventricle minor axis ratio (p<0.005), proximal superior vena cava diameter (p<0.001), azygos vein diameter (p<0.001), and presence of contrast regurgitation into the inferior vena cava (p = 0.001). Analysis from logistic regression aimed at testing for mortality prediction revealed true reclassification of 89% using radiological variables.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that CTPA quantification of right ventricular strain is an accurate predictor of in-hospital death related to pulmonary embolism.

Defective remethylation of homocysteine is related to decreased synthesis of coenzymes B2 in thyroidectomized rats

We investigated the influence of hypothyroidism on homocysteine metabolism in rats, focusing on a hypothetical deficient synthesis of FAD by riboflavin kinases. Animals were allocated in control group (n = 7), thyroidectomized rats (n = 6), rats with diet deficient in vitamin B2, B9, B12, choline and methionine (n = 7), thyroidectomized rats with deficient diet (n = 9). Homocysteine was decreased in operated rats (2.6 +/- 1.01 vs. 4.05 +/- 1.0 mumol/L, P = 0.02) and increased in deficient diet rats (29.56 +/- 4.52 vs. 4.05 +/- 1.0 micromol/L, P = 0.001), when compared to control group. Erythrocyte-Glutathione-Reductase-Activation-Coefficient (index of FAD deficiency) was increased in thyroidectomized or deficient diet rats (P = 0.004 for both). Methylenetetrahydrofolate-reductase and methionine-synthase activities were decreased in thyroidectomized rats but not in those subjected to deficient diet. Cystathionine-beta-synthase was increased only in operated rats. Taken together, these results showed a defective re-methylation in surgical hypothyroidism, which was due in part to a defective synthesis of vitamin B2 coenzymes. This defective pathway was overcompensated by the increased Cystathionine-beta-synthase activity.

Alteration of left ventriculo-arterial coupling and mechanical efficiency during acute myocardial ischemia

AIM

Myocardial revascularisation being frequently performed during acute myocardial ischemia, in a hostile hemodynamic environment, we evaluated left ventriculo-arterial (VA) coupling, left ventricular (LV) mechanical efficiency, and the mechanical properties of the systemic vasculature during acute myocardial ischemia.

METHODS

In 6 pigs, vascular properties [characteristic impedance (R(1)), peripheral resistance (R(2)), compliance (C), inductance (L), arterial elastance (E(a))] were estimated with a windkessel model. LV function was assessed by the slope (E(es)) of end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (ESPVR), and stroke work (SW) - end-diastolic volume (EDV) relation. Pressure-volume area (PVA) was referred to as myocardial oxygen consumption. VA coupling was defined as E(es)/E(a), and mechanical efficiency as SW/PVA. After baseline recordings, the left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated and hemodynamic measures obtained every 30 minutes for 3 hours. Data are expressed as mean (SEM).

RESULTS

Coronary occlusion induced an ESPVR rightward shift, and decreased E(es) from 3.67 (0.33) to 1.92 (0.20) mmHg/ml and the slope of the SW - EDV relationship from 72.3 (3.4) to 40.4 (4.5) mmHg (p<0.001), while E(a) increased from 3.33 (0.56) to 4.65 (0.29) mmHg/ml (p<0.005). This was responsible for a dramatic alteration of VA coupling from 1.22 (0.11) to 0.44 (0.07), (p<0.001). While R2 increased from 1.72 (0.30) to 2.38 (0.16) mmHg x s x ml(-1) (p<0.05) and C decreased from 0.78 (0.16) to 0.46 (0.08) ml/mmHg (p<0.05), R(1) and L were unchanged. Coronary occlusion decreased SW from 4056 (223) to 2580 (122) mmHg.ml (p<0.001), while PVA and SW/PVA decreased from 5575 (514) to 4813 (317) mmHg x ml (NS), and from 0.76 (0.04) to 0.57 (0.03) (p<0.001), respectively.

CONCLUSION

Acute myocardial ischemia severely altered left ventriculo-arterial coupling and LV mechanical efficiency. Impaired left VA coupling was due to a combination of augmented arterial elastance, secondary to early vasoconstriction later associated with decreased arterial compliance, and decreased LV contractility.