Re-exploring the relationship between skull thickness and alpha asymmetry: A CT/MR imaging correlation study

OBJECTIVE

The alpha rhythm has been a subject of research for the past few decades. Right-left alpha amplitude asymmetry is a common phenomenon. Several explanations have been proposed to explain this asymmetry, including differences in skull thickness. Our research aims to improve our understanding of the relationship between alpha asymmetry and skull thickness as measured by CT/MRI images.

METHODS

We analyzed EEGs to study alpha rhythm characteristics. Alpha rhythm amplitude was measured using peak-to-peak values in O1 and O2 reference channels. Significant alpha asymmetry was defined as exceeding 20%. Skull thickness differences at corresponding locations were determined through CT/MRI scans. We examined the correlation between alpha and skull thickness asymmetry using Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman correlation, and median regression.

RESULTS

We examined 401 EEGs and images, categorizing patients into three groups based on alpha asymmetry. Group 1(n= 211) had less than 20 percent alpha asymmetry, Group 2(n=107) showed higher right-side alpha amplitudes, and Group 3(n= 83) displayed higher left-side alpha amplitudes. Our analysis revealed a significant association between groups with asymmetry and skull thickness differences (p<0.001), with a Spearman correlation (Rs) of -0.25 (p<0.001), indicating a significant negative correlation. After adjusting for age, sex, and handedness, Median Regression confirmed a statistically significant variation in skull thickness difference among the groups.

SIGNIFICANCE

The present study involving a large cohort, the first of its kind, demonstrated a significant relationship between alpha amplitude asymmetry and skull thickness.

Cardiac Rhythm Aberrations in Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: Insights From Heart Rate Variability Analysis

PURPOSE

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a fatal neurological disorder resulting from persistent measles virus infection within the brain. Although neurological manifestations have been well-documented, the impact of SSPE on cardiac autonomic function, assessed through heart rate variability (HRV), remains understudied.

METHODS

In this prospective single-center study conducted from January 2022 to March 2023 in Southern India, 30 consecutive SSPE patients and age- and sex-matched controls underwent electrocardiogram recordings for HRV analysis. Various HRV parameters were assessed, including time-domain metrics (SD of normal-to-normal intervals, root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats, percentage of successive normal interbeat intervals greater than 50 msec), SD1 and SD2 for Poincaré plot analysis, and frequency-domain metrics (low frequency %, high frequency %, low frequency:high frequency ratio).

RESULTS

In the study, SSPE patients exhibited markedly reduced HRV. Specifically, SD of normal-to-normal intervals (P = 0.003), percentage of successive normal interbeat intervals greater than 50 msec (P = 0.03), and SD2 (P = 0.0016) were significantly lower compared with controls. Frequency-domain analysis did not reveal significant distinctions. Correlation analysis demonstrated a negative relationship between percentage of successive normal interbeat intervals greater than 50 msec and SSPE severity (r = -0.37, P = 0.042). Heart rate variability did not significantly differ between SSPE stages or with clinical variables. The interbeat interval range showed a narrower distribution in SSPE subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study highlights the clinical relevance of HRV analysis in SSPE and autonomic dysfunction throughout the disease course underscoring its importance in SSPE. This investigation provides valuable insights into cardiac autonomic dysfunction probably because of affliction of the central autonomic networks caused by the disease process and may be a contributing factor to mortality in SSPE.

Variational mode decomposition-based EEG analysis for the classification of disorders of consciousness

Aberrant alterations in any of the two dimensions of consciousness, namely awareness and arousal, can lead to the emergence of disorders of consciousness (DOC). The development of DOC may arise from more severe or targeted lesions in the brain, resulting in widespread functional abnormalities. However, when it comes to classifying patients with disorders of consciousness, particularly utilizing resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) signals through machine learning methods, several challenges surface. The non-stationarity and intricacy of EEG data present obstacles in understanding neuronal activities and achieving precise classification. To address these challenges, this study proposes variational mode decomposition (VMD) of EEG before feature extraction along with machine learning models. By decomposing preprocessed EEG signals into specified modes using VMD, features such as sample entropy, spectral entropy, kurtosis, and skewness are extracted across these modes. The study compares the performance of the features extracted from VMD-based approach with the frequency band-based approach and also the approach with features extracted from raw-EEG. The classification process involves binary classification between unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) and the minimally conscious state (MCS), as well as multi-class classification (coma vs. UWS vs. MCS). Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to determine the statistical significance of the features and features with a significance of p < 0.05 were chosen for a second round of classification experiments. Results indicate that the VMD-based features outperform the features of other two approaches, with the ensemble bagged tree (EBT) achieving the highest accuracy of 80.5% for multi-class classification (the best in the literature) and 86.7% for binary classification. This approach underscores the potential of integrating advanced signal processing techniques and machine learning in improving the classification of patients with disorders of consciousness, thereby enhancing patient care and facilitating informed treatment decision-making.

Mastoid fluid signal in acute cerebral venous thrombosis is is associated with increased clot burden

PURPOSE

Mastoid air cell abnormalities in the form of hyperintense T2 fluid signal have been reported in cases of acute Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT) without otologic infection and have been hypothesized to be a result of venous congestion rather than infectious mastoiditis. The aim of this study was to investigate a link between the spectrum of mastoid abnormalities and clot burden in patients with acute CVT.

METHODS

A retrospective study of adult patients admitted to the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences between 2016 and 2023 who were diagnosed with acute CVT and had no clinical evidence of active or recent ear infections was conducted. Pre- and post-contrast MR Images were analyzed to identify the dural sinuses and/or cerebral veins involved and the presence of fluid signal in the mastoid. Fluid signal in the mastoid was graded from 0 to 3 as described by Shah et al- no fluid signal (grade 0), thin curvilinear hyperintensities (grade 1), thick crescenteric hyperintensities (grade 2), and complete hyperintensity (grade 3). Clot Burden Score (CBS) was calculated by assigning one point for each sinus involved, one point for extension of thrombus into the intracranial Internal Jugular Vein (IJV), one point for thrombosis of cortical veins and one point for thrombosis of deep cerebral veins.

RESULTS

A total of 89 patients with acute CVT were included in the final analysis. Median time from presentation to MRI was 2 days (range 0-13). 51 patients (57.3%) had fluid signal in the mastoid air cells on T2-weighted images, of whom 33 showed mucosal contrast enhancement. Higher grade of fluid signal in the mastoid was present ipsilateral to the side of venous thrombosis in 59 out of 60 patients with posterior fossa CVT. CBS was significantly different between patients with different grades of fluid signal (p = 0.002). Grade 2-3 fluid signal was associated with higher clot burden (CBS > 3) in both the entire study population (n = 89) - OR = 8.281, 95 %CI: 2.758-24.866 (p < 0.001) and among patients with posterior fossa CVT - OR = 4.375, 95 %CI: 1.320-14.504 (p = 0.016). Among patients with posterior fossa CVT, grade 2-3 fluid signal was associated with left sided transverse and/or sigmoid sinus thrombosis - OR = 5.600, 95 %CI: 1.413-22.188 (p = 0.014), and extension of thrombosis into the IJV - OR = 4.606, 95 %CI: 1.162-18.262 (p = 0.030).

CONCLUSION

T2 fluid signal in the mastoid is associated with venous congestion in adults with acute CVT without evidence of otologic infection. Moderate-to-severe T2 fluid signal in the mastoid air cells is associated with increased clot burden.

Phenotypic features of epilepsy due to sodium channelopathies - A single center experience from India

Objectives

Nearly 40% of pediatric epilepsies have a genetic basis. There is significant phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity, especially in epilepsy syndromes caused by sodium channelopathies. Sodium channel subunit 1A (SCN1A)-related epilepsy represents the archetypical channel-associated gene that has been linked to a wide spectrum of epilepsies of varying severity. Subsequently, other sodium channels have also been implicated in epilepsy and other neurodevelopmental disorders. This study aims to describe the phenotypes in children with sodium channelopathies from a center in Southern India.

Materials and Methods

This is a retrospective, descriptive, and single-center study. Out of 112 children presenting with epilepsy who underwent genetic testing between 2017 and 2021, 23 probands (M: F = 12:11) were identified to have clinically significant sodium channel mutations. Clinical presentation, electroencephalography, and imaging features of these patients were recorded. The utility of genetic test results (e.g., in planning another child, withdrawal of medications, or change in treatment) was also recorded.

Results

Age at onset of seizures ranged from day 4 of life to 3.5 years. Clinical epilepsy syndromes included generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (n = 3), Dravet syndrome (n = 5), early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (n = 7), drug-resistant epilepsy (n = 5), and epilepsy with associated movement disorders (n = 3). The most common type of seizure was focal with impaired awareness (n = 18, 78.2%), followed by myoclonic jerks (n = 8, 34.78%), epileptic spasms (n = 7, 30.4%), bilateral tonic-clonic seizures/generalized tonic-clonic seizures (n = 3, 13%), and atonic seizures (n = 5, 23.8%). In addition to epilepsy, other phenotypic features that were discerned were microcephaly (n = 1), cerebellar ataxia (n = 2), and chorea and dystonia (n = 1).

Conclusion

Sodium channelopathies may present with seizure phenotypes that vary in severity. In addition to epilepsy, patients may also have other clinical features such as movement disorders. Early clinical diagnosis may aid in tailoring treatment for the given patient.

Resting-State Functional MRI/PET Profile as a Potential Alternative to Tri-Modality EEG-MR/PET Imaging: An Exploratory Study in Drug-Refractory Epilepsy

Objective The study explores whether the epileptic networks associate with predetermined seizure onset zone (SOZ) identified from other modalities such as electroencephalogram/video electroencephalogram/structural MRI (EEG/VEEG/sMRI) and with the degree of resting-state functional MRI/positron emission tomography (RS-fMRI/PET) coupling. Here, we have analyzed the subgroup of patients who reported having a seizure on the day of scan as postictal cases and compared the findings with interictal cases (seizure-free interval).

Methods We performed independent component analysis (ICA) on RS-fMRI and 20 ICA were hand-labeled as large scale, noise, downstream, and epilepsy networks (Epinets) based on their profile in spatial, time series, and power spectrum domains. We had a total of 43 cases, with 4 cases in the postictal group (100%). Of 39 cases, 14 cases did not yield any Epinet and 25 cases (61%) were analyzed for the final study. The analysis was done patient-wise and correlated with predetermined SOZ.

Results The yield of finding Epinets on RS-fMRI is more during the postictal period than in the interictal period, although PET and RS-fMRI spatial, time series, and power spectral patterns were similar in both these subgroups. Overlaps between large-scale and downstream networks were noted, indicating that epilepsy propagation can involve large-scale cognition networks. Lateralization to SOZ was noted as blood oxygen level–dependent activation and correlated with sMRI/PET findings. Postoperative surgical failure cases showed residual Epinet profile.

Conclusion RS-fMRI may be a viable option for trimodality imaging to obtain simultaneous physiological information at the functional network and metabolic level.

Efficacy of pulse intravenous methylprednisolone in epileptic encephalopathy: a randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND

High-level evidence for using steroids in epileptic encephalopathy (EE), other than West syndrome (WS), is lacking. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of pulse intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) in EE other than WS.

METHODS

This is an open-label evaluator-blinded randomised controlled study. Children aged 6 months or more with EE other than WS were included. Eighty children were randomised into intervention and non-intervention groups with 40 in each group. At the first visit (T1) seizure frequency, electroencephalographic (EEG) and Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) were obtained, and antiseizure medication (ASM) were optimised. After 1 month (T2), subjects were randomised to intervention (ASM+3 months IVMP pulse) or non-intervention group (only ASM) with 40 subjects in each group. They were followed up for 4 months (T3) and assessed.

RESULTS

After 4 months of follow-up, 75% of patients receiving IVMP had >50% seizure reduction versus 15.4% in control group (χ2=28.29, p<0.001) (RR 4.88, 95% CI 2.29 to 10.40), median percentage change in seizure frequency (91.41% vs 10%, p<0.001), improvement in EEG (45.5% vs 9.4%, χ2=10.866, p=0.001) and social age domain of VSMS scores (Z=-3.62, p<0.001) compared with baseline. None of the patients in the intervention group had any serious side-effects.

DISCUSSION

Three-month pulse IVMP therapy showed significant improvement in seizure frequency, EEG parameters and VSMS scores, with no steroid-related serious adverse effects. It can be considered as a safe and effective add on treatment in children with EE other than WS.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

CTRI/2019/02/017807.

Network alterations in eating epilepsy during resting state and during eating using Magnetoencephalography

OBJECTIVE

Eating epilepsy presents various imaging and electrophysiological features along with various seizure triggers. As such, network changes in eating epilepsy have not been comprehensively explored. This study was conducted to illustrate resting state network changes in eating epilepsy and to study the changes in network configurations during eating.

METHODS

Magnetoencephalography recordings of nineteen patients with drug-resistant eating epilepsy were compared with healthy controls during resting state. A subgroup of nine patients and 12 controls had MEG recordings during eating. Network changes were analyzed using phase lag index across 5 frequency bands [delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma] using clustering coefficient (CC), betweenness centrality (BC), path length (PL), modularity (Q), and small worldness (SW).

RESULTS

During the resting state, PL was decreased in patients with epilepsy in the delta, theta, and gamma band. Q was lower in patients with epilepsy in the beta and gamma bands. During eating, in patients with epilepsy, PL and SW were increased in all frequency bands, and Q was decreased in the beta band and increased in the rest of the frequency bands. Patients with mixed types of seizures showed higher PL in all bands except alpha, higher Q in all bands, and higher SW in the alpha and beta bands. Node-wise changes in CC and BC implicated changes in DMN and 'eating' networks.

CONCLUSION

Reflex Eating epilepsy presents with a hyperconnected network that exacerbates during eating. The cause of seizure onset and loss of consciousness in eating epilepsy might be due to aberrant network interaction between the regions of the brain involved with eating, such as the sensorimotor cortex, lateral parietal cortex, and insula with the limbic cortex and default mode network across multiple frequency bands.

FDG-PET in Autoimmune Encephalitis: Utility, Pattern of Abnormalities, and Correlation with Autoantibodies

Background

Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in autoimmune encephalitis (AE) as an adjunctive investigation helps in characterizing the type of AE based on characteristic metabolic patterns.

Objectives

We aimed to study the following: (i) the sensitivity of FDG-PET in the diagnosis of AE, (ii) describe abnormal patterns of metabolism of various subtypes of AE, and (iii) correlate serum serology with FDG-PET abnormalities.

Materials and Methods

This study was conducted at a tertiary university hospital in South India. The demographic profile, clinical features, and investigations (FDG-PET, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain, electroencephalography (EEG), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)) were reviewed. The nuclear medicine physician performed blinded qualitative visual and semi-quantitative analysis of the 18-FDG-PET (fluorine 18-FDG-PET) findings of these patients.

Results

Twenty-nine (M:F: 11:18) patients were recruited; among them, 22 (75.8%) patients had autoimmune antibodies; the rest seven (24.1%) patients were seronegative. Among the 22 seropositive patients, 9 (31%) patients were positive for anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), 8 (28%) for anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI-1), 4 (14%) for anti-contactin-associated protein 2 (CASPR2), 1 (3%) for anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)-65, and rest 7 (24%) patients were seronegative. The patterns most commonly observed were isolated hypermetabolism (41%), isolated hypometabolism (41%), and combined hypermetabolism with hypometabolism (18%). The fraction of abnormalities was lower for MRI (17/22; 73.9%) than for FDG-PET (27/29; 93.1%). FDG-PET correlated with serology in 10 (34%) cases [NMDAR: 6 (60%) and LGI-1: 4 (40%)]. The sensitivity of FDG-PET was 94.1% when compared with MRI.

Discussion and Conclusion

FDG-PET correlated with serology in only one-third of patients. The most consistent pattern in both seropositive and seronegative AE is characterized by parieto-occipital hypometabolism and fronto-temporal with basal ganglia hypermetabolism.

The Spectrum of Neuro-COVID: A Study of a Comprehensively Investigated Large Cohort from India

Background:

Though reports of neurological manifestations of COVID-19 have emerged from various parts of the world, the cohorts reported are from the West and mostly derived from electronic databases. Much remains unknown regarding neuro-COVID in developing countries. India is the second-worst affected country, and this study reports the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 in a comprehensively evaluated cohort.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to describe the range of neurological manifestations of COVID-19 in India with an emphasis on the risk factors, laboratory and imaging findings and short-term outcome.

Methods:

Retrospective review of hospital records of all confirmed COVID-19 patients with neurological manifestations, receiving inpatient care in two neurology referral hospitals were done. All demographic, clinical details, investigations, and treatment were analysed.

Results:

A total of 120 confirmed COVID-19 cases presenting with neurological symptoms were included. The mean age of illness and duration of illness was 48.03 ± 17.3 years and 10.9 ± 17.3 days respectively. New onset of neurological symptoms occurred in 100 cases while 20 patients had worsening of pre-existing neurological illness. Stroke was the commonest neurological disorder (43%), followed by encephalopathy (23%) and Guillain-Barre syndrome (10%). Other unusual neurological manifestations included new-onset headache (7%), seizures including denovo status epilepticus (5%) and meningo-encephalitis (5%). Nearly half of the patients had preceding COVID-19 symptoms. Poor outcome at discharge was seen in 40% and mortality occurred in 15%.

Conclusion:

Stroke and encephalopathy constitute the most common neurological manifestations. The absence of preceding COVID-19 symptoms in nearly half the cases is striking. Poor outcome was seen in nearly 50% despite early recognition and management.

EEG-based P300 in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and its correlation with cognitive functions: A case-control study

OBJECTIVE

P300 is an event-related potential, being explored as an objective tool to assess cognition. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of auditory and visual P300 in patients with TLE having unilateral HS using electroencephalography (EEG) and to study its correlation with cognition.

METHODS

This is a cross-sectional case-control study, where P300 characteristics in thirty patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis with refractory epilepsy were compared with fifteen age-, gender-, and years of education-matched healthy controls (M: F-10:5, mean age-28 ± 4.76 years). Among patients, 15 belonged to the right HS group (M: F-9:6, age at onset-12.92 ± 10.22 years, duration of epilepsy-16.67 ± 9.38 years) and 15 to the left HS group (M: F-8:7, age at onset-10.62 ± 7.18 years, duration of epilepsy-15.53 ± 10.14 years). All subjects underwent EEG-based auditory and visual oddball tasks and cognitive assessment. The P300 latencies (in milliseconds) as well as amplitudes (in microvolts) were predicted in EEG and were correlated with cognitive scores. Source localization of P300 was performed with the CLARA algorithm.

RESULTS

The auditory P300 latencies in controls, right HS, and left HS were 323.93 ± 40.28, 351.06 ± 47.23, and 328.80 ± 36.03, respectively (p = 0.18) and its amplitudes were 2.3040 ± 1.46, 2.77 ± 1.19, and 2.68 ± 1.78, respectively (p = 0.48). Visual P300 latencies in controls, right HS, and left HS were 365.87 ± 47.37, 359.67 ± 64.45, and 376.00 ± 60.06, respectively (p = 0.51) and its amplitudes were 3.93 ± 2.28, 2.09 ± 1.45, and 3.56 ± 1.74, respectively (p = 0.014). Further, when compared to the control group the cognitive scores were lower in the patient group (p < 0.05).

SIGNIFICANCE

In comparison to the controls, patients with right HS recorded lesser amplitude on visual P300 and lower scores on cognitive tests. P300 and cognitive parameters exhibited varied relationship. P300 could be a complementary objective tool to assess cognition in patients with TLE.

Magnetic source imaging in presurgical evaluation of paediatric focal drug-resistant epilepsy and its predictive value of surgical outcome in lesional cases: A single-centre experience from South India

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to evaluate the utility of magnetoencephalography in presurgical planning and in predicting post-surgical seizure outcome.

METHODS

This study included a cohort of 231 children (1-18 years) with focal drug-resistant epilepsy who underwent MEG as a part of their presurgical workup. Characteristics of MEG observations were described in all children. The concordance and agreement of Magnetic Source Imaging (MSI) of interictal discharges (IED) was estimated with either of the 3 subgroups - MRI lesion; presumed epileptogenic zone (EZ); or resection cavity. In operated children group, MEG dipole characteristics between good and poor outcome groups were assessed.

RESULTS

A total of 153 cases (66.2%) showed frequent IEDs (60 spikes/60 min). Of the 173 cases where MSI showed clusters (74.9%), 151 had lesions and 22 were non-lesional. amongst patients with lesional epilepsy and MEG clusters, class I concordance (MEG localization either completely included or overlapped at least 60% with the MRI lesion) was seen in 60.92% with a Cohen's kappa of 0.608. In non-lesional epilepsy, class I concordance of MEG with presumed EZ was found in (81.81%) with an agreement of 0.317. Fifty-three children underwent surgery of whom 39 (73.58%) showed a good outcome (Engel I). In operated children, concordance between MEG focus and resection cavity was observed in 23 (58.97%) with good outcome and in 12 (86.72%) with poor outcome with no significant difference (p>0.05). However, MEG cluster regular organization and clusterectomy are associated with good seizure outcome postoperatively (p< 0.05). Presence of scatters were associated with poor outcome (p<0.05) in children with focal cortical dysplasia.

CONCLUSIONS

MEG provides useful information that can serve as a biomarker for prognosticating the surgical outcome in paediatric epilepsy. Cluster removal and regular cluster organization shows predictive power in post-surgical prognostication in children and the presence of scatters predicts poor outcome in children with focal cortical dysplasia.

Role of pulse methylprednisolone in epileptic encephalopathy: A retrospective observational analysis

OBJECTIVES

To study the effect of monthly pulses of intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) on seizure and global outcomes in children with epileptic encephalopathy (EE).

METHODS

This retrospective study was undertaken in a tertiary care epilepsy center in India. Consecutive patients with EE who had received IVMP as adjunctive therapy for a minimum of 3 months and had at least one pre-and post-steroid EEG each, were identified and a structured questionnaire was used to collect information including outcomes at 3 months post-steroid course completion and beyond, as available.

RESULTS

Ninety-seven patients (M:F=71:26) fulfilling the inclusion criteria with a mean age at onset of seizures being 20.52 ± 25.69 months were included. Commonest seizure types were myoclonic (66%); Lennaux-Gastaut and West Syndromes accounted for 57 % and 24 % patients respectively. The etiology was unknown in 52 %. All children were on a combination of standard anti-seizure drugs. The duration of IVMP pulse therapy was 7.72 ± 6.25 months. One-fourth (26 %) patients experienced minor adverse events. Greater than 50 % seizure burden reduction was seen in 66 % patients at 3 months with seizure-freedom in 25 %. A total of 45 (46 %) patients became seizure-free in the cohort eventually with continuation of steroids beyond 3 months. Children with idiopathic EEs, normal neuroimaging, myoclonic jerks, and West syndrome showed the best response. The presence of burst-suppression and generalized paroxysmal fast activity (GPFA) predicted inadequate response.

CONCLUSIONS

Adjunct pulse doses of IVMP are safe, well-tolerated, and effective in reducing seizures and improving global outcomes in children with idiopathic EEs, West syndrome, normal neuroimaging, and myoclonic jerks. Seizure freedom might be delayed in a subset of these patients, hence duration of therapy beyond 3 months may be warranted.

Response to Steroids in IQSEC2-Related Encephalopathy Presenting with Rett-Like Phenotype and Infantile Spasms

Introduction  IQSEC2-related encephalopathy is an X-linked childhood neurodevelopmental disorder with intellectual disability, epilepsy, and autism. This disorder is caused by a mutation in the IQSEC2 gene, the product of which plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system. Case Report  We describe the symptomatology, clinical course, and management of a 17-month-old male child with a novel IQSEC2 mutation. He presented with an atypical Rett syndrome phenotype with developmental delay, autistic features, midline stereotypies, microcephaly, hypotonia and epilepsy with multiple seizure types including late-onset infantile spasms. Spasms were followed by worsening of behavior and cognition, and regression of acquired milestones. Treatment with steroids led to control of spasms and improved attention, behavior and recovery of lost motor milestone. In the past 10 months following steroid therapy, child lags in development, remains autistic with no further seizure recurrence. Conclusion  IQSEC2-related encephalopathy may present with Rett atypical phenotypes and childhood spasms. In resource-limited settings, steroids may be considered for spasm remission in IQSEC2-related epileptic encephalopathy.

Cortical-Subcortical morphometric signature of hot water epilepsy patients

BACKGROUND

Cortical and subcortical grey matter (GM) morphometric changes have been demonstrated Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) or Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies (IGE). Hot Water Epilepsy (HWE) has not hitherto been studied in these perspectives.

PURPOSE

To investigate the cortical and subcortical grey matter in subjects with HWE in terms of thickness, volume, and surface area using Surface-Based Morphometry (SBM). To assess relationships of SBM-derived metrics with clinical variables.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ninety-nine people with HWE and 50 age-matched healthy controls underwent high resolution volumetric MRI brain. These were processed with FreeSurfer to obtain SBM parameters i:e cortical thickness, cortical volume, and Cortical surface area. Volumes of seven subcortical GM structures (hippocampus, globus pallidus, nucleus ambiguous(NA), caudate nucleus, putamen, thalamus, and amygdala) were computed. Intergroup morphometric differences and their correlation with epilepsy-specific clinical variables were calculated.

RESULTS

SBM revealed a global reduction in bihemispheric cortical thickness and left hemispheric cortical volume. Besides, a regional difference in the morphometric measures was noted in temporo-limbic, parietal, pre-cuneus, and the cingulate region. Reduced volume of thalami and left caudate alongside an increased volume of the bilateral amygdala, bilateral nucleus ambiguous (NA), right caudate, and putamen was the other cardinal observation.

CONCLUSION

HWE subjects show alterations in the morphometry of the cortical ribbon and the subcortical grey matter. The temporal semiology, 'reflex nature' pathophysiology correlates involvement of temporo-limbic structures/somatosensory cortex, while the involvement of structures like pre-cuneus, posterior cingulate, and frontal regions are in agreement with functional networks related loss of awareness. That bilateral amygdala swelling occurs in HWE is a novel observation and may signal that it could be a distinct variant of Mesial TLE.

Intraventricular neurocysticercosis presenting as Bruns’ syndrome: An uncommon presentation

Background

Though parenchymal neurocysticercosis is common and a major contributor to burden of seizures in most parts of the world, intraventricular neurocysticercosis (IVNCC) comprises 10–20% of cases and poses a diagnostic challenge to the clinician.

Case presentation

We report an adult female presenting with intermittent occipital headache, used to be worse in lying down position, and aggravated with head movements, and there was mild relief in the sitting position. Her physical examination was unremarkable, and laboratory tests were within normal limits. Her multimodal neuroimaging showed cystic lesion in the fourth ventricle suggestive of neurocysticercosis. Patient underwent neuroendoscopic removal of the cyst, and the final diagnosis was confirmed on histopathology. Post removal of cyst patient had complete resolution of her symptoms.

Discussion

Intraventricular neurocysticercosis can present as acute hydrocephalus which may clinically manifest as Bruns’ syndrome in which sudden attacks of headache vertigo and nausea or vomiting are precipitated by abrupt head movements which was observed in our patient. Multimodal neuroimaging supported by histopathology helped in confirmation of the diagnosis, thus averting an inadvertent use of unnecessary medications in such patients. Furthermore, neuroendoscopy has evolved as minimally invasive technique for extirpation of fourth ventricular cysts.

Improvement in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Following Right Anterior Temporal Lobectomy and Amygdalohippocampectomy in a Patient with Refractory Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Right Mesial Temporal Sclerosis

There are reports of co-occurrence of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We present a report of a patient with refractory TLE due to hippocampal sclerosis with concomitant OCD on pharmacotherapy for both. She underwent surgery for standard anterior temporal lobectomy with amygdalohippocampectomy and reported improvement in obsessive-compulsive symptoms subsequently. We seek to further evidence of interaction between the two conditions and argue to undertake future research exploration on the same.