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De Schrijver S, Decramer T, Janssen P. Simple visual stimuli are sufficient to drive responses in action observation and execution neurons in macaque ventral premotor cortex. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002358. [PMID: 38768251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurons responding during action execution and action observation were discovered in the ventral premotor cortex 3 decades ago. However, the visual features that drive the responses of action observation/execution neurons (AOENs) have not been revealed at present. We investigated the neural responses of AOENs in ventral premotor area F5c of 4 macaques during the observation of action videos and crucial control stimuli. The large majority of AOENs showed highly phasic responses during the action videos, with a preference for the moment that the hand made contact with the object. They also responded to an abstract shape moving towards but not interacting with an object, even when the shape moved on a scrambled background, implying that most AOENs in F5c do not require the perception of causality or a meaningful action. Additionally, the majority of AOENs responded to static frames of the videos. Our findings show that very elementary stimuli, even without a grasping context, are sufficient to drive responses in F5c AOENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie De Schrijver
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Decramer
- Research group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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Bougou V, Vanhoyland M, Decramer T, Van Hoylandt A, Smeijers S, Nuttin B, De Vloo P, Vandenberghe W, Nieuwboer A, Janssen P, Theys T. Active and Passive Cycling Decrease Subthalamic β Oscillations in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2024; 39:85-93. [PMID: 37860957 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preserved cycling capabilities in patients with Parkinson's disease, especially in those with freezing of gait are still poorly understood. Previous research with invasive local field potential recordings in the subthalamic nucleus has shown that cycling causes a stronger suppression of β oscillations compared to walking, which facilitates motor continuation. METHODS We recorded local field potentials from 12 patients with Parkinson's disease (six without freezing of gait, six with freezing of gait) who were bilaterally implanted with deep brain stimulation electrodes in the subthalamic nucleus. We investigated β (13-30 Hz) and high γ (60-100 Hz) power during both active and passive cycling with different cadences and compared patients with and without freezing of gait. The passive cycling experiment, where a motor provided a fixed cadence, allowed us to study the effect of isolated sensory inputs without physical exercise. RESULTS We found similarly strong suppression of pathological β activity for both active and passive cycling. In contrast, there was stronger high γ band activity for active cycling. Notably, the effects of active and passive cycling were all independent of cadence. Finally, β suppression was stronger for patients with freezing of gait, especially during passive cycling. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for a link between proprioceptive input during cycling and β suppression. These findings support the role of continuous external sensory input and proprioceptive feedback during rhythmic passive cycling movements and suggest that systematic passive mobilization might hold therapeutic potential. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Bougou
- Research Group of Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Research Group Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michaël Vanhoyland
- Research Group of Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Research Group Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Decramer
- Research Group of Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Research Group Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anaïs Van Hoylandt
- Research Group of Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Smeijers
- Research Group of Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Nuttin
- Research Group of Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe De Vloo
- Research Group of Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Vandenberghe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Research Group Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alice Nieuwboer
- Research Group of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Research Group Neurophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Theys
- Research Group of Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Janssen P, De Pauw L, Mambretti M, Lara O, Walckiers J, Mackens L, Rooman I, Guillaume B, De Ridder M, Ates G, Massie A. Characterization of the long-term effects of lethal total body irradiation followed by bone marrow transplantation on the brain of C57BL/6 mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 100:385-398. [PMID: 37976378 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2283092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Total body irradiation (TBI) followed by bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is used in pre-clinical research to generate mouse chimeras that allow to study the function of a protein specifically on immune cells. Adverse consequences of irradiation on the juvenile body and brain are well described and include general fatigue, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Yet, the long-term consequences of TBI/BMT performed on healthy adult mice have been poorly investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS We developed a robust protocol to achieve near complete bone marrow replacement in mice using 2x550cGy TBI and evaluated the impact of the procedure on their general health, mood disturbances, memory, brain atrophy, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability 2 and/or 16 months post-BMT. RESULTS We found a persistent decrease in weight along with long-term impact on locomotion after TBI and BMT. Although the TBI/BMT procedure did not lead to anxiety- or depressive-like behavior 2- or 16-months post-BMT, long-term spatial memory of the irradiated mice was impaired. We also observed radiation-induced impaired neurogenesis and cortical microglia activation 2 months post-BMT. Moreover, higher levels of hippocampal IgG in aged BMT mice suggest an enhanced age-related increase in BBB permeability that could potentially contribute to the observed memory deficit. CONCLUSIONS Overall health of the mice did not seem to be majorly impacted by TBI followed by BMT during adulthood. Yet, TBI-induced alterations in the brain and behavior could lead to erroneous conclusions on the function of a protein on immune cells when comparing mouse chimeras with different genetic backgrounds that might display altered susceptibility to radiation-induced damage. Ultimately, the BMT model we here present could also be used to study the related long-term consequences of TBI and BMT seen in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Janssen
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Oncology Research Centre (ORC), VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - L De Pauw
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Mambretti
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Oncology Research Centre (ORC), VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - O Lara
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Oncology Research Centre (ORC), VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J Walckiers
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Mackens
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Rooman
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology, Oncology Research Centre (ORC), VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Guillaume
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Centre hospitalier de Jolimont, Service de Biochimie Médicale, La Louvière, Belgium
| | - M De Ridder
- Department of Radiotherapy, UZ Brussel, VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Ates
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Massie
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
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Merken L, Schelles M, Ceyssens F, Kraft M, Janssen P. Thin flexible arrays for long-term multi-electrode recordings in macaque primary visual cortex. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 36215972 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac98e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Basic, translational and clinical neuroscience are increasingly focusing on large-scale invasive recordings of neuronal activity. However, in large animals such as nonhuman primates and humans-in which the larger brain size with sulci and gyri imposes additional challenges compared to rodents, there is a huge unmet need to record from hundreds of neurons simultaneously anywhere in the brain for long periods of time. Here, we tested the electrical and mechanical properties of thin, flexible multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) inserted into the primary visual cortex of two macaque monkeys, and assessed their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatibility and their capacity to record extracellular activity over a period of 1 year.Approach.To allow insertion of the floating arrays into the visual cortex, the 20 by 100µm2shafts were temporarily strengthened by means of a resorbable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) coating.Main results. After manual insertion of the arrays, theex vivoandin vivoMRI compatibility of the arrays proved to be excellent. We recorded clear single-unit activity from up to 50% of the electrodes, and multi-unit activity (MUA) on 60%-100% of the electrodes, which allowed detailed measurements of the receptive fields and the orientation selectivity of the neurons. Even 1 year after insertion, we obtained significant MUA responses on 70%-100% of the electrodes, while the receptive fields remained remarkably stable over the entire recording period.Significance.Thus, the thin and flexible MEAs we tested offer several crucial advantages compared to existing arrays, most notably in terms of brain tissue compliance, scalability, and brain coverage. Future brain-machine interface applications in humans may strongly benefit from this new generation of chronically implanted MEAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Merken
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Maarten Schelles
- Micro- and Nanosystems (MNS), Electrical Engineering Department (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,ReVision Implant NV, Haasrode 3053, Belgium
| | | | - Michael Kraft
- Micro- and Nanosystems (MNS), Electrical Engineering Department (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Leuven Institute for Micro- and Nanotechnology (LIMNI), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Janssen P, Isa T, Lanciego J, Leech K, Logothetis N, Poo MM, Mitchell AS. Visualizing advances in the future of primate neuroscience research. Curr Res Neurobiol 2022; 4:100064. [PMID: 36582401 PMCID: PMC9792703 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Future neuroscience and biomedical projects involving non-human primates (NHPs) remain essential in our endeavors to understand the complexities and functioning of the mammalian central nervous system. In so doing, the NHP neuroscience researcher must be allowed to incorporate state-of-the-art technologies, including the use of novel viral vectors, gene therapy and transgenic approaches to answer continuing and emerging research questions that can only be addressed in NHP research models. This perspective piece captures these emerging technologies and some specific research questions they can address. At the same time, we highlight some current caveats to global NHP research and collaborations including the lack of common ethical and regulatory frameworks for NHP research, the limitations involving animal transportation and exports, and the ongoing influence of activist groups opposed to NHP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Janssen
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Jose Lanciego
- Department Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, CiberNed., Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kirk Leech
- European Animal Research Association, United Kingdom
| | - Nikos Logothetis
- International Center for Primate Brain Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu-Ming Poo
- International Center for Primate Brain Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Anna S. Mitchell
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom,Corresponding author. School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Caprara I, Janssen P. Effect of viewing distance on object responses in macaque areas 45B, F5a and F5p. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16527. [PMID: 36192562 PMCID: PMC9530235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To perform tasks like grasping, the brain has to process visual object information so that the grip aperture can be adjusted before touching the object. Previous studies have demonstrated that the posterior subsector of the Anterior Intraparietal area is connected to area 45B, and its anterior counterpart to F5a. However, the role of area 45B and F5a in visually-guided grasping is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of area 45B, F5a and F5p in object processing during visually-guided grasping in two monkeys. We tested whether the presentation of an object in near peripersonal space activated F5p neurons more than objects with the same retinal size presented beyond reachable distance and conversely, whether neurons in 45B and F5a—which may encode a purely visual object representation—were less affected by viewing distance when equalizing retinal size. Contrary to our expectations, we found that most neurons in area 45B were object- and viewing distance-selective, and preferred mostly Near presentations. Area F5a showed much weaker object selectivity compared to 45B, with a similar preference for objects presented at the Near position. Finally, F5p neurons were less object selective and frequently Far-preferring. In sum, area 45B—but not F5p– prefers objects presented in peripersonal space.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Caprara
- Laboratorium Voor Neuro-en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - P Janssen
- Laboratorium Voor Neuro-en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,The Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium.
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Romero MC, Merken L, Janssen P, Davare M. Neural effects of continuous theta-burst stimulation in macaque parietal neurons. eLife 2022; 11:65536. [PMID: 36097816 PMCID: PMC9470151 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TBS) has become a standard non-invasive technique to induce offline changes in cortical excitability in human volunteers. Yet, TBS suffers from a high variability across subjects. A better knowledge about how TBS affects neural activity in vivo could uncover its mechanisms of action and ultimately allow its mainstream use in basic science and clinical applications. To address this issue, we applied continuous TBS (cTBS, 300 pulses) in awake behaving rhesus monkeys and quantified its after-effects on neuronal activity. Overall, we observed a pronounced, long-lasting, and highly reproducible reduction in neuronal excitability after cTBS in individual parietal neurons, with some neurons also exhibiting periods of hyperexcitability during the recovery phase. These results provide the first experimental evidence of the effects of cTBS on single neurons in awake behaving monkeys, shedding new light on the reasons underlying cTBS variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Romero
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, The Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lara Merken
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, The Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, The Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marco Davare
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Bruer G, Krueger N, Weber K, Warfving N, Vitali A, Nolde J, Schuster T, Creutzenberg O, Janssen P, Wessely B, Stintz M, Moise V, Kellert M. P13-19 Enhanced study design for acute inhalation studies with hydrophobic surface treated particles to reveal the issue of suffocation through strong agglomeration of particles in the nose of test animals. Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abrams S, Janssen P, Swanepoel J, Veraverbeke N. Nonparametric estimation of risk ratios for bivariate data. J Nonparametr Stat 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10485252.2022.2085265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Abrams
- Data Science Institute (DSI), Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Global Health Institute (GHI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P. Janssen
- Data Science Institute (DSI), Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Unit for Business Mathematics and Informatics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - J. Swanepoel
- Unit for Business Mathematics and Informatics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - N. Veraverbeke
- Data Science Institute (DSI), Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), UHasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Unit for Business Mathematics and Informatics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Adeniyi A, Donnelly L, Janssen P, Jevitt C, Von Bergmann H, Brondani M. An interprofessional model of care for oral health during pregnancy. J Interprof Care 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35015600 DOI: 10.1080/13561820.2021.2017417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The study aim was to appraise the relevance and appropriateness of an interprofessional prenatal oral care model among pregnant women and healthcare providers in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Audio-recorded semi-structured interviews with 39 purposefully selected participants (13 pregnant women and 26 healthcare professionals) were used qualitatively to appraise relevance of an existing model. The existing model emphasizes communication and collaboration among multiple health providers for the delivery of integrated prenatal oral care. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using an inductive thematic approach and N-Vivo® software. During the first round of interviews, most participants considered the existing model as simple and well-defined but not fully relevant to the BC context. The participants suggested revisions to Steven's model to incorporate facilitators of integrated care, including interprofessional education, oral health funding, and advocacy for oral healthcare. Participants suggested a different graphical portrayal for the revised model; an implementation guide was also suggested. A revised model based on participants' feedback, was shared with 14 of the initial participants during secondary interviews. Further evaluation of the appropriateness of the revised model is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Adeniyi
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, The University of British Columbia (Ubc), Vancouver, Canada
| | - L Donnelly
- Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Ubc, Vancouver, Canada
| | - P Janssen
- School of Population and Public Health, Ubc, Vancouver, Canada
| | - C Jevitt
- Midwifery Program, Department of Family Practice, Ubc, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hc Von Bergmann
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, The University of British Columbia (Ubc), Vancouver, Canada
| | - M Brondani
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, The University of British Columbia (Ubc), Vancouver, Canada
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11
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Abrams S, Janssen P, Veraverbeke N. Quantiles of the conditional residual lifetime. STATISTICS-ABINGDON 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/02331888.2021.2006661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Abrams
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Data Science Institute (DSI), University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Global Health Institute (GHI), Family Medicine and Population Health (FAMPOP), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P. Janssen
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Data Science Institute (DSI), University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - N. Veraverbeke
- Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics (I-BioStat), Data Science Institute (DSI), University of Hasselt, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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12
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Decramer T, Premereur E, Zhu Q, Van Paesschen W, van Loon J, Vanduffel W, Taubert J, Janssen P, Theys T. Single-Unit Recordings Reveal the Selectivity of a Human Face Area. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9340-9349. [PMID: 34732521 PMCID: PMC8580152 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0349-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The exquisite capacity of primates to detect and recognize faces is crucial for social interactions. Although disentangling the neural basis of human face recognition remains a key goal in neuroscience, direct evidence at the single-neuron level is limited. We recorded from face-selective neurons in human visual cortex in a region characterized by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activations for faces compared with objects. The majority of visually responsive neurons in this fMRI activation showed strong selectivity at short latencies for faces compared with objects. Feature-scrambled faces and face-like objects could also drive these neurons, suggesting that this region is not tightly tuned to the visual attributes that typically define whole human faces. These single-cell recordings within the human face processing system provide vital experimental evidence linking previous imaging studies in humans and invasive studies in animal models.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We present the first recordings of face-selective neurons in or near an fMRI-defined patch in human visual cortex. Our unbiased multielectrode array recordings (i.e., no selection of neurons based on a search strategy) confirmed the validity of the BOLD contrast (faces-objects) in humans, a finding with implications for all human imaging studies. By presenting faces, feature-scrambled faces, and face-pareidolia (perceiving faces in inanimate objects) stimuli, we demonstrate that neurons at this level of the visual hierarchy are broadly tuned to the features of a face, independent of spatial configuration and low-level visual attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Decramer
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Departments of Neurosurgery and
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elsie Premereur
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qi Zhu
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Paesschen
- Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Epilepsy Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes van Loon
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Departments of Neurosurgery and
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jessica Taubert
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Theys
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Departments of Neurosurgery and
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13
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Abstract
Efficient object grasping requires the continuous control of arm and hand movements based on visual information. Previous studies have identified a network of parietal and frontal areas that is crucial for the visual control of prehension movements. Electrical microstimulation of 3D shape-selective clusters in AIP during functional magnetic resonance imaging activates areas F5a and 45B, suggesting that these frontal areas may represent important downstream areas for object processing during grasping, but the role of area F5a and 45B in grasping is unknown. To assess their causal role in the frontal grasping network, we reversibly inactivated 45B, F5a, and F5p during visually guided grasping in macaque monkeys. First, we recorded single neuron activity in 45B, F5a, and F5p to identify sites with object responses during grasping. Then, we injected muscimol or saline to measure the grasping deficit induced by the temporary disruption of each of these three nodes in the grasping network. The inactivation of all three areas resulted in a significant increase in the grasping time in both animals, with the strongest effect observed in area F5p. These results not only confirm a clear involvement of F5p, but also indicate causal contributions of area F5a and 45B in visually guided object grasping.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Caprara
- Laboratorium voor Neuro-en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Computation and Neural Systems, Caltech, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - P Janssen
- Laboratorium voor Neuro-en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,The Leuven Brain Institute, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Decramer T, Premereur E, Caprara I, Theys T, Janssen P. Temporal dynamics of neural activity in macaque frontal cortex assessed with large-scale recordings. Neuroimage 2021; 236:118088. [PMID: 33915276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cortical network controlling the arm and hand when grasping objects consists of several areas in parietal and frontal cortex. Recently, more anterior prefrontal areas have also been implicated in object grasping, but their exact role is currently unclear. To investigate the neuronal encoding of objects during grasping in these prefrontal regions and their relation with other cortical areas of the grasping network, we performed large-scale recordings (more than 2000 responsive sites) in frontal cortex of monkeys during a saccade-reach-grasp task. When an object appeared in peripheral vision, the first burst of activity emerged in prearcuate areas (the FEF and area 45B), followed by dorsal and ventral premotor cortex, and a buildup of activity in primary motor cortex. After the saccade, prearcuate activity remained elevated while primary motor and premotor activity rose in anticipation of the upcoming arm and hand movement. Remarkably, a large number of premotor and prearcuate sites responded when the object appeared in peripheral vision and remained active when the object came into foveal vision. Thus, prearcuate and premotor areas continuously encode object information when directing gaze and grasping objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Decramer
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, ON2, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Belgium
| | - Elsie Premereur
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, ON2, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Irene Caprara
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, ON2, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Theys
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Belgium
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, ON2, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Adeniyi A, Donnelly L, Janssen P, Jevitt C, Kardeh B, von Bergmann H, Brondani M. Pregnant women's perspectives on integrating preventive oral health in prenatal care. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:271. [PMID: 33794806 PMCID: PMC8016156 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-03750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral diseases are considered a silent epidemic including among pregnant women. Given the prevalence of oral conditions among pregnant women and the reported association with adverse pregnancy outcomes, there have been suggestions for the inclusion of preventive oral care in routine prenatal care. However, due to the different administrative and funding structure for oral health and prenatal care in Canada, progress towards this integration has been slow. Our study sought to qualitatively explore the views of pregnant women in British Columbia (BC) on the strategies for integrating preventive oral health care into prenatal care services. METHODS A qualitative approach was utilized involving semi-structured interviews with fourteen (14) purposefully selected pregnant women in Vancouver and Surrey, BC. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. The transcripts were analyzed using an inductive thematic approach. Study validity was ensured via memoing, field-notes, and member checking. RESULTS Interviews ranged from 28 to 65 min producing over 140 pages of transcripts. Analysis resulted in three major themes: oral health experiences during pregnancy, perspectives on integration and integrated prenatal oral care, and strategies for addressing prenatal oral health care. A majority of participants were supportive of integrating preventive oral care in routine prenatal services, with referrals identified as a critical strategy. Oral health education was recognized as important before, during, and after pregnancy; oral health assessments should therefore be included in the prenatal care checklist. Limited funding was acknowledged as a barrier to oral health care access, which may explain why few participants visited their dentists during pregnancy. Interprofessional education surfaced as a bridge to provide prenatal oral health education. CONCLUSION Pregnant women interviewed in this study support the inclusion of educational and preventive oral care during prenatal care, although their views differed on how such inclusion can be achieved in BC. They advocated the establishment of a referral system as an acceptable strategy for providing integrated prenatal oral health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Adeniyi
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - L Donnelly
- Department of Oral Biological & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - P Janssen
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - C Jevitt
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - B Kardeh
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - H von Bergmann
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M Brondani
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying the effects of continuous Theta-Burst Stimulation (cTBS) in humans are poorly understood. Animal studies can clarify the effects of cTBS on individual neurons, but behavioral evidence is necessary to demonstrate the validity of the animal model. We investigated the behavioral effect of cTBS applied over parietal cortex in rhesus monkeys performing a visually-guided grasping task with two differently sized objects, which required either a power grip or a pad-to-side grip. We used Fitts' law, predicting shorter grasping times (GT) for large compared to small objects, to investigate cTBS effects on two different grip types. cTBS induced long-lasting object-specific and dose-dependent changes in GT that remained present for up to two hours. High-intensity cTBS increased GTs for a power grip, but shortened GTs for a pad-to-side grip. Thus, high-intensity stimulation strongly reduced the natural GT difference between objects (i.e. the Fitts' law effect). In contrast, low-intensity cTBS induced the opposite effects on GT. Modifying the coil orientation from the standard 45-degree to a 30-degree angle induced opposite cTBS effects on GT. These findings represent behavioral evidence for the validity of the nonhuman primate model to study the neural underpinnings of non-invasive brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Merken
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marco Davare
- College of Health and Life Sciences and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, UxBridge, UB8 3PN, UK
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria C Romero
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Goelen N, Janssen P, Ripken D, Van Horssen P, Byloos K, Ghysels S, Putzeys G, Hofman Z, Vandecaveye V, Tack J. Enteral formula protein composition affects gastric residual volume in a critically ill patient model in healthy adults. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Goelen N, Doperé G, Morales J, Van Huffel S, Vandecaveye V, Tack J, Janssen P. Enteral nutrition dose-dependently inhibits gastric motility via a feedback loop that can be assessed with a novel gastric monitoring system. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.09.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Lochegnies
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Clinique Notre-Dame, Tournai, Belgium
| | - P. Hunters
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Clinique Notre-Dame, Tournai, Belgium
| | - P. Janssen
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Clinique Notre-Dame, Tournai, Belgium
| | - A. Nakad
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Clinique Notre-Dame, Tournai, Belgium
| | - E. Farchack
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Clinique Notre-Dame, Tournai, Belgium
| | - M. Defrennes
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Clinique Notre-Dame, Tournai, Belgium
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20
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Adeniyi A, Donnelly L, Janssen P, Jevitt C, von Bergman H, Brondani M. A Qualitative Study of Health Care Providers' Views on Integrating Oral Health into Prenatal Care. JDR Clin Trans Res 2020; 6:409-419. [PMID: 32996370 DOI: 10.1177/2380084420961998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Providing preventive oral health during prenatal care is a recognized strategy for improving pregnant women's access to oral health care. This study sought to qualitatively explore the views of health care providers in British Columbia (BC), Canada, on strategies for integrating preventive oral health into prenatal care. METHODS Twenty-four purposefully selected health care providers (13 oral health and 11 prenatal care providers) in Vancouver and Surrey BC participated in audio-recorded semistructured interviews. Interviews lasted from 31 to 61 min, were transcribed verbatim, and were analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis with N-Vivo software. Study validity was ensured via memoing, fieldnotes, member checking, and external audit. RESULTS Thematic analysis revealed 5 major themes: perception of integrated care, relevance of integrated prenatal oral health, strategies for achieving integrated prenatal oral health, drivers of the integration process, and barriers to integrating oral health during pregnancy. Interprofessional collaboration based on information sharing and communication was identified as a critical factor for integrated care. Oral health checks should be a component of prenatal assessments for achieving integrated prenatal oral health. Participants recommended that prenatal providers should offer oral health education and use screening questions to identify the pregnant woman's oral health needs. The establishment of referral systems was advocated, while dental assessments and oral prophylaxis via the medical services plan were proposed. The inclusion of dental providers in prenatal teams and educating health care providers on interprofessional collaboration were also supported. CONCLUSION Oral health and prenatal providers in BC are positively disposed to adopting integrated preventive prenatal oral health care based on interprofessional collaborative practices. The inclusion of oral health providers in prenatal teams was suggested. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT The results of this study can be used by policymakers for advocacy and decision making when planning care delivery programs for women during pregnancy. Including the suggested strategies could lead to increased access to, and utilization of, oral health services among pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Adeniyi
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - L Donnelly
- Department of Oral and Biological Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - P Janssen
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C Jevitt
- Midwifery Program, Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - H von Bergman
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M Brondani
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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21
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Romero M, Asamoah B, Khatoun A, Laughlin MM, Janssen P. P75 Transcranial alternating current stimulation using an epicranial electrode in the non-human primate. Clin Neurophysiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.12.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Decramer T, Premereur E, Uytterhoeven M, Van Paesschen W, van Loon J, Janssen P, Theys T. Correction: Single-cell selectivity and functional architecture of human lateral occipital complex. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000588. [PMID: 31809496 PMCID: PMC6897395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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23
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Madsen T, Luiselli L, Janssen P. Dog attacks on adders; a comment on Worthington‐Hill & Gill (2019). Anim Conserv 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/acv.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Madsen
- School of Biological Sciences University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life & Environmental Sciences Deakin University Geelong VIC Australia
| | - L. Luiselli
- Institute for Development, Ecology, Conservation and Cooperation Rome Italy
- Department of Applied and Environmental Biology Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt Nigeria
| | - P. Janssen
- Working Group Adder Research Netherlands (WAN) RAVON. Natuurplaza Nijmegen The Netherlands
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24
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Decramer T, Premereur E, Uytterhoeven M, Van Paesschen W, van Loon J, Janssen P, Theys T. Single-cell selectivity and functional architecture of human lateral occipital complex. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000280. [PMID: 31513563 PMCID: PMC6759181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human lateral occipital complex (LOC) is more strongly activated by images of objects compared to scrambled controls, but detailed information at the neuronal level is currently lacking. We recorded with microelectrode arrays in the LOC of 2 patients and obtained highly selective single-unit, multi-unit, and high-gamma responses to images of objects. Contrary to predictions derived from functional imaging studies, all neuronal properties indicated that the posterior subsector of LOC we recorded from occupies an unexpectedly high position in the hierarchy of visual areas. Notably, the response latencies of LOC neurons were long, the shape selectivity was spatially clustered, LOC receptive fields (RFs) were large and bilateral, and a number of LOC neurons exhibited three-dimensional (3D)-structure selectivity (a preference for convex or concave stimuli), which are all properties typical of end-stage ventral stream areas. Thus, our results challenge prevailing ideas about the position of the more posterior subsector of LOC in the hierarchy of visual areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Decramer
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elsie Premereur
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mats Uytterhoeven
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Paesschen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Epilepsy Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johannes van Loon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Theys
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Research Group Experimental Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy, KU Leuven and the Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Romero MC, Davare M, Armendariz M, Janssen P. Neural effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation at the single-cell level. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2642. [PMID: 31201331 PMCID: PMC6572776 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can non-invasively modulate neural activity in humans. Despite three decades of research, the spatial extent of the cortical area activated by TMS is still controversial. Moreover, how TMS interacts with task-related activity during motor behavior is unknown. Here, we applied single-pulse TMS over macaque parietal cortex while recording single-unit activity at various distances from the center of stimulation during grasping. The spatial extent of TMS-induced activation is remarkably restricted, affecting the spiking activity of single neurons in an area of cortex measuring less than 2 mm in diameter. In task-related neurons, TMS evokes a transient excitation followed by reduced activity, paralleled by a significantly longer grasping time. Furthermore, TMS-induced activity and task-related activity do not summate in single neurons. These results furnish crucial experimental evidence for the neural effects of TMS at the single-cell level and uncover the neural underpinnings of behavioral effects of TMS. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) can modulate human brain activity, but the extent of the cortical area activated by TMS is unclear. Here, the authors show that TMS affects monkey single neuron activity in an area less than 2 mm diameter, while TMS-induced activity and task-related activity do not summate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Romero
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Onderzoeksgroep Bewegingscontrole & Neuroplasticiteit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Leuven Brain Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Marco Davare
- Onderzoeksgroep Bewegingscontrole & Neuroplasticiteit, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Leuven Brain Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Marcelo Armendariz
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Romero M, Janssen P, Davare M. Neural effects of continuous theta-burst stimulation on single neurons in macaque parietal cortex. Brain Stimul 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Decramer T, Premereur E, Lagae L, van Loon J, Janssen P, Sunaert S, Theys T. Patient MW: transient visual hemi-agnosia. J Neurol 2019; 266:691-698. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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28
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Merken L, Romero M, Janssen P, Davare M. Behavioural effect of continuous Theta Burst Stimulation in macaque parietal cortex. Front Neurosci 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2019.96.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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29
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De Schrijver S, Premereur E, Decramer T, Janssen P. Multichannel recordings in dorsal and ventral premotor cortex during a reach-to-grasp task. Front Neurosci 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2019.96.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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30
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Alizadeh AM, Van Dromme IC, Janssen P. Single-cell responses to three-dimensional structure in a functionally defined patch in macaque area TEO. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:2806-2818. [PMID: 30230993 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00198.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Both dorsal and ventral visual pathways harbor several areas sensitive to gradients of binocular disparity (i.e., higher-order disparity). Although a wealth of information exists about disparity processing in early visual (V1, V2, and V3) and end-stage areas, TE in the ventral stream, and the anterior intraparietal area (AIP) in the dorsal stream, little is known about midlevel area TEO in the ventral pathway. We recorded single-unit responses to disparity-defined curved stimuli in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation elicited by curved surfaces compared with flat surfaces in the macaque area TEO. This fMRI activation contained a small proportion of disparity-selective neurons, with very few of them second-order disparity selective. Overall, this population of TEO neurons did not preserve its three-dimensional structure selectivity across positions in depth, indicating a lack of higher-order disparity selectivity, but showed stronger responses to flat surfaces than to curved surfaces, as predicted by the fMRI experiment. The receptive fields of the responsive TEO cells were relatively small and generally foveal. A linear support vector machine classifier showed that this population of disparity-selective TEO neurons contains reliable information about the sign of curvature and the position in depth of the stimulus. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We recorded in a part of the macaque area TEO that is activated more by curved surfaces than by flat surfaces at different disparities using the same stimuli. In contrast to previous studies, this functional magnetic resonance imaging-defined patch did not contain a large number of higher-order disparity-selective neurons. However, a linear support vector machine could reliably classify both the sign of the disparity gradient and the position in depth of the stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir-Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Neurophysiology, The Leuven Brain Institute , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Ilse C Van Dromme
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Neurophysiology, The Leuven Brain Institute , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Peter Janssen
- Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Neurophysiology, The Leuven Brain Institute , Leuven , Belgium
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31
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Goelen N, Morales J, Varon C, Van Huffel S, Augustijns P, Mols R, Vanuytsel T, de Hoon J, Herbots M, Tack J, Janssen P. Opening the black box: Gastric motility, as assessed by the novel vipun gastric monitoring system, is a surrogate measurement for gastric emptying. Clin Nutr 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.06.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Caprara I, Janssen P, Romero MC. Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30124646 DOI: 10.3791/57745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that neurons in parieto-frontal areas of the macaque brain can be highly selective for real-world objects, disparity-defined curved surfaces, and images of real-world objects (with and without disparity) in a similar manner as described in the ventral visual stream. In addition, parieto-frontal areas are believed to convert visual object information into appropriate motor outputs, such as the pre-shaping of the hand during grasping. To better characterize object selectivity in the cortical network involved in visuomotor transformations, we provide a battery of tests intended to analyze the visual object selectivity of neurons in parieto-frontal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Caprara
- Laboratorium voor Neuro-en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven;
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratorium voor Neuro-en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; The Leuven Brain Institute
| | - Maria C Romero
- Laboratorium voor Neuro-en Psychofysiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven;
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Cleeren E, Casteels C, Goffin K, Koole M, Van Laere K, Janssen P, Van Paesschen W. Positron emission tomography imaging of cerebral glucose metabolism and type 1 cannabinoid receptor availability during temporal lobe epileptogenesis in the amygdala kindling model in rhesus monkeys. Epilepsia 2018; 59:959-970. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evy Cleeren
- Laboratory for Neuro‐ and Psychophysiology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Laboratory for Epilepsy Research KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Cindy Casteels
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Department of Imaging and Pathology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Karolien Goffin
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Department of Imaging and Pathology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Michel Koole
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Department of Imaging and Pathology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging Department of Imaging and Pathology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratory for Neuro‐ and Psychophysiology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Sinnathamby G, Henderson G, Umair S, Janssen P, Bland R, Simpson H. Correction: The bacterial community associated with the sheep gastrointestinal nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29529069 PMCID: PMC5846782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Sinnathamby G, Henderson G, Umair S, Janssen P, Bland R, Simpson H. The bacterial community associated with the sheep gastrointestinal nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192164. [PMID: 29420571 PMCID: PMC5805237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture-independent methods were used to study the microbiota of adult worms, third-stage larvae and eggs, both in faeces and laid in vitro, of Haemonchus contortus, a nematode parasite of the abomasa of ruminants which is a major cause of production losses and ill-health. Bacteria were identified in eggs, the female reproductive tract and the gut of adult and third-stage larvae (L3). PCR amplification of 16S rRNA sequences, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and clone libraries were used to compare the composition of the microbial communities of the different life-cycle stages of the parasites, as well as parasites and their natural environments. The microbiomes of adult worms and L3 were different from those in the abomasum or faeces respectively. The H. contortus microbiota was mainly comprised of members of the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Bacteria were localised in the gut, inside eggs and within the uterus of adult female worms using the universal FISH Eub338 probe, which targets most bacteria, and were also seen in these tissues by light and transmission electron microscopy. Streptococcus/Lactococcus sp. were identified within the distal uterus with the probe Strc493. Sequences from the genera Weissella and Leuconostoc were found in all life-cycle stages, except eggs collected from faeces, in which most sequences belonged to Clostridium sp. Bacteria affiliated with Weissella/Leuconostoc were identified in both PCR-DGGE short sequences and clone libraries of nearly full length 16S rRNA bacterial sequences in all life-cycle stages and subsequently visualised in eggs by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) with group-specific probes. This strongly suggests they are vertically transmitted endosymbionts. As this study was carried out on a parasite strain which has been maintained in the laboratory, other field isolates will need to be examined to establish whether these bacteria are more widely dispersed and have potential as targets to control H. contortus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajenathirin Sinnathamby
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Saleh Umair
- AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Ross Bland
- AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Heather Simpson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Alizadeh AM, Van Dromme I, Verhoef BE, Janssen P. Caudal Intraparietal Sulcus and three-dimensional vision: A combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and single-cell study. Neuroimage 2018; 166:46-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Romero M, Janssen P, Davare M. Neural effects of continuous Theta-Burst Stimulation on single neurons in macaque parietal cortex. Front Neurosci 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2018.95.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Verhoef BE, Vogels R, Janssen P. Binocular depth processing in the ventral visual pathway. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0259. [PMID: 27269602 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most powerful forms of depth perception capitalizes on the small relative displacements, or binocular disparities, in the images projected onto each eye. The brain employs these disparities to facilitate various computations, including sensori-motor transformations (reaching, grasping), scene segmentation and object recognition. In accordance with these different functions, disparity activates a large number of regions in the brain of both humans and monkeys. Here, we review how disparity processing evolves along different regions of the ventral visual pathway of macaques, emphasizing research based on both correlational and causal techniques. We will discuss the progression in the ventral pathway from a basic absolute disparity representation to a more complex three-dimensional shape code. We will show that, in the course of this evolution, the underlying neuronal activity becomes progressively more bound to the global perceptual experience. We argue that these observations most probably extend beyond disparity processing per se, and pertain to object processing in the ventral pathway in general. We conclude by posing some important unresolved questions whose answers may significantly advance the field, and broaden its scope.This article is part of the themed issue 'Vision in our three-dimensional world'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram-Ernst Verhoef
- Laboratorium voor Neuro en Psychofysiologie, KU Leuven, O&N2, Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Rufin Vogels
- Laboratorium voor Neuro en Psychofysiologie, KU Leuven, O&N2, Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratorium voor Neuro en Psychofysiologie, KU Leuven, O&N2, Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Devenport S, Penton C, Salgado N, Wang H, Flanigan K, Janssen P, Montanaro F. Reduced Hedgehog signalling in Duchenne muscular dystrophy impairs muscle regeneration and function. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(17)30255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Janssen P, Verhoef BE, Premereur E. Functional interactions between the macaque dorsal and ventral visual pathways during three-dimensional object vision. Cortex 2017; 98:218-227. [PMID: 28258716 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The division of labor between the dorsal and the ventral visual stream in the primate brain has inspired numerous studies on the visual system in humans and in nonhuman primates. However, how and under which circumstances the two visual streams interact is still poorly understood. Here we review evidence from anatomy, modelling, electrophysiology, electrical microstimulation (EM), reversible inactivation and functional imaging in the macaque monkey aimed at clarifying at which levels in the hierarchy of visual areas the two streams interact, and what type of information might be exchanged between the two streams during three-dimensional (3D) object viewing. Neurons in both streams encode 3D structure from binocular disparity, synchronized activity between parietal and inferotemporal areas is present during 3D structure categorization, and clusters of 3D structure-selective neurons in parietal cortex are anatomically connected to ventral stream areas. In addition, caudal intraparietal cortex exerts a causal influence on 3D-structure related activations in more anterior parietal cortex and in inferotemporal cortex. Thus, both anatomical and functional evidence indicates that the dorsal and the ventral visual stream interact during 3D object viewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Janssen
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bram-Ernst Verhoef
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Elsie Premereur
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Alizadeh AM, Janssen P. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) - guided single unit recordings reveal higher order disparity selectivity in area PIP of the macaque brain. Front Neurosci 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2017.94.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Premereur E, Janssen P, Vanduffel W. Functional MRI of macaque monkeys during task switching. Front Neurosci 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2017.94.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Premereur E, Taubert J, Janssen P, Vogels R, Vanduffel W. Effective Connectivity Reveals Largely Independent Parallel Networks of Face and Body Patches. Curr Biol 2016; 26:3269-3279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Janssen P. The functional organization of the intraparietal sulcus in the macaque monkey. J Vis 2016. [DOI: 10.1167/16.12.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Janssen P, Melenhorst J, Breukink S, Temel Y. EP 94. Fecal incontinence treated by sacral neuromodulation: Worldwide largest single center study. Clin Neurophysiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Deloose E, Janssen P, Lannoo M, Van der Schueren B, Depoortere I, Tack J. Higher plasma motilin levels in obese patients decrease after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery and regulate hunger. Gut 2016; 65:1110-8. [PMID: 25986945 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motilin-induced phase III contractions of the migrating motor complex (MMC) signal hunger in healthy volunteers. The current aim was to study the role of motilin as a hunger-inducing factor in obese patients and to evaluate the effect of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery on plasma motilin levels and hunger scores. DESIGN Motilin and ghrelin plasma levels were determined during a complete MMC cycle in controls and obese patients selected for RYGB before, 6 months and 1 year after surgery. 20 min after the end of the second phase III, obese patients received an intravenous infusion of 40 mg erythromycin. Hunger was scored every 5 min. Hedonic hunger was assessed in obese patients with the Power of Food Scale questionnaire. RESULTS Obesity caused a switch in the origin of phase III from antrum to duodenum. Obese patients had significantly higher motilin levels compared with controls during the MMC but tended to lack the motilin peak prior to phase III necessary to trigger hunger. Hunger scores during phase III were significantly lower in obese patients, but could be restored to control levels through the administration of a low dose of the motilin agonist, erythromycin. After RYGB surgery motilin, but not ghrelin, levels decreased in parallel with hedonic hunger scores. CONCLUSIONS Motilin may be an important regulator involved in the pathogenesis of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Deloose
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Janssen
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Lannoo
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Van der Schueren
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - I Depoortere
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Tack
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Cleeren E, Premereur E, Casteels C, Goffin K, Janssen P, Van Paesschen W. The effective connectivity of the seizure onset zone and ictal perfusion changes in amygdala kindled rhesus monkeys. Neuroimage Clin 2016; 12:252-61. [PMID: 27489773 PMCID: PMC4959940 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epileptic seizures are network-level phenomena. Hence, epilepsy may be regarded as a circuit-level disorder that cannot be understood outside this context. Better insight into the effective connectivity of the seizure onset zone and the manner in which seizure activity spreads could lead to specifically-tailored therapies for epilepsy. We applied the electrical amygdala kindling model in two rhesus monkeys until these animals displayed consistent stage IV seizures. At this stage, we investigated the effective connectivity of the amygdala by means of electrical microstimulation during fMRI (EM-fMRI). In addition, we imaged changes in perfusion during a seizure using ictal SPECT perfusion imaging. The spatial overlap between the connectivity network and the ictal perfusion network was assessed both at the regional level, by calculating Dice coefficients using anatomically defined regions of interest, and at the voxel level. The kindled amygdala was extensively connected to bilateral cortical and subcortical structures, which in many cases were connected multisynaptically to the amygdala. At the regional level, the spatial extents of many of these fMRI activations and deactivations corresponded to the respective increases and decreases in perfusion imaged during a stage IV seizure. At the voxel level, however, some regions showed residual seizure-specific activity (not overlapping with the EM-fMRI activations) or fMRI-specific activation (not overlapping with the ictal SPECT activations), indicating that frequently, only a part of a region anatomically connected to the seizure onset zone participated in seizure propagation. Thus, EM-fMRI in the amygdala of electrically-kindled monkeys reveals widespread areas that are often connected multisynaptically to the seizure focus. Seizure activity appears to spread, to a large extent, via these connected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evy Cleeren
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 - bus 1021, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for Epilepsy Research, KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49 - bus 7003 48, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elsie Premereur
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 - bus 1021, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cindy Casteels
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, UZ Herestraat 49 - bus 7003 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), O&N I Herestraat 49 - bus 505, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karolien Goffin
- Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, UZ Herestraat 49 - bus 7003 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratory for Neuro- and Psychophysiology, KU Leuven, O&N II Herestraat 49 - bus 1021, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Paesschen
- Laboratory for Epilepsy Research, KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49 - bus 7003 48, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Van Dromme IC, Premereur E, Verhoef BE, Vanduffel W, Janssen P. Posterior Parietal Cortex Drives Inferotemporal Activations During Three-Dimensional Object Vision. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002445. [PMID: 27082854 PMCID: PMC4833303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primate visual system consists of a ventral stream, specialized for object recognition, and a dorsal visual stream, which is crucial for spatial vision and actions. However, little is known about the interactions and information flow between these two streams. We investigated these interactions within the network processing three-dimensional (3D) object information, comprising both the dorsal and ventral stream. Reversible inactivation of the macaque caudal intraparietal area (CIP) during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reduced fMRI activations in posterior parietal cortex in the dorsal stream and, surprisingly, also in the inferotemporal cortex (ITC) in the ventral visual stream. Moreover, CIP inactivation caused a perceptual deficit in a depth-structure categorization task. CIP-microstimulation during fMRI further suggests that CIP projects via posterior parietal areas to the ITC in the ventral stream. To our knowledge, these results provide the first causal evidence for the flow of visual 3D information from the dorsal stream to the ventral stream, and identify CIP as a key area for depth-structure processing. Thus, combining reversible inactivation and electrical microstimulation during fMRI provides a detailed view of the functional interactions between the two visual processing streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse C. Van Dromme
- KU Leuven, Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elsie Premereur
- KU Leuven, Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram-Ernst Verhoef
- KU Leuven, Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- KU Leuven, Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Leuven, Belgium
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- MGH Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter Janssen
- KU Leuven, Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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van Heukelum S, Kelderhuis J, Janssen P, van Luijtelaar G, Lüttjohann A. Timing of high-frequency cortical stimulation in a genetic absence model. Neuroscience 2016; 324:191-201. [PMID: 26964688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Seizure control is one of the ultimate aims of epileptology: here acute and prolonged effects of closed loop high-frequency stimulation of the somatosensory cortex on the expression of spontaneously occurring spike-wave discharges (SWD) were investigated in a genetic absence model. Effects of closed loop stimulation in the experimental group were compared with a yoked control group allowing to investigate the effect of timing related to SWD occurrence, while controlling for amount and intensity of stimulation. METHODS WAG/Rij rats were implanted with stimulation electrodes in the deep layers of the somatosensory cortex, and recording electrodes in the cortex and thalamus. Closed-loop and yoked stimulation (1 sec trains, biphasic 0.4 msec pulses, 130 Hz) sessions lasted 24h. The stimulation sessions were preceded and followed by baseline and post stimulation 24-h recordings. RESULTS Closed-loop stimulation interrupted SWD and duration of SWD was shortened. Both types of stimulation resulted in a reduction in SWD number during stimulation sessions. Closed-loop stimulation also resulted in less SWD during the last eight hours of the post-stimulation recording session. Sometimes yoked stimulation induced low-frequency afterdischarges. DISCUSSION SWD can be aborted by closed-loop stimulation of the somatosensory cortex, and at the same time the number of SWD was reduced. It can be regarded as a relatively safe neuromodulatory technique without habituation. The reduction of SWD during yoked stimulation session might be caused by 3 Hz afterdischarges. The reduction of SWD on the stimulation and post-stimulation sessions demonstrates the critical relevance of timing for the induction of longer lasting neuromodulatory effects: it suggests that absence seizures themselves might be involved in their reoccurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S van Heukelum
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Kelderhuis
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P Janssen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G van Luijtelaar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - A Lüttjohann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Institute of Physiology I, Westfälische Wilhelms University Münster, Münster, Germany
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50
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Romero MC, Janssen P. Receptive field properties of neurons in the macaque anterior intraparietal area. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:1542-55. [PMID: 26792887 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01037.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual object information is necessary for grasping. In primates, the anterior intraparietal area (AIP) plays an essential role in visually guided grasping. Neurons in AIP encode features of objects, but no study has systematically investigated the receptive field (RF) of AIP neurons. We mapped the RF of posterior AIP (pAIP) neurons in the central visual field, using images of objects and small line fragments that evoked robust responses, together with less effective stimuli. The RF sizes we measured varied between 3°(2)and 90°(2), with the highest response either at the fixation point or at parafoveal positions. A large fraction of pAIP neurons showed nonuniform RFs, with multiple local maxima in both ipsilateral and contralateral hemifields. Moreover, the RF profile could depend strongly on the stimulus used to map the RF. Highly similar results were obtained with the smallest stimulus that evoked reliable responses (line fragments measuring 1-2°). The nonuniformity and dependence of the RF profile on the stimulus in pAIP were comparable to previous observations in the anterior part of the lateral intraparietal area (aLIP), but the average RF of pAIP neurons was located at the fovea whereas the average RF of aLIP neurons was located parafoveally. Thus nonuniformity and stimulus dependence of the RF may represent general RF properties of neurons in the dorsal visual stream involved in object analysis, which contrast markedly with those of neurons in the ventral visual stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Romero
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Janssen
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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