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Yun J, Wang C, Zhang F, Chen L, Sun Z, Cai Y, Luo Y, Liao J, Wang Y, Cha Y, Zhang X, Ren Y, Wu J, Hasegawa PM, Tian C, Su H, Ferguson BJ, Gresshoff PM, Hou W, Han T, Li X. A nitrogen fixing symbiosis-specific pathway required for legume flowering. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eade1150. [PMID: 36638166 PMCID: PMC9839322 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation boosts legume growth and production in nitrogen-poor soils. It has long been assumed that fixed nitrogen increases reproductive success, but until now, the regulatory mechanism was unknown. Here, we report a symbiotic flowering pathway that couples symbiotic and nutrient signals to the flowering induction pathway in legumes. We show that the symbiotic microRNA-microRNA172c (miR172c) and fixed nitrogen systemically and synergistically convey symbiotic and nutritional cues from roots to leaves to promote soybean (Glycine max) flowering. The combinations of symbiotic miR172c and local miR172c elicited by fixed nitrogen and development in leaves activate florigen-encoding FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) homologs (GmFT2a/5a) by repressing TARGET OF EAT1-like 4a (GmTOE4a). Thus, FTs trigger reproductive development, which allows legumes to survive and reproduce under low-nitrogen conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Yun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Can Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengrong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Chen
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxi Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yupeng Cai
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanqing Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junwen Liao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Cha
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuehai Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Paul M. Hasegawa
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Changfu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Rhizobium Research Center, and College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanan Su
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Brett J. Ferguson
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M. Gresshoff
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Wensheng Hou
- National Center for Transgenic Research in Plants, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianfu Han
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, China
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Chu X, Su H, Hayashi S, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Spatiotemporal changes in gibberellin content are required for soybean nodulation. New Phytol 2022; 234:479-493. [PMID: 34870861 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone gibberellin (GA) is required at different stages of legume nodule development, with its spatiotemporal distribution tightly regulated. Transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses established that several key GA biosynthesis and catabolism enzyme encoding genes are critical to soybean (Glycine max) nodule formation. We examined the expression of several GA oxidase genes and used a Förster resonance energy transfer-based GA biosensor to determine the bioactive GA content of roots inoculated with DsRed-labelled Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens. We manipulated the level of GA by genetically disrupting the expression of GA oxidase genes. Moreover, exogenous treatment of soybean roots with GA3 induced the expression of key nodulation genes and altered infection thread and nodule phenotypes. GmGA20ox1a, GmGA3ox1a, and GmGA2ox1a are upregulated in soybean roots inoculated with compatible B. diazoefficiens. GmGA20ox1a expression is predominately localized to the transient meristem of soybean nodules and coincides with the spatiotemporal distribution of bioactive GA occurring throughout nodule organogenesis. GmGA2ox1a exhibits a nodule vasculature-specific expression pattern, whereas GmGA3ox1a can be detected throughout the nodule and root. Disruptions in the level of GA resulted in aberrant rhizobia infection and reduced nodule numbers. Collectively, our results establish a central role for GAs in root hair infection by symbiotic rhizobia and in nodule organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xitong Chu
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Huanan Su
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Satomi Hayashi
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, 4000, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
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Izadi-Darbandi A, Gresshoff PM. Role of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase 1 in nodule development of soybean. J Plant Physiol 2021; 267:153543. [PMID: 34678642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autoregulation of nodulation (AON) plays a central role in nodulation by inhibiting the formation of excess number of legume root nodules. In this study, the effect of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 1 (GmHMGR1) gene expression on nodulation and the AON system in Glycine max (L.) Merr was investigated. Wild-type soybean (cultivar Bragg) and its near-isogenic supernodulating mutant (nitrate tolerant symbiotic) nts1007 were selected to identify the expression pattern of this gene in rootlets after inoculation by its microsymbiont Bradyrhizobium. For further analysis, the full length of GmHMGR1 and its promoter were cloned after amplification by inverse-PCR and BAC library screening. Also, we constructed an intron hairpin RNA interference (ihpRNAi) and a GmHMGR1 promoter: β-glucuronidase fusion constructs, consequently for suppression of GmHMGR1 and histochemical analysis in transgenic soybean hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain K599. The GmHMGR1 gene was functional during the early stages of nodulation with the AON system having a negative effect on GmHMGR1 expression and nodule formation in wild-type rootlets. GmHMGR1 was particularly expressed in the developing phloem within the root, nodules and nodule lenticels. Expression of GmHMGR1 in transgenic hairy roots was suppressed by RNAi silencing approximately 85% as compared to empty vector controls. This suggests that the GmHMGR1 gene has an important role in triggering nodule formation as its suppression caused a reduction of nodule formation in nts mutant lines with a deficient AON system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Izadi-Darbandi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding Sciences, University of Tehran, College of Aburaihan, Tehran, Iran; Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Zhang M, Su H, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Shoot-derived miR2111 controls legume root and nodule development. Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:1627-1641. [PMID: 33386621 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Legumes control their nodule numbers through the autoregulation of nodulation (AON). Rhizobia infection stimulates the production of root-derived CLE peptide hormones that are translocated to the shoot where they regulate a new signal. We used soybean to demonstrate that this shoot-derived signal is miR2111, which is transported via phloem to the root where it targets transcripts of Too Much Love (TML), a negative regulator of nodulation. Shoot perception of rhizobia-induced CLE peptides suppresses miR2111 expression, resulting in TML accumulation in roots and subsequent inhibition of nodule organogenesis. Feeding synthetic mature miR2111 via the petiole increased nodule numbers per plant. Likewise, elevating miR2111 availability by over-expression promoted nodulation, while target mimicry of TML induced the opposite effect on nodule development in wild-type plants and alleviated the supernodulating and stunted root growth phenotypes of AON-defective mutants. Additionally, in non-nodulating wild-type plants, ectopic expression of miR2111 significantly enhanced lateral root emergence with a decrease in lateral root length and average root diameter. In contrast, hairy roots constitutively expressing the target mimic construct exhibited reduced lateral root density. Overall, these findings demonstrate that miR2111 is both the critical shoot-to-root factor that positively regulates root nodule development and also acts to shape root system architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbai Zhang
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Huanan Su
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Centre, College of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Mens C, Hastwell AH, Su H, Gresshoff PM, Mathesius U, Ferguson BJ. Characterisation of Medicago truncatula CLE34 and CLE35 in nitrate and rhizobia regulation of nodulation. New Phytol 2021; 229:2525-2534. [PMID: 33067828 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form a symbiosis with atmospheric nitrogen (N2 )-fixing soil rhizobia, resulting in new root organs called nodules that enable N2 -fixation. Nodulation is a costly process that is tightly regulated by the host through autoregulation of nodulation (AON) and nitrate-dependent regulation of nodulation. Both pathways require legume-specific CLAVATA/ESR-related (CLE) peptides. Nitrogen-induced nodulation-suppressing CLE peptides have not previously been investigated in Medicago truncatula, for which only rhizobia-induced MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 have been characterised. Here, we report on novel peptides MtCLE34 and MtCLE35 in nodulation control. The nodulation-suppressing CLE peptides of five legume species were classified into three clades based on sequence homology and phylogeny. This approached identified MtCLE34 and MtCLE35 and four new CLE peptide orthologues of Pisum sativum. Whereas MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 are induced by rhizobia, MtCLE34 and MtCLE35 respond to both rhizobia and nitrate. MtCLE34 was identified as a pseudogene lacking a functional CLE-domain. MtCLE35 was found to inhibit nodulation in a SUNN- and RDN1-dependent manner via overexpression analysis. Together, our findings indicate that MtCLE12 and MtCLE13 have a specific role in AON, while MtCLE35 regulates nodule numbers in response to both rhizobia and nitrate. MtCLE34 likely had a similar role to MtCLE35, but its function was lost due to a premature nonsense mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Mens
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - April H Hastwell
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Huanan Su
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, School of Life Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Ulrike Mathesius
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Integrative Legume Research Group, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
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Caroline Silva Lopes E, Pereira Rodrigues W, Ruas Fraga K, Machado Filho JA, Rangel da Silva J, Menezes de Assis-Gomes M, Moura Assis Figueiredo FAM, Gresshoff PM, Campostrini E. Hypernodulating soybean mutant line nod4 lacking 'Autoregulation of Nodulation' (AON) has limited root-to-shoot water transport capacity. Ann Bot 2019; 124:979-991. [PMID: 30955042 PMCID: PMC6881229 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although hypernodulating phenotype mutants of legumes, such as soybean, possess a high leaf N content, the large number of root nodules decreases carbohydrate availability for plant growth and seed yield. In addition, under conditions of high air vapour pressure deficit (VPD), hypernodulating plants show a limited capacity to replace water losses through transpiration, resulting in stomatal closure, and therefore decreased net photosynthetic rates. Here, we used hypernodulating (nod4) (282.33 ± 28.56 nodules per plant) and non-nodulating (nod139) (0 nodules per plant) soybean mutant lines to determine explicitly whether a large number of nodules reduces root hydraulic capacity, resulting in decreased stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rates under high air VPD conditions. METHODS Plants were either inoculated or not inoculated with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens (strain BR 85, SEMIA 5080) to induce nitrogen-fixing root nodules (where possible). Absolute root conductance and root conductivity, plant growth, leaf water potential, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, leaf 'greenness' [Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) reading] and nitrogen content were measured 37 days after sowing. KEY RESULTS Besides the reduced growth of hypernodulating soybean mutant nod4, such plants showed decreased root capacity to supply leaf water demand as a consequence of their reduced root dry mass and root volume, which resulted in limited absolute root conductance and root conductivity normalized by leaf area. Thereby, reduced leaf water potential at 1300 h was observed, which contributed to depression of photosynthesis at midday associated with both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations. CONCLUSIONS Hypernodulated plants were more vulnerable to VPD increases due to their limited root-to-shoot water transport capacity. However, greater CO2 uptake caused by the high N content can be partly compensated by the stomatal limitation imposed by increased VPD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Caroline Silva Lopes
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, CEP, Ilhéus, Bahia, Braz il
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Weverton Pereira Rodrigues
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katherine Ruas Fraga
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Altino Machado Filho
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Rangel da Silva
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara Menezes de Assis-Gomes
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Integrative Legume Research Group, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Eliemar Campostrini
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Ferguson BJ, Mens C, Hastwell AH, Zhang M, Su H, Jones CH, Chu X, Gresshoff PM. Legume nodulation: The host controls the party. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:41-51. [PMID: 29808564 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Global demand to increase food production and simultaneously reduce synthetic nitrogen fertilizer inputs in agriculture are underpinning the need to intensify the use of legume crops. The symbiotic relationship that legume plants establish with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria is central to their advantage. This plant-microbe interaction results in newly developed root organs, called nodules, where the rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms of nitrogen the plant can use. However, the process of developing and maintaining nodules is resource intensive; hence, the plant tightly controls the number of nodules forming. A variety of molecular mechanisms are used to regulate nodule numbers under both favourable and stressful growing conditions, enabling the plant to conserve resources and optimize development in response to a range of circumstances. Using genetic and genomic approaches, many components acting in the regulation of nodulation have now been identified. Discovering and functionally characterizing these components can provide genetic targets and polymorphic markers that aid in the selection of superior legume cultivars and rhizobia strains that benefit agricultural sustainability and food security. This review addresses recent findings in nodulation control, presents detailed models of the molecular mechanisms driving these processes, and identifies gaps in these processes that are not yet fully explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Céline Mens
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - April H Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mengbai Zhang
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Huanan Su
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life and Environmental Science, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Candice H Jones
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xitong Chu
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Hastwell AH, Corcilius L, Williams JT, Gresshoff PM, Payne RJ, Ferguson BJ. Triarabinosylation is required for nodulation-suppressive CLE peptides to systemically inhibit nodulation in Pisum sativum. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:188-197. [PMID: 29722016 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form root nodules to house beneficial nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bacteria. However, nodulation is resource demanding; hence, legumes evolved a systemic signalling mechanism called autoregulation of nodulation (AON) to control nodule numbers. AON begins with the production of CLE peptides in the root, which are predicted to be glycosylated, transported to the shoot, and perceived. We synthesized variants of nodulation-suppressing CLE peptides to test their activity using petiole feeding to introduce CLE peptides into the shoot. Hydroxylated, monoarabinosylated, and triarabinosylated variants of soybean GmRIC1a and GmRIC2a were chemically synthesized and fed into recipient Pisum sativum (pea) plants, which were used due to the availability of key AON pathway mutants unavailable in soybean. Triarabinosylated GmRIC1a and GmRIC2a suppressed nodulation of wild-type pea, whereas no other peptide variant tested had this ability. Suppression also occurred in the supernodulating hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase mutant, Psnod3, but not in the supernodulating receptor mutants, Pssym29, and to some extent, Pssym28. During our study, bioinformatic resources for pea became available and our analyses identified 40 CLE peptide-encoding genes, including orthologues of nodulation-suppressive CLE peptides. Collectively, we demonstrated that soybean nodulation-suppressive CLE peptides can function interspecifically in the AON pathway of pea and require arabinosylation for their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- April H Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Leo Corcilius
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - James T Williams
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Mens C, Li D, Haaima LE, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Local and Systemic Effect of Cytokinins on Soybean Nodulation and Regulation of Their Isopentenyl Transferase ( IPT) Biosynthesis Genes Following Rhizobia Inoculation. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1150. [PMID: 30135694 PMCID: PMC6092703 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are important regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in plant development. Here, a role for this phytohormone group in soybean nodulation is shown through the exogenous application of cytokinins (6-benzylaminopurine, N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl)-adenine and trans-zeatin) via either root drenching or a petiole feeding technique. Overall, nodule numbers were reduced by treatment with high cytokinin concentrations, but increased with lower concentrations. This was especially evident when feeding the solutions directly into the vasculature via petiole feeding. These findings highlight the importance of cytokinin in nodule development. To further investigate the role of cytokinin in controlling nodule numbers, the IPT gene family involved in cytokinin biosynthesis was characterized in soybean. Bioinformatic analyses identified 17 IPT genes in the soybean genome and homeologous duplicate gene partners were subsequently identified including GmIPT5 and GmIPT6, the orthologs of LjIPT3. Expression of GmIPT5 was upregulated in the shoot in response to nodulation, but this was independent of a functional copy of the autoregulation of nodulation (AON) receptor, GmNARK, which suggests it is unlikely to have a role in the negative feedback system called AON. Legumes also control nodule numbers in the presence of soil nitrogen through nitrate-dependent regulation of nodulation, a locally acting pathway in soybean. Upon nitrate treatment to the root, the tandem duplicates GmIPT3 and GmIPT15 were upregulated in expression indicating a role for these genes in the plant's response to soil nitrogen, potentially including the nitrate-dependent regulation of legume nodulation pathway. Additional roles for cytokinin and their IPT biosynthetic genes in nodulation and the control of nodule numbers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brett J. Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Corcilius L, Hastwell AH, Zhang M, Williams J, Mackay JP, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ, Payne RJ. Arabinosylation Modulates the Growth-Regulating Activity of the Peptide Hormone CLE40a from Soybean. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1347-1355.e7. [PMID: 28943356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Small post-translationally modified peptide hormones mediate crucial developmental and regulatory processes in plants. CLAVATA/ENDOSPERM-SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) genes are found throughout the plant kingdom and encode for 12-13 amino acid peptides that must often undergo post-translational proline hydroxylation and glycosylation with O-β1,2-triarabinose moieties before they become functional. Apart from a few recent examples, a detailed understanding of the structure and function of most CLE hormones is yet to be uncovered. This is mainly owing to difficulties in isolating mature homogeneously modified CLE peptides from natural plant sources. In this study, we describe the efficient synthesis of a synthetic Araf3Hyp glycosylamino acid building block that was used to access a hitherto uninvestigated CLE hormone from soybean called GmCLE40a. Through the development and implementation of a novel in vivo root growth assay, we show that the synthetic triarabinosylated glycopeptide suppresses primary root growth in this important crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Corcilius
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - April H Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mengbai Zhang
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - James Williams
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Joel P Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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11
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Hastwell AH, de Bang TC, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Author Correction: CLE peptide-encoding gene families in Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, compared with those of soybean, common bean and Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15474. [PMID: 29133881 PMCID: PMC5684353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14991-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- April H Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas C de Bang
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma, 73401, USA.,Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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12
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Hastwell AH, de Bang TC, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. CLE peptide-encoding gene families in Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus, compared with those of soybean, common bean and Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9384. [PMID: 28839170 PMCID: PMC5570945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09296-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CLE peptide hormones are critical regulators of many cell proliferation and differentiation mechanisms in plants. These 12-13 amino acid glycosylated peptides play vital roles in a diverse range of plant tissues, including the shoot, root and vasculature. CLE peptides are also involved in controlling legume nodulation. Here, the entire family of CLE peptide-encoding genes was identified in Medicago truncatula (52) and Lotus japonicus (53), including pseudogenes and non-functional sequences that were identified. An array of bioinformatic techniques were used to compare and contrast these complete CLE peptide-encoding gene families with those of fellow legumes, Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris, in addition to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. This approach provided insight into the evolution of CLE peptide families and enabled us to establish putative M. truncatula and L. japonicus orthologues. This includes orthologues of nodulation-suppressing CLE peptides and AtCLE40 that controls the stem cell population of the root apical meristem. A transcriptional meta-analysis was also conducted to help elucidate the function of the CLE peptide family members. Collectively, our analyses considerably increased the number of annotated CLE peptides in the model legume species, M. truncatula and L. japonicus, and substantially enhanced the knowledgebase of this critical class of peptide hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- April H Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas C de Bang
- Plant Biology Division, Noble Research Institute LLC, Ardmore, Oklahoma, 73401, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Section for Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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13
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Mirzaei S, Batley J, El-Mellouki T, Liu S, Meksem K, Ferguson BJ, Gresshoff PM. Neodiversification of homeologous CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase genes in soybean leads to distinct developmental outcomes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8878. [PMID: 28827708 PMCID: PMC5566472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The CLAVATA pathway that regulates stem cell numbers of the shoot apical meristem has exclusively been studied in Arabidopsis; as such insight into other species is warranted. In this study, a GmCLV1A mutant (F-S562L) with altered lateral organ development, and two mutants of GmNARK, isolated from a Forrest M2 population (EMS-mutated soybean) were studied. GmCLV1A and GmNARK encode for LRR receptor kinases, and share 92% of protein sequence. While GmNARK is critical for systemic regulation of nodulation (new organ made on the root through symbiosis), we show that GmCLV1A functions locally and has no apparent function in nodulation or root development. However, a recessive, loss-of-function mutation (S562L) in a putative S-glycosylation site of GmCLV1A causes stem nodal identity alterations as well as flower and pod abnormalities (deformed flower and pod). The mutant also exhibits a homeotic phenotype, displaying abnormal leaf development/number, vein-derived leaf emergence, and a thick, faciated stem. The mutant phenotype is also temperature-sensitive. Interestingly, a novel truncated version of GmCLV1A was identified upstream of GmCLV1A that is absent from GmNARK, but is present upstream of the GmNARK orthologues, MtSUNN and PvNARK. Taken together, our findings indicate that GmCLV1A acts on shoot architecture, whereas GmNARK, functions in controlling nodule numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Mirzaei
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Tarik El-Mellouki
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Shiming Liu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Khalid Meksem
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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14
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Abstract
Our world is facing major problems relating to food production. According to an August 30, 2015 program of LANDLINE (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Australia),we lose 120,000,000 hectares of agricultural land per year due to population growth, associated urbanisation, and desertification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia.
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane Qld 4072, Australia.
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15
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Hastwell AH, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Genome-wide annotation and characterization of CLAVATA/ESR (CLE) peptide hormones of soybean (Glycine max) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and their orthologues of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:5271-87. [PMID: 26188205 PMCID: PMC4526924 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CLE peptides are key regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in plant shoots, roots, vasculature, and legume nodules. They are C-terminally encoded peptides that are post-translationally cleaved and modified from their corresponding pre-propeptides to produce a final ligand that is 12-13 amino acids in length. In this study, an array of bionformatic and comparative genomic approaches was used to identify and characterize the complete family of CLE peptide-encoding genes in two of the world's most important crop species, soybean and common bean. In total, there are 84 CLE peptide-encoding genes in soybean (considerably more than the 32 present in Arabidopsis), including three pseudogenes and two multi-CLE domain genes having six putative CLE domains each. In addition, 44 CLE peptide-encoding genes were identified in common bean. In silico characterization was used to establish all soybean homeologous pairs, and to identify corresponding gene orthologues present in common bean and Arabidopsis. The soybean CLE pre-propeptide family was further analysed and separated into seven distinct groups based on structure, with groupings strongly associated with the CLE domain sequence and function. These groups provide evolutionary insight into the CLE peptide families of soybean, common bean, and Arabidopsis, and represent a novel tool that can aid in the functional characterization of the peptides. Transcriptional evidence was also used to provide further insight into the location and function of all CLE peptide-encoding members currently available in gene atlases for the three species. Taken together, this in-depth analysis helped to identify and categorize the complete CLE peptide families of soybean and common bean, established gene orthologues within the two legume species, and Arabidopsis, and provided a platform to help compare, contrast, and identify the function of critical CLE peptide hormones in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- April H Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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16
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Wang Y, Li K, Chen L, Zou Y, Liu H, Tian Y, Li D, Wang R, Zhao F, Ferguson BJ, Gresshoff PM, Li X. MicroRNA167-Directed Regulation of the Auxin Response Factors GmARF8a and GmARF8b Is Required for Soybean Nodulation and Lateral Root Development. Plant Physiol 2015; 168:984-99. [PMID: 25941314 PMCID: PMC4741323 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Legume root nodules convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonium through symbiosis with a prokaryotic microsymbiont broadly called rhizobia. Auxin signaling is required for determinant nodule development; however, the molecular mechanism of auxin-mediated nodule formation remains largely unknown. Here, we show in soybean (Glycine max) that the microRNA miR167 acts as a positive regulator of lateral root organs, namely nodules and lateral roots. miR167c expression was up-regulated in the vasculature, pericycle, and cortex of soybean roots following inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA110 (the microsymbiont). It was found to positively regulate nodule numbers directly by repressing the target genes GmARF8a and GmARF8b (homologous genes of Arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana] AtARF8 that encode auxin response factors). Moreover, the expression of miR167 and its targets was up- and down-regulated by auxin, respectively. The miR167-GmARF8 module also positively regulated nodulation efficiency under low microsymbiont density, a condition often associated with environmental stress. The regulatory role of miR167 on nodule initiation was dependent on the Nod factor receptor GmNFR1α, and it acts upstream of the nodulation-associated genes nodule inception, nodulation signaling pathway1, early nodulin40-1, NF-YA1 (previously known as HAEM activator protein2-1), and NF-YA2. miR167 also promoted lateral root numbers. Collectively, our findings establish a key role for the miR167-GmARF8 module in auxin-mediated nodule and lateral root formation in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youning Wang
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China (Y.W., K.L., L.C., Y.Z., H.L., Y.T., D.L., R.W., F.Z., X.L.); andCentre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (B.J.F., P.M.G.)
| | - Kexue Li
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China (Y.W., K.L., L.C., Y.Z., H.L., Y.T., D.L., R.W., F.Z., X.L.); andCentre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (B.J.F., P.M.G.)
| | - Liang Chen
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China (Y.W., K.L., L.C., Y.Z., H.L., Y.T., D.L., R.W., F.Z., X.L.); andCentre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (B.J.F., P.M.G.)
| | - Yanmin Zou
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China (Y.W., K.L., L.C., Y.Z., H.L., Y.T., D.L., R.W., F.Z., X.L.); andCentre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (B.J.F., P.M.G.)
| | - Haipei Liu
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China (Y.W., K.L., L.C., Y.Z., H.L., Y.T., D.L., R.W., F.Z., X.L.); andCentre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (B.J.F., P.M.G.)
| | - Yinping Tian
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China (Y.W., K.L., L.C., Y.Z., H.L., Y.T., D.L., R.W., F.Z., X.L.); andCentre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (B.J.F., P.M.G.)
| | - Dongxiao Li
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China (Y.W., K.L., L.C., Y.Z., H.L., Y.T., D.L., R.W., F.Z., X.L.); andCentre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (B.J.F., P.M.G.)
| | - Rui Wang
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China (Y.W., K.L., L.C., Y.Z., H.L., Y.T., D.L., R.W., F.Z., X.L.); andCentre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (B.J.F., P.M.G.)
| | - Fang Zhao
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China (Y.W., K.L., L.C., Y.Z., H.L., Y.T., D.L., R.W., F.Z., X.L.); andCentre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (B.J.F., P.M.G.)
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China (Y.W., K.L., L.C., Y.Z., H.L., Y.T., D.L., R.W., F.Z., X.L.); andCentre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (B.J.F., P.M.G.)
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China (Y.W., K.L., L.C., Y.Z., H.L., Y.T., D.L., R.W., F.Z., X.L.); andCentre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (B.J.F., P.M.G.)
| | - Xia Li
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China (Y.W., K.L., L.C., Y.Z., H.L., Y.T., D.L., R.W., F.Z., X.L.); andCentre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (B.J.F., P.M.G.)
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17
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Kopittke PM, Moore KL, Lombi E, Gianoncelli A, Ferguson BJ, Blamey FPC, Menzies NW, Nicholson TM, McKenna BA, Wang P, Gresshoff PM, Kourousias G, Webb RI, Green K, Tollenaere A. Identification of the primary lesion of toxic aluminum in plant roots. Plant Physiol 2015; 167:1402-11. [PMID: 25670815 PMCID: PMC4378153 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite the rhizotoxicity of aluminum (Al) being identified over 100 years ago, there is still no consensus regarding the mechanisms whereby root elongation rate is initially reduced in the approximately 40% of arable soils worldwide that are acidic. We used high-resolution kinematic analyses, molecular biology, rheology, and advanced imaging techniques to examine soybean (Glycine max) roots exposed to Al. Using this multidisciplinary approach, we have conclusively shown that the primary lesion of Al is apoplastic. In particular, it was found that 75 µm Al reduced root growth after only 5 min (or 30 min at 30 µm Al), with Al being toxic by binding to the walls of outer cells, which directly inhibited their loosening in the elongation zone. An alteration in the biosynthesis and distribution of ethylene and auxin was a second, slower effect, causing both a transient decrease in the rate of cell elongation after 1.5 h but also a longer term gradual reduction in the length of the elongation zone. These findings show the importance of focusing on traits related to cell wall composition as well as mechanisms involved in wall loosening to overcome the deleterious effects of soluble Al.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Kopittke
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
| | - Katie L Moore
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
| | - Alessandra Gianoncelli
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
| | - F Pax C Blamey
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
| | - Neal W Menzies
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
| | - Timothy M Nicholson
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
| | - Brigid A McKenna
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
| | - Peng Wang
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
| | - George Kourousias
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
| | - Richard I Webb
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
| | - Kathryn Green
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
| | - Alina Tollenaere
- Schools of Agriculture and Food Sciences (P.M.K., B.J.F., F.P.C.B., N.W.M., B.A.M., P.W., P.M.G., A.T.) andChemical Engineering (T.M.N.) andCentres for Integrative Legume Research (B.J.F., P.M.G., A.T.) andMicroscopy and Microanalysis (R.I.W., K.G.), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia;Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom (K.L.M.);Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia (E.L.); andTwinMic Beamline, Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Trieste-Basovizza, Italy (A.G., G.K.)
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18
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Indrasumunar A, Wilde J, Hayashi S, Li D, Gresshoff PM. Functional analysis of duplicated Symbiosis Receptor Kinase (SymRK) genes during nodulation and mycorrhizal infection in soybean (Glycine max). J Plant Physiol 2015; 176:157-68. [PMID: 25617765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Association between legumes and rhizobia results in the formation of root nodules, where symbiotic nitrogen fixation occurs. The early stages of this association involve a complex of signalling events between the host and microsymbiont. Several genes dealing with early signal transduction have been cloned, and one of them encodes the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase (SymRK; also termed NORK). The Symbiosis Receptor Kinase gene is required by legumes to establish a root endosymbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria as well as mycorrhizal fungi. Using degenerate primer and BAC sequencing, we cloned duplicated SymRK homeologues in soybean called GmSymRKα and GmSymRKβ. These duplicated genes have high similarity of nucleotide (96%) and amino acid sequence (95%). Sequence analysis predicted a malectin-like domain within the extracellular domain of both genes. Several putative cis-acting elements were found in promoter regions of GmSymRKα and GmSymRKβ, suggesting a participation in lateral root development, cell division and peribacteroid membrane formation. The mutant of SymRK genes is not available in soybean; therefore, to know the functions of these genes, RNA interference (RNAi) of these duplicated genes was performed. For this purpose, RNAi construct of each gene was generated and introduced into the soybean genome by Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation. RNAi of GmSymRKβ gene resulted in an increased reduction of nodulation and mycorrhizal infection than RNAi of GmSymRKα, suggesting it has the major activity of the duplicated gene pair. The results from the important crop legume soybean confirm the joint phenotypic action of GmSymRK genes in both mycorrhizal and rhizobial infection seen in model legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arief Indrasumunar
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Julia Wilde
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Satomi Hayashi
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Dongxue Li
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia.
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19
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Hastwell AH, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. The structure and activity of nodulation-suppressing CLE peptide hormones of legumes. Funct Plant Biol 2015; 42:229-238. [PMID: 32480669 DOI: 10.1071/fp14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Legumes form a highly-regulated symbiotic relationship with specific soil bacteria known as rhizobia. This interaction results in the de novo formation of root organs called nodules, in which the rhizobia fix atmospheric di-nitrogen (N2) for the plant. Molecular mechanisms that regulate the nodulation process include the systemic 'autoregulation of nodulation' and the local nitrogen-regulation of nodulation pathways. Both pathways are mediated by novel peptide hormones called CLAVATA/ESR-related (CLE) peptides that act to suppress nodulation via negative feedback loops. The mature peptides are 12-13 amino acids in length and are post-translationally modified from the C-terminus of tripartite-domain prepropeptides. Structural redundancy between the prepropeptides exists; however, variations in external stimuli, timing of expression, tissue specificity and presence or absence of key functional domains enables them to act in a specific manner. To date, nodulation-regulating CLE peptides have been identified in Glycine max (L.) Merr., Medicago truncatula Gaertn., Lotus japonicus (Regel) K.Larsen and Phaseolus vulgaris L. One of the L. japonicus peptides, called LjCLE-RS2, has been structurally characterised and found to be an arabinosylated glycopeptide. All of the known nodulation CLE peptides act via an orthologous leucine rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase. Perception of the peptide results in the production of a novel, unidentified inhibitor signal that acts to suppress further nodulation events. Here, we contrast and compare the various nodulation-suppressing CLE peptides of legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- April H Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
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20
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Gresshoff PM, Hayashi S, Biswas B, Mirzaei S, Indrasumunar A, Reid D, Samuel S, Tollenaere A, van Hameren B, Hastwell A, Scott P, Ferguson BJ. The value of biodiversity in legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation and nodulation for biofuel and food production. J Plant Physiol 2015; 172:128-36. [PMID: 25240795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Much of modern agriculture is based on immense populations of genetically identical or near-identical varieties, called cultivars. However, advancement of knowledge, and thus experimental utility, is found through biodiversity, whether naturally-found or induced by the experimenter. Globally we are confronted by ever-growing food and energy challenges. Here we demonstrate how such biodiversity from the food legume crop soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) and the bioenergy legume tree Pongamia (Millettia) pinnata is a great value. Legume plants are diverse and are represented by over 18,000 species on this planet. Some, such as soybean, pea and medics are used as food and animal feed crops. Others serve as ornamental (e.g., wisteria), timber (e.g., acacia/wattle) or biofuel (e.g., Pongamia pinnata) resources. Most legumes develop root organs (nodules) after microsymbiont induction that serve as their habitat for biological nitrogen fixation. Through this, nitrogen fertiliser demand is reduced by the efficient symbiosis between soil Rhizobium-type bacteria and the appropriate legume partner. Mechanistic research into the genetics, biochemistry and physiology of legumes is thus strategically essential for future global agriculture. Here we demonstrate how molecular plant science analysis of the genetics of an established food crop (soybean) and an emerging biofuel P. pinnata feedstock contributes to their utility by sustainable production aided by symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia.
| | - Satomi Hayashi
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Bandana Biswas
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Saeid Mirzaei
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia; Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Arief Indrasumunar
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Dugald Reid
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Sharon Samuel
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Alina Tollenaere
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Bethany van Hameren
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - April Hastwell
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul Scott
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, QLD, Australia
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21
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Djordjevic MA, Bezos A, Susanti, Marmuse L, Driguez H, Samain E, Vauzeilles B, Beau JM, Kordbacheh F, Rolfe BG, Schwörer R, Daines AM, Gresshoff PM, Parish CR. Lipo-chitin oligosaccharides, plant symbiosis signalling molecules that modulate mammalian angiogenesis in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112635. [PMID: 25536397 PMCID: PMC4275186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipochitin oligosaccharides (LCOs) are signaling molecules required by ecologically and agronomically important bacteria and fungi to establish symbioses with diverse land plants. In plants, oligo-chitins and LCOs can differentially interact with different lysin motif (LysM) receptors and affect innate immunity responses or symbiosis-related pathways. In animals, oligo-chitins also induce innate immunity and other physiological responses but LCO recognition has not been demonstrated. Here LCO and LCO-like compounds are shown to be biologically active in mammals in a structure dependent way through the modulation of angiogenesis, a tightly-regulated process involving the induction and growth of new blood vessels from existing vessels. The testing of 24 LCO, LCO-like or oligo-chitin compounds resulted in structure-dependent effects on angiogenesis in vitro leading to promotion, or inhibition or nil effects. Like plants, the mammalian LCO biological activity depended upon the presence and type of terminal substitutions. Un-substituted oligo-chitins of similar chain lengths were unable to modulate angiogenesis indicating that mammalian cells, like plant cells, can distinguish between LCOs and un-substituted oligo-chitins. The cellular mode-of-action of the biologically active LCOs in mammals was determined. The stimulation or inhibition of endothelial cell adhesion to vitronectin or fibronectin correlated with their pro- or anti-angiogenic activity. Importantly, novel and more easily synthesised LCO-like disaccharide molecules were also biologically active and de-acetylated chitobiose was shown to be the primary structural basis of recognition. Given this, simpler chitin disaccharides derivatives based on the structure of biologically active LCOs were synthesised and purified and these showed biological activity in mammalian cells. Since important chronic disease states are linked to either insufficient or excessive angiogenesis, LCO and LCO-like molecules may have the potential to be a new, carbohydrate-based class of therapeutics for modulating angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Djordjevic
- Research School of Biology, Plant Science Division, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Anna Bezos
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Susanti
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Laurence Marmuse
- University Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, Grenoble, France CNRS, CERMAV, Grenoble, France
| | - Hugues Driguez
- University Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, Grenoble, France CNRS, CERMAV, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Samain
- University Grenoble Alpes, CERMAV, Grenoble, France CNRS, CERMAV, Grenoble, France
| | - Boris Vauzeilles
- University Paris Sud, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay, Orsay, France, and Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Marie Beau
- University Paris Sud, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d’Orsay, Orsay, France, and Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Farzaneh Kordbacheh
- Research School of Biology, Plant Science Division, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Barry G. Rolfe
- Research School of Biology, Plant Science Division, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ralf Schwörer
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alison M. Daines
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Peter M. Gresshoff
- The Centre for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher R. Parish
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Medicine, Biology and the Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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22
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Wang Y, Wang L, Zou Y, Chen L, Cai Z, Zhang S, Zhao F, Tian Y, Jiang Q, Ferguson BJ, Gresshoff PM, Li X. Soybean miR172c targets the repressive AP2 transcription factor NNC1 to activate ENOD40 expression and regulate nodule initiation. Plant Cell 2014; 26:4782-801. [PMID: 25549672 PMCID: PMC4311200 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.131607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are noncoding RNAs that act as master regulators to modulate various biological processes by posttranscriptionally repressing their target genes. Repression of their target mRNA(s) can modulate signaling cascades and subsequent cellular events. Recently, a role for miR172 in soybean (Glycine max) nodulation has been described; however, the molecular mechanism through which miR172 acts to regulate nodulation has yet to be explored. Here, we demonstrate that soybean miR172c modulates both rhizobium infection and nodule organogenesis. miR172c was induced in soybean roots inoculated with either compatible Bradyrhizobium japonicum or lipooligosaccharide Nod factor and was highly upregulated during nodule development. Reduced activity and overexpression of miR172c caused dramatic changes in nodule initiation and nodule number. We show that soybean miR172c regulates nodule formation by repressing its target gene, Nodule Number Control1, which encodes a protein that directly targets the promoter of the early nodulin gene, ENOD40. Interestingly, transcriptional levels of miR172c were regulated by both Nod Factor Receptor1α/5α-mediated activation and by autoregulation of nodulation-mediated inhibition. Thus, we established a direct link between miR172c and the Nod factor signaling pathway in addition to adding a new layer to the precise nodulation regulation mechanism of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youning Wang
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanmin Zou
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Zhaoming Cai
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Senlei Zhang
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Yinping Tian
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Qiong Jiang
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xia Li
- Key State Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center of Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
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23
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Hayashi S, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Mechanistic action of gibberellins in legume nodulation. J Integr Plant Biol 2014; 56:971-8. [PMID: 24673766 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants are capable of entering into a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia bacteria. This results in the formation of novel organs on their roots, called nodules, in which the bacteria capture atmospheric nitrogen and provide it as ammonium to the host plant. Complex molecular and physiological changes are involved in the formation and establishment of such nodules. Several phytohormones are known to play key roles in this process. Gibberellins (gibberellic acids; GAs), a class of phytohormones known to be involved in a wide range of biological processes (i.e., cell elongation, germination) are reported to be involved in the formation and maturation of legume nodules, highlighted by recent transcriptional analyses of early soybean symbiotic steps. Here, we summarize what is currently known about GAs in legume nodulation and propose a model of GA action during nodule development. Results from a wide range of studies, including GA application, mutant phenotyping, and gene expression studies, indicate that GAs are required at different stages, with an optimum, tightly regulated level being key to achieve successful nodulation. Gibberellic acids appear to be required at two distinct stages of nodulation: (i) early stages of rhizobia infection and nodule primordium establishment; and (ii) later stages of nodule maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Hayashi
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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24
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Ferguson BJ, Li D, Hastwell AH, Reid DE, Li Y, Jackson SA, Gresshoff PM. The soybean (Glycine max) nodulation-suppressive CLE peptide, GmRIC1, functions interspecifically in common white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), but not in a supernodulating line mutated in the receptor PvNARK. Plant Biotechnol J 2014; 12:1085-97. [PMID: 25040127 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants regulate the number of nitrogen-fixing root nodules they form via a process called the Autoregulation of Nodulation (AON). Despite being one of the most economically important and abundantly consumed legumes, little is known about the AON pathway of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). We used comparative- and functional-genomic approaches to identify central components in the AON pathway of common bean. This includes identifying PvNARK, which encodes a LRR receptor kinase that acts to regulate root nodule numbers. A novel, truncated version of the gene was identified directly upstream of PvNARK, similar to Medicago truncatula, but not seen in Lotus japonicus or soybean. Two mutant alleles of PvNARK were identified that cause a classic shoot-controlled and nitrate-tolerant supernodulation phenotype. Homeologous over-expression of the nodulation-suppressive CLE peptide-encoding soybean gene, GmRIC1, abolished nodulation in wild-type bean, but had no discernible effect on PvNARK-mutant plants. This demonstrates that soybean GmRIC1 can function interspecifically in bean, acting in a PvNARK-dependent manner. Identification of bean PvRIC1, PvRIC2 and PvNIC1, orthologues of the soybean nodulation-suppressive CLE peptides, revealed a high degree of conservation, particularly in the CLE domain. Overall, our work identified four new components of bean nodulation control and a truncated copy of PvNARK, discovered the mutation responsible for two supernodulating bean mutants and demonstrated that soybean GmRIC1 can function in the AON pathway of bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Biswas B, Gresshoff PM. The role of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in sustainable production of biofuels. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7380-97. [PMID: 24786096 PMCID: PMC4057678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the ever-increasing population of the world (expected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050), and altered life style, comes an increased demand for food, fuel and fiber. However, scarcity of land, water and energy accompanied by climate change means that to produce enough to meet the demands is getting increasingly challenging. Today we must use every avenue from science and technology available to address these challenges. The natural process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation, whereby plants such as legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia, usable by plants can have a substantial impact as it is found in nature, has low environmental and economic costs and is broadly established. Here we look at the importance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the production of biofuel feedstocks; how this process can address major challenges, how improving nitrogen fixation is essential, and what we can do about it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Biswas
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), the University of Queensland, St Lucia Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), the University of Queensland, St Lucia Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Indrasumunar A, Gresshoff PM. Vermiculite's strong buffer capacity renders it unsuitable for studies of acidity on soybean (Glycine max L.) nodulation and growth. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:465. [PMID: 24229409 PMCID: PMC3835622 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vermiculite is the most common soil-free growing substrate used for plants in horticultural and scientific studies due to its high water holding capacity. However, some studies are not suitable to be conducted in it. The described experiments aimed to test the suitability of vermiculite to study the effect of acidity on nodulation and growth of soybean (Glycine max L.). METHODS Two different nutrient solutions (Broughton & Dilworth, and modified Herridge nutrient solutions) with or without MES buffer addition were used to irrigate soybean grown on vermiculite growth substrates. The pH of nutrient solutions was adjusted to either pH 4.0 or 7.0 prior its use. The nodulation and vegetative growth of soybean plants were assessed at 3 and 4 weeks after inoculation. RESULTS The unsuitability of presumably inert vermiculite as a physical plant growth substrate for studying the effects of acidity on soybean nodulation and plant growth was illustrated. Nodulation and growth of soybean grown in vermiculite were not affected by irrigation with pH-adjusted nutrient solution either at pH 4.0 or 7.0. This was reasonably caused by the ability of vermiculite to neutralise (buffer) the pH of the supplied nutrient solution (pH 2.0-7.0). CONCLUSIONS Due to its buffering capacity, vermiculite cannot be used as growth support to study the effect of acidity on nodulation and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arief Indrasumunar
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, and School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
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Geng L, Chi J, Shu C, Gresshoff PM, Song F, Huang D, Zhang J. A chimeric cry8Ea1 gene flanked by MARs efficiently controls Holotrichia parallela. Plant Cell Rep 2013; 32:1211-1218. [PMID: 23535868 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peanuts transformed with the synthetic cry8Ea1 gene flanked by MARs are a potentially effective control strategy against white grubs. Cry8Ea1 protein levels of the construct containing MARs were increased by 2.5 times. White grubs are now recognized as the most important pests of peanut worldwide. A synthetic cry8Ea1 gene, which was toxic to Holotrichia parallela larvae, was expressed in chimeric peanut roots using an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation system. The relative mRNA and protein levels of the cry8Ea1 gene were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. The effects of matrix attachment regions (MARs) on the expression and activity of the cry8Ea1 gene were analyzed. The average expression level of cry8Ea1 in peanut roots was higher for the plants harboring constructs flanked by MARs from tobacco. Moreover, differing from previous studies, the synthetic cry8Ea1 gene flanked by MARs showed more variation in protein levels than mRNA levels. These composite plants containing cry8Ea1 gene flanked by MARs exhibited a high toxicity against Holotrichia parallela larvae as shown by bioassay analysis, thus offering a potential effective combination to control subterranean insects in peanuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Dolatabadian A, Modarres Sanavy SAM, Ghanati F, Gresshoff PM. Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformed soybean roots differ in their nodulation and nitrogen fixation response to genistein and salt stress. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 29:1327-39. [PMID: 23430716 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-013-1296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated response differences of normal and transformed (so-called 'hairy') roots of soybean (Glycine max L. (Merr.), cv L17) to the Nod-factor inducing isoflavone genistein and salinity by quantifying growth, nodulation, nitrogen fixation and biochemical changes. Composite soybean plants were generated using Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of non-nodulating mutant nod139 (GmNFR5α minus) with complementing A. rhizogenes K599 carrying the wild-type GmNFR5α gene under control of the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter. We used genetic complementation for nodulation ability as only nodulated roots were scored. After hairy root emergence, primary roots were removed and composite plants were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum (strain CB1809) pre-induced with 10 μM genistein and watered with NaCl (0, 25, 50 and 100 mM). There were significant differences between hairy roots and natural roots in their responses to salt stress and genistein application. In addition, there were noticeable nodulation and nitrogen fixation differences. Composite plants had better growth, more root volume and chlorophyll as well as more nodules and higher nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) compared with natural roots. Decreased lipid peroxidation, proline accumulation and catalase/peroxidase activities were found in 'hairy' roots under salinity stress. Genistein significantly increased nodulation and nitrogen fixation and improved roots and shoot growth. Although genistein alleviated lipid peroxidation under salinity stress, it had no significant effect on the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In general, composite plants were more competitive in growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation than normal non-transgenic even under salinity stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Dolatabadian
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal-Al-Ahmad Highway, Nasr Bridge, P.O. Box: 14115-336, 1411713116, Tehran, Iran
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Schaarschmidt S, Gresshoff PM, Hause B. Analyzing the soybean transcriptome during autoregulation of mycorrhization identifies the transcription factors GmNF-YA1a/b as positive regulators of arbuscular mycorrhization. Genome Biol 2013; 14:R62. [PMID: 23777981 PMCID: PMC3706930 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2013-14-6-r62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Similarly to the legume-rhizobia symbiosis, the arbuscular mycorrhiza interaction is controlled by autoregulation representing a feedback inhibition involving the CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase NARK in shoots. However, little is known about signals and targets down-stream of NARK. To find NARK-related transcriptional changes in mycorrhizal soybean (Glycine max) plants, we analyzed wild-type and two nark mutant lines interacting with the arbuscular mycorrhiza fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. RESULTS Affymetrix GeneChip analysis of non-inoculated and partially inoculated plants in a split-root system identified genes with potential regulation by arbuscular mycorrhiza or NARK. Most transcriptional changes occur locally during arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis and independently of NARK. RT-qPCR analysis verified nine genes as NARK-dependently regulated. Most of them have lower expression in roots or shoots of wild type compared to nark mutants, including genes encoding the receptor kinase GmSIK1, proteins with putative function as ornithine acetyl transferase, and a DEAD box RNA helicase. A predicted annexin named GmAnnx1a is differentially regulated by NARK and arbuscular mycorrhiza in distinct plant organs. Two putative CCAAT-binding transcription factor genes named GmNF-YA1a and GmNF-YA1b are down-regulated NARK-dependently in non-infected roots of mycorrhizal wild-type plants and functional gene analysis confirmed a positive role for these genes in the development of an arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate GmNF-YA1a/b as positive regulators in arbuscular mycorrhiza establishment, whose expression is down-regulated by NARK in the autoregulated root tissue thereby diminishing subsequent infections. Genes regulated independently of arbuscular mycorrhization by NARK support an additional function of NARK in symbioses-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Schaarschmidt
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, Division Urban Plant Ecophysiology, Lentzeallee 55-57, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research (CILR), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bettina Hause
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Chan PK, Biswas B, Gresshoff PM. Classical ethylene insensitive mutants of the Arabidopsis EIN2 orthologue lack the expected 'hypernodulation' response in Lotus japonicus. J Integr Plant Biol 2013; 55:395-408. [PMID: 23452324 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Three independent ethylene insensitive mutants were selected from an EMS- mutagenized population of Lotus japonicus MG-20 (Miyakojima). The mutants, called 'Enigma', were mutated in the LjEIN2a gene from Lotus chromosome 1, sharing significant homology with Arabidopsis EIN2 (ethylene-insensitive2). All three alleles showed classical ethylene insensitivity phenotypes (e.g., Triple Response), but lacked the increased nodulation phenotype commonly associated with ethylene insensitivity. Indeed, all showed a marginal reduction in nodule number per plant, a phenotype that is enigmatic to sickle, an ethylene-insensitive EIN2 mutant in Medicago truncatula. In contrast to wild type, but similar to an ETR1-1 ethylene ethylene-insensitive transgenic of L. japonicus, enigma mutants formed nodules in between the protoxylem poles, demonstrating the influence of ethylene on radial positioning. Suppression of nodule numbers by nitrate and colonisation by mycorrhizal fungi in the enigma-1 mutant were indistinguishable from the wild-type MG-20. However, reflecting endogenous ethylene feedback, the enigma-1 mutant released more than twice the wild-type amount of ethylene. enigma-1 had a moderate reduction in growth, greater root mass (and lateral root formation), delayed flowering and ripening, smaller pods and seeds. Expression analysis of ethylene-regulated genes, such as ETR1, NRL1 (neverripe-like 1), and EIL3 in shoots and roots of enigma-1 and MG-20 illustrated that the ethylene-insensitive mutation strongly affected transcriptional responses in the root. These mutants open the possibility that EIN2 in L. japonicus, a determinate nodulating legume, acts in a more complex fashion possibly through the presence of a duplicated copy of LjEIN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pick Kuen Chan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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Reid DE, Li D, Ferguson BJ, Gresshoff PM. Structure-function analysis of the GmRIC1 signal peptide and CLE domain required for nodulation control in soybean. J Exp Bot 2013; 64:1575-85. [PMID: 23386683 PMCID: PMC3617822 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Legumes control the nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis in response to external and internal stimuli, such as nitrate, and via systemic autoregulation of nodulation (AON). Overexpression of the CLV3/ESR-related (CLE) pre-propeptide-encoding genes GmNIC1 (nitrate-induced and acting locally) and GmRIC1 (Bradyrhizobium-induced and acting systemically) suppresses soybean nodulation dependent on the activity of the nodulation autoregulation receptor kinase (GmNARK). This nodule inhibition response was used to assess the relative importance of key structural components within and around the CLE domain sequences of these genes. Using a site-directed mutagenesis approach, mutants were produced at each amino acid within the CLE domain (RLAPEGPDPHHN) of GmRIC1. This approach identified the Arg1, Ala3, Pro4, Gly6, Pro7, Asp8, His11, and Asn12 residues as critical to GmRIC1 nodulation suppression activity (NSA). In contrast, none of the mutations in conserved residues outside of the CLE domain showed compromised NSA. Chimeric genes derived from combinations of GmRIC1 and GmNIC1 domains were used to determine the role of each pre-propeptide domain in NSA differences that exist between the two peptides. It was found that the transit peptide and CLE peptide regions of GmRIC1 significantly enhanced activity of GmNIC1. In contrast, the comparable GmNIC1 domains reduced the NSA of GmRIC1. Identification of these critical residues and domains provides a better understanding of how these hormone-like peptides function in plant development and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dugald E. Reid
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dongxue Li
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Brett J. Ferguson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M. Gresshoff
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Abstract
Legumes represent some of the most important crop species worldwide. They are able to form novel root organs known as nodules, within which biological nitrogen fixation is facilitated through a symbiotic interaction with soil-dwelling bacteria called rhizobia. This provides legumes with a distinct advantage over other plant species, as nitrogen is a key factor for growth and development. Nodule formation is tightly regulated by the plant and can be inhibited by a number of external factors, such as soil pH. This is of significant agricultural and economic importance as much of global legume crops are grown on low pH soils. Despite this, the precise mechanism by which low pH conditions inhibits nodule development remains poorly characterized.
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Roberts NJ, Morieri G, Kalsi G, Rose A, Stiller J, Edwards A, Xie F, Gresshoff PM, Oldroyd GE, Downie JA, Etzler ME. Rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses in Lotus japonicus require lectin nucleotide phosphohydrolase, which acts upstream of calcium signaling. Plant Physiol 2013; 161:556-67. [PMID: 23136382 PMCID: PMC3532285 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.206110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nodulation in legumes requires the recognition of rhizobially made Nod factors. Genetic studies have revealed that the perception of Nod factors involves LysM domain receptor-like kinases, while biochemical approaches have identified LECTIN NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHOHYDROLASE (LNP) as a Nod factor-binding protein. Here, we show that antisense inhibition of LNP blocks nodulation in Lotus japonicus. This absence of nodulation was due to a defect in Nod factor signaling based on the observations that the early nodulation gene NODULE INCEPTION was not induced and that both Nod factor-induced perinuclear calcium spiking and calcium influx at the root hair tip were blocked. However, Nod factor did induce root hair deformation in the LNP antisense lines. LNP is also required for infection by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices, suggesting that LNP plays a role in the common signaling pathway shared by the rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbioses. Taken together, these observations indicate that LNP acts at a novel position in the early stages of symbiosis signaling. We propose that LNP functions at the earliest stage of the common nodulation and mycorrhization symbiosis signaling pathway downstream of the Nod factor receptors; it may act either by influencing signaling via changes in external nucleotides or in conjunction with the LysM receptor-like kinases for recognition of Nod factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gurpreet Kalsi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Alan Rose
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Jiri Stiller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Anne Edwards
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Fang Xie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Peter M. Gresshoff
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - Giles E.D. Oldroyd
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
| | - J. Allan Downie
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (N.J.R., G.K., A.R., M.E.E.)
- John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (G.M., A.E., F.X., G.E.D.O., J.A.D.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia (J.S., P.M.G.)
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Hayashi S, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Systemic Signalling in Legume Nodulation: Nodule Formation and Its Regulation. Long-Distance Systemic Signaling and Communication in Plants 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-36470-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kazakoff SH, Imelfort M, Edwards D, Koehorst J, Biswas B, Batley J, Scott PT, Gresshoff PM. Capturing the biofuel wellhead and powerhouse: the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of the leguminous feedstock tree Pongamia pinnata. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51687. [PMID: 23272141 PMCID: PMC3522722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pongamia pinnata (syn. Millettia pinnata) is a novel, fast-growing arboreal legume that bears prolific quantities of oil-rich seeds suitable for the production of biodiesel and aviation biofuel. Here, we have used Illumina® 'Second Generation DNA Sequencing (2GS)' and a new short-read de novo assembler, SaSSY, to assemble and annotate the Pongamia chloroplast (152,968 bp; cpDNA) and mitochondrial (425,718 bp; mtDNA) genomes. We also show that SaSSY can be used to accurately assemble 2GS data, by re-assembling the Lotus japonicus cpDNA and in the process assemble its mtDNA (380,861 bp). The Pongamia cpDNA contains 77 unique protein-coding genes and is almost 60% gene-dense. It contains a 50 kb inversion common to other legumes, as well as a novel 6.5 kb inversion that is responsible for the non-disruptive, re-orientation of five protein-coding genes. Additionally, two copies of an inverted repeat firmly place the species outside the subclade of the Fabaceae lacking the inverted repeat. The Pongamia and L. japonicus mtDNA contain just 33 and 31 unique protein-coding genes, respectively, and like other angiosperm mtDNA, have expanded intergenic and multiple repeat regions. Through comparative analysis with Vigna radiata we measured the average synonymous and non-synonymous divergence of all three legume mitochondrial (1.59% and 2.40%, respectively) and chloroplast (8.37% and 8.99%, respectively) protein-coding genes. Finally, we explored the relatedness of Pongamia within the Fabaceae and showed the utility of the organellar genome sequences by mapping transcriptomic data to identify up- and down-regulated stress-responsive gene candidates and confirm in silico predicted RNA editing sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H. Kazakoff
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Imelfort
- Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jasper Koehorst
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bandana Biswas
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul T. Scott
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter M. Gresshoff
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Lin MH, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Systemic regulation of soybean nodulation by acidic growth conditions. Plant Physiol 2012; 160:2028-39. [PMID: 23054568 PMCID: PMC3510129 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms inhibiting legume nodulation by low soil pH, although highly prevalent and economically significant, are poorly understood. We addressed this in soybean (Glycine max) using a combination of physiological and genetic approaches. Split-root and grafting studies using an autoregulation-of-nodulation-deficient mutant line, altered in the autoregulation-of-nodulation receptor kinase GmNARK, determined that a systemic, shoot-controlled, and GmNARK-dependent mechanism was critical for facilitating the inhibitory effect. Acid inhibition was independent of aluminum ion concentration and occurred early in nodule development, between 12 and 96 h post inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Biological effects were confirmed by measuring transcript numbers of known early nodulation genes. Transcripts decreased on both sides of split-root systems, where only one side was subjected to low-pH conditions. Our findings enhance the present understanding of the innate mechanisms regulating legume nodulation control under acidic conditions, which could benefit future attempts in agriculture to improve nodule development and biological nitrogen fixation in acid-stressed soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Lin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M. Gresshoff
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Brett J. Ferguson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Hayashi S, Reid DE, Lorenc MT, Stiller J, Edwards D, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Transient Nod factor-dependent gene expression in the nodulation-competent zone of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) roots. Plant Biotechnol J 2012; 10:995-1010. [PMID: 22863334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
All lateral organ development in plants, such as nodulation in legumes, requires the temporal and spatial regulation of genes and gene networks. A total mRNA profiling approach using RNA-seq to target the specific soybean (Glycine max) root tissues responding to compatible rhizobia [i.e. the Zone Of Nodulation (ZON)] revealed a large number of novel, often transient, mRNA changes occurring during the early stages of nodulation. Focusing on the ZON enabled us to discard the majority of root tissues and their developmentally diverse gene transcripts, thereby highlighting the lowly and transiently expressed nodulation-specific genes. It also enabled us to concentrate on a precise moment in early nodule development at each sampling time. We focused on discovering genes regulated specifically by the Bradyrhizobium-produced Nod factor signal, by inoculating roots with either a competent wild-type or incompetent mutant (nodC(-) ) strain of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Collectively, 2915 genes were identified as being differentially expressed, including many known soybean nodulation genes. A number of unknown nodulation gene candidates and soybean orthologues of nodulation genes previously reported in other legume species were also identified. The differential expression of several candidates was confirmed and further characterized via inoculation time-course studies and qRT-PCR. The expression of many genes, including an endo-1,4-β-glucanase, a cytochrome P450 and a TIR-LRR-NBS receptor kinase, was transient, peaking quickly during the initiation of nodule ontogeny. Additional genes were found to be down-regulated. Significantly, a set of differentially regulated genes acting in the gibberellic acid (GA) biosynthesis pathway was discovered, suggesting a novel role of GAs in nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Hayashi
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Cervantes E, Martín JJ, Chan PK, Gresshoff PM, Tocino Á. Seed shape in model legumes: approximation by a cardioid reveals differences in ethylene insensitive mutants of Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. J Plant Physiol 2012; 169:1359-65. [PMID: 22809828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Seed shape in the model legumes Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula is described. Based in previous work with Arabidopsis, the outline of the longitudinal sections of seeds is compared with a cardioid curve. L. japonicus seeds adjust well to an unmodified cardioid, whereas accurate adjustment in M. truncatula is obtained by the simple transformation of scaling the vertical axis by a factor equal to the Golden Ratio. Adjustments of seed shape measurements with simple geometrical forms are essential tools for the statistical analysis of variations in seed shape under different conditions or in mutants. The efficiency of the adjustment to a cardioid in the model plants suggests that seed morphology may be related to genome complexity. Seeds of ethylene insensitive mutants present differences in size and shape as well as altered responses to imbibition. The biological implication and meaning of these relationships are discussed.
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Reid DE, Hayashi S, Lorenc M, Stiller J, Edwards D, Gresshoff PM, Ferguson BJ. Identification of systemic responses in soybean nodulation by xylem sap feeding and complete transcriptome sequencing reveal a novel component of the autoregulation pathway. Plant Biotechnol J 2012; 10:680-9. [PMID: 22624681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of the nitrogen-fixing nodulation symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia requires plant-wide reprogramming to allow infection and development of nodules. Nodulation is regulated principally via a mechanism called autoregulation of nodulation (AON). AON is dependent on shoot and root factors and is maintained by the nodulation autoregulation receptor kinase (NARK) in soybean. We developed a bioassay to detect root-derived signalling molecules in xylem sap of soybean plants which may function in AON. The bioassay involves feeding of xylem extracts via the cut hypocotyl of soybean seedlings and monitoring of molecular markers of AON in the leaf. Transcript abundance changes occurring in the leaf in response to feeding were used to determine the biological activity of the extracts. To identify transcript abundance changes that occur during AON, which may also be used in the bioassay, we used an RNA-seq-based transcriptomics approach. We identified changes in the leaves of bioassay plants fed with xylem extracts derived from either Bradyrhizobium japonicum-inoculated or uninoculated plants. Differential expression responses were detected for genes involved in jasmonic acid metabolism, pathogenesis and receptor kinase signalling. We identified an inoculation- and NARK-dependent candidate gene (GmUFD1a) that responds in both the bioassay and intact, inoculated plants. GmUFD1a is a component of the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation pathway and provides new insight into the molecular responses occurring during AON. It may now also be used in our feeding bioassay as a molecular marker to assist in identifying the factors contributing to the systemic regulation of nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dugald E Reid
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
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Biswas B, Scott PT, Gresshoff PM. Tree legumes as feedstock for sustainable biofuel production: Opportunities and challenges. J Plant Physiol 2011; 168:1877-1884. [PMID: 21715045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about future fossil fuel supplies and the environmental effects of their consumption have prompted the search for alternative sources of liquid fuels, specifically biofuels. However, it is important that the sources of such biofuel have minimal impact on global food supplies, land use, and commodity prices. Many legume trees can be grown on so-called marginal land with beneficial effects to the environment through their symbiotic interaction with "Rhizobia" and the associated process of root nodule development and biological nitrogen fixation. Once established legume trees can live for many years and some produce an annual yield of oil-rich seeds. For example, the tropical and sub-tropical legume tree Pongamia pinnata produces large seeds (∼1.5-2g) that contain about 40% oil, the quality and composition of which is regarded as highly desirable for sustainable biofuel production. Here we consider the benefits of legume trees as future energy crops, particularly in relation to their impact on nitrogen inputs and the net energy balance for biofuel production, and also ways in which these as yet fully domesticated species may be further improved for optimal use as biofuel feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Biswas
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Reid DE, Ferguson BJ, Hayashi S, Lin YH, Gresshoff PM. Molecular mechanisms controlling legume autoregulation of nodulation. Ann Bot 2011; 108:789-95. [PMID: 21856632 PMCID: PMC3177682 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High input costs and environmental pressures to reduce nitrogen use in agriculture have increased the competitive advantage of legume crops. The symbiotic relationship that legumes form with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria in root nodules is central to this advantage. SCOPE Understanding how legume plants maintain control of nodulation to balance the nitrogen gains with their energy needs and developmental costs will assist in increasing their productivity and relative advantage. For this reason, the regulation of nodulation has been extensively studied since the first mutants exhibiting increased nodulation were isolated almost three decades ago. CONCLUSIONS Nodulation is regulated primarily via a systemic mechanism known as the autoregulation of nodulation (AON), which is controlled by a CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase. Multiple components sharing homology with the CLAVATA signalling pathway that maintains control of the shoot apical meristem in arabidopsis have now been identified in AON. This includes the recent identification of several CLE peptides capable of activating nodule inhibition responses, a low molecular weight shoot signal and a role for CLAVATA2 in AON. Efforts are now being focused on directly identifying the interactions of these components and to identify the form that long-distance transport molecules take.
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Lin MH, Gresshoff PM, Indrasumunar A, Ferguson BJ. pHairyRed: a novel binary vector containing the DsRed2 reporter gene for visual selection of transgenic hairy roots. Mol Plant 2011; 4:537-45. [PMID: 21324970 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We developed a new plant transformation vector, pHairyRed, for enabling high throughput, non-destructive selection of Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated 'hairy-root' transformation. pHairyRed allows easy in planta visualization of transgenic tissue with minimal disturbance to the plant. The DsRed2 reporter gene, encoding a red fluorescent protein, was cloned to yield pHairyRed (harbouring a multiple cloning site), which was used with the highly efficient K599 A. rhizogenes strain to infect soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) plants. DsRed2 fluorescence was easily detected in planta for the duration of a 5-week study with negligible levels of background autofluorescence. This enabled visual selection of transformed roots and subsequent excission of non-transformed roots. pHairyRed-transformed roots nodulated normally when inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Within the nodule, DsRed2 fluorescence was plant-specific, being absent in the bacteroid-dominated nodule infected zone. To test the reliability of pHairyRed as a high-fidelity binary vector reporter system, the gene encoding the soybean Nod factor receptor, GmNFR1α, was cloned into the vector for use in a complementation study with a non-nodulating nfr1α mutant of soybean. Complementation was achieved and, without exception, DsRed2 fluorescence was detected in all hairy roots that successfully formed nodules (100%, n = 34). We anticipate broad application of this reporter system for the further analysis of root-related events in soybean and related legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Han Lin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Reid DE, Ferguson BJ, Gresshoff PM. Inoculation- and nitrate-induced CLE peptides of soybean control NARK-dependent nodule formation. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2011; 24:606-18. [PMID: 21198362 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-10-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Systemic autoregulation of nodulation in legumes involves a root-derived signal (Q) that is perceived by a CLAVATA1-like leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase (e.g. GmNARK). Perception of Q triggers the production of a shoot-derived inhibitor that prevents further nodule development. We have identified three candidate CLE peptide-encoding genes (GmRIC1, GmRIC2, and GmNIC1) in soybean (Glycine max) that respond to Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation or nitrate treatment. Ectopic overexpression of all three CLE peptide genes in transgenic roots inhibited nodulation in a GmNARK-dependent manner. The peptides share a high degree of amino acid similarity in a 12-amino-acid C-terminal domain, deemed to represent the functional ligand of GmNARK. GmRIC1 was expressed early (12 h) in response to Bradyrhizobium-sp.-produced nodulation factor while GmRIC2 was induced later (48 to 72 h) but was more persistent during later nodule development. Neither GmRIC1 nor GmRIC2 were induced by nitrate. In contrast, GmNIC1 was strongly induced by nitrate (2 mM) treatment but not by Bradyrhizobium sp. inoculation and, unlike the other two GmCLE peptides, functioned locally to inhibit nodulation. Grafting demonstrated a requirement for root GmNARK activity for nitrate regulation of nodulation whereas Bradyrhizobium sp.-induced regulation was contingent on GmNARK function in the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dugald E Reid
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, John Hines Building, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Han L, Gresshoff PM, Hanan J. A functional-structural modelling approach to autoregulation of nodulation. Ann Bot 2011; 107:855-63. [PMID: 20826439 PMCID: PMC3077977 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Autoregulation of nodulation is a long-distance shoot-root signalling regulatory system that regulates nodule meristem proliferation in legume plants. However, due to the intricacy and subtleness of the signalling nature in plants, molecular and biochemical details underlying mechanisms of autoregulation of nodulation remain largely unknown. The purpose of this study is to use functional-structural plant modelling to investigate the complexity of this signalling system. There are two major challenges to be met: modelling the 3D architecture of legume roots with nodulation and co-ordinating signalling-developmental processes with various rates. METHODS Soybean (Glycine max) was chosen as the target legume. Its root system was observed to capture lateral root branching and nodule distribution patterns. L-studio, a software tool supporting context-sensitive L-system modelling, was used for the construction of the architectural model and integration with the internal signalling. KEY RESULTS A branching pattern with regular radial angles was found between soybean lateral roots, from which a root mapping method was developed to characterize the laterals. Nodules were mapped based on 'nodulation section' to reveal nodule distribution. A root elongation algorithm was then developed for simulation of root development. Based on the use of standard sub-modules, a synchronization algorithm was developed to co-ordinate multi-rate signalling and developmental processes. CONCLUSIONS The modelling methods developed here not only allow recreation of legume root architecture with lateral branching and nodulation details, but also enable parameterization of internal signalling to produce different regulation results. This provides the basis for using virtual experiments to help in investigating the signalling mechanisms at work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Han
- The University of Queensland, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter M. Gresshoff
- The University of Queensland, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jim Hanan
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Biological Information Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Indrasumunar A, Gresshoff PM. Evolutionary duplication of lipo-oligochitin-like receptor genes in soybean differentiates their function in cell division and cell invasion. Plant Signal Behav 2011; 6:534-7. [PMID: 21389773 PMCID: PMC3142385 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.4.14783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Gene duplication in evolution has long been viewed as a mechanism for functional divergence. We recently cloned two related lipo-oligo-chitin receptor genes (GmNFR1α and GmNFR1β) in Glycine max(soybean) that allowed the distinction of two nodulation factor (NF) responses during early legume nodule ontogeny, namely invasion of the root hair and concomitant cortical cell divisions. Root-controlled GmNFR1αmutants nod49 and rj1 failed to form curled root hairs, infection threads and nodules but develop subepidermal cortical cell divisions (CCD) and mycorrhizal associations. In contrast GmNFR1β mutant PI437.654 had full symbiotic abilities. However, GmNFR1α mutants formed normal nodules at reduced frequency when inoculated with high Bradyrhizobium titers. The mutation was complemented in Agrobacterium rhizogenes K599 transformed roots using both CaMV 35S and the native GmNFR1promoters. GmNFR1α may encode a high affinity NF receptor responsible for the entire nodulation cascade while GmNFR1β with lower affinity to NF suffices to induce cell divisions but not early infection events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arief Indrasumunar
- University of Queensland, ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Lee WK, Jeong N, Indrasumunar A, Gresshoff PM, Jeong SC. Glycine max non-nodulation locus rj1: a recombinogenic region encompassing a SNP in a lysine motif receptor-like kinase (GmNFR1α). Theor Appl Genet 2011; 122:875-84. [PMID: 21104396 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-010-1493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The rj1 mutation of soybean is a simple recessive allele in a single line that arose as a spontaneous mutation in a population; it exhibits non-nodulation with virtually all Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium strains. Here, we described fine genetic and physical mapping of the rj1 locus on soybean chromosome 2. The initial mapping of the rj1 locus using public markers indicated that A343.p2, a sequence-based marker that contains sequence similar to a part of the LjNFR1 gene regulating nodule formation as a member of lysin motif-type receptor-like kinase (LYK) family, maps very close to or cosegregates with the rj1 locus. The sequence of A343.p2 is 100% identical to parts of two BAC clone sequences (GM_WBb0002O19 and GM_WBb098N11) that contain three members of the LYK family. We analyzed the sequence contig (262 kbp) of the two BAC clones by resequencing and subsequent fine genetic and physical mapping. The results indicated that rj1 is located in a gene-rich region with a recombination rate of 120 kbp/cM: several fold higher than the genome average. Among the LYK genes, NFR1α is most likely the gene encoded at the Rj1 locus. The non-nodulating rj1 allele was created by a single base-pair deletion that results in a premature stop codon. Taken together, the fine genetic and physical mapping of the Rj1-residing chromosomal region, combined with the unexpected observation of a putative recombination hotspot, allowed us to demonstrate that the Rj1 locus most likely encodes the NFR1α gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Kyu Lee
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongwon, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
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47
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Abstract
Introducing bioactive molecules into plants helps establish their roles in plant growth and development. Here we describe a simple and effective petiole-feeding protocol to introduce aqueous solutions into the vascular stream and apoplast of dicotyledonous plants. This 'intravenous feeding' procedure has wide applicability to plant physiology, specifically with regard to the analysis of source-sink allocations, long-distance signaling, hormone biology and overall plant development. In comparison with existing methods, this technique allows the continuous feeding of aqueous solutions into plants without the need for constant monitoring. Findings are provided from experiments using soybean plants fed with a range of aqueous solutions containing tracer dyes, small metabolites, radiolabeled chemicals and biologically active plant extracts controlling nodulation. Typically, feeding experiments consist of (i) generating samples to feed (extracts, solutions and so on); (ii) growing recipient plants; (iii) setting up the feeding apparatus; and (iv) feeding sample solutions into the recipient plants. When the plants are ready, the feeding procedure can take 1-3 h to set up depending on the size of experiment (not including preparation of materials). The petiole-feeding technique also works with other plant species, including tomato, chili pepper and cabbage plants, as demonstrated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Lin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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48
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Indrasumunar A, Searle I, Lin MH, Kereszt A, Men A, Carroll BJ, Gresshoff PM. Nodulation factor receptor kinase 1α controls nodule organ number in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr). Plant J 2011; 65:39-50. [PMID: 21175888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Two allelic non-nodulating mutants, nod49 and rj1, were characterized using map-based cloning and candidate gene approaches, and genetic complementation. From our results we propose two highly related lipo-oligochitin LysM-type receptor kinase genes (GmNFR1α and GmNFR1β) as putative Nod factor receptor components in soybean. Both mutants contained frameshift mutations in GmNFR1α that would yield protein truncations. Both mutants contained a seemingly functional GmNFR1β homeologue, characterized by a 374-bp deletion in intron 6 and 20-100 times lower transcript levels than GmNFR1α, yet both mutants were unable to form nodules. Mutations in GmNFR1β within other genotypes had no defects in nodulation, showing that GmNFR1β was redundant. Transgenic overexpression of GmNFR1α, but not of GmNFR1β, increased nodule number per plant, plant nitrogen content and the ability to form nodules with restrictive, ultra-low Bradyrhizobium japonicum titres in transgenic roots of both nod49 and rj1. GmNFR1α overexpressing roots also formed nodules in nodulation-restrictive acid soil (pH 4.7). Our results show that: (i) NFR1α expression controls nodule number in soybean, and (ii) acid soil tolerance for nodulation and suppression of nodulation deficiency at low titre can be achieved by overexpression of GmNFR1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arief Indrasumunar
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaIndonesian Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Bogor 16111, IndonesiaSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaSchool of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ANU, Canberra ACT 2601, AustraliaInstitute for Plant Genomics, Human Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Szeged, HungaryAustralian Genome Research Facility, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Iain Searle
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaIndonesian Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Bogor 16111, IndonesiaSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaSchool of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ANU, Canberra ACT 2601, AustraliaInstitute for Plant Genomics, Human Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Szeged, HungaryAustralian Genome Research Facility, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Meng-Han Lin
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaIndonesian Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Bogor 16111, IndonesiaSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaSchool of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ANU, Canberra ACT 2601, AustraliaInstitute for Plant Genomics, Human Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Szeged, HungaryAustralian Genome Research Facility, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Attila Kereszt
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaIndonesian Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Bogor 16111, IndonesiaSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaSchool of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ANU, Canberra ACT 2601, AustraliaInstitute for Plant Genomics, Human Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Szeged, HungaryAustralian Genome Research Facility, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Artem Men
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaIndonesian Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Bogor 16111, IndonesiaSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaSchool of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ANU, Canberra ACT 2601, AustraliaInstitute for Plant Genomics, Human Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Szeged, HungaryAustralian Genome Research Facility, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bernard J Carroll
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaIndonesian Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Bogor 16111, IndonesiaSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaSchool of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ANU, Canberra ACT 2601, AustraliaInstitute for Plant Genomics, Human Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Szeged, HungaryAustralian Genome Research Facility, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaIndonesian Centre for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Bogor 16111, IndonesiaSchool of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane St Lucia, QLD 4072, AustraliaSchool of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ANU, Canberra ACT 2601, AustraliaInstitute for Plant Genomics, Human Biotechnology and Bioenergy, Szeged, HungaryAustralian Genome Research Facility, Brisbane, Australia
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Sulieman S, Fischinger SA, Gresshoff PM, Schulze J. Asparagine as a major factor in the N-feedback regulation of N2 fixation in Medicago truncatula. Physiol Plant 2010; 140:21-31. [PMID: 20444196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess whether a whole plant N-feedback regulation impact on nitrogen fixation in Medicago truncatula would manifest itself in shifts of the composition of the amino acid flow from shoots to nodules. Detected shifts in the phloem amino acid composition were supposed to be mimicked through artificial phloem feeding and concomitant measurement of nodule activity. The amino acid composition of the phloem exudates was analyzed from plants grown under the influence of treatments (limiting P supply or application of combined nitrogen) known to reduce nodule nitrogen fixation activity. Plants in nutrient solution were supplied with sufficient (9 microM) control, limiting (1 microM) phosphorus or 3 mM NH(4)NO(3) (downregulated nodule activity). Low phosphorus and the application of NH(4)NO(3) reduced per plant and specific nitrogenase activity (H(2) evolution). At day 64 of growth, phloem exudates were collected from cuts of the shoot base. The amount of amino acids was strongly increased in both phloem exudates and nodules of the treatments with downregulated nodule activity. The increase in the downregulated treatments was almost exclusively the result of a higher proportion of asparagine in both phloem exudates and nodules. Leaf labeling with (15)N showed that nitrogen from the leaves is retranslocated to nodules. An artificial phloem feeding with asparagine resulted in an increased concentration of asparagine in nodules and a decreased nodule activity. A possible role of asparagine in an N-feedback regulation of nitrogen fixation in M. truncatula is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Sulieman
- Department of Crop Sciences, Plant Nutrition, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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50
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Carroll BJ, McNeil DL, Gresshoff PM. Isolation and properties of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] mutants that nodulate in the presence of high nitrate concentrations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 82:4162-6. [PMID: 16593577 PMCID: PMC397955 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.82.12.4162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean seeds [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ev. Bragg] were mutagenized with ethyl methanesulfonate. The M(2) progeny (i.e., the first generation after mutagenesis) of these seeds were screened for increased nodulation under high nitrate culture conditions. Fifteen independent nitrate-tolerant symbiotic (nts) mutants were obtained from 2500 M(2) families. In culture on sand with KNO(3), nodule mass and nodule number in mutant lines were several-fold those of the wild type cultured under the same conditions. Inheritance of the nts character through to subsequent generations was observed in the 10 mutants tested. Mutant nts382 also nodulated more than the wild type in the absence of nitrate. Furthermore, nitrate stimulated growth in both the wild type and nts382, and these lines had similar nitrate reductase activity. These results indicate that nts382 is affected in a nodule-development regulatory gene and not in a gene related to nitrate assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Carroll
- Department of Botany, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
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