1
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Packman L, Philippa B, Pivrikas A, Burn PL, Gentle IR. Reconstructing the 3D Coordinates of Guest:Host OLED Blends with Single Atom Resolution. Small Methods 2024:e2301305. [PMID: 38517254 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The performance of electronic and semiconductor devices is critically dependent on the distribution of guest molecules or atoms in a host matrix. One prominent example is that of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays containing phosphorescent emitters, now ubiquitous in handheld devices and high-end televisions. In such OLEDs the phosphorescent guest [normally an iridium(III)-based complex] is typically blended into a host matrix, and charge injection and transport, exciton formation and decay, and hence overall device performance are governed by the distribution of the emissive guest in the host. Here high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) is used with depth sectioning to reconstruct the 3D distribution of emissive iridium(III) complexes, fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(III) [Ir(ppy)3], blended into the amorphous host material, tris(4-carbazoyl-9-ylphenyl)amine (TCTA), by resolving the position of each single iridium(III) ion. It is found that most Ir(ppy)3 complexes are clustered with at least one other, even at low concentrations, and that for films of 20 wt.% Ir(ppy)3 essentially all the complexes are interconnected. The results validate the morphology of blend films created using molecular dynamics simulations which mimic the evaporation film-forming process and are also consistent with the experimentally measured charge transport and photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Packman
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Bronson Philippa
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4814, Australia
| | - Almantas Pivrikas
- Physics Department, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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2
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Chen M, Burn PL, Shaw PE. Utilizing Different Diffusion Mechanisms for Thin Film Fluorescence-Based Detection and Discrimination of Illicit Drug Vapors. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4607-4614. [PMID: 38051524 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Film-based fluorescence sensors have been demonstrated to be powerful tools for real-time detection of trace chemical vapors. While explosive vapor detection via fluorescence quenching has been widely explored, fluorescence-based real-time detection and identification of illicit drug vapors remains a challenge. Here, we report two perylene diimide-based sensing materials, P1 and P2, incorporating 2,2-dihexyloctanyl chains and 4-[tris(4-{tert-butyl}phenyl)methyl]phenyl moieties at the imide positions, respectively. Quartz crystal microbalance with in situ photoluminescence measurements showed that N-methylphenethylamine, a simulant of methamphetamine (MA), diffused into films of P1 and P2 via Fickian and case-II mechanisms, respectively. The difference in the analyte diffusion mechanism led to P2 showing significantly faster luminescence quenching but slower luminescence recovery compared to P1. Finally, the different diffusion mechanisms were used as the basis for developing a simple sensor array based on P1 and P2 that could selectively detect free-base illicit drugs (MA, cocaine, and tetrahydrocannabinol) from potential interferants (organic amines, alcohol, and cosmetics) within 40 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
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3
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Chen M, Chu R, Kistemaker JCM, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Shaw PE. Perylene Diimide Based Fluorescent Sensors for Drug Simulant Detection: The Effect of Alkyl-Chain Branching on Film Morphology, Exciton Diffusion, Vapor Diffusion, and Sensing Response. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:56386-56396. [PMID: 37982219 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Luminescence-based sensing has been demonstrated to be a powerful method for rapid trace detection of chemical vapors (analytes). Analyte diffusion has been shown to be the critical factor for real-time luminescence-based detection of explosive analytes via photoinduced electron transfer in amorphous films of conjugated polymers and dendrimers. However, similar studies to determine the critical factors for sensing have not been performed on materials that employ photoinduced hole transfer (PHT) to detect low electron affinity analytes such as illicit drugs. Nor have such studies been performed on semicrystalline sensing films. We have developed a family of perylene diimide-based sensing materials capable of undergoing PHT with amine-group containing analytes. It was found that the choice of branched alkyl chain [1-hexylheptyl (PHH), 2-hexyloctyl (PHO), or 2,2-dihexyloctyl (PDHO)] attached to the nitrogen atoms of the imide moiety strongly affected the solution-processed film morphology. PHH and PHO were found to contain crystalline phases, whereas PDHO was essentially amorphous. The degree of crystallinity strongly influenced exciton diffusion, with PHH and PHO exhibiting exciton diffusion coefficients that were 20× and 10× greater than the value of the amorphous PDHO. The degree of film crystallinity was also found to be critical when the films were applied to detect N-methylphenethylamine (MPEA), a simulant of methamphetamine. While PHH had the largest exciton diffusion coefficient [(1.0 ± 0.2) × 10-2 cm2 s-1] and analyte uptake (12.3 ± 1.8 ng) it showed the smallest quenching efficiency (2.6% ng-1). In contrast, PHO, which sorbed the least analyte (6.1 ± 0.4 ng) of the three compounds, had the largest quenching efficiency (7.1% ng-1) due to its molecular packing and hence exciton diffusion coefficient [(4.5 ± 1.4) × 10-3 cm2 s-1] not being affected by sorption of the analyte. These results show that when applying fluorescent films in practical detection scenarios there is a potential trade-off between a high exciton diffusion constant and analyte diffusion for semicrystalline sensing materials and that a high exciton diffusion coefficient in an as-cast film does not necessarily translate into a more efficient fluorescent quenching. The results also show that sensing materials that form semicrystalline films, whose packing is not disrupted by analyte diffusion, provide a route for overcoming these effects and achieving high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ronan Chu
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jos C M Kistemaker
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
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4
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Bati ASR, Jiang W, Chu R, Mallo N, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Shaw PE. Fluorinated Cation-Based 2D Perovskites for Efficient and Stable 3D/2D Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 38049378 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) containing additives capable of forming two-dimensional (2D) structures in neat films have attracted attention due to their ability to enhance power conversion efficiency (PCE) in combination with improved operational stability. Herein, a newly designed fluorinated ammonium salt, 2-(perfluorophenyl)ethanaminium bromide:chloride50:50 (FEABr:Cl50:50), is introduced into CsMAFAPbI3-based PSCs with a standard n-i-p architecture. FEABr:Cl50:50 was used as an additive in the tin(IV) oxide (SnO2) electron transporting layer (ETL) as well as a surface treatment for the perovskite film. Used in this dual way, the additive was found to passivate charge-trapping defects within the SnO2 ETL and regulate the crystal growth of the perovskite layer. When FEABr:Cl50:50 was deposited onto the surface of the 3D perovskite film, it formed a thin hydrophobic 2D capping layer. Adopting this dual strategy led to the perovskite film having larger grain sizes, improved quality, and overall better device performance. As a result, the best-performing device exhibited a PCE of over 23% with negligible hysteresis in an n-i-p device architecture with an area of 0.2 cm2. Furthermore, unencapsulated devices with the hydrophobic 2D capping layer showed improved stability compared to the control device when measured under continuous light irradiation at a maximum power point (MPP) at 80 ± 5 °C in a humid (≈50%) environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz S R Bati
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Wei Jiang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ronan Chu
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Neil Mallo
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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5
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Fan S, Loch AS, Vongsanga K, Dennison GH, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Shaw PE. Differentiating Between V- and G-Series Nerve Agent and Simulant Vapours Using Fluorescent Film Responses. Small Methods 2023:e2301048. [PMID: 37932024 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
In-field rapid and reliable identification of nerve agents is critical for the protection of Defence and National Security personnel as well as communities. Fluorescence-based detectors can be portable and provide rapid detection of chemical threats. However, most current approaches cannot differentiate between dilute vapors of nerve agent classes and are susceptible to false positives due to the presence of common acids. Here a fluorescence-based method is shown for rapid differentiation between the V-series and phosphonofluoridate G-series nerve agents and avoids false positives due to common acids. Differentiation is achieved through harnessing two different mechanisms. Detection of the V-series is achieved using photoinduced hole transfer whereby the fluorescence of the sensing material is quenched in the presence of the V-series agent. The G-series is detected using a turn-on mechanism in which a silylated excited state intramolecular proton transfer sensing molecule is selectively deprotected by hydrogen fluoride, which is typically found as a contaminant and/or breakdown product in G-series agents such as sarin. The strategy provided discrimination between classes, as the sensor for the G-series agent class is insensitive to the V-series agent, and vice versa, and neither responded to common acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alex S Loch
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Kylie Vongsanga
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
| | - Genevieve H Dennison
- CBRN Defence Branch, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, 3207, Australia
- Electro Optic Sensing and Electromagnetic Warfare, Sensors and Effectors Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, 5111, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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6
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Packman L, Mallo N, Raynor A, Gao M, Babazadeh M, Jin H, Huang DM, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Shaw PE. The impact of film deposition and annealing on the nanostructure and dielectric constant of organic semiconductor thin films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23867-23878. [PMID: 37642159 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03038e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The strategy of using a bulk-heterojunction light-absorbing layer has led to the most efficient organic solar cells. However, optimising the blend morphology to maximise light absorption, charge generation and extraction can be challenging. Homojunction devices containing a single component have the potential to overcome the challenges associated with bulk heterojunction films. A strategy towards this goal is to increase the dielectric constant of the organic semiconductor to ≈10, which in principle would lead to free charge carrier generation upon photoexcitation. However, the factors that affect the thin film dielectric constants are still not well understood. In this work we report an organic semiconductor material that can be solution processed or vacuum evaporated to form good quality thin films to explore the effect of chromophore structure and film morphology on the dielectric constant and other optoelectronic properties. 2,2'-[(4,4,4',4'-Tetrakis{2-[2-methoxyethoxy]ethyl}-4H,4'H-{2,2'-bi[cyclo-penta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene]}-6,6'-diyl)bis(methaneylylidene)]dimalononitrile [D(CPDT-DCV)] was designed to have high electron-affinity end groups and low ionisation-potential central moieties. It can be processed from solution or be thermally evaporated, with the film morphology changing from face-on to a herringbone arrangement upon solvent or thermal annealing. The glycol solubilising groups led to the static dielectric constant (taken from capacitance measurements) of the films to be between 6 and 7 (independent of processing conditions), while the optical frequency dielectric constant depended on the processing conditions. The less ordered solution processed film was found to have the lowest optical frequency dielectric constant of 3.6 at 2.0 × 1014 Hz, which did not change upon annealing. In contrast, the more ordered evaporated film had an optical frequency dielectric constant 20% higher at 4.2 and thermal annealing further increased it to 4.5, which is amongst the highest reported for an organic semiconductor at that frequency. Finally, the more ordered evaporated films had more balanced charge transport, which did not change upon annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Packman
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Neil Mallo
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Aaron Raynor
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Mile Gao
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Mohammad Babazadeh
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Hui Jin
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - David M Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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7
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Abstract
Luminescence-based sensing is capable of being used for the sensitive, rapid, and in some cases selective detection of chemicals. Furthermore, the method is amenable to incorporation into handheld low-power portable detectors that can be used in the field. Luminescence-based detectors are now commercially available for explosive detection with the technology built on a strong foundation of science. In contrast, there are fewer examples of luminescence-based detection of illicit drugs, despite the pervasive and global challenge of combating their manufacture, distribution and consumption and the need for handheld detection systems. This perspective describes the relatively nascent steps that have been reported in the use of luminescent materials for the detection of illicit drugs. Much of the published work has focused on detection of illicit drugs in solution with less work on vapour detection using thin luminescent sensing films. The latter are better suited for handheld sensing devices and detection in the field. Illicit drug detection has been achieved via different mechanisms, all of which change the luminescence of the sensing material. These include photoinduced hole transfer (PHT) leading to quenching of the luminescence, disruption of Förster energy transfer between different chromophores by a drug, and chemical reaction between the sensing material and a drug. The most promising of these is PHT, which can be used for rapid and reversible detection of illicit drugs in solution and film-based sensing of drugs in the vapour phase. However, there are still significant knowledge gaps, for example, how vapours of illicit drugs interact with the sensing films, and how to achieve selectivity for specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - P L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - P E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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8
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Howell SA, Koodalingam M, Jang J, Ranasinghe CSK, Gao M, Chu R, Babazadeh M, Huang DM, Burn PL, Shaw PE, Puttock EV. Twisted Carbazole Dendrons for Solution-Processable Green Emissive Phosphorescent Dendrimers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:13393-13404. [PMID: 36856260 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A family of first-generation dendrimers containing 3,5-bis(carbazolyl)phenyl dendrons attached to a green emissive fac-tris(2-phenylpyridyl)iridium(III) core were prepared. The solubility of the dendrimers was imparted by the attachment of tert-butyl surface groups to the carbazole moieties. The dendrimers differed in the number of dendrons attached to each ligand (one or two dendrons) as well as the degree of rotational restriction within the dendrons. The densities of the films containing the doubly dendronized materials were higher than those of their mono-dendronized counterparts, with the dendrimer containing two rotationally constrained dendrons per ligand having the highest density at 1.12 ± 0.04 g cm-3. The dendrimers were found to have high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) in solution of between 80 and 90%, with the doubly dendronized materials having the lower values and a red-shifted emission. The neat film PLQY values of the dendrimers were less than those measured in solution although the relative decrease was smaller for the doubly dendronized materials. The dendrimers were incorporated into solution-processed bilayer organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) composed of neat or blend emissive layers and an electron transport layer. The best-performing devices had the dendrimers blended with a host material and external quantum efficiencies as high as 14.0%, which is higher than previously reported results for carbazole-incorporating emissive dendrimers. A feature of the devices containing blends of the doubly dendronized materials was that the maximum efficiency was relatively insensitive to the concentration in the host between 1 and 7 mol %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney A Howell
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Manikandan Koodalingam
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Junhyuk Jang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Chandana Sampath Kumara Ranasinghe
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Mile Gao
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Ronan Chu
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Mohammad Babazadeh
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - David M Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma V Puttock
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia
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9
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Stroet M, Sanderson S, Sanzogni AV, Nada S, Lee T, Caron B, Mark AE, Burn PL. PyThinFilm: Automated Molecular Dynamics Simulation Protocols for the Generation of Thin Film Morphologies. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:2-8. [PMID: 36539938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The performance of organic optoelectronic devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic solar cells (OSCs), is intrinsically related to the molecular-scale morphology of the thin films from which they are composed. However, the experimental characterization of morphology at the molecular level is challenging due to the often amorphous or at best semicrystalline nature of these films. Classical molecular modeling techniques, such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, are increasingly used to understand the relationship between morphology and the properties of thin-film devices. PyThinFilm (github.com/ATB-UQ/PyThinFilm) is an open-source Python package which allows fully automated MD simulations of thin film growth to be performed using vacuum and/or solution deposition processes. PyThinFilm utilizes the GROMACS simulation package in combination with interaction parameters from the Automated Topology Builder (atb.uq.edu.au). Here, PyThinFilm is described along with an overview of applications in which PyThinFilm has been used to study the thin films of organic semiconductor materials typically used in OLEDs and OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stroet
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia.,Molecular Dynamics Group, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia
| | - Stephen Sanderson
- The Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland4811, Australia
| | - Audrey V Sanzogni
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia.,Molecular Dynamics Group, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia
| | - Sharif Nada
- Molecular Dynamics Group, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Lee
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia.,Molecular Dynamics Group, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia
| | - Bertrand Caron
- Molecular Dynamics Group, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia
| | - Alan E Mark
- Molecular Dynamics Group, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland4072, Australia
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10
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Li H, Bati ASR, Chu R, Zhang G, Li Y, Lin Q, Burn PL, Shaw PE, Gentle IR. Fluorinated Interlayer Modulation of NiOx-Based Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:42071-42077. [PMID: 36083698 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
p-Type inorganic nickel oxide (NiOx) exhibits high transparency, tunable-optoelectronic properties, and a work function (WF) that is potentially suitable for hole extraction in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, NiOx films possess surface defects that lead to high interfacial recombination and an energy offset with the ionization potential of the perovskite. Herein, we show that fluorinated 3-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)propan-1-aminium iodide (FPAI) can be used to modify the electronic properties of the NiOx anode interlayer. The FPAI modification led to good perovskite crystal growth and films with reduced surface defects. The FPAI modification also increased the WF of NiOx and improved charge extraction. These improvements led to an increased Voc value compared with control devices without FPAI modification, 1.05 V versus 1.00 V, and a higher short-circuit current and larger fill factor. As a result, the best PSCs with FPAI-modified NiOx had a power conversion efficiency of 19.3%. Finally, the PSCs with the FPAI-modified NiOx layer were found to have improved stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Abdulaziz S R Bati
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ronan Chu
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Guanran Zhang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yanyan Li
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Qianqian Lin
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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11
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Li H, Chu R, Zhang G, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Shaw PE. Influence of the Alkyl Chain Length of (Pentafluorophenylalkyl) Ammonium Salts on Inverted Perovskite Solar Cell Performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:39939-39950. [PMID: 35998337 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the effect of (2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)alkylamine additives with differing alkyl chain lengths (methyl, ethyl, and n-propyl) on the performance of methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) perovskite solar cells. The results show that the length of the alkyl chain between the 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl group and ammonium moiety has a critical effect on the perovskite film structure and subsequent device performance. The 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl ammonium additive with the shortest linking group (a methylene unit), namely (2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)methylammonium iodide, was found to be distributed throughout the bulk of the perovskite film with a 2D phase only being observable at high concentrations (>30 mol%). In contrast, the additives with ethyl and n-propyl linking groups phase-separate during solution processing and are found to concentrate at the surface of the perovskite film. Photoluminescence measurements showed that the fluorinated additives passivated the surface defects on the perovskite grains. Of the three additives, inverted devices containing 0.32 mol% of the 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl ammonium additive with the methylene linking group achieved a maximum power conversion efficiency of 22.0%, with the device efficiency decreasing with increasing additive concentration. In contrast, the devices composed of the additive with the longest alkyl linker, 3-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)propylammonium iodide, had the poorest performance, with PCEs less than that of the neat MAPbI3 control and decreasing with increasing additive concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ronan Chu
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Guanran Zhang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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12
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Sanderson S, Vamvounis G, Mark AE, Burn PL, White RD, Philippa BW. Understanding the performance differences between solution and vacuum deposited OLEDs: A computational approach. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:214703. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0091142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution-processing of organic light-emitting diode films has potential advantages in terms of cost and scalability over vacuum-deposition for large area applications. However, solution processed small molecule films can have lower overall device performance. Here, novel molecular dynamics techniques are developed to enable faster simulation of solvent evaporation that occurs during solution processing and give films of thicknesses relevant to real devices. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations are then used in combination with kinetic Monte Carlo transport modeling to examine how differences in morphology stemming from solution or vacuum film deposition affect charge transport and exciton dynamics in films consisting of light-emitting bis(2-phenylpyridine)(acetylacetonate)iridium(III) [Ir(ppy)2(acac)] guest molecules in a 4,4′-bis( N-carbazolyl)biphenyl host. While the structures of the films deposited from vacuum and solution were found to differ, critically, only minor variations in the transport properties were predicted by the simulations even if trapped solvent was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sanderson
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - George Vamvounis
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Alan E. Mark
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ronald D. White
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Bronson W. Philippa
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
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13
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McEwan JA, Clulow AJ, Nelson A, Krause-Heuer AM, Jansen-van Vuuren RD, Burn PL, Gentle IR. Diffusion in Organic Film Stacks Containing Solution-Processed Phosphorescent Poly(dendrimer) Dopants. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:30910-30920. [PMID: 34170676 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) consist of an emissive layer comprising a blend of a light-emitting and host material in contact with one or more charge transporting layers. The distribution of the active material in the guest-host emissive layer blend and the changes that may occur upon thermal annealing are two important factors in determining the stability and efficiency of OLEDs. We have combined neutron reflectometry and photoluminescence measurements to investigate the structures of films comprising an emissive layer containing a phosphorescent poly(dendrimer) material blended with 4,4'-N,N'-di(carbazolyl)biphenyl. This combination has been shown to give rise to highly efficient OLEDs. Here, we show that the emissive poly(dendrimer) material was not uniformly distributed in the host, but formed a concentration gradient within the emissive layer. Upon heating, the adjacent electron transport layer was found to intermix with the emissive layer, accompanied by changes in the material distribution in the emissive layer. The intermixing of the materials led to a decrease in the photoluminescence from the poly(dendrimer) within the film. The decrease in the photoluminescence was ascribed to an increase in interchromophore interactions that could arise from a conformational change of the poly(dendrimer) or phase separation leading to aggregation. The results indicate that, while uniform mixing of the guest and host is not essential for efficiency, the thermal stabilities of both host and charge transport materials are important for device durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A McEwan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Anwen M Krause-Heuer
- National Deuteration Facility Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Ross D Jansen-van Vuuren
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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14
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Sanderson S, Vamvounis G, Mark AE, Burn PL, White RD, Philippa BW. Unraveling exciton processes in Ir(ppy) 3:CBP OLED films upon photoexcitation. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:164101. [PMID: 33940818 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emissive layers in phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes commonly make use of guest-host blends such as Ir(ppy)3:CBP to achieve high external quantum efficiencies. However, while the Ir(ppy)3:CBP blend has been studied experimentally, crucial questions remain regarding how exciton diffusion is dependent on the distribution of the guest in the host, which can currently only be addressed at the atomic level via computational modeling. In this work, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations are utilized to gain insight into exciton diffusion in Ir(ppy)3:CBP blend films. The effects of both guest concentration and exciton density on various system properties are analyzed, including the probability of singlet excitons being converted to triplets, and the probability of those triplets decaying radiatively. Significantly, these simulations suggest that triplet diffusion occurs almost exclusively via guest-guest Dexter transfer and that concentration quenching of triplets induced by guest-guest intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions has a negligible effect at high exciton densities due to the prevalence of triplet-triplet annihilation. Furthermore, results for vacuum deposited morphologies derived from molecular dynamics simulations are compared to the results obtained using a simple cubic lattice approximation with randomly distributed guest molecules. We show that while differences in host-based processes such as singlet diffusion are observed, overall, the results on the fate of the excitons are in good agreement for the two morphology types, particularly for guest-based processes at low guest concentrations where guest clustering is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sanderson
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - George Vamvounis
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Alan E Mark
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ronald D White
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Bronson W Philippa
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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15
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Jamali S, Mkhitaryan VV, Malissa H, Nahlawi A, Popli H, Grünbaum T, Bange S, Milster S, Stoltzfus DM, Leung AE, Darwish TA, Burn PL, Lupton JM, Boehme C. Floquet spin states in OLEDs. Nat Commun 2021; 12:465. [PMID: 33469009 PMCID: PMC7815916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron and hole spins in organic light-emitting diodes constitute prototypical two-level systems for the exploration of the ultrastrong-drive regime of light-matter interactions. Floquet solutions to the time-dependent Hamiltonian of pairs of electron and hole spins reveal that, under non-perturbative resonant drive, when spin-Rabi frequencies become comparable to the Larmor frequencies, hybrid light-matter states emerge that enable dipole-forbidden multi-quantum transitions at integer and fractional g-factors. To probe these phenomena experimentally, we develop an electrically detected magnetic-resonance experiment supporting oscillating driving fields comparable in amplitude to the static field defining the Zeeman splitting; and an organic semiconductor characterized by minimal local hyperfine fields allowing the non-perturbative light-matter interactions to be resolved. The experimental confirmation of the predicted Floquet states under strong-drive conditions demonstrates the presence of hybrid light-matter spin excitations at room temperature. These dressed states are insensitive to power broadening, display Bloch-Siegert-like shifts, and are suggestive of long spin coherence times, implying potential applicability for quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jamali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - V V Mkhitaryan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - H Malissa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - A Nahlawi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - H Popli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - T Grünbaum
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Bange
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - S Milster
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - D M Stoltzfus
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - A E Leung
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
- Scientific Activities Division, European Spallation Source ERIC, Lund, 224 84, Sweden
| | - T A Darwish
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - P L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - J M Lupton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - C Boehme
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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16
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Puttock EV, Ranasinghe CSK, Babazadeh M, Jang J, Huang DM, Tsuchiya Y, Adachi C, Burn PL, Shaw PE. Solution-Processed Dendrimer-Based TADF Materials for Deep-Red OLEDs. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma V. Puttock
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chandana Sampath Kumara Ranasinghe
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mohammad Babazadeh
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Junhyuk Jang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David M. Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Youichi Tsuchiya
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E. Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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17
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Do TT, Stephen M, Chan KL, Manzhos S, Burn PL, Sonar P. Pyrrolo[3,2- b]pyrrole-1,4-dione (IsoDPP) End Capped with Napthalimide or Phthalimide: Novel Small Molecular Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:E4700. [PMID: 33066513 PMCID: PMC7587392 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce two novel solution-processable electron acceptors based on an isomeric core of the much explored diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) moiety, namely pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-1,4-dione (IsoDPP). The newly designed and synthesized compounds, 6,6'-[(1,4-bis{4-decylphenyl}-2,5-dioxo-1,2,4,5-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-3,6-diyl)bis(thiophene-5,2-diyl)]bis[2-(2-butyloctyl)-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione] (NAI-IsoDPP-NAI) and 5,5'-[(1,4-bis{4-decylphenyl}-2,5-dioxo-1,2,4,5-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-3,6-diyl)bis(thiophene-5,2-diyl)]bis[2-(2-butyloctyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione] (PI-IsoDPP-PI) have been synthesized via Suzuki couplings using IsoDPP as a central building block and napthalimide or phthalimide as end-capping groups. The materials both exhibit good solubility in a wide range of organic solvents including chloroform (CF), dichloromethane (DCM), and tetrahydrofuran (THF), and have a high thermal stability. The new materials absorb in the wavelength range of 300-600 nm and both compounds have similar electron affinities, with the electron affinities that are compatible with their use as acceptors in donor-acceptor bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells. BHJ devices comprising the NAI-IsoDPP-NAI acceptor with poly(3-n-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the donor were found to have a better performance than the PI-IsoDPP-PI containing cells, with the best device having a VOC of 0.92 V, a JSC of 1.7 mAcm-2, a FF of 63%, and a PCE of 0.97%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Trang Do
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane 4001, Australia;
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
| | - Meera Stephen
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
| | - Khai Leok Chan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore;
| | - Sergei Manzhos
- Centre Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650, Boulevard Lionel-Boulet, Varennes, QC J3X1S2, Canada;
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia;
| | - Prashant Sonar
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane 4001, Australia;
- Centre for Material Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane 4001, Australia
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18
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Lee T, Sanzogni AV, Burn PL, Mark AE. Evolution and Morphology of Thin Films Formed by Solvent Evaporation: An Organic Semiconductor Case Study. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:40548-40557. [PMID: 32844643 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The crucial role played by the solution-vapor interface in determining the growth and morphology of an organic semiconductor thin film formed by solvent evaporation has been examined in atomic detail. Specifically, how the loss of individual solvent molecules from the surface of the solution induces solute assembly has been studied using molecular dynamics simulations. The system consisted of bis(2-phenylpyridine) (acetylacetonate)iridium(III) [Ir(ppy)2(acac)] and 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP) in chloroform at 310 K. The simulations clearly indicate that (a) the system does not undergo uniform phase separation (spinodal decomposition), (b) solute aggregation initiates at the solution-vapor interface, (c) the distribution of solvent in the film is nonhomogeneous, (d) this nonhomogeneous distribution can induce preferential alignment of host molecules, and (e) a portion of the solvent likely remains trapped within the film. The work not only demonstrates the ability to directly model evaporation in atomic detail on the relevant length scales but also shows that atomistic simulations have the potential to shed new light on morphological properties of a wide range of organic semiconductor devices manufactured using solution-processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lee
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Audrey V Sanzogni
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Alan E Mark
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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19
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Zhang S, Shaw PE, Zhang G, Jin H, Tai M, Lin H, Meredith P, Burn PL, Neher D, Stolterfoht M. Defect/Interface Recombination Limited Quasi-Fermi Level Splitting and Open-Circuit Voltage in Mono- and Triple-Cation Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:37647-37656. [PMID: 32678571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multication metal-halide perovskites exhibit desirable performance and stability, compared to their monocation counterparts. However, the study of the photophysical properties and the nature of defect states in these materials is still a challenging and ongoing task. Here, we study bulk and interfacial energy loss mechanisms in solution-processed MAPbI3 (MAPI) and (CsPbI3)0.05[(FAPbI3)0.83(MAPbBr3)0.17]0.95 (triple cation) perovskite solar cells using absolute photoluminescence (PL) measurements. In neat MAPI films, we find a significantly smaller quasi-Fermi level splitting than for the triple cation perovskite absorbers, which defines the open-circuit voltage of the MAPI cells. PL measurements at low temperatures (∼20 K) on MAPI films demonstrate that emissive subgap states can be effectively reduced using different passivating agents, which lowers the nonradiative recombination loss at room temperature. We conclude that while triple cation perovskite cells are limited by interfacial recombination, the passivation of surface trap states within the MAPI films is the primary consideration for device optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Guanran Zhang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Hui Jin
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Meiqian Tai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R.China
| | - Hong Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P.R.China
| | - Paul Meredith
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Martin Stolterfoht
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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20
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Milster S, Grünbaum T, Bange S, Kurrmann S, Kraus H, Stoltzfus DM, Leung AE, Darwish TA, Burn PL, Boehme C, Lupton JM. Perdeuterated Conjugated Polymers for Ultralow-Frequency Magnetic Resonance of OLEDs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9388-9392. [PMID: 32167645 PMCID: PMC7317727 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The formation of excitons in OLEDs is spin dependent and can be controlled by electron-paramagnetic resonance, affecting device resistance and electroluminescence yield. We explore electrically detected magnetic resonance in the regime of very low magnetic fields (<1 mT). A pronounced feature emerges at zero field in addition to the conventional spin- 1 / 2 Zeeman resonance for which the Larmor frequency matches that of the incident radiation. By comparing a conventional π-conjugated polymer as the active material to a perdeuterated analogue, we demonstrate the interplay between the zero-field feature and local hyperfine fields. The zero-field peak results from a quasistatic magnetic-field effect of the RF radiation for periods comparable to the carrier-pair lifetime. Zeeman resonances are resolved down to 3.2 MHz, approximately twice the Larmor frequency of an electron in Earth's field. However, since reducing hyperfine fields sharpens the Zeeman peak at the cost of an increased zero-field peak, we suggest that this result may constitute a fundamental low-field limit of magnetic resonance in carrier-pair-based systems. OLEDs offer an alternative solid-state platform to investigate the radical-pair mechanism of magnetic-field effects in photochemical reactions, allowing models of biological magnetoreception to be tested by measuring spin decoherence directly in the time domain by pulsed experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Milster
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Grünbaum
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bange
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Kurrmann
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Kraus
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dani M Stoltzfus
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Anna E Leung
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Tamim A Darwish
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Christoph Boehme
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, 115 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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21
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Fan S, Zhang G, Dennison GH, FitzGerald N, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Shaw PE. Challenges in Fluorescence Detection of Chemical Warfare Agent Vapors Using Solid-State Films. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1905785. [PMID: 31692155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP)-based nerve agents are extremely toxic and potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and recent attacks involving nerve agents highlight the need for fast detection and intervention. Fluorescence-based detection, where the sensing material undergoes a chemical reaction with the agent causing a measurable change in the luminescence, is one method for sensing and identifying nerve agents. Most studies use the simulants diethylchlorophosphate and di-iso-propylfluorophosphate to evaluate the performance of sensors due to their reduced toxicity relative to OP nerve agents. While detection of nerve agent simulants in solution is relatively widely reported, there are fewer reports on vapor detection using solid-state sensors. Herein, progress in organic semiconductor sensing materials developed for solid-state detection of OP-based nerve agent vapors is reviewed. The effect of acid impurities arising from the hydrolysis of simulants and nerve agents on the efficacy and selectivity of the reported sensing materials is also discussed. Indeed, in some cases it is unclear whether it is the simulant that is detected or the acid hydrolysis products. Finally, it is highlighted that while analyte diffusion into the sensing film is critical in the design of fast, responsive sensing systems, it is an area that is currently not well studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Guanran Zhang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Genevieve H Dennison
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, 3207, Australia
| | - Nicholas FitzGerald
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Victoria, 3207, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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22
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Jiang W, Stolterfoht M, Jin H, Burn PL. Hole-Transporting Poly(dendrimer)s as Electron Donors for Low Donor Organic Solar Cells with Efficient Charge Transport. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Martin Stolterfoht
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Hui Jin
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
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23
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Milster S, Grünbaum T, Bange S, Kurrmann S, Kraus H, Stoltzfus DM, Leung AE, Darwish TA, Burn PL, Boehme C, Lupton JM. Perdeuterated Conjugated Polymers for Ultralow‐Frequency Magnetic Resonance of OLEDs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Milster
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Tobias Grünbaum
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Bange
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Simon Kurrmann
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Hermann Kraus
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Dani M. Stoltzfus
- Centre for Organic Photonics & ElectronicsSchool of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Anna E. Leung
- National Deuteration FacilityAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO) Locked Bag 2001 Kirrawee DC NSW 2232 Australia
| | - Tamim A. Darwish
- National Deuteration FacilityAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO) Locked Bag 2001 Kirrawee DC NSW 2232 Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & ElectronicsSchool of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Christoph Boehme
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Utah 115 South 1400 East Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - John M. Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte PhysikUniversität Regensburg Universitätsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S. Loch
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Dani M. Stoltzfus
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E. Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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25
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Zhang S, Hosseini SM, Gunder R, Petsiuk A, Caprioglio P, Wolff CM, Shoaee S, Meredith P, Schorr S, Unold T, Burn PL, Neher D, Stolterfoht M. The Role of Bulk and Interface Recombination in High-Efficiency Low-Dimensional Perovskite Solar Cells. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1901090. [PMID: 31166640 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskite (RPP) solar cells have excellent environmental stability. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of RPP cells remains inferior to 3D perovskite-based cells. Herein, 2D (CH3 (CH2 )3 NH3 )2 (CH3 NH3 )n -1 Pbn I3 n +1 perovskite cells with different numbers of [PbI6 ]4- sheets (n = 2-4) are analyzed. Photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) measurements show that nonradiative open-circuit voltage (VOC ) losses outweigh radiative losses in materials with n > 2. The n = 3 and n = 4 films exhibit a higher PLQY than the standard 3D methylammonium lead iodide perovskite although this is accompanied by increased interfacial recombination at the top perovskite/C60 interface. This tradeoff results in a similar PLQY in all devices, including the n = 2 system where the perovskite bulk dominates the recombination properties of the cell. In most cases the quasi-Fermi level splitting matches the device VOC within 20 meV, which indicates minimal recombination losses at the metal contacts. The results show that poor charge transport rather than exciton dissociation is the primary reason for the reduction in fill factor of the RPP devices. Optimized n = 4 RPP solar cells had PCEs of 13% with significant potential for further improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Seyed M Hosseini
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - René Gunder
- Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrei Petsiuk
- Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pietro Caprioglio
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Young Investigator Group Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Kekuléstr. 5, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian M Wolff
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Safa Shoaee
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Paul Meredith
- Department of Physics, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Susan Schorr
- Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Unold
- Department of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Martin Stolterfoht
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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26
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Zhang D, Du J, Hong YL, Zhang W, Wang X, Jin H, Burn PL, Yu J, Chen M, Sun DM, Li M, Liu L, Ma LP, Cheng HM, Ren W. A Double Support Layer for Facile Clean Transfer of Two-Dimensional Materials for High-Performance Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices. ACS Nano 2019; 13:5513-5522. [PMID: 31013418 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Clean transfer of two-dimensional (2D) materials grown by chemical vapor deposition is critical for their application in electronics and optoelectronics. Although rosin can be used as a support layer for the clean transfer of graphene grown on Cu, it has not been usable for the transfer of 2D materials grown on noble metals or for large-area transfer. Here, we report a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/rosin double support layer that enables facile ultraclean transfer of large-area 2D materials grown on different metals. The bottom rosin layer ensures clean transfer, whereas the top PMMA layer not only screens the rosin from the transfer conditions but also improves the strength of the transfer layer to make the transfer easier and more robust. We demonstrate the transfer of monolayer WSe2 and WS2 single crystals grown on Au as well as large-area graphene films grown on Cu. As a result of the clean surface, the transferred WSe2 retains the intrinsic optical properties of the as-grown sample. Moreover, it does not require annealing to form good ohmic contacts with metal electrodes, enabling high-performance field effect transistors with mobility and ON/OFF ratio ∼10 times higher than those made by PMMA-transferred WSe2. The ultraclean graphene film is found to be a good anode for flexible organic photovoltaic cells with a high power conversion efficiency of ∼6.4% achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingdong Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
| | - Jinhong Du
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
| | - Yi-Lun Hong
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054 , P.R. China
| | - Hui Jin
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) , Chengdu 610054 , P.R. China
| | - Maolin Chen
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
| | - Dong-Ming Sun
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Shenyang Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 114 Nanta Street , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
| | - Lianqing Liu
- Shenyang Institute of Automation , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 114 Nanta Street , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
| | - Lai-Peng Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute , Tsinghua University , 1001 Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen 518055 , P.R. China
| | - Wencai Ren
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science , Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , 72 Wenhua Road , Shenyang 110016 , P.R. China
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sanderson
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Bronson Philippa
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - George Vamvounis
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organics Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ronald D. White
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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28
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Abstract
Fluorenylboronate ester chromophore-based thin films were investigated for the detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) vapors via the decomposition product, hydrogen peroxide. Sensing with a high level of sensitivity was achieved using a fluorescence "turn-on" mechanism based on the significant shifts in the absorption and photoluminescence spectra that occurs when the boronate esters were converted to phenoxides by hydrogen peroxide under basic conditions. The addition of an organic base was found to be critical for achieving fast conversion reactions and the formation of the phenoxide anions. Addition of a nitrile group to the fluorenyl boronate ester moiety improved the stability of the material to photooxidation, increased the photoluminescence quantum yields, and enhanced the absorption and emission shifts to longer wavelengths. In real-time sensing measurements, films comprising the cyanofluorenyl boronate ester moiety and tetra- n-butylammonium hydroxide had a response time to acid-decomposed TATP vapor of seconds and a limit of detection of 40 ppb in 60 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jonathan Lai
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E. Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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29
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Babazadeh M, Burn PL, Huang DM. Calculating transition dipole moments of phosphorescent emitters for efficient organic light-emitting diodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9740-9746. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quantum-chemical calculations show that the direction of the transition dipole moment of organometallic phosphorescent emitters is sensitive to molecular geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Babazadeh
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Australia
| | - David M. Huang
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Physical Sciences
- The University of Adelaide
- Adelaide 5005
- Australia
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30
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Abstract
Sensing of TATP vapours via the decomposition product, hydrogen peroxide, was achieved using a fluorescence “turn-on” mechanism through conversion of boronate esters to phenoxides under basic conditions in solid-state films. High sensitivity was achieved with two new fluorenylboronate esters comprising either 2,4-difluorophenyl or 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituents. The key to the sensitivity was the fact that the phenoxide anion products from the hydrogen peroxide oxidation absorbed at longer wavelengths than the starting boronate esters. Selective excitation of the phenoxide anions avoided the background fluorescence from the corresponding boronate esters. The use of the electron withdrawing substituents also led to greater photostability. The derivative containing the 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl moiety was found to give the most stable phenoxide, and demonstrated fast fluorescence “turn-on” kinetics with a lower limit of detection of ≈2.5 ppb in 60 s. We report fast and sensitive fluorescence “turn-on” sensing of TATP via hydrogen peroxide detection using fluorinated fluorenylboronate ester derivatives.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Paul E. Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
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31
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Lee T, Sanzogni A, Zhangzhou N, Burn PL, Mark AE. Morphology of a Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cell with Low Donor Concentration. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:32413-32419. [PMID: 30152227 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atomistic nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations have been used to model the morphology of small-molecule bulk heterojunction films formed by vapor deposition as used in organic photovoltaics. Films comprising C60 and 1, 5, 10, and 50 wt % of 1,1-bis[4-bis(4-methylphenyl)aminophenyl]cyclohexane (TAPC) were compared to films of neat C60. The simulations suggest that if holes can hop between donor molecules separated by as little as 1.2-1.5 nm, then a TAPC concentration of 5 wt % is sufficient to form a percolating donor network and facilitate charge extraction. The results provide an explanation for why low donor content organic photovoltaics can still have high efficiencies. In addition, the roughness, porosity, and crystallinity of the films were found to decrease with increasing TAPC content.
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32
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Fang Y, Jin H, Raynor A, Wang X, Shaw PE, Kopidakis N, McNeill CR, Burn PL. Application of an A-A'-A-Containing Acceptor Polymer in Sequentially Deposited All-Polymer Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:24046-24054. [PMID: 29969224 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PNNT has been prepared as a polymeric electron acceptor for organic solar cells. The polymer has an A-A'-A acceptor motif linked alternatively with thiophene and vinyl moieties. The A'-unit is a naphthalene diimide, while the A groups are thiazoles. PNNT films were found to have an estimated electron affinity of ≈4.3 eV and an electron mobility of the order of 10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1. Its relatively low solubility in common chlorinated solvents at ambient temperature allowed the manufacture of sequentially deposited (SD) devices, which were found to have significantly higher efficiency than that of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells containing the same materials. Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements indicated that the SD films retained the ordering of the individual polymers to a greater extent compared to the BHJ films. The best SD devices were found to have a power conversion efficiency of up to 4.5%, with stable performance under thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Hui Jin
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Aaron Raynor
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Xiao Wang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Nikos Kopidakis
- School of Engineering , Macquarie University , Sydney , New South Wales 2109 , Australia
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
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33
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Zhang S, Stolterfoht M, Armin A, Lin Q, Zu F, Sobus J, Jin H, Koch N, Meredith P, Burn PL, Neher D. Interface Engineering of Solution-Processed Hybrid Organohalide Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:21681-21687. [PMID: 29856202 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the interface between the perovskite absorber and the charge-transporting layers has become an important method for improving the charge extraction and open-circuit voltage ( VOC) of hybrid perovskite solar cells. Conjugated polymers are particularly suited to form the hole-transporting layer, but their hydrophobicity renders it difficult to solution-process the perovskite absorber on top. Herein, oxygen plasma treatment is introduced as a simple means to change the surface energy and work function of hydrophobic polymer interlayers for use as p-contacts in perovskite solar cells. We find that upon oxygen plasma treatment, the hydrophobic surfaces of different prototypical p-type polymers became sufficiently hydrophilic to enable subsequent perovskite junction processing. In addition, the oxygen plasma treatment also increased the ionization potential of the polymer such that it became closer to the valance band energy of the perovskite. It was also found that the oxygen plasma treatment could increase the electrical conductivity of the p-type polymers, facilitating more efficient charge extraction. On the basis of this concept, inverted MAPbI3 perovskite devices with different oxygen plasma-treated polymers such as P3HT, P3OT, polyTPD, or PTAA were fabricated with power conversion efficiencies of up to 19%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and School of Mathematics and Physics , The University of Queensland , Brisbane 4072 , Australia
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 , D-14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| | - Martin Stolterfoht
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 , D-14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
| | - Ardalan Armin
- Department of Physics , Swansea University , Singleton Park , Swansea SA2 8PP , Wales , United Kingdom
| | - Qianqian Lin
- Key Lab of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education of China , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Fengshuo Zu
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jan Sobus
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and School of Mathematics and Physics , The University of Queensland , Brisbane 4072 , Australia
| | - Hui Jin
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and School of Mathematics and Physics , The University of Queensland , Brisbane 4072 , Australia
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Paul Meredith
- Department of Physics , Swansea University , Singleton Park , Swansea SA2 8PP , Wales , United Kingdom
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE), School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and School of Mathematics and Physics , The University of Queensland , Brisbane 4072 , Australia
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy , University of Potsdam , Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 , D-14476 Potsdam-Golm , Germany
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Shaw PE, Burn PL. Real-time fluorescence quenching-based detection of nitro-containing explosive vapours: what are the key processes? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:29714-29730. [PMID: 28850131 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04602b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The detection of explosives continues to be a pressing global challenge with many potential technologies being pursued by the scientific research community. Luminescence-based detection of explosive vapours with an organic semiconductor has attracted much interest because of its potential for detectors that have high sensitivity, compact form factor, simple operation and low-cost. Despite the abundance of literature on novel sensor materials systems there are relatively few mechanistic studies targeted towards vapour-based sensing. In this Perspective, we will review the progress that has been made in understanding the processes that control the real-time luminescence quenching of thin films by analyte vapours. These are the non-radiative quenching process by which the sensor exciton decays, the analyte-sensor intermolecular binding interaction, and the diffusion process for the analyte vapours in the film. We comment on the contributions of each of these processes towards the sensing response and, in particular, the relative roles of analyte diffusion and exciton diffusion. While the latter has been historically judged to be one of, if not the primary, causes for the high sensitivity of many conjugated polymers to nitrated vapours, recent evidence suggests that long exciton diffusion lengths are unnecessary. The implications of these results on the development of sensor materials for real-time detection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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McEwan JA, Clulow AJ, Nelson A, Jansen-van Vuuren RD, Burn PL, Gentle IR. Morphology of OLED Film Stacks Containing Solution-Processed Phosphorescent Dendrimers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:3848-3855. [PMID: 29356504 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting devices containing solution-processed emissive dendrimers can be highly efficient. The most efficient devices contain a blend of the light-emitting dendrimer in a host and one or more charge-transporting layers. Using neutron reflectometry measurements with in situ photoluminescence, we have investigated the structure of the as-formed film as well as the changes in film structure and dendrimer emission under thermal stress. It was found that the as-formed film stacks comprising poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate/host:dendrimer/1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene (where the host was deuterated 4,4'-N,N'-di(carbazolyl)biphenyl or tris(4-carbazol-9-ylphenyl)amine, the host:dendrimer layer was solution-processed, and the 1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene evaporated) had well-defined interfaces, indicating good wetting of each of the layers by the subsequently deposited layer. Upon thermal annealing, there was no change in the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate/host:dendrimer interface, but once the temperature reached above the Tg of the host:dendrimer layer, it became a supercooled liquid into which 1,3,5-tris(N-phenylbenzimidazol-2-yl)benzene dissolved. When the film stacks were held at a temperature just above the onset of the diffusion process, they underwent an initial relatively fast diffusion process before reaching a quasi-stable state at that temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A McEwan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation , Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Ross D Jansen-van Vuuren
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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36
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Gärtner S, Clulow AJ, Howard IA, Gilbert EP, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Colsmann A. Relating Structure to Efficiency in Surfactant-Free Polymer/Fullerene Nanoparticle-Based Organic Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:42986-42995. [PMID: 29083153 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle dispersions open up an ecofriendly route toward printable organic solar cells. They can be formed from a variety of organic semiconductors by using miniemulsions that employ surfactants to stabilize the nanoparticles in dispersion and to prevent aggregation. However, whenever surfactant-based nanoparticle dispersions have been used to fabricate solar cells, the reported performances remain moderate. In contrast, solar cells from nanoparticle dispersions formed by precipitation (without surfactants) can exhibit power conversion efficiencies close to those of state-of-the-art solar cells processed from blend solutions using chlorinated solvents. In this work, we use small-angle neutron scattering measurements and transient absorption spectroscopy to investigate why surfactant-free nanoparticles give rise to efficient organic solar cells. We show that surfactant-free nanoparticles comprise a uniform distribution of small semiconductor domains, similar to that of bulk-heterojunction films formed using traditional solvent processing. This observation differs from surfactant-based miniemulsion nanoparticles that typically exhibit core-shell structures. Hence, the surfactant-free nanoparticles already possess the optimum morphology for efficient energy conversion before they are assembled into the photoactive layer of a solar cell. This structural property underpins the superior performance of the solar cells containing surfactant-free nanoparticles and is an important design criterion for future nanoparticle inks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gärtner
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian A Howard
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Elliot P Gilbert
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering , Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alexander Colsmann
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Lee T, Caron B, Stroet M, Huang DM, Burn PL, Mark AE. The Molecular Origin of Anisotropic Emission in an Organic Light-Emitting Diode. Nano Lett 2017; 17:6464-6468. [PMID: 28891653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atomistic nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations have been used to model the induction of molecular orientation anisotropy within the emission layer of an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) formed by vapor deposition. Two emitter species were compared: racemic fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(III) (Ir(ppy)3) and trans-bis(2-phenylpyridine)(acetylacetonate)iridium(III) (Ir(ppy)2(acac)). The simulations show that the molecular symmetry axes of both emitters preferentially align perpendicular to the surface during deposition. The molecular arrangement formed on deposition combined with consideration of the transition dipole moments provides insight into experimental reports that Ir(ppy)3 shows isotropic emission, while Ir(ppy)2(acac) displays improved efficiency due to an apparent preferential alignment of the transition dipole vectors parallel to the substrate. The simulations indicate that this difference is not due to differences in the extent of emitter alignment, but rather differences in the direction of the transition dipoles within the two complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David M Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide 5005, Australia
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38
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Zhou X, Burn PL, Powell BJ. Correction to Bond Fission and Non-Radiative Decay in Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Clulow AJ, Mostert AB, Sheliakina M, Nelson A, Booth N, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Meredith P. The structural impact of water sorption on device-quality melanin thin films. Soft Matter 2017; 13:3954-3965. [PMID: 28504279 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02420c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The melanins are a class of pigmentary bio-macromolecules ubiquitous in the biosphere. They possess an intriguing set of physico-chemical properties and have been shown to exhibit hybrid protonic-electronic electrical conductivity, a feature derived from a process termed chemical self-doping driven by the sorption of water. Although the mechanism underlying the electrical conduction has been established, how the sorbed water interacts with the melanin structure at the physical level has not. Herein we use neutron reflectometry to study changes in the structure of synthetic melanin thin films as a function of H2O and D2O vapour pressure. Water is found to be taken up evenly throughout the films, and by employing the contrast effect, the existence of labile protons through reversible deuterium exchange is demonstrated. Finally, we determine a sorption isotherm to enable quantification of the melanin-water interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Clulow
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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40
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Burn PL, Powell BJ. Effect of n-propyl substituents on the emission properties of blue phosphorescent iridium(iii) complexes. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:174305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4981797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Powell
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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41
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McEwan JA, Clulow AJ, Nelson A, Yepuri NR, Burn PL, Gentle IR. Dependence of Organic Interlayer Diffusion on Glass-Transition Temperature in OLEDs. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:14153-14161. [PMID: 28406284 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are subject to thermal stress from Joule heating and the external environment. In this work, neutron reflectometry (NR) was used to probe the effect of heat on the morphology of thin three-layer organic films comprising materials typically found in OLEDs. It was found that layers within the films began to mix when heated to approximately 20 °C above the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of the material with the lowest Tg. Diffusion occurred when the material with the lowest Tg formed a supercooled liquid, with the rates of interdiffusion of the materials depending on the relative Tg's. If the supercooled liquid formed at a temperature significantly lower than the Tg of the higher-Tg material in the adjacent layer, then pseudo-Fickian diffusion occurred. If the two Tg's were similar, then the two materials can interdiffuse at similar rates. The type and extent of diffusion observed can provide insight into and a partial explanation for the "burn in" often observed for OLEDs. Photoluminescence measurements performed simultaneously with the NR measurements showed that interdiffusion of the materials from the different layers had a strong effect on the emission of the film, with quenching generally observed. These results emphasize the importance of using thermally stable materials in OLED devices to avoid film morphology changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake A McEwan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | | | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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42
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Lin Q, Jiang W, Zhang S, Nagiri RCR, Jin H, Burn PL, Meredith P. A Triarylamine-Based Anode Modifier for Efficient Organohalide Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:9096-9101. [PMID: 28257178 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organohalide lead perovskite solar cells have emerged as a promising next-generation thin-film photovoltaic technology. It has been clearly recognized that interfacial engineering plays a critical role in cell performance. It has been also proposed that the open-circuit voltage is dependent on the ionization potential of the hole transport layer at the anode. In this communication, we report a simple modification of the anode with a triarylamine-based small molecule (1), which avoids the need to use standard hole transport materials and delivers a relatively high open-circuit voltage of 1.08 V and a power conversion efficiency of 16.5% in a simple planar architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Lin
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Wei Jiang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Ravi Chandra Raju Nagiri
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Hui Jin
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Paul Meredith
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 4072
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43
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Tonnelé C, Stroet M, Caron B, Clulow AJ, Nagiri RCR, Malde AK, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Mark AE, Powell BJ. Elucidating the Spatial Arrangement of Emitter Molecules in Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Films. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8402-8406. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Tonnelé
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Martin Stroet
- Molecular Dynamics Group School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Bertrand Caron
- Molecular Dynamics Group School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Andrew J. Clulow
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Ravi C. R. Nagiri
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Alpeshkumar K. Malde
- Molecular Dynamics Group School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Ian R. Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Alan E. Mark
- Molecular Dynamics Group School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Powell
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics School of Mathematics and Physics The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
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44
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Tonnelé C, Stroet M, Caron B, Clulow AJ, Nagiri RCR, Malde AK, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Mark AE, Powell BJ. Elucidating the Spatial Arrangement of Emitter Molecules in Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Films. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Tonnelé
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Martin Stroet
- Molecular Dynamics Group School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Bertrand Caron
- Molecular Dynamics Group School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Andrew J. Clulow
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Ravi C. R. Nagiri
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Alpeshkumar K. Malde
- Molecular Dynamics Group School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Ian R. Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Alan E. Mark
- Molecular Dynamics Group School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Powell
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics School of Mathematics and Physics The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus Brisbane 4072 Australia
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45
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Du JH, Jin H, Zhang ZK, Zhang DD, Jia S, Ma LP, Ren WC, Cheng HM, Burn PL. Efficient organic photovoltaic cells on a single layer graphene transparent conductive electrode using MoO x as an interfacial layer. Nanoscale 2017; 9:251-257. [PMID: 27906401 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06942h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The large surface roughness, low work function and high cost of transparent electrodes using multilayer graphene films can limit their application in organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. Here, we develop single layer graphene (SLG) films as transparent anodes for OPV cells that contain light-absorbing layers comprised of the evaporable molecular organic semiconductor materials, zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc)/fullerene (C60), as well as a molybdenum oxide (MoOx) interfacial layer. In addition to an increase in the optical transmittance, the SLG anodes had a significant decrease in surface roughness compared to two and four layer graphene (TLG and FLG) anodes fabricated by multiple transfer and stacking of SLGs. Importantly, the introduction of a MoOx interfacial layer not only reduced the energy barrier between the graphene anode and the active layer, but also decreased the resistance of the SLG by nearly ten times. The OPV cells with the structure of polyethylene terephthalate/SLG/MoOx/CuI/ZnPc/C60/bathocuproine/Al were flexible, and had a power conversion efficiency of up to 0.84%, which was only 17.6% lower than the devices with an equivalent structure but prepared on commercial indium tin oxide anodes. Furthermore, the devices with the SLG anode were 50% and 86.7% higher in efficiency than the cells with the TLG and FLG anodes. These results show the potential of SLG electrodes for flexible and wearable OPV cells as well as other organic optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Du
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, P. R. China.
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46
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Gendron D, Maasoumi F, Armin A, Pattison K, Burn PL, Meredith P, Namdas EB, Powell BJ. A thiocarbonyl-containing small molecule for optoelectronics. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00693d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and device properties of a novel thiocarbonyl iso-DPP derivative, namely 1,3,4,6-tetraphenylpyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-2,5(1H,4H)-dithione.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gendron
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Australia
| | - Fatemeh Maasoumi
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Australia
| | - Ardalan Armin
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Australia
| | - Katherine Pattison
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Mathematics and Physics
- The University of Queensland
- Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
- The University of Queensland
- Australia
| | - Paul Meredith
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Mathematics and Physics
- The University of Queensland
- Australia
| | - Ebinazar B. Namdas
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Mathematics and Physics
- The University of Queensland
- Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Powell
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics
- School of Mathematics and Physics
- The University of Queensland
- Australia
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Haghighatbin MA, Lo SC, Burn PL, Hogan CF. Electrochemically tuneable multi-colour electrochemiluminescence using a single emitter. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6974-6980. [PMID: 28451132 PMCID: PMC5356027 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01912a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A single starting component electrochemiluminescence system from which red, green, blue or white emission can be obtained, depending on the applied potential or the mode of the ECL experiment, is described. The convoluted ECL spectral responses observed at different potentials are readily explained using a 3D-ECL technique, where the ECL spectral profile is continuously monitored as a function of potential during voltammetric scanning. The 3D plots obtained using this technique implicate cross-annihilation ECL reactions involving the complex itself and stable products resulting from its electrolysis. Combining this information with knowledge of the energetic requirements of the various reactions involved, suggests a mechanism involving traces of two emissive products, related to the loss of a methyl group from the triazole moiety. These products, while barely detectable electrochemically, are sufficiently emissive to influence and even dominate the ECL emission under some conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Haghighatbin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia .
| | - Shih-Chun Lo
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE) , The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics (COPE) , The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Conor F Hogan
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Victoria 3086 , Australia .
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48
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Ali MA, Shoaee S, Fan S, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Meredith P, Shaw PE. Detection of Explosive Vapors: The Roles of Exciton and Molecular Diffusion in Real-Time Sensing. Chemphyschem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Ali
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; School of Mathematics and Physics; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Safa Shoaee
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; School of Mathematics and Physics; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; School of Mathematics and Physics; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; School of Mathematics and Physics; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Ian R. Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; School of Mathematics and Physics; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Paul Meredith
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; School of Mathematics and Physics; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Paul E. Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; School of Mathematics and Physics; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
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Ali MA, Shoaee S, Fan S, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Meredith P, Shaw PE. Cover Picture: Detection of Explosive Vapors: The Roles of Exciton and Molecular Diffusion in Real-Time Sensing (ChemPhysChem 21/2016). Chemphyschem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A. Ali
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; School of Mathematics and Physics; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Safa Shoaee
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; School of Mathematics and Physics; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; School of Mathematics and Physics; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Paul L. Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; School of Mathematics and Physics; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Ian R. Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; School of Mathematics and Physics; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Paul Meredith
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; School of Mathematics and Physics; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Paul E. Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics; School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; School of Mathematics and Physics; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
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Ali MA, Shoaee S, Fan S, Burn PL, Gentle IR, Meredith P, Shaw PE. Detection of Explosive Vapors: The Roles of Exciton and Molecular Diffusion in Real-Time Sensing. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3350-3353. [PMID: 27583839 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved quartz crystal microbalance with in situ fluorescence measurements are used to monitor the sorption of the nitroaromatic (explosive) vapor, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) into a porous pentiptycene-containing poly(phenyleneethynylene) sensing film. Correlation of the nitroaromatic mass uptake with fluorescence quenching shows that the analyte diffusion follows the Case-II transport model, a film-swelling-limited process, in which a sharp diffusional front propagates at a constant velocity through the film. At a low vapor pressure of DNT of ≈16 ppb, the analyte concentration in the front is sufficiently high to give an average fluorophore-analyte separation of ≈1.5 nm. Hence, a long exciton diffusion length is not required for real-time sensing in the solid state. Rather the diffusion behavior of the analyte and the strength of the binding interaction between the analyte and the polymer play first-order roles in the fluorescence quenching process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Ali
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Safa Shoaee
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Shengqiang Fan
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ian R Gentle
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul Meredith
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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