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Munambah N, Gretschel P, Muchirahondo F, Chiwaridzo M, Chikwanha T, Kariippanon KE, Chong KH, Cross PL, Draper CE, Okely AD. 24 hour movement behaviours and the health and development of pre-school children from Zimbabwean settings: the SUNRISE pilot study. S Afr J Sports Med 2021; 33:v33i1a10864. [PMID: 36816901 PMCID: PMC9924604 DOI: 10.17159/2078-516x/2021/v33i1a10864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) released global guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for the early years. The International Study of Movement Behaviours in the Early Years, SUNRISE, aimed to assess the extent to which children aged three and four years meet the WHO global guidelines and its association with health and development. Objectives To assess movement behaviours in pre-school children from low-income settings in Zimbabwe and to establish associations between these movement behaviours and adiposity, motor skills and executive function. Methods Pre-school children/caregivers were recruited from two urban and two rural public schools respectively in Zimbabwe. The caregivers answered questions on the children's physical activity, screen time, sedentary behaviour and sleep patterns. Children's movement behaviours were objectively measured using accelerometers. Gross and fine motor skills and executive function were assessed using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 and Early Years Toolbox, respectively. Focus group discussions were carried out with caregivers and teachers on the acceptability and feasibility of the study. Results Eighty-one children participated in the study. The proportions of children meeting the guidelines were physical activity 92%, sedentary behaviour 70%, and sleep 86%, and all guidelines combined 24%. Boys and girls were similar (p>0.05 for all variables) for all executive function variables, but rural children had significantly lower inhibition scores (p=0.026) than urban children. Conclusion The study adds to the growing literature on movement behaviours and associated risk factors in low-resourced settings. Further investigations of movement behaviours in this age group in Zimbabwe are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Munambah
- Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Primary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
| | - P Gretschel
- Division of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F Muchirahondo
- Mental Health Unit, Department of Primary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
| | - M Chiwaridzo
- Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Primary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
| | - T Chikwanha
- Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Primary Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe
| | - KE Kariippanon
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - KH Chong
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - PL Cross
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - CE Draper
- South African MRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, UCT Research Centre for Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - AD Okely
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Okely T, Reilly JJ, Tremblay MS, Kariippanon KE, Draper CE, El Hamdouchi A, Florindo AA, Green JP, Guan H, Katzmarzyk PT, Lubree H, Pham BN, Suesse T, Willumsen J, Basheer M, Calleia R, Chong KH, Cross PL, Nacher M, Smeets L, Taylor E, Abdeta C, Aguilar-Farias N, Baig A, Bayasgalan J, Chan CHS, Chathurangana PWP, Chia M, Ghofranipour F, Ha AS, Hossain MS, Janssen X, Jáuregui A, Katewongsa P, Kim DH, Kim TV, Koh D, Kontsevaya A, Leyna GH, Löf M, Munambah N, Mwase-Vuma T, Nusurupia J, Oluwayomi A, Del Pozo-Cruz B, Del Pozo-Cruz J, Roos E, Shirazi A, Singh P, Staiano A, Suherman A, Tanaka C, Tang HK, Teo WP, Tiongco MM, Tladi D, Turab A, Veldman SLC, Webster EK, Wickramasinghe P, Widyastari DA. Cross-sectional examination of 24-hour movement behaviours among 3- and 4-year-old children in urban and rural settings in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries: the SUNRISE study protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e049267. [PMID: 34697112 PMCID: PMC8547512 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 24-hour movement behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep) during the early years are associated with health and developmental outcomes, prompting the WHO to develop Global guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. Prevalence data on 24-hour movement behaviours is lacking, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper describes the development of the SUNRISE International Study of Movement Behaviours in the Early Years protocol, designed to address this gap. METHODS AND ANALYSIS SUNRISE is the first international cross-sectional study that aims to determine the proportion of 3- and 4-year-old children who meet the WHO Global guidelines. The study will assess if proportions differ by gender, urban/rural location and/or socioeconomic status. Executive function, motor skills and adiposity will be assessed and potential correlates of 24-hour movement behaviours examined. Pilot research from 24 countries (14 LMICs) informed the study design and protocol. Data are collected locally by research staff from partnering institutions who are trained throughout the research process. Piloting of all measures to determine protocol acceptability and feasibility was interrupted by COVID-19 but is nearing completion. At the time of publication 41 countries are participating in the SUNRISE study. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The SUNRISE protocol has received ethics approved from the University of Wollongong, Australia, and in each country by the applicable ethics committees. Approval is also sought from any relevant government departments or organisations. The results will inform global efforts to prevent childhood obesity and ensure young children reach their health and developmental potential. Findings on the correlates of movement behaviours can guide future interventions to improve the movement behaviours in culturally specific ways. Study findings will be disseminated via publications, conference presentations and may contribute to the development of local guidelines and public health interventions.
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Grants
- 001 World Health Organization
- D43 TW010137 FIC NIH HHS
- U54 GM104940 NIGMS NIH HHS
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship
- Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Vietnam
- Global Challenges Program, University of Wollongong, Australia
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Planning and Dissemination Grant
- The DST-NRF Centre for Excellence in Human Development at the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Early Start, University of Wollongong, Australia
- Harry Crossley Foundation, South Africa
- Sasakawa Sports Research Grant, Sasakawa Sports Foundation, Japan
- WHO European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases
- The University Research Coordination Office of the De La Salle University, Philippines
- Civilian Research Development Foundation (CRDF) Global
- Department of National Planning and Monitoring, PNG Government
- Stella de Silva Research grant from Sri Lanka College of Paediatricians, Sri Lanka
- Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- The International Society of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, Pioneers Program
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Universidad de La Frontera Research Directorate, Chile
- Fogarty International Center (FIC) of the National Institutes of Health
- Beijing Health System High Level Talents Training Project, China
- Geran Universiti Penyelidikan (GUP), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
- American Council on Exercise, USA
- National Institute of Education-Ministry of Education, Singapore
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Okely
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John J Reilly
- Physical Activity for Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katharina E Kariippanon
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine E Draper
- MRC-Wits DPHRU, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg-Braamfontein, South Africa
| | - Asmaa El Hamdouchi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Nutrition et Alimentation, Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, CNESTEN-Université Ibn Tofail URAC39, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Alex A Florindo
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Escola de Artes Ciencias e Humanidades, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janette P Green
- Faculty of Business and Law, Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hongyan Guan
- Department of Early Childhood Development, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | | | - Himangi Lubree
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Pune Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Bang Nguyen Pham
- Population Health and Demography Unit, PNG Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Thomas Suesse
- National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia, School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juana Willumsen
- Department for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, WHO, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Basheer
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Calleia
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kar Hau Chong
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Penny L Cross
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria Nacher
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura Smeets
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellie Taylor
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Nicolas Aguilar-Farias
- Department of Physical Education, Sports and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Aqsa Baig
- Precision Health Consultants (PHC Global), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jambaldori Bayasgalan
- National Centre for Public Health, Mongolia Ministry of Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Cecilia H S Chan
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Michael Chia
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Amy S Ha
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Xanne Janssen
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alejandra Jáuregui
- Department of Physical Activity and Healthy Lifestyles, Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Piyawat Katewongsa
- Thailand Physical Activity Knowledge Development Centre, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Dong Hoon Kim
- Korea Institute of Child Care and Education, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thanh Van Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Denise Koh
- Centre of Community Education and Well-being, Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Anna Kontsevaya
- National Medical Research Centre for Therapy and Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - M Löf
- Department of Health, Medicine och Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nyaradzai Munambah
- Rehabilitation Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Aoko Oluwayomi
- Human Kinetics and Health Education, University of Lagos, Akoka, Nigeria
| | - Borja Del Pozo-Cruz
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Eva Roos
- Folkhalsen Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Asima Shirazi
- Faculty of Business, University of Wollongong, Dubai, UAE
| | - Pragya Singh
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, CMNHS, Fiji National University, Nasinu, Fiji
| | - Amanda Staiano
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Adang Suherman
- Faculty of Sport and Health Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Chiaki Tanaka
- College of Health and Welfare, J F Oberlin University, Machida, Japan
| | - Hong Kim Tang
- Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Dawn Tladi
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ali Turab
- Precision Health Consultants (PHC Global), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sanne L C Veldman
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Kipling Webster
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Dyah Anantalia Widyastari
- Thailand Physical Activity Knowledge Development Centre, Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
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Hossain MS, Deeba IM, Hasan M, Kariippanon KE, Chong KH, Cross PL, Ferdous S, Okely AD. International study of 24-h movement behaviors of early years (SUNRISE): a pilot study from Bangladesh. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2021; 7:176. [PMID: 34526148 PMCID: PMC8440144 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-021-00912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization (WHO) released guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep for children under 5 years of age in 2019. In response to these guidelines, this pilot study aimed to (i) determine the proportion of preschool children (ages 3-4 years) who met the WHO guidelines; (ii) examine the feasibility of the proposed protocol for the SUNRISE study; and (iii) assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on movement behaviors of preschool children in Bangladesh. METHODS Time spent in physical activity, sedentary behavior and sleep were objectively measured using two types of accelerometers (ActiGraph wGT3x-BT and ActivPAL4). Screen time and sleep quality were assessed via parent questionnaire. Fine and gross motor skills were measured using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (3rd edition). Three executive functions were assessed using the Early Years Toolbox. Focus groups were conducted with parents and childcare staff to determine the feasibility of the protocol. Follow-up data during COVID-19 pandemic was collected from parents over phone. RESULTS Data from 63 preschool-aged children and their parents was analyzed in this pilot study. Only three children (4.7%) met all components of the WHO guidelines. Separately, children meeting physical activity, sedentary screen time and sleep guidelines were 71.9%, 17.5%, and 59.7% respectively. The proportion of all children who were developmentally on-track for the gross and fine motor skills was 58.7% and 50.8%, respectively. Parents and educators reported that the protocol was feasible except for the activPAL-4 accelerometer. Approximately, 39% of children (14 out of 37) who wore this device developed itchy skin and rashes resulting in the suspension of using this device mid-way through data collection. During COVID-19, there was a significant decrease in children's total physical activity (- 193 min/day), and time spent outside on weekdays (- 75 min/day) and weekend days (- 131 min/day) and a significant increase in sedentary screen time (+85 min/day). CONCLUSION Only a low proportion of children met the WHO guidelines. Methods and devices (except ActivPAL4) used in this pilot study proved to be feasible and this has paved the way to conduct the main SUNRISE study in Bangladesh. Future measures should be taken to address the issue of movement behaviors of children during the time of pandemics like COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sorowar Hossain
- Department of Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Iztiba M Deeba
- Department of Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Katharina E Kariippanon
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Kar Hau Chong
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Penny L Cross
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Shameema Ferdous
- Department of Emerging and Neglected Diseases, Biomedical Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Okely AD, Kariippanon KE, Guan H, Taylor EK, Suesse T, Cross PL, Chong KH, Suherman A, Turab A, Staiano AE, Ha AS, El Hamdouchi A, Baig A, Poh BK, Del Pozo-Cruz B, Chan CHS, Nyström CD, Koh D, Webster EK, Lubree H, Tang HK, Baddou I, Del Pozo-Cruz J, Wong JE, Sultoni K, Nacher M, Löf M, Cui M, Hossain MS, Chathurangana PWP, Kand U, Wickramasinghe VPP, Calleia R, Ferdous S, Van Kim T, Wang X, Draper CE. Global effect of COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep among 3- to 5-year-old children: a longitudinal study of 14 countries. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:940. [PMID: 34001086 PMCID: PMC8128084 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The restrictions associated with the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in changes to young children's daily routines and habits. The impact on their participation in movement behaviours (physical activity, sedentary screen time and sleep) is unknown. This international longitudinal study compared young children's movement behaviours before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Parents of children aged 3-5 years, from 14 countries (8 low- and middle-income countries, LMICs) completed surveys to assess changes in movement behaviours and how these changes were associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Surveys were completed in the 12 months up to March 2020 and again between May and June 2020 (at the height of restrictions). Physical activity (PA), sedentary screen time (SST) and sleep were assessed via parent survey. At Time 2, COVID-19 factors including level of restriction, environmental conditions, and parental stress were measured. Compliance with the World Health Organizations (WHO) Global guidelines for PA (180 min/day [≥60 min moderate- vigorous PA]), SST (≤1 h/day) and sleep (10-13 h/day) for children under 5 years of age, was determined. RESULTS Nine hundred- forty-eight parents completed the survey at both time points. Children from LMICs were more likely to meet the PA (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AdjOR] = 2.0, 95%Confidence Interval [CI] 1.0,3.8) and SST (AdjOR = 2.2, 95%CI 1.2,3.9) guidelines than their high-income country (HIC) counterparts. Children who could go outside during COVID-19 were more likely to meet all WHO Global guidelines (AdjOR = 3.3, 95%CI 1.1,9.8) than those who were not. Children of parents with higher compared to lower stress were less likely to meet all three guidelines (AdjOR = 0.5, 95%CI 0.3,0.9). CONCLUSION PA and SST levels of children from LMICs have been less impacted by COVID-19 than in HICs. Ensuring children can access an outdoor space, and supporting parents' mental health are important prerequisites for enabling pre-schoolers to practice healthy movement behaviours and meet the Global guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Okely
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Science and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Katharina E Kariippanon
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of the Arts, Social Science and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Hongyan Guan
- Department of Early Childhood Development, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Ellie K Taylor
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Science and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Thomas Suesse
- NIASRA - National Institute for Applied Statistics Research Australia, School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Penny L Cross
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Science and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Kar Hau Chong
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Science and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Adang Suherman
- Faculty of Sport and Health Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Ali Turab
- Precision Health Consultants (PHC Global), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amanda E Staiano
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd Baton Rouge Louisiana, Pennington, 70808, USA
| | - Amy S Ha
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Asmaa El Hamdouchi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN - Université Ibn Tofail (URAC-39), Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Pennington, USA
| | - Aqsa Baig
- Precision Health Consultants (PHC Global), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bee Koon Poh
- Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Borja Del Pozo-Cruz
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Centre for Active and Healthy Ageing, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cecilia H S Chan
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Denise Koh
- Centre of Community Education and Well-being, Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - E Kipling Webster
- Institute of Public and Preventive Health, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Himangi Lubree
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Rasta Peth, Pune, India
| | - Hong Kim Tang
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Issad Baddou
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN - Université Ibn Tofail (URAC-39), Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Pennington, USA
| | - Jesus Del Pozo-Cruz
- Departamento de Educación Física y Deporte, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jyh Eiin Wong
- Centre for Community Health Studies (ReaCH), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 50300, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kuston Sultoni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Maria Nacher
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Science and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Löf
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mingming Cui
- Department of Early Childhood Development, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Uddhavi Kand
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Rasta Peth, Pune, India
| | | | - Rebecca Calleia
- Early Start, Faculty of the Arts, Social Science and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | | | - Thanh Van Kim
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Early Childhood Development, Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Child Development and Nutriomics, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Catherine E Draper
- SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa
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Cross PL. Screening patients for Alzheimer's disease. Br J Gen Pract 1994; 44:283. [PMID: 8037988 PMCID: PMC1238908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Cross PL, Barnes NP, Skolaut MW, Storm ME. Blackbody absorption efficiencies for six lamp pumped Nd laser materials. Appl Opt 1990; 29:791-797. [PMID: 20556185 DOI: 10.1364/ao.29.000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing high resolution spectra, the absorption efficiency for six Nd laser materials was calculated as functions of the effective blackbody temperature of the lamp and laser crystal size. The six materials were Nd:YAG, Nd:YLF, Nd:Q-98 Glass, Nd:YVO(4), Nd:BEL, and Nd:Cr:GSGG. Under the guidelines of this study, Nd:Cr:GSGG's absorption efficiency is twice the absorption efficiency of any of the other laser materials.
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Storm ME, Gettemy DJ, Barnes NP, Cross PL, Kokta MR. Thulium YAG laser operation at 2.01 microm. Appl Opt 1989; 28:408-409. [PMID: 20548489 DOI: 10.1364/ao.28.000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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