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Vasco K, Nohomovich B, Singh P, Venegas-Vargas C, Mosci RE, Rust S, Bartlett P, Norby B, Grooms D, Zhang L, Manning SD. Characterizing the Cattle Gut Microbiome in Farms with a High and Low Prevalence of Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081737. [PMID: 34442815 PMCID: PMC8399351 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are the main reservoirs of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC), a major foodborne pathogen associated with acute enteric disease and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans. A total of 397 beef and dairy cattle from 5 farms were included in this study, of which 660 samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The microbiota of farms with a high-STEC prevalence (HSP) had greater richness compared to those of farms with a low-STEC prevalence (LSP). Longitudinal analyses showed STEC-shedders from LSP farms had higher microbiome diversity; meanwhile, changes in the microbiome composition in HSP farms were independent of the STEC shedding status. Most of the bacterial genera associated with STEC shedding in dairy farms were also correlated with differences in the percentage of forage in diet and risk factors of STEC carriage such as days in milk, number of lactations, and warm temperatures. Identifying factors that alter the gut microbiota and enable STEC colonization in livestock could lead to novel strategies to prevent fecal shedding and the subsequent transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Vasco
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Brian Nohomovich
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Cristina Venegas-Vargas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.V.-V.); (P.B.); (B.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Rebekah E. Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Steven Rust
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Paul Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.V.-V.); (P.B.); (B.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.V.-V.); (P.B.); (B.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniel Grooms
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.V.-V.); (P.B.); (B.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shannon D. Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Rodrigues JA, Cha W, Mosci RE, Mukherjee S, Newton DW, Lephart P, Salimnia H, Khalife W, Rudrik JT, Manning SD. Epidemiologic Associations Vary Between Tetracycline and Fluoroquinolone Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Infections. Front Public Health 2021; 9:672473. [PMID: 34262891 PMCID: PMC8273344 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.672473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis and antibiotic resistant C. jejuni are a serious threat to public health. Herein, we sought to evaluate trends in C. jejuni infections, quantify resistance frequencies, and identify epidemiological factors associated with infection. Campylobacter jejuni isolates (n = 214) were collected from patients via an active surveillance system at four metropolitan hospitals in Michigan between 2011 and 2014. The minimum inhibitory concentration for nine antibiotics was determined using microbroth dilution, while demographic and clinical data were used for the univariate and multivariate analyses. Over the 4-year period, a significant increase in the recovery of C. jejuni was observed (p ≤ 0.0001). Differences in infection rates were observed by hospital and several factors were linked to more severe disease. Patients residing in urban areas, for instance, were significantly more likely to be hospitalized than rural residents as were patients over 40 years of age and those self-identifying as non-White, highlighting potential disparities in disease outcomes. Among the 214 C. jejuni isolates, 135 (63.1%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Resistance was observed for all nine antibiotics tested yielding 11 distinct resistance phenotypes. Tetracycline resistance predominated (n = 120; 56.1%) followed by resistance to ciprofloxacin (n = 49; 22.9%), which increased from 15.6% in 2011 to 25.0% in 2014. Resistance to two antibiotic classes was observed in 38 (17.8%) isolates, while multidrug resistance, or resistance to three or more classes, was observed in four (1.9%). Notably, patients with ciprofloxacin resistant infections were more likely to report traveling in the past month (Odds Ratio (OR): 3.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37, 6.68) and international travel (OR: 9.8; 95% CI: 3.69, 26.09). Relative to patients with only tetracycline resistant infections, those with ciprofloxacin resistance were more likely to travel internationally, be hospitalized and have an infection during the fall or summer. Together, these findings show increasing rates of infection and resistance and highlight specific factors that impact both outcomes. Enhancing understanding of factors linked to C. jejuni resistance and more severe infections is critical for disease prevention, particularly since many clinical laboratories have switched to the use of culture-independent tests for the detection of Campylobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Rodrigues
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Wonhee Cha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Rebekah E. Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sanjana Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Duane W. Newton
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul Lephart
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hossein Salimnia
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Walid Khalife
- Detroit Medical Center University Laboratories, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - James T. Rudrik
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Laboratories, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Shannon D. Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Blankenship HM, Mosci RE, Dietrich S, Burgess E, Wholehan J, McWilliams K, Pietrzen K, Benko S, Gatesy T, Rudrik JT, Soehnlen M, Manning SD. Population structure and genetic diversity of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) clinical isolates from Michigan. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4461. [PMID: 33627701 PMCID: PMC7904848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-O157 STEC are increasingly linked to foodborne infections, yet little is known about the diversity and molecular epidemiology across locations. Herein, we used whole genome sequencing to examine genetic variation in 894 isolates collected from Michigan patients between 2001 and 2018. In all, 67 serotypes representing 69 multilocus sequence types were identified. Serotype diversity increased from an average of four (2001-2006) to 17 (2008-2018) serotypes per year. The top six serogroups reported nationally caused > 60% of infections in 16 of the 18 years; serogroups O111 and O45 were associated with hospitalization as were age ≥ 65 years, diarrhea with blood and female sex. Phylogenetic analyses of seven multilocus sequence typing (MLST) loci identified three clades as well as evidence of parallel evolution and recombination. Most (95.5%) isolates belonged to one clade, which could be further differentiated into seven subclades comprising isolates with varying virulence gene profiles and serotypes. No association was observed between specific clades and the epidemiological data, suggesting that serogroup- and serotype-specific associations are more important predictors of disease outcomes than lineages defined by MLST. Molecular epidemiological studies of non-O157 STEC are important to enhance understanding of circulating strain distributions and traits, genetic variation, and factors that may impact disease risk and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Blankenship
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Laboratories, Lansing, MI, 48906, USA
| | - Rebekah E Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Stephen Dietrich
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Laboratories, Lansing, MI, 48906, USA
| | - Elizabeth Burgess
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Laboratories, Lansing, MI, 48906, USA
| | - Jason Wholehan
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Laboratories, Lansing, MI, 48906, USA
| | - Karen McWilliams
- Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Karen Pietrzen
- Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Scott Benko
- Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Ted Gatesy
- Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - James T Rudrik
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Laboratories, Lansing, MI, 48906, USA
| | - Marty Soehnlen
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Laboratories, Lansing, MI, 48906, USA
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 1129 Farm Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Blankenship HM, Mosci RE, Phan Q, Fontana J, Rudrik JT, Manning SD. Genetic Diversity of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Recovered From Patients in Michigan and Connecticut. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:529. [PMID: 32300338 PMCID: PMC7145412 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are important foodborne pathogens and non-O157 serotypes have been gradually increasing in frequency. The non-O157 STEC population is diverse and is often characterized using serotyping and/or multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Although spacers within clustered regularly interspaced repeat (CRISPR) regions were shown to comprise horizontally acquired DNA elements, this region does not actively acquire spacers in STEC. Hence, it is useful for further characterizing non-O157 STEC and examining relationships between strains. Our study goal was to evaluate the genetic relatedness of 41 clinical non-O157 isolates identified in Michigan between 2001 and 2005 while comparing to 114 isolates from Connecticut during an overlapping time period. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed, and sequences were extracted for serotyping, MLST and CRISPR analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of MLST and CRISPR data was performed using the Neighbor joining and unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) algorithms, respectively. In all, 29 serogroups were identified; eight were unique to Michigan and 13 to Connecticut. “Big-six” serogroup frequencies were similar by state (Michigan: 73.2%, Connecticut: 81.6%), though STEC O121 was not found in Michigan. The distribution of sequence types (STs) and CRISPR profiles was also similar across states. Interestingly, big-six serogroups such as O103 and O26, grouped into different STs located on distinct branches of the phylogeny, further confirming that serotyping alone is not adequate for evaluating strain relatedness. Comparatively, the CRISPR analysis identified 361 unique spacers that grouped into 80 different CRISPR profiles. CRISPR spacers 231 and 317 were isolated from 79.2% (n = 118) and 59.1% (n = 88) of strains, respectively, regardless of serogroup and ST. Spacer profiles clustered according to the MLST analysis, though some discrepancies were noted. Indeed, use of both MLST and CRISPR typing enhanced the discriminatory power when compared to the use of each tool separately. These data highlight the genetic diversity of clinical STEC from different locations and show that CRISPR profiling can be used alongside MLST to discriminate related strains. Use of targeted sequencing approaches are particularly helpful for sites without WGS capabilities and can help define which strains require additional characterization using more discriminatory methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Blankenship
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Rebekah E Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Quyen Phan
- Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - John Fontana
- Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, CT, United States
| | - James T Rudrik
- Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Mukherjee S, Anderson CM, Mosci RE, Newton DW, Lephart P, Salimnia H, Khalife W, Rudrik JT, Manning SD. Increasing Frequencies of Antibiotic Resistant Non-typhoidal Salmonella Infections in Michigan and Risk Factors for Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:250. [PMID: 31781566 PMCID: PMC6857118 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are important enteric pathogens causing over 1 million foodborne illnesses in the U.S. annually. The widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance in NTS isolates has limited the availability of antibiotics that can be used for therapy. Since Michigan is not part of the FoodNet surveillance system, few studies have quantified antibiotic resistance frequencies and identified risk factors for NTS infections in the state. We obtained 198 clinical NTS isolates via active surveillance at four Michigan hospitals from 2011 to 2014 for classification of serovars and susceptibility to 24 antibiotics using broth microdilution. The 198 isolates belonged to 35 different serovars with Enteritidis (36.9%) predominating followed by Typhimurium (19.5%) and Newport (9.7%), though the proportion of each varied by year, residence, and season. The number of Enteritidis and Typhimurium cases was higher in the summer, while Enteritidis cases were significantly more common among urban vs. rural residents. A total of 30 (15.2%) NTS isolates were resistant to ≥1 antibiotic and 15 (7.5%) were resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes; a significantly greater proportion of Typhimurium isolates were resistant compared to Enteritidis isolates and an increasing trend in the frequency of tetracycline resistance and multidrug resistance was observed over the 4-year period. Resistant infections were associated with longer hospital stays as the mean stay was 5.9 days for patients with resistant isolates relative to 4.0 days for patients infected with susceptible isolates. Multinomial logistic regression indicated that infection with serovars other than Enteritidis [Odds ratio (OR): 3.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23-11.82] as well as infection during the fall (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.22-7.60) were independently associated with resistance. Together, these findings demonstrate the importance of surveillance, monitoring resistance frequencies, and identifying risk factors that can aid in the development of new prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Chase M Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Rebekah E Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Duane W Newton
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul Lephart
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hossein Salimnia
- Microbiology Division, Detroit Medical Center University Laboratories, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Walid Khalife
- Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Laboratories, Sparrow Hospital, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - James T Rudrik
- Bureau of Laboratories, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Mukherjee S, Mosci RE, Anderson CM, Snyder BA, Collins J, Rudrik JT, Manning SD. Antimicrobial Drug-Resistant Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Infections, Michigan, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1609-1611. [PMID: 28820370 PMCID: PMC5572870 DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.170523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High frequencies of antimicrobial drug resistance were observed in O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing E. coli strains recovered from patients in Michigan during 2010–2014. Resistance was more common in non-O157 strains and independently associated with hospitalization, indicating that resistance could contribute to more severe disease outcomes.
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Mukherjee S, Mosci RE, Anderson CM, Snyder BA, Collins J, Rudrik JT, Manning SD. Antimicrobial Drug–Resistant Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli Infections, Michigan, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2017. [DOI: 10.3201/eid2309.17-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Cha W, Mosci RE, Wengert SL, Venegas Vargas C, Rust SR, Bartlett PC, Grooms DL, Manning SD. Comparing the Genetic Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Campylobacter jejuni Recovered from Cattle and Humans. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:818. [PMID: 28536568 PMCID: PMC5422560 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans, is a foodborne pathogen that can reside in chickens, pigs, and cattle. Because resistance to fluoroquinolones and macrolides, which are commonly used to treat human infections, has emerged in C. jejuni, it is imperative to continously monitor resistance patterns and examine the genetic variation in strains from human infections and animal reservoirs. Our previous study of C. jejuni from human campylobacteriosis cases showed a significantly higher rate of tetracycline resistance compared to national trends, and identified multilocus sequence type (ST)-982 and a history of cattle contact to be associated with tetracycline resistance. To further investigate these associations, we conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the frequency of antimicrobial resistance and examine the genetic diversity of C. jejuni recovered from 214 cattle at three Michigan herds. Overall, the prevalence of C. jejuni was 69.2% (range: 58.6–83.8%) for the three farms, and 83.7% (n = 113) of isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobials. Resistance to only tetracycline predominated among the cattle isolates (n = 89; 65.9%) with most resistant strains belonging to ST-459 (96.5%) or ST-982 (86.4%). Among the 22 STs identified, STs 459 and 982 were more prevalent in one feedlot, which reported the use of chlortetracycline in feed upon arrival of a new herd. PCR-based fingerprinting demonstrated that the ST-982 isolates from cattle and humans had identical banding patterns, suggesting the possibility of interspecies transmission. Resistance to macrolides (1.5%) and ciprofloxacin (16.3%) was also observed; 14 of the 22 ciprofloxacin resistant isolates represented ST-1244. Together, these findings demonstrate a high prevalence of antimicrobial resistant C. jejuni in cattle and identify associations with specific genotypes. Continuous monitoring and identification of risk factors for resistance emergence are imperative to develop novel methods aimed at decreasing pathogen persistence in food animal reservoirs and the frequency of resistant infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhee Cha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
| | - Rebekah E Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
| | - Samantha L Wengert
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
| | - Cristina Venegas Vargas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
| | - Steven R Rust
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
| | - Paul C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
| | - Daniel L Grooms
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
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Venegas-Vargas C, Henderson S, Khare A, Mosci RE, Lehnert JD, Singh P, Ouellette LM, Norby B, Funk JA, Rust S, Bartlett PC, Grooms D, Manning SD. Factors Associated with Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Shedding by Dairy and Beef Cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5049-56. [PMID: 27342555 PMCID: PMC4968536 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00829-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important foodborne pathogen that can cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Cattle are the primary reservoir for STEC, and food or water contaminated with cattle feces is the most common source of infections in humans. Consequently, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,096 cattle in six dairy herds (n = 718 animals) and five beef herds (n = 378 animals) in the summers of 2011 and 2012 to identify epidemiological factors associated with shedding. Fecal samples were obtained from each animal and cultured for STEC. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with STEC positivity. The prevalence of STEC was higher in beef cattle (21%) than dairy cattle (13%) (odds ratio [OR], 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25, 2.47), with considerable variation occurring across herds (range, 6% to 54%). Dairy cattle were significantly more likely to shed STEC when the average temperature was >28.9°C 1 to 5 days prior to sampling (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.25, 4.91), during their first lactation (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1, 2.8), and when they were <30 days in milk (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.1, 7.2). These data suggest that the stress or the negative energy balance associated with lactation may result in increased STEC shedding frequencies in Michigan during the warm summer months. Future prevention strategies aimed at reducing stress during lactation or isolating high-risk animals could be implemented to reduce herd-level shedding levels and avoid transmission of STEC to susceptible animals and people. IMPORTANCE STEC shedding frequencies vary considerably across cattle herds in Michigan, and the shedding frequency of strains belonging to non-O157 serotypes far exceeds the shedding frequency of O157 strains, which is congruent with human infections in the state. Dairy cattle sampled at higher temperatures, in their first lactation, and early in the milk production stage were significantly more likely to shed STEC, which could be due to stress or a negative energy balance. Future studies should focus on the isolation of high-risk animals to decrease herd shedding levels and the potential for contamination of the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Venegas-Vargas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott Henderson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Akanksha Khare
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebekah E Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan D Lehnert
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lindsey M Ouellette
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Julie A Funk
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven Rust
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel Grooms
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Singh P, Sha Q, Lacher DW, Del Valle J, Mosci RE, Moore JA, Scribner KT, Manning SD. Characterization of enteropathogenic and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in cattle and deer in a shared agroecosystem. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:29. [PMID: 25883908 PMCID: PMC4381715 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important foodborne pathogen. Cattle are suggested to be an important reservoir for STEC; however, these pathogens have also been isolated from other livestock and wildlife. In this study we sought to investigate transmission of STEC, enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) between cattle and white-tailed deer in a shared agroecosystem. Cattle feces were collected from 100 animals in a Michigan dairy farm in July 2012, while 163 deer fecal samples were collected during two sampling periods (March and June). The locations of deer fecal pellets were recorded via geographic information system mapping and microsatellite multi-locus genotyping was used to link the fecal samples to individual deer at both time points. Following subculture to sorbitol MacConkey agar and STEC CHROMagar, the pathogens were characterized by serotyping, stx profiling, and PCR-based fingerprinting; multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed on a subset. STEC and EHEC were cultured from 12 to 16% of cattle, respectively, and EPEC was found in 36%. Deer were significantly less likely to have a pathogen in March vs. June where the frequency of STEC, EHEC, and EPEC was 1, 6, and 22%, respectively. PCR fingerprinting and MLST clustered the cattle- and deer-derived strains together in a phylogenetic tree. Two STEC strains recovered from both animal species shared MLST and fingerprinting profiles, thereby providing evidence of interspecies transmission and highlighting the importance of wildlife species in pathogen shedding dynamics and persistence in the environment and cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Qiong Sha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David W Lacher
- Division of Molecular Biology, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Del Valle
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Rebekah E Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Moore
- Biology Department, Grand Valley State University Allendale, MI, USA
| | - Kim T Scribner
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
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