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Monney J, Dallaire SE, Stoutah L, Fanda L, Mégevand P. Voxeloc: A time-saving graphical user interface for localizing and visualizing stereo-EEG electrodes. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 407:110154. [PMID: 38697518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thanks to its unrivalled spatial and temporal resolutions and signal-to-noise ratio, intracranial EEG (iEEG) is becoming a valuable tool in neuroscience research. To attribute functional properties to cortical tissue, it is paramount to be able to determine precisely the localization of each electrode with respect to a patient's brain anatomy. Several software packages or pipelines offer the possibility to localize manually or semi-automatically iEEG electrodes. However, their reliability and ease of use may leave to be desired. NEW METHOD Voxeloc (voxel electrode locator) is a Matlab-based graphical user interface to localize and visualize stereo-EEG electrodes. Voxeloc adopts a semi-automated approach to determine the coordinates of each electrode contact, the user only needing to indicate the deep-most contact of each electrode shaft and another point more proximally. RESULTS With a deliberately streamlined functionality and intuitive graphical user interface, the main advantages of Voxeloc are ease of use and inter-user reliability. Additionally, oblique slices along the shaft of each electrode can be generated to facilitate the precise localization of each contact. Voxeloc is open-source software and is compatible with the open iEEG-BIDS (Brain Imaging Data Structure) format. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Localizing full patients' iEEG implants was faster using Voxeloc than two comparable software packages, and the inter-user agreement was better. CONCLUSIONS Voxeloc offers an easy-to-use and reliable tool to localize and visualize stereo-EEG electrodes. This will contribute to democratizing neuroscience research using iEEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Monney
- Clinical Neuroscience department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Basic Neuroscience department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shannon E Dallaire
- Clinical Neuroscience department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Basic Neuroscience department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Lydia Stoutah
- Clinical Neuroscience department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Basic Neuroscience department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, France
| | - Lora Fanda
- Clinical Neuroscience department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Basic Neuroscience department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Clinical Neuroscience department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Basic Neuroscience department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Neurology division, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Silva Alves A, Rigoni I, Mégevand P, Lagarde S, Picard F, Seeck M, Vulliémoz S, Roehri N. High-density electroencephalographic functional networks in genetic generalized epilepsy: Preserved whole-brain topology hides local reorganization. Epilepsia 2024; 65:961-973. [PMID: 38306118 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) accounts for approximately 20% of adult epilepsy cases and is considered a disorder of large brain networks, involving both hemispheres. Most studies have not shown any difference in functional whole-brain network topology when compared to healthy controls. Our objective was to examine whether this preserved global network topology could hide local reorganizations that balance out at the global network level. METHODS We recorded high-density electroencephalograms from 20 patients and 20 controls, and reconstructed the activity of 118 regions. We computed functional connectivity in windows free of interictal epileptiform discharges in broad, delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands, characterized the network topology, and used the Hub Disruption Index (HDI) to quantify the topological reorganization. We examined the generalizability of our results by reproducing a 25-electrode clinical system. RESULTS Our study did not reveal any significant change in whole-brain network topology among GGE patients. However, the HDI was significantly different between patients and controls in all frequency bands except alpha (p < .01, false discovery rate [FDR] corrected, d < -1), and accompanied by an increase in connectivity in the prefrontal regions and default mode network. This reorganization suggests that regions that are important in transferring the information in controls were less so in patients. Inversely, the crucial regions in patients are less so in controls. These findings were also found in delta and theta frequency bands when using 25 electrodes (p < .001, FDR corrected, d < -1). SIGNIFICANCE In GGE patients, the overall network topology is similar to that of healthy controls but presents a balanced local topological reorganization. This reorganization causes the prefrontal areas and default mode network to be more integrated and segregated, which may explain executive impairment associated with GGE. Additionally, the reorganization distinguishes patients from controls even when using 25 electrodes, suggesting its potential use as a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Silva Alves
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isotta Rigoni
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stanislas Lagarde
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, INS, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Picard
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Margitta Seeck
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Vulliémoz
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Roehri
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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De Stefano P, Ménétré E, Stancu P, Mégevand P, Vargas MI, Kleinschmidt A, Vulliémoz S, Wiest R, Beniczky S, Picard F, Seeck M. Added value of advanced workup after the first seizure: A 7-year cohort study. Epilepsia 2023; 64:3246-3256. [PMID: 37699424 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to establish whether advanced workup including long-term electroencephalography (LT-EEG) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides an additional yield for the diagnosis of new onset epilepsy (NOE) in patients presenting with a first seizure event (FSE). METHODS In this population-based study, all adult (≥16 years) patients presenting with FSE in the emergency department (ED) between March 1, 2010 and March 1, 2017 were assessed. Patients with obvious nonepileptic or acute symptomatic seizures were excluded. Routine EEG, LT-EEG, brain computed tomography (CT), and brain MRI were performed as part of the initial workup. These examinations' sensitivity and specificity were calculated on the basis of the final diagnosis after 2 years, along with the added value of advanced workup (MRI and LT-EEG) over routine workup (routine EEG and CT). RESULTS Of the 1010 patients presenting with FSE in the ED, a definite diagnosis of NOE was obtained for 501 patients (49.6%). Sensitivity of LT-EEG was higher than that of routine EEG (54.39% vs. 25.5%, p < .001). Similarly, sensitivity of MRI was higher than that of CT (67.98% vs. 54.72%, p = .009). Brain MRI showed epileptogenic lesions in an additional 32% compared to brain CT. If only MRI and LT-EEG were considered, five would have been incorrectly diagnosed as nonepileptic (5/100, 5%) compared to patients with routine EEG and MRI (25/100, 25%, p = .0001). In patients with all four examinations, advanced workup provided an overall additional yield of 50% compared to routine workup. SIGNIFICANCE Our results demonstrate the remarkable added value of the advanced workup launched already in the ED for the diagnosis of NOE versus nonepileptic causes of seizure mimickers. Our findings suggest the benefit of first-seizure tracks or even units with overnight EEG, similar to stroke units, activated upon admission in the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia De Stefano
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, Department of Intensive Care, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Ménétré
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Stancu
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas Kleinschmidt
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Vulliémoz
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University of Berne, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Beniczky
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus and Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fabienne Picard
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Margitta Seeck
- EEG & Epilepsy Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Eelbode C, Spinelli L, Corniola M, Momjian S, Seeck M, Schaller K, Mégevand P. Implantation and reimplantation of intracranial EEG electrodes in patients considering epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia Open 2023; 8:1622-1627. [PMID: 37873557 PMCID: PMC10690689 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with drug-resistant epilepsy who are considering surgery, intracranial EEG (iEEG) helps delineate the putative epileptogenic zone. In a minority of patients, iEEG fails to identify seizure onsets. In such cases, it might be worthwhile to reimplant more iEEG electrodes. The consequences of such a strategy for the patient are unknown. We matched 12 patients in whom the initially implanted iEEG electrodes did not delineate the seizure onset zone precisely enough to offer resective surgery, and in whom additional iEEG electrodes were implanted during the same inpatient stay, to controls who did not undergo reimplantation. Seven cases and eight controls proceeded to resective surgery. No intracranial infection occurred. One control suffered an intracranial hemorrhage. Three cases and two controls suffered from a post-operative neurological or neuropsychological deficit. We found no difference in post-operative seizure control between cases and controls. Compared to an ILAE score of 5 (ie, stable seizure frequency in the absence of resective surgery), cases showed significant improvement. Reimplantation of iEEG electrodes can offer the possibility of resective epilepsy surgery to patients in whom the initial iEEG investigation was inconclusive, without compromising on the risk of complications or seizure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Eelbode
- Neurology divisionGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience DepartmentUniversity of Geneva, Faculty of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Laurent Spinelli
- Neurology divisionGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience DepartmentUniversity of Geneva, Faculty of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Marco Corniola
- Clinical Neuroscience DepartmentUniversity of Geneva, Faculty of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
- Neurosurgery DivisionGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
- Neurosurgery DivisionRennes University HospitalRennesFrance
- INSERM UMR 1099 LTSI, University of RennesRennesFrance
| | - Shahan Momjian
- Clinical Neuroscience DepartmentUniversity of Geneva, Faculty of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
- Neurosurgery DivisionGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Margitta Seeck
- Neurology divisionGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience DepartmentUniversity of Geneva, Faculty of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Karl Schaller
- Clinical Neuroscience DepartmentUniversity of Geneva, Faculty of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
- Neurosurgery DivisionGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Neurology divisionGeneva University HospitalsGenevaSwitzerland
- Clinical Neuroscience DepartmentUniversity of Geneva, Faculty of MedicineGenevaSwitzerland
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Sheybani L, Mégevand P, Roehri N, Spinelli L, Kleinschmidt A, van Mierlo P, Seeck M, Vulliémoz S. Asymmetry of sleep electrophysiological markers in patients with focal epilepsy. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad161. [PMID: 37292455 PMCID: PMC10244064 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep can modulate epileptic activities, but our knowledge of sleep perturbation by epilepsy remains sparse. Interestingly, epilepsy and sleep both present with defining electrophysiological features in the form of specific graphoelements on EEG. This raises the possibility to identify, within ongoing EEG activity, how epilepsy impacts and disrupts sleep. Here, we asked whether the presence of a lateralized epileptic focus interferes with the expression of the dominant electrophysiological hallmarks of sleep: slow oscillations, slow waves and spindles. To this aim, we conducted a cross-sectional study and analysed sleep recordings with surface EEG from 69 patients with focal epilepsy (age range at EEG: 17-61 years, 29 females, 34 left focal epilepsy). Comparing patients with left and right focal epilepsy, we assessed inter-hemispheric asymmetry of sleep slow oscillations power (delta range, 0.5-4 Hz); sleep slow wave density; amplitude, duration and slope; and spindle density, amplitude, duration as well as locking to slow oscillations. We found significantly different asymmetries in slow oscillation power (P < 0.01); slow wave amplitude (P < 0.05) and slope (P < 0.01); and spindle density (P < 0.0001) and amplitude (P < 0.05). To confirm that these population-based differences reflect actual patient-by-patient differences, we then tested whether asymmetry of sleep features can classify laterality of the epileptic focus using a decision tree and a 5-fold cross-validation. We show that classification accuracy is above chance level (accuracy of 65%, standard deviation: 5%) and significantly outperforms a classification based on a randomization of epileptic lateralization (randomization data accuracy: 50%, standard deviation 7%, unpaired t-test, P < 0.0001). Importantly, we show that classification of epileptic lateralization by the canonical epileptic biomarker, i.e. interictal epileptiform discharges, improves slightly but significantly when combined with electrophysiological hallmarks of physiological sleep (from 75% to 77%, P < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA + Sidak's multiple comparisons test). Together, we establish that epilepsy is associated with inter-hemispheric perturbation of sleep-related activities and provide an in-depth multi-dimensional profile of the main sleep electrophysiological signatures in a large cohort of patients with focal epilepsy. We provide converging evidence that the underlying epileptic process interacts with the expression of sleep markers, in addition to triggering well-known pathological activities, such as interictal epileptiform discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Sheybani
- Correspondence to: Laurent Sheybani UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology Ormond House, London, UK E-mail: ; Present address: Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy Department, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- EEG and Epileptology Unit, Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Human Neuron Lab, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Roehri
- EEG and Epileptology Unit, Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Epilepsy and Brain Networks Lab, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Spinelli
- EEG and Epileptology Unit, Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kleinschmidt
- Neurology Service, Department of Clinical neuroscience, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pieter van Mierlo
- Medical Image and Signal Processing (MEDISIP), Department of Electronics and Information Systems (ELIS), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Margitta Seeck
- EEG and Epileptology Unit, Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Vulliémoz
- EEG and Epileptology Unit, Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Epilepsy and Brain Networks Lab, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
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Guex R, Ros T, Mégevand P, Spinelli L, Seeck M, Vuilleumier P, Domínguez-Borràs J. Prestimulus amygdala spectral activity is associated with visual face awareness. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:1044-1057. [PMID: 35353177 PMCID: PMC9930624 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha cortical oscillations have been proposed to suppress sensory processing in the visual, auditory, and tactile domains, influencing conscious stimulus perception. However, it is unknown whether oscillatory neural activity in the amygdala, a subcortical structure involved in salience detection, has a similar impact on stimulus awareness. Recording intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) from 9 human amygdalae during face detection in a continuous flash suppression task, we found increased spectral prestimulus power and phase coherence, with most consistent effects in the alpha band, when faces were undetected relative to detected, similarly as previously observed in cortex with this task using scalp-EEG. Moreover, selective decreases in the alpha and gamma bands preceded face detection, with individual prestimulus alpha power correlating negatively with detection rate in patients. These findings reveal for the first time that prestimulus subcortical oscillations localized in human amygdala may contribute to perceptual gating mechanisms governing subsequent face detection and offer promising insights on the role of this structure in visual awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Guex
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva – Campus Biotech, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva – HUG, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Ros
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
- Lemanic Biomedical Imaging Centre (CIBM), Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva – Campus Biotech, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva – HUG, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Spinelli
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva – HUG, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Margitta Seeck
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva – HUG, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva – Campus Biotech, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - Judith Domínguez-Borràs
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva – Campus Biotech, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
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Guex R, Meaux E, Mégevand P, Domínguez-Borràs J, Seeck M, Vuilleumier P. Frequency-specific gaze modulation of emotional face processing in the human amygdala. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4859-4869. [PMID: 36155769 PMCID: PMC10110432 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the social significance of emotional face expression is of major importance for adaptive behavior, and gaze direction provides critical information in this process. The amygdala is implicated in both emotion and gaze processing, but how and when it integrates expression and gaze cues remains unresolved. We tackled this question using intracranial electroencephalography in epileptic patients to assess both amygdala (n = 12) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC; n = 11) time-frequency evoked responses to faces with different emotional expressions and different gaze directions. As predicted, self-relevant threat signals (averted fearful and directed angry faces) elicited stronger amygdala activity than self-irrelevant threat (directed fearful and averted angry faces). Fear effects started at early latencies in both amygdala and OFC (~110 and 160 ms, respectively), while gaze direction effects and their interaction with emotion occurred at later latencies. Critically, the amygdala showed differential gamma band increases to fearful averted gaze (starting ~550 ms) and to angry directed gaze (~470 ms). Moreover, when comparing the 2 self-relevant threat conditions among them, we found higher gamma amygdala activity for averted fearful faces and higher beta OFC activity for angry directed faces. Together, these results reveal for the first time frequency-specific effects of emotion and gaze on amygdala and OFC neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Guex
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva-Campus Biotech, HUG, Chem. des Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva-HUG, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Chem. des Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Meaux
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva-Campus Biotech, HUG, Chem. des Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva-Campus Biotech, HUG, Chem. des Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva-HUG, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Judith Domínguez-Borràs
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva-Campus Biotech, HUG, Chem. des Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Chem. des Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona: Passeig de laVall d'Hebron, 171 08035 Barcelona
| | - Margitta Seeck
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva-HUG, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva-Campus Biotech, HUG, Chem. des Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.,Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Chem. des Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
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Sheybani L, Mégevand P, Roehri N, van Mierlo P, Seeck M, Vulliémoz S. WE-135. Asymmetric sleep in patients with focal epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.07.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dimakopoulos V, Mégevand P, Stieglitz LH, Imbach L, Sarnthein J. Information flows from hippocampus to auditory cortex during replay of verbal working memory items. eLife 2022; 11:78677. [PMID: 35960169 PMCID: PMC9374435 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of items in working memory (WM) relies on a widespread network of cortical areas and hippocampus where synchronization between electrophysiological recordings reflects functional coupling. We investigated the direction of information flow between auditory cortex and hippocampus while participants heard and then mentally replayed strings of letters in WM by activating their phonological loop. We recorded local field potentials from the hippocampus, reconstructed beamforming sources of scalp EEG, and – additionally in four participants – recorded from subdural cortical electrodes. When analyzing Granger causality, the information flow was from auditory cortex to hippocampus with a peak in the [4 8] Hz range while participants heard the letters. This flow was subsequently reversed during maintenance while participants maintained the letters in memory. The functional interaction between hippocampus and the cortex and the reversal of information flow provide a physiological basis for the encoding of memory items and their active replay during maintenance. Every day, the brain’s ability to temporarily store and recall information – called working memory – enables us to reason, solve complex problems or to speak. Holding pieces of information in working memory for short periods of times is a skill that relies on communication between neural circuits that span several areas of the brain. The hippocampus, a seahorse-shaped area at the centre of the brain, is well-known for its role in learning and memory. Less clear, however, is how brain regions that process sensory inputs, including visual stimuli and sounds, contribute to working memory. To investigate, Dimakopoulos et al. studied the flow of information between the hippocampus and the auditory cortex, which processes sound. To do so, various types of electrodes were placed on the scalp or surgically implanted in the brains of people with drug-resistant epilepsy. These electrodes measured the brain activity of participants as they read, heard and then mentally replayed strings of up to 8 letters. The electrical signals analysed reflected the flow of information between brain areas. When participants read and heard the sequence of letters, brain signals flowed from the auditory cortex to the hippocampus. The flow of electrical activity was reversed while participants recalled the letters. This pattern was found only in the left side of the brain, as expected for a language related task, and only if participants recalled the letters correctly. This work by Dimakopoulos et al. provides the first evidence of bidirectional communication between brain areas that are active when people memorise and recall information from their working memory. In doing so, it provides a physiological basis for how the brain encodes and replays information stored in working memory, which evidently relies on the interplay between the hippocampus and sensory cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Dimakopoulos
- Klinik für Neurochirurgie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Département des neurosciences fondamentales, Faculté de médecine, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.,Service de neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Lennart H Stieglitz
- Klinik für Neurochirurgie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Imbach
- Schweizerisches Epilepsie Zentrum, Klinik Lengg AG, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zuric, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Sarnthein
- Klinik für Neurochirurgie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, ETH Zuric, Zurich, Switzerland
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Proix T, Delgado Saa J, Christen A, Martin S, Pasley BN, Knight RT, Tian X, Poeppel D, Doyle WK, Devinsky O, Arnal LH, Mégevand P, Giraud AL. Imagined speech can be decoded from low- and cross-frequency intracranial EEG features. Nat Commun 2022; 13:48. [PMID: 35013268 PMCID: PMC8748882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27725-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing intended speech from neural activity using brain-computer interfaces holds great promises for people with severe speech production deficits. While decoding overt speech has progressed, decoding imagined speech has met limited success, mainly because the associated neural signals are weak and variable compared to overt speech, hence difficult to decode by learning algorithms. We obtained three electrocorticography datasets from 13 patients, with electrodes implanted for epilepsy evaluation, who performed overt and imagined speech production tasks. Based on recent theories of speech neural processing, we extracted consistent and specific neural features usable for future brain computer interfaces, and assessed their performance to discriminate speech items in articulatory, phonetic, and vocalic representation spaces. While high-frequency activity provided the best signal for overt speech, both low- and higher-frequency power and local cross-frequency contributed to imagined speech decoding, in particular in phonetic and vocalic, i.e. perceptual, spaces. These findings show that low-frequency power and cross-frequency dynamics contain key information for imagined speech decoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Proix
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Jaime Delgado Saa
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andy Christen
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Martin
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brian N Pasley
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Xing Tian
- Division of Arts and Sciences, New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - David Poeppel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Werner K Doyle
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luc H Arnal
- Institut de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, INSERM, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Lise Giraud
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Dimakopoulos V, Mégevand P, Boran E, Momjian S, Seeck M, Vulliémoz S, Sarnthein J. Blinded study: prospectively defined high-frequency oscillations predict seizure outcome in individual patients. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab209. [PMID: 34541534 PMCID: PMC8445392 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interictal high-frequency oscillations are discussed as biomarkers for epileptogenic brain tissue that should be resected in epilepsy surgery to achieve seizure freedom. The prospective classification of tissue sampled by individual electrode contacts remains a challenge. We have developed an automated, prospective definition of clinically relevant high-frequency oscillations in intracranial EEG from Montreal and tested it in recordings from Zurich. We here validated the algorithm on intracranial EEG that was recorded in an independent epilepsy centre so that the analysis was blinded to seizure outcome. We selected consecutive patients who underwent resective epilepsy surgery in Geneva with post-surgical follow-up > 12 months. We analysed long-term recordings during sleep that we segmented into intervals of 5 min. High-frequency oscillations were defined in the ripple (80–250 Hz) and the fast ripple (250–500 Hz) frequency bands. Contacts with the highest rate of ripples co-occurring with fast ripples designated the relevant area. As a validity criterion, we calculated the test–retest reliability of the high-frequency oscillations area between the 5 min intervals (dwell time ≥50%). If the area was not fully resected and the patient suffered from recurrent seizures, this was classified as a true positive prediction. We included recordings from 16 patients (median age 32 years, range 18–53 years) with stereotactic depth electrodes and/or with subdural electrode grids (median follow-up 27 months, range 12–55 months). For each patient, we included several 5 min intervals (median 17 intervals). The relevant area had high test–retest reliability across intervals (median dwell time 95%). In two patients, the test–retest reliability was too low (dwell time < 50%) so that outcome prediction was not possible. The area was fully included in the resected volume in 2/4 patients who achieved post-operative seizure freedom (specificity 50%) and was not fully included in 9/10 patients with recurrent seizures (sensitivity 90%), leading to an accuracy of 79%. An additional exploratory analysis suggested that high-frequency oscillations were associated with interictal epileptic discharges only in channels within the relevant area and not associated in channels outside the area. We thereby validated the automated procedure to delineate the clinically relevant area in each individual patient of an independently recorded dataset and achieved the same good accuracy as in our previous studies. The reproducibility of our results across datasets is promising for a multicentre study to test the clinical application of high-frequency oscillations to guide epilepsy surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Dimakopoulos
- Klinik für Neurochirurgie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Département des neurosciences fondamentales, Faculté de médecine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland.,Service de neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ece Boran
- Klinik für Neurochirurgie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Shahan Momjian
- Service de neurochirurgie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Margitta Seeck
- Service de neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Vulliémoz
- Service de neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Sarnthein
- Klinik für Neurochirurgie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Klinisches Neurowissenschaften Zentrum, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Sheybani L, Mégevand P, Spinelli L, Bénar CG, Momjian S, Seeck M, Quairiaux C, Kleinschmidt A, Vulliémoz S. Slow oscillations open susceptible time windows for epileptic discharges. Epilepsia 2021; 62:2357-2371. [PMID: 34338315 PMCID: PMC9290693 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective In patients with epilepsy, interictal epileptic discharges are a diagnostic hallmark of epilepsy and represent abnormal, so‐called “irritative” activity that disrupts normal cognitive functions. Despite their clinical relevance, their mechanisms of generation remain poorly understood. It is assumed that brain activity switches abruptly, unpredictably, and supposedly randomly to these epileptic transients. We aim to study the period preceding these epileptic discharges, to extract potential proepileptogenic mechanisms supporting their expression. Methods We used multisite intracortical recordings from patients who underwent intracranial monitoring for refractory epilepsy, the majority of whom had a mesial temporal lobe seizure onset zone. Our objective was to evaluate the existence of proepileptogenic windows before interictal epileptic discharges. We tested whether the amplitude and phase synchronization of slow oscillations (.5–4 Hz and 4–7 Hz) increase before epileptic discharges and whether the latter are phase‐locked to slow oscillations. Then, we tested whether the phase‐locking of neuronal activity (assessed by high‐gamma activity, 60–160 Hz) to slow oscillations increases before epileptic discharges to provide a potential mechanism linking slow oscillations to interictal activities. Results Changes in widespread slow oscillations anticipate upcoming epileptic discharges. The network extends beyond the irritative zone, but the increase in amplitude and phase synchronization is rather specific to the irritative zone. In contrast, epileptic discharges are phase‐locked to widespread slow oscillations and the degree of phase‐locking tends to be higher outside the irritative zone. Then, within the irritative zone only, we observe an increased coupling between slow oscillations and neuronal discharges before epileptic discharges. Significance Our results show that epileptic discharges occur during vulnerable time windows set up by a specific phase of slow oscillations. The specificity of these permissive windows is further reinforced by the increased coupling of neuronal activity to slow oscillations. These findings contribute to our understanding of epilepsy as a distributed oscillopathy and open avenues for future neuromodulation strategies aiming at disrupting proepileptic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Sheybani
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit / Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit / Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Basic Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Spinelli
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit / Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian G Bénar
- Aix-Marseille University, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Institute of Systems Neurosciences, Marseille, France
| | - Shahan Momjian
- Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Margitta Seeck
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit / Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charles Quairiaux
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Basic Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Kleinschmidt
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit / Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Vulliémoz
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit / Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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13
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Thézé R, Giraud AL, Mégevand P. The phase of cortical oscillations determines the perceptual fate of visual cues in naturalistic audiovisual speech. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/45/eabc6348. [PMID: 33148648 PMCID: PMC7673697 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
When we see our interlocutor, our brain seamlessly extracts visual cues from their face and processes them along with the sound of their voice, making speech an intrinsically multimodal signal. Visual cues are especially important in noisy environments, when the auditory signal is less reliable. Neuronal oscillations might be involved in the cortical processing of audiovisual speech by selecting which sensory channel contributes more to perception. To test this, we designed computer-generated naturalistic audiovisual speech stimuli where one mismatched phoneme-viseme pair in a key word of sentences created bistable perception. Neurophysiological recordings (high-density scalp and intracranial electroencephalography) revealed that the precise phase angle of theta-band oscillations in posterior temporal and occipital cortex of the right hemisphere was crucial to select whether the auditory or the visual speech cue drove perception. We demonstrate that the phase of cortical oscillations acts as an instrument for sensory selection in audiovisual speech processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Thézé
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Lise Giraud
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland.
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Mégevand P, Mercier MR, Groppe DM, Zion Golumbic E, Mesgarani N, Beauchamp MS, Schroeder CE, Mehta AD. Crossmodal Phase Reset and Evoked Responses Provide Complementary Mechanisms for the Influence of Visual Speech in Auditory Cortex. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8530-8542. [PMID: 33023923 PMCID: PMC7605423 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0555-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural conversation is multisensory: when we can see the speaker's face, visual speech cues improve our comprehension. The neuronal mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. The two main alternatives are visually mediated phase modulation of neuronal oscillations (excitability fluctuations) in auditory neurons and visual input-evoked responses in auditory neurons. Investigating this question using naturalistic audiovisual speech with intracranial recordings in humans of both sexes, we find evidence for both mechanisms. Remarkably, auditory cortical neurons track the temporal dynamics of purely visual speech using the phase of their slow oscillations and phase-related modulations in broadband high-frequency activity. Consistent with known perceptual enhancement effects, the visual phase reset amplifies the cortical representation of concomitant auditory speech. In contrast to this, and in line with earlier reports, visual input reduces the amplitude of evoked responses to concomitant auditory input. We interpret the combination of improved phase tracking and reduced response amplitude as evidence for more efficient and reliable stimulus processing in the presence of congruent auditory and visual speech inputs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Watching the speaker can facilitate our understanding of what is being said. The mechanisms responsible for this influence of visual cues on the processing of speech remain incompletely understood. We studied these mechanisms by recording the electrical activity of the human brain through electrodes implanted surgically inside the brain. We found that visual inputs can operate by directly activating auditory cortical areas, and also indirectly by modulating the strength of cortical responses to auditory input. Our results help to understand the mechanisms by which the brain merges auditory and visual speech into a unitary perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mégevand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York 11549
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel R Mercier
- Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10467
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Aix Marseille University, INSERM, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - David M Groppe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York 11549
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030
- The Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1M8, Canada
| | - Elana Zion Golumbic
- The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Nima Mesgarani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
| | - Michael S Beauchamp
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York 10962
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Ashesh D Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York 11549
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030
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15
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Roussel P, Godais GL, Bocquelet F, Palma M, Hongjie J, Zhang S, Giraud AL, Mégevand P, Miller K, Gehrig J, Kell C, Kahane P, Chabardés S, Yvert B. Observation and assessment of acoustic contamination of electrophysiological brain signals during speech production and sound perception. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:056028. [PMID: 33055383 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abb25e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A current challenge of neurotechnologies is to develop speech brain-computer interfaces aiming at restoring communication in people unable to speak. To achieve a proof of concept of such system, neural activity of patients implanted for clinical reasons can be recorded while they speak. Using such simultaneously recorded audio and neural data, decoders can be built to predict speech features using features extracted from brain signals. A typical neural feature is the spectral power of field potentials in the high-gamma frequency band, which happens to overlap the frequency range of speech acoustic signals, especially the fundamental frequency of the voice. Here, we analyzed human electrocorticographic and intracortical recordings during speech production and perception as well as a rat microelectrocorticographic recording during sound perception. We observed that several datasets, recorded with different recording setups, contained spectrotemporal features highly correlated with those of the sound produced by or delivered to the participants, especially within the high-gamma band and above, strongly suggesting a contamination of electrophysiological recordings by the sound signal. This study investigated the presence of acoustic contamination and its possible source. APPROACH We developed analysis methods and a statistical criterion to objectively assess the presence or absence of contamination-specific correlations, which we used to screen several datasets from five centers worldwide. MAIN RESULTS Not all but several datasets, recorded in a variety of conditions, showed significant evidence of acoustic contamination. Three out of five centers were concerned by the phenomenon. In a recording showing high contamination, the use of high-gamma band features dramatically facilitated the performance of linear decoding of acoustic speech features, while such improvement was very limited for another recording showing no significant contamination. Further analysis and in vitro replication suggest that the contamination is caused by the mechanical action of the sound waves onto the cables and connectors along the recording chain, transforming sound vibrations into an undesired electrical noise affecting the biopotential measurements. SIGNIFICANCE Although this study does not per se question the presence of speech-relevant physiological information in the high-gamma range and above (multiunit activity), it alerts on the fact that acoustic contamination of neural signals should be proofed and eliminated before investigating the cortical dynamics of these processes. To this end, we make available a toolbox implementing the proposed statistical approach to quickly assess the extent of contamination in an electrophysiological recording (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3929296).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philémon Roussel
- Inserm, BrainTech Lab, U1205, Grenoble, France. University Grenoble Alpes, BrainTech Lab, U1205, Grenoble, France
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16
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Thézé R, Gadiri MA, Albert L, Provost A, Giraud AL, Mégevand P. Animated virtual characters to explore audio-visual speech in controlled and naturalistic environments. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15540. [PMID: 32968127 PMCID: PMC7511320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural speech is processed in the brain as a mixture of auditory and visual features. An example of the importance of visual speech is the McGurk effect and related perceptual illusions that result from mismatching auditory and visual syllables. Although the McGurk effect has widely been applied to the exploration of audio-visual speech processing, it relies on isolated syllables, which severely limits the conclusions that can be drawn from the paradigm. In addition, the extreme variability and the quality of the stimuli usually employed prevents comparability across studies. To overcome these limitations, we present an innovative methodology using 3D virtual characters with realistic lip movements synchronized on computer-synthesized speech. We used commercially accessible and affordable tools to facilitate reproducibility and comparability, and the set-up was validated on 24 participants performing a perception task. Within complete and meaningful French sentences, we paired a labiodental fricative viseme (i.e. /v/) with a bilabial occlusive phoneme (i.e. /b/). This audiovisual mismatch is known to induce the illusion of hearing /v/ in a proportion of trials. We tested the rate of the illusion while varying the magnitude of background noise and audiovisual lag. Overall, the effect was observed in 40% of trials. The proportion rose to about 50% with added background noise and up to 66% when controlling for phonetic features. Our results conclusively demonstrate that computer-generated speech stimuli are judicious, and that they can supplement natural speech with higher control over stimulus timing and content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Thézé
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mehdi Ali Gadiri
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Louis Albert
- Human Neuroscience Platform, Fondation Campus Biotech Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Provost
- Human Neuroscience Platform, Fondation Campus Biotech Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne-Lise Giraud
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Division of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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17
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Rainey S, Martin S, Christen A, Mégevand P, Fourneret E. Brain Recording, Mind-Reading, and Neurotechnology: Ethical Issues from Consumer Devices to Brain-Based Speech Decoding. Sci Eng Ethics 2020; 26:2295-2311. [PMID: 32356091 PMCID: PMC7417394 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-020-00218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Brain reading technologies are rapidly being developed in a number of neuroscience fields. These technologies can record, process, and decode neural signals. This has been described as 'mind reading technology' in some instances, especially in popular media. Should the public at large, be concerned about this kind of technology? Can it really read minds? Concerns about mind-reading might include the thought that, in having one's mind open to view, the possibility for free deliberation, and for self-conception, are eroded where one isn't at liberty to privately mull things over. Themes including privacy, cognitive liberty, and self-conception and expression appear to be areas of vital ethical concern. Overall, this article explores whether brain reading technologies are really mind reading technologies. If they are, ethical ways to deal with them must be developed. If they are not, researchers and technology developers need to find ways to describe them more accurately, in order to dispel unwarranted concerns and address appropriately those that are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Rainey
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stéphanie Martin
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andy Christen
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eric Fourneret
- Braintech Lab (U 1205), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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18
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De Stefano P, Vulliémoz S, Seeck M, Mégevand P. Lateralized Rhythmic Delta Activity Synchronous with Hippocampal Epileptiform Discharges on Intracranial EEG. Eur Neurol 2020; 83:225-227. [DOI: 10.1159/000507394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mégevand
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Division, Clinical Neuroscience Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Genève, Switzerland
- Basic Neuroscience Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Margitta Seeck
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Division, Clinical Neuroscience Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Genève, Switzerland
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20
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Boran E, Mégevand P, Steenkamp A, Dimakopoulos V, Seeck M, Vulliémoz S, Sarnthein J. FV20 Prospectively defined high frequency oscillations to predict seizure outcome in the individual patient. Clin Neurophysiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.12.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Grossman S, Yeagle EM, Harel M, Espinal E, Harpaz R, Noy N, Mégevand P, Groppe DM, Mehta AD, Malach R. The Noisy Brain: Power of Resting-State Fluctuations Predicts Individual Recognition Performance. Cell Rep 2019; 29:3775-3784.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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22
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Grossman S, Gaziv G, Yeagle EM, Harel M, Mégevand P, Groppe DM, Khuvis S, Herrero JL, Irani M, Mehta AD, Malach R. Convergent evolution of face spaces across human face-selective neuronal groups and deep convolutional networks. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4934. [PMID: 31666525 PMCID: PMC6821842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12623-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery that deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) achieve human performance in realistic tasks offers fresh opportunities for linking neuronal tuning properties to such tasks. Here we show that the face-space geometry, revealed through pair-wise activation similarities of face-selective neuronal groups recorded intracranially in 33 patients, significantly matches that of a DCNN having human-level face recognition capabilities. This convergent evolution of pattern similarities across biological and artificial networks highlights the significance of face-space geometry in face perception. Furthermore, the nature of the neuronal to DCNN match suggests a role of human face areas in pictorial aspects of face perception. First, the match was confined to intermediate DCNN layers. Second, presenting identity-preserving image manipulations to the DCNN abolished its correlation to neuronal responses. Finally, DCNN units matching human neuronal group tuning displayed view-point selective receptive fields. Our results demonstrate the importance of face-space geometry in the pictorial aspects of human face perception. Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) are able to identify faces on par with humans. Here, the authors record neuronal activity from higher visual areas in humans and show that face-selective responses in the brain show similarity to those in the intermediate layers of the DCNN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shany Grossman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Guy Gaziv
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Erin M Yeagle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Michal Harel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,Neurology Division, Clinical Neuroscience Department, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, 1205, Switzerland
| | - David M Groppe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.,The Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Simon Khuvis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Jose L Herrero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Michal Irani
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ashesh D Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Rafael Malach
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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Domínguez-Borràs J, Guex R, Méndez-Bértolo C, Legendre G, Spinelli L, Moratti S, Frühholz S, Mégevand P, Arnal L, Strange B, Seeck M, Vuilleumier P. Human amygdala response to unisensory and multisensory emotion input: No evidence for superadditivity from intracranial recordings. Neuropsychologia 2019; 131:9-24. [PMID: 31158367 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala is crucially implicated in processing emotional information from various sensory modalities. However, there is dearth of knowledge concerning the integration and relative time-course of its responses across different channels, i.e., for auditory, visual, and audiovisual input. Functional neuroimaging data in humans point to a possible role of this region in the multimodal integration of emotional signals, but direct evidence for anatomical and temporal overlap of unisensory and multisensory-evoked responses in amygdala is still lacking. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) and oscillatory activity from 9 amygdalae using intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) in patients prior to epilepsy surgery, and compared electrophysiological responses to fearful, happy, or neutral stimuli presented either in voices alone, faces alone, or voices and faces simultaneously delivered. Results showed differential amygdala responses to fearful stimuli, in comparison to neutral, reaching significance 100-200 ms post-onset for auditory, visual and audiovisual stimuli. At later latencies, ∼400 ms post-onset, amygdala response to audiovisual information was also amplified in comparison to auditory or visual stimuli alone. Importantly, however, we found no evidence for either super- or subadditivity effects in any of the bimodal responses. These results suggest, first, that emotion processing in amygdala occurs at globally similar early stages of perceptual processing for auditory, visual, and audiovisual inputs; second, that overall larger responses to multisensory information occur at later stages only; and third, that the underlying mechanisms of this multisensory gain may reflect a purely additive response to concomitant visual and auditory inputs. Our findings provide novel insights on emotion processing across the sensory pathways, and their convergence within the limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Domínguez-Borràs
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Raphaël Guex
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland; Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Guillaume Legendre
- Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Basic Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Laurent Spinelli
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Stephan Moratti
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain; Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sascha Frühholz
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Basic Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Luc Arnal
- Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Basic Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Bryan Strange
- Laboratory for Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain; Department of Neuroimaging, Alzheimer's Disease Research Centre, Reina Sofia-CIEN Foundation, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Margitta Seeck
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Basic Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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25
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Bouthour W, Mégevand P, Donoghue J, Lüscher C, Birbaumer N, Krack P. Author Correction: Biomarkers for closed-loop deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease and beyond. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:363. [PMID: 30992557 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the originally published article, one of the affiliations for Paul Krack was omitted - these should have included 'Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.' This error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Bouthour
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - John Donoghue
- Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Lüscher
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Paul Krack
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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26
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Mégevand P, Groppe DM, Bickel S, Mercier MR, Goldfinger MS, Keller CJ, Entz L, Mehta AD. The Hippocampus and Amygdala Are Integrators of Neocortical Influence: A CorticoCortical Evoked Potential Study. Brain Connect 2018; 7:648-660. [PMID: 28978234 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2017.0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain stimulation is increasingly viewed as an effective approach to treat neuropsychiatric disease. The brain's organization in distributed networks suggests that the activity of a remote brain structure could be modulated by stimulating cortical areas that strongly connect to the target. Most connections between cerebral areas are asymmetric, and a better understanding of the relative direction of information flow along connections could improve the targeting of stimulation to influence deep brain structures. The hippocampus and amygdala, two deep-situated structures that are crucial to memory and emotions, respectively, have been implicated in multiple neurological and psychiatric disorders. We explored the directed connectivity between the hippocampus and amygdala and the cerebral cortex in patients implanted with intracranial electrodes using corticocortical evoked potentials (CCEPs) evoked by single-pulse electrical stimulation. The hippocampus and amygdala were connected with most of the cortical mantle, either directly or indirectly, with the inferior temporal cortex being most directly connected. Because CCEPs assess the directionality of connections, we could determine that incoming connections from cortex to hippocampus were more direct than outgoing connections from hippocampus to cortex. We found a similar, although smaller, tendency for connections between the amygdala and cortex. Our results support the roles of the hippocampus and amygdala to be integrators of widespread cortical influence. These results can inform the targeting of noninvasive neurostimulation to influence hippocampus and amygdala function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mégevand
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset, New York
| | - David M Groppe
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset, New York
| | - Stephan Bickel
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset, New York.,2 Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx, New York
| | - Manuel R Mercier
- 2 Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx, New York.,3 Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York
| | - Matthew S Goldfinger
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset, New York
| | - Corey J Keller
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset, New York.,3 Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, New York
| | - László Entz
- 4 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary .,5 National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience , Budapest, Hungary .,6 Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Péter Pázmány Catholic University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ashesh D Mehta
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research , Manhasset, New York
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Mégevand P, Woodtli A, Yulzari A, Cosgrove GR, Momjian S, Stimec BV, Corniola MV, Fasel JHD. Surgical Training for the Implantation of Neocortical Microelectrode Arrays Using a Formaldehyde-fixed Human Cadaver Model. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286458 DOI: 10.3791/56584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This protocol describes a procedure to assist surgeons in training for the implantation of microelectrode arrays into the neocortex of the human brain. Recent technological progress has enabled the fabrication of microelectrode arrays that allow recording the activity of multiple individual neurons in the neocortex of the human brain. These arrays have the potential to bring unique insight onto the neuronal correlates of cerebral function in health and disease. Furthermore, the identification and decoding of volitional neuronal activity opens the possibility to establish brain-computer interfaces, and thus might help restore lost neurological functions. The implantation of neocortical microelectrode arrays is an invasive procedure requiring a supra-centimetric craniotomy and the exposure of the cortical surface; thus, the procedure must be performed by an adequately trained neurosurgeon. In order to provide an opportunity for surgical training, we designed a procedure based on a human cadaver model. The use of a formaldehyde-fixed human cadaver bypasses the practical, ethical and financial difficulties of surgical practice on animals (especially non-human primates) while preserving the macroscopic structure of the head, skull, meninges and cerebral surface and allowing realistic, operating room-like positioning and instrumentation. Furthermore, the use of a human cadaver is closer to clinical daily practice than any non-human model. The major drawbacks of the cadaveric simulation are the absence of cerebral pulsation and of blood and cerebrospinal fluid circulation. We suggest that a formaldehyde-fixed human cadaver model is an adequate, practical and cost-effective approach to ensure proper surgical training before implanting microelectrode arrays in the living human neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mégevand
- Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, Geneva; Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospitals;
| | | | - Aude Yulzari
- Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, Geneva
| | - G Rees Cosgrove
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Shahan Momjian
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospitals
| | - Bojan V Stimec
- Clinical Anatomy Research Group, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva
| | - Marco V Corniola
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospitals
| | - Jean H D Fasel
- Clinical Anatomy Research Group, Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva
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Golan T, Davidesco I, Meshulam M, Groppe DM, Mégevand P, Yeagle EM, Goldfinger MS, Harel M, Melloni L, Schroeder CE, Deouell LY, Mehta AD, Malach R. Increasing suppression of saccade-related transients along the human visual hierarchy. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28850030 PMCID: PMC5576487 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A key hallmark of visual perceptual awareness is robustness to instabilities arising from unnoticeable eye and eyelid movements. In previous human intracranial (iEEG) work (Golan et al., 2016) we found that excitatory broadband high-frequency activity transients, driven by eye blinks, are suppressed in higher-level but not early visual cortex. Here, we utilized the broad anatomical coverage of iEEG recordings in 12 eye-tracked neurosurgical patients to test whether a similar stabilizing mechanism operates following small saccades. We compared saccades (1.3°−3.7°) initiated during inspection of large individual visual objects with similarly-sized external stimulus displacements. Early visual cortex sites responded with positive transients to both conditions. In contrast, in both dorsal and ventral higher-level sites the response to saccades (but not to external displacements) was suppressed. These findings indicate that early visual cortex is highly unstable compared to higher-level visual regions which apparently constitute the main target of stabilizing extra-retinal oculomotor influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Golan
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ido Davidesco
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Meir Meshulam
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David M Groppe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, United States.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States.,The Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, United States.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States
| | - Erin M Yeagle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, United States.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States
| | - Matthew S Goldfinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, United States.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States
| | - Michal Harel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lucia Melloni
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States.,Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia Program, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, United States
| | - Leon Y Deouell
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ashesh D Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, United States.,The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States
| | - Rafael Malach
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Groppe DM, Bickel S, Dykstra AR, Wang X, Mégevand P, Mercier MR, Lado FA, Mehta AD, Honey CJ. iELVis: An open source MATLAB toolbox for localizing and visualizing human intracranial electrode data. J Neurosci Methods 2017; 281:40-48. [PMID: 28192130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial electrical recordings (iEEG) and brain stimulation (iEBS) are invaluable human neuroscience methodologies. However, the value of such data is often unrealized as many laboratories lack tools for localizing electrodes relative to anatomy. To remedy this, we have developed a MATLAB toolbox for intracranial electrode localization and visualization, iELVis. NEW METHOD: iELVis uses existing tools (BioImage Suite, FSL, and FreeSurfer) for preimplant magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) segmentation, neuroimaging coregistration, and manual identification of electrodes in postimplant neuroimaging. Subsequently, iELVis implements methods for correcting electrode locations for postimplant brain shift with millimeter-scale accuracy and provides interactive visualization on 3D surfaces or in 2D slices with optional functional neuroimaging overlays. iELVis also localizes electrodes relative to FreeSurfer-based atlases and can combine data across subjects via the FreeSurfer average brain. RESULTS It takes 30-60min of user time and 12-24h of computer time to localize and visualize electrodes from one brain. We demonstrate iELVis's functionality by showing that three methods for mapping primary hand somatosensory cortex (iEEG, iEBS, and functional MRI) provide highly concordant results. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: iELVis is the first public software for electrode localization that corrects for brain shift, maps electrodes to an average brain, and supports neuroimaging overlays. Moreover, its interactive visualizations are powerful and its tutorial material is extensive. CONCLUSIONS iELVis promises to speed the progress and enhance the robustness of intracranial electrode research. The software and extensive tutorial materials are freely available as part of the EpiSurg software project: https://github.com/episurg/episurg.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Groppe
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5SSG3, Canada; Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Stephan Bickel
- Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA; Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew R Dykstra
- Department of Neurology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Manuel R Mercier
- Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA; Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition (CerCo), CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR5549, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Fred A Lado
- Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ashesh D Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Christopher J Honey
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5SSG3, Canada; Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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30
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Golan T, Davidesco I, Meshulam M, Groppe DM, Mégevand P, Yeagle EM, Goldfinger MS, Harel M, Melloni L, Schroeder CE, Deouell LY, Mehta AD, Malach R. Human intracranial recordings link suppressed transients rather than 'filling-in' to perceptual continuity across blinks. eLife 2016; 5:e17243. [PMID: 27685352 PMCID: PMC5102580 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We hardly notice our eye blinks, yet an externally generated retinal interruption of a similar duration is perceptually salient. We examined the neural correlates of this perceptual distinction using intracranially measured ECoG signals from the human visual cortex in 14 patients. In early visual areas (V1 and V2), the disappearance of the stimulus due to either invisible blinks or salient blank video frames ('gaps') led to a similar drop in activity level, followed by a positive overshoot beyond baseline, triggered by stimulus reappearance. Ascending the visual hierarchy, the reappearance-related overshoot gradually subsided for blinks but not for gaps. By contrast, the disappearance-related drop did not follow the perceptual distinction - it was actually slightly more pronounced for blinks than for gaps. These findings suggest that blinks' limited visibility compared with gaps is correlated with suppression of blink-related visual activity transients, rather than with "filling-in" of the occluded content during blinks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Golan
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ido Davidesco
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Meir Meshulam
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David M Groppe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, United States
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, United States
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States
| | - Erin M Yeagle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, United States
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States
| | - Matthew S Goldfinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, United States
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States
| | - Michal Harel
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lucia Melloni
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- NYU Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, United States
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia Program, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, United States
| | - Leon Y Deouell
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ashesh D Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, United States
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States
| | - Rafael Malach
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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31
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John G, Bardini C, Mégevand P, Combescure C, Dällenbach P. Urinary incontinence as a predictor of death after new-onset stroke: a meta-analysis. Eur J Neurol 2016; 23:1548-55. [PMID: 27425212 DOI: 10.1111/ene.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Urinary incontinence (UI) could be an indicator of increased mortality after new-onset stroke. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to characterize this association. METHODS A systematic search retrieved all studies exploring the post-stroke period and comparing death among patients suffering from UI with those without UI. Hazard ratios (HRs) were extracted or estimated from the published proportion of deaths. Various meta-analyses pooled unadjusted HRs, HRs adjusted for confounders and HRs stratified by subgroups of strokes (ischaemic or haemorrhagic), using models with random effects. Heterogeneity was explored through stratification of studies and meta-regression of predefined parameters. RESULTS The meta-analysis included 24 studies. UI increased the mortality among the general stroke patients in pooled unadjusted (HR, 5.1; 95% CI, 3.9-6.7) and adjusted (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.8-2.7) analyses. This association was also found among ischaemic (HR, 8.5; 95% CI, 4.6-15.7) and haemorrhagic (HR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.4-11.3) subgroups of strokes. Studies including indwelling catheters, published more than 10 years ago or with the highest quality on the selection criteria of the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment scale were associated with a greater effect of UI on mortality. Funnel plots showed a clear asymmetry for adjusted associations. After correcting for this potential publication bias, the pooled HRs still demonstrated a positive association between UI and mortality. CONCLUSIONS Urinary incontinence indicates high risk of death after a new-onset stroke. Validity of the analyses on adjusted models is limited by an obvious publication bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- G John
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital neuchâtelois, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland.
| | - C Bardini
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Mégevand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Combescure
- CRC & Division of Clinical-Epidemiology, University of Geneva & Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Health and Community Medicine, University of Geneva & Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Dällenbach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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32
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Perogamvros L, Pépin JL, Thorens G, Mégevand P, Claudel E, Espa F, Besson M, Cervena K, Janssens JP, Lador F. Baclofen-Associated Onset of Central Sleep Apnea in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Case Report. Respiration 2015; 90:507-511. [PMID: 26390141 DOI: 10.1159/000439542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A 61-year-old patient with alcohol use disorder (AUD) was referred for suspicion of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS). He had incurred three road accidents attributed to sleepiness over the previous year, shortly after initiation of high-dose (100 mg b.i.d.) treatment with baclofen, a molecule increasingly used in the management of AUD. Polysomnography revealed a severe central SAS (CSAS) with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 81.6/h. Baclofen was suggested as a possible cause of the CSAS, and after its withdrawal, a second polysomnography was done, showing the disappearance of the central apneas and a shift to severe obstructive SAS (AHI 43.9/h), for which a positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment was initiated. A third polysomnography was performed under CPAP after reintroduction of baclofen (50 mg b.i.d.) by the patient, showing reappearance of the CSAS (AHI 42.1/h). This case report illustrates the deleterious effect of baclofen on breathing physiology during sleep. Since it is typically prescribed off label at high doses to a population of patients potentially using other substances that inhibit the ventilatory drive, this possible adverse effect is a major concern. When considering the use of baclofen in patients with AUD, the potential for sleep-disordered breathing should be weighed and carefully monitored.
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Keller CJ, Honey CJ, Mégevand P, Entz L, Ulbert I, Mehta AD. Mapping human brain networks with cortico-cortical evoked potentials. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0528. [PMID: 25180306 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex forms a sheet of neurons organized into a network of interconnected modules that is highly expanded in humans and presumably enables our most refined sensory and cognitive abilities. The links of this network form a fundamental aspect of its organization, and a great deal of research is focusing on understanding how information flows within and between different regions. However, an often-overlooked element of this connectivity regards a causal, hierarchical structure of regions, whereby certain nodes of the cortical network may exert greater influence over the others. While this is difficult to ascertain non-invasively, patients undergoing invasive electrode monitoring for epilepsy provide a unique window into this aspect of cortical organization. In this review, we highlight the potential for cortico-cortical evoked potential (CCEP) mapping to directly measure neuronal propagation across large-scale brain networks with spatio-temporal resolution that is superior to traditional neuroimaging methods. We first introduce effective connectivity and discuss the mechanisms underlying CCEP generation. Next, we highlight how CCEP mapping has begun to provide insight into the neural basis of non-invasive imaging signals. Finally, we present a novel approach to perturbing and measuring brain network function during cognitive processing. The direct measurement of CCEPs in response to electrical stimulation represents a potentially powerful clinical and basic science tool for probing the large-scale networks of the human cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey J Keller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Christopher J Honey
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Laszlo Entz
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary Department of Functional Neurosurgery, National Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Budapest, Hungary Peter Pazmany Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Istvan Ulbert
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary Peter Pazmany Catholic University, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ashesh D Mehta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine, and Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
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Pittau F, Mégevand P, Sheybani L, Abela E, Grouiller F, Spinelli L, Michel CM, Seeck M, Vulliemoz S. Mapping epileptic activity: sources or networks for the clinicians? Front Neurol 2014; 5:218. [PMID: 25414692 PMCID: PMC4220689 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epileptic seizures of focal origin are classically considered to arise from a focal epileptogenic zone and then spread to other brain regions. This is a key concept for semiological electro-clinical correlations, localization of relevant structural lesions, and selection of patients for epilepsy surgery. Recent development in neuro-imaging and electro-physiology and combinations, thereof, have been validated as contributory tools for focus localization. In parallel, these techniques have revealed that widespread networks of brain regions, rather than a single epileptogenic region, are implicated in focal epileptic activity. Sophisticated multimodal imaging and analysis strategies of brain connectivity patterns have been developed to characterize the spatio-temporal relationships within these networks by combining the strength of both techniques to optimize spatial and temporal resolution with whole-brain coverage and directional connectivity. In this paper, we review the potential clinical contribution of these functional mapping techniques as well as invasive electrophysiology in human beings and animal models for characterizing network connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pittau
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- Laboratory for Multimodal Human Brain Mapping, Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine , Manhasset, NY , USA
| | - Laurent Sheybani
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Eugenio Abela
- Support Center of Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Inselspital , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Grouiller
- Radiology Department, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Laurent Spinelli
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Christoph M Michel
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Margitta Seeck
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
| | - Serge Vulliemoz
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine of Geneva , Geneva , Switzerland
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Birot G, Spinelli L, Vulliémoz S, Mégevand P, Brunet D, Seeck M, Michel CM. Head model and electrical source imaging: a study of 38 epileptic patients. Neuroimage Clin 2014; 5:77-83. [PMID: 25003030 PMCID: PMC4081973 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Electrical source imaging (ESI) aims at reconstructing the electrical brain activity from scalp EEG. When applied to interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), this technique is of great use for identifying the irritative zone in focal epilepsies. Inaccuracies in the modeling of electro-magnetic field propagation in the head (forward model) may strongly influence ESI and lead to mislocalization of IED generators. However, a systematic study on the influence of the selected head model on the localization precision of IED in a large number of patients with known focus localization has not yet been performed. We here present such a performance evaluation of different head models in a dataset of 38 epileptic patients who have undergone high-density scalp EEG, intracranial EEG and, for the majority, subsequent surgery. We compared ESI accuracy resulting from three head models: a Locally Spherical Model with Anatomical Constraints (LSMAC), a Boundary Element Model (BEM) and a Finite Element Model (FEM). All of them were computed from the individual MRI of the patient and ESI was performed on averaged IED. We found that all head models provided very similar source locations. In patients having a positive post-operative outcome, at least 74% of the source maxima were within the resection. The median distance from the source maximum to the nearest intracranial electrode showing IED was 13.2, 15.6 and 15.6 mm for LSMAC, BEM and FEM, respectively. The study demonstrates that in clinical applications, the use of highly sophisticated and difficult to implement head models is not a crucial factor for an accurate ESI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwénael Birot
- Department of Fundamental and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. Tel.: + 41 22 372 82 94; fax: + 41 22 372 83 40.
| | - Laurent Spinelli
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Serge Vulliémoz
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Mégevand
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Denis Brunet
- Department of Fundamental and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Margitta Seeck
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Christoph M. Michel
- Department of Fundamental and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
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Mégevand P, Spinelli L, Genetti M, Brodbeck V, Momjian S, Schaller K, Michel CM, Vulliemoz S, Seeck M. Electric source imaging of interictal activity accurately localises the seizure onset zone. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:38-43. [PMID: 23899624 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-305515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It remains controversial whether interictal spikes are a surrogate of the seizure onset zone (SOZ). Electric source imaging (ESI) is an increasingly validated non-invasive approach for localising the epileptogenic focus in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy undergoing evaluation for surgery, using high-density scalp EEG and advanced source localisation algorithms that include the patient's own MRI. Here we investigate whether localisation of interictal spikes by ESI provides valuable information on the SOZ. METHODS In 38 patients with focal epilepsy who later underwent intracranial EEG monitoring, we performed ESI of interictal spikes recorded with 128-256-channel EEG. We measured the distance between the ESI maximum and the nearest intracranial electrodes in the SOZ and irritative zone (IZ, the source of interictal spikes). The resection of the region harbouring the ESI maximum was correlated to surgical outcome. RESULTS The median distance from the ESI maximum to the nearest electrode involved in the SOZ was 17 mm (IQR 8-27). The IZ and SOZ colocalised in most patients (median distance 0 mm, IQR 0-14), supporting the notion that localising interictal spikes is a valid surrogate for the SOZ. There was no difference in accuracy among patients with temporal or extratemporal epilepsy. In the 32 patients who underwent resective surgery, including the ESI maximum in the resection correlated with favourable outcome (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS Localisation of interictal spikes provides an excellent estimate of the SOZ in the majority of patients. ESI should be taken into account for the management of patients undergoing intracranial recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mégevand
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, , Geneva, Switzerland
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Mégevand P, Molholm S, Nayak A, Foxe JJ. Recalibration of the multisensory temporal window of integration results from changing task demands. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71608. [PMID: 23951203 PMCID: PMC3738519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion of the temporal window of integration, when applied in a multisensory context, refers to the breadth of the interval across which the brain perceives two stimuli from different sensory modalities as synchronous. It maintains a unitary perception of multisensory events despite physical and biophysical timing differences between the senses. The boundaries of the window can be influenced by attention and past sensory experience. Here we examined whether task demands could also influence the multisensory temporal window of integration. We varied the stimulus onset asynchrony between simple, short-lasting auditory and visual stimuli while participants performed two tasks in separate blocks: a temporal order judgment task that required the discrimination of subtle auditory-visual asynchronies, and a reaction time task to the first incoming stimulus irrespective of its sensory modality. We defined the temporal window of integration as the range of stimulus onset asynchronies where performance was below 75% in the temporal order judgment task, as well as the range of stimulus onset asynchronies where responses showed multisensory facilitation (race model violation) in the reaction time task. In 5 of 11 participants, we observed audio-visual stimulus onset asynchronies where reaction time was significantly accelerated (indicating successful integration in this task) while performance was accurate in the temporal order judgment task (indicating successful segregation in that task). This dissociation suggests that in some participants, the boundaries of the temporal window of integration can adaptively recalibrate in order to optimize performance according to specific task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mégevand
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children’s Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Sophie Molholm
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children’s Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ashabari Nayak
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children’s Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - John J. Foxe
- The Sheryl and Daniel R. Tishman Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children’s Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Richoz O, Scott Schutz J, Mégevand P. Pearls & Oy-sters: unusual manifestations of bilateral carotid artery dissection: deep monocular pains. Neurology 2012; 78:e16-7. [PMID: 22249503 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31823fcd75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Richoz
- Divisions of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Bally J, Mégevand P, Nguyen D, Landis T, Granziera C. Crossed ataxia: a case report and a diffusion tensor imaging tractography study. Stroke 2011; 42:e571-3. [PMID: 21960579 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.623553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ever since the seminal description of ataxic hemiparesis contralateral to a pontine lesion by Miller-Fisher, the question of why contralesional crossing pontocerebellar fibers do not more frequently produce ipsilesional hemiataxia was raised. The few cases of "quadrataxic hemiparesis" or bilateral leg ataxia remain exceptions. SUMMARY OF CASE We report an even more unusual variant, namely "crossed ataxia" of the contralesional arm and the ipsilesional leg subsequent to an anteromedial pontine ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS MRI diffusion tensor imaging tractography shows that caudal contralesional crossing pontocerebellar fibers (those for the leg) travel trough the lesion, whereas more rostral fibers (those for the arm) are spared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bally
- Neurology Department, HUG-Geneva University Hospitals, rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mégevand
- Neurology Division, Clinical Neuroscience Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Mégevand P, Landis T. Recognition Memory without Awareness during Transient Global Amnesia. Eur Neurol 2011; 66:294-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000332001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Quairiaux C, Sizonenko SV, Mégevand P, Michel CM, Kiss JZ. Functional deficit and recovery of developing sensorimotor networks following neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury in the rat. Cereb Cortex 2010; 20:2080-91. [PMID: 20051355 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is the most important cause of brain injury in the newborn. Here we studied structural alterations and functional perturbations of developing large-scale sensorimotor cortical networks in a rat model of moderate HI at postnatal day 3 (P3). At the morphological level, HI led to a disorganized barrel pattern in the somatosensory cortex without detectable histological changes in the motor cortex. Functional effects were addressed by means of epicranial mapping of somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) during the postischemic recovery period. At P10, SEPs were immature and evoked activity was almost restricted to the somatosensory and motor cortices of the contralateral hemisphere. Peak and topographic analyses of epicranial potentials revealed that responses were profoundly depressed in both sensory and motor areas of HI-lesioned animals. At the end of the postnatal period at P21, responses involved networks in both hemispheres. SEP amplitude was still depressed in the injured sensory region, but it completely recovered in the motor area. These results suggest a process of large-scale network plasticity in sensorimotor circuits after perinatal ischemic injury. The model provides new perspectives for investigating the temporal and spatial characteristics of the recovery process following HI and eventually developing therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Quairiaux
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Mégevand P, Pilly B, Delavelle J, Tajouri N, Safran AB, Landis T, Lüscher C. Sixth cranial nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis (Raymond's syndrome) sparing the face. J Neurol 2009; 256:1017-8. [PMID: 19252793 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5041-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 01/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mégevand P, Quairiaux C, Lascano AM, Kiss JZ, Michel CM. A mouse model for studying large-scale neuronal networks using EEG mapping techniques. Neuroimage 2008; 42:591-602. [PMID: 18585931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human functional imaging studies are increasingly focusing on the identification of large-scale neuronal networks, their temporal properties, their development, and their plasticity and recovery after brain lesions. A method targeting large-scale networks in rodents would open the possibility to investigate their neuronal and molecular basis in detail. We here present a method to study such networks in mice with minimal invasiveness, based on the simultaneous recording of epicranial EEG from 32 electrodes regularly distributed over the head surface. Spatiotemporal analysis of the electrical potential maps similar to human EEG imaging studies allows quantifying the dynamics of the global neuronal activation with sub-millisecond resolution. We tested the feasibility, stability and reproducibility of the method by recording the electrical activity evoked by mechanical stimulation of the mystacial vibrissae. We found a series of potential maps with different spatial configurations that suggested the activation of a large-scale network with generators in several somatosensory and motor areas of both hemispheres. The spatiotemporal activation pattern was stable both across mice and in the same mouse across time. We also performed 16-channel intracortical recordings of the local field potential across cortical layers in different brain areas and found tight spatiotemporal concordance with the generators estimated from the epicranial maps. Epicranial EEG mapping thus allows assessing sensory processing by large-scale neuronal networks in living mice with minimal invasiveness, complementing existing approaches to study the neurophysiological mechanisms of interaction within the network in detail and to characterize their developmental, experience-dependent and lesion-induced plasticity in normal and transgenic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mégevand
- Fundamental Neuroscience Department, Geneva University Medical School, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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Picard F, Mégevand P, Minotti L, Kahane P, Ryvlin P, Seeck M, Michel CM, Lantz G. Intracerebral recordings of nocturnal hyperkinetic seizures: Demonstration of a longer duration of the pre-seizure sleep spindle. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:928-39. [PMID: 17317299 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE) seizures occur primarily during non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 2. We observed in several patients rhythms of same localization and frequency as sleep spindles, immediately preceding and sometimes continuing at seizure onsets. We aimed to study the link between sleep spindles and seizure onsets. METHODS We used intracerebral stereo-EEG ictal recordings of two MRI-negative patients with clinically defined NFLE. For each of the six studied seizures, sustained activity in the frontal sleep spindle frequency (12Hz) was observed around seizure onset. The duration of this pre-seizure sleep spindle was compared to that of the 10 preceding sleep spindles. RESULTS The pre-seizure sleep spindles were clearly of longer duration than the "interictal" sleep spindles for all seizures. This sustained pre-seizure 12Hz activity could be differentiated from normal awakenings, and showed no spatial relation to the ictal onset. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated a functional alteration of the sleep spindle-generating thalamocortical loop concomitant with the seizure onsets. This defect may also be involved in seizure generation. SIGNIFICANCE A thalamic participation in NFLE pathogenesis is likely in our two patients. The study of additional patients will allow to evaluate the role of the thalamocortical circuits in NFLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Picard
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 24 rue Micheli-du-Crest, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
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Mégevand P, Chizzolini C, Chofflon M, Roux-Lombard P, Lalive PH, Picard F. Cerebrospinal Fluid Anti-SSA Autoantibodies in Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome with Central Nervous System Involvement. Eur Neurol 2007; 57:166-71. [PMID: 17213724 DOI: 10.1159/000098469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system involvement in primary Sjogren's syndrome is a matter of controversy, and its diagnosis remains difficult. METHODS We report 3 patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome and central nervous system involvement in whom we assessed intrathecal immunoglobulin G synthesis and the presence of cerebrospinal fluid anti-SSA and anti-SSB autoantibodies. RESULTS We found intrathecal immunoglobulin G synthesis and presence of cerebrospinal fluid anti-SSA autoantibodies in all patients, with demonstration for the first time of specific anti-SSA autoantibody intrathecal synthesis in 2 patients. CONCLUSION We suggest that cerebrospinal fluid anti-SSA autoantibodies could serve as a biomarker for Sjogren's-syndrome-related central nervous system involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mégevand
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Dermatology, Geneva University Hospital and School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Mégevand P. [Hospital physicians and federal labor law]. Rev Med Suisse 2006; 2:2701-2; author reply 2702. [PMID: 17265812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although perceptual and representational neglect are frequently associated, the demonstration of a double dissociation between both neglect forms suggests that both rely on different central mechanisms. In addition, perceptual neglect can be selectively observed within personal space or extrapersonal space. However, it is not known whether the latter dissociation also exists in representational neglect. METHODS The authors investigated this question in two brain-damaged patients with anatomically different lesions sites, using neuropsychological tests specifically designed to assess perceptual and representational neglect in both personal and extrapersonal space. RESULTS Patients presented a double dissociation with respect to personal and extrapersonal space in representational neglect. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the cerebral networks that process mental space representation use similar principles of space compartmentalization as those used by cerebral networks processing perceived space.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ortigue
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University Central Medical School, Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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