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Jiang Y, Wingert N, Arif A, Garcia-Käufer M, Schulz SD, Hellwig E, Gminski R, Polydorou O. Cytotoxic and inflammatory response of human lung epithelial cells A549 to particles released from dental restorative materials during dry and wet grinding. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1886-1899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Reidelbach C, Garcia-Käufer M, Wingert N, Arif A, Vach K, Hellwig E, Gminski R, Polydorou O. Cytotoxicity and estrogenicity in simulated dental wastewater after grinding of resin-based materials. Dent Mater 2021; 37:1486-1497. [PMID: 34376295 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the cytotoxic and estrogenic effects of dust and eluates released into simulated wastewater after grinding of dental resin-based materials. METHODS Four materials were used: ceram.x® universal, Filtek™ Supreme XTE, Lava™ Ultimate and Core-X™ flow. From each composite material, samples (5 × 2 mm, n = 50) were prepared according to the manufacturers' instructions. Lava™ Ultimate was used as blocks. All samples were ground to dust with a diamond bur (106 μm) and suspended in distilled water at 60 mg/mL. After storage for 72 h, the suspensions were separated into a soluble (eluate) and a particulate (dust) fraction. Eluates and dusts were evaluated for inhibition of Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence and cytotoxicity on human A549 lung cells (WST-1-Assay). The estrogenic activity was assessed by YES-Assay using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Additionally, dental monomers (BisGMA, BisEMA, UDMA, TEGDMA, HEMA) and Bisphenol A were investigated. RESULTS All eluates showed inhibition of V. fischeri bioluminescence at concentrations above 1.1 mg/mL (p < 0.05). The activity of the eluates of ceram.x® universal and Filtek™ Supreme XTE was significantly higher than Lava™ Ultimate and Core-X™ flow (p < 0.05). In the WST-1-Assay, all materials induced cytotoxic effects at concentrations of 0.1 mg/mL (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were detected among them. The tested materials revealed no estrogenic activity. All dental monomers and Bisphenol A showed concentration dependent cytotoxic effects (p < 0.05), whereas only Bisphenol A induced an estrogenic effect (p < 0.01). SIGNIFICANCE Dust and eluates of resin-based dental materials released into wastewater exert bactericidal and cytotoxic effects in vitro. However, they reveal no estrogenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reidelbach
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - M Garcia-Käufer
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115b, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - N Wingert
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115b, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Arif
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115b, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - K Vach
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 26, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - E Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - R Gminski
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 115b, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - O Polydorou
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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Junge KM, Buchenauer L, Elter E, Butter K, Kohajda T, Herberth G, Röder S, Borte M, Kiess W, von Bergen M, Simon JC, Rolle-Kampczyk UE, Lehmann I, Gminski R, Ohlmeyer M, Polte T. Wood emissions and asthma development: Results from an experimental mouse model and a prospective cohort study. Environ Int 2021; 151:106449. [PMID: 33611105 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased use of renewable resources like sustainably produced wood in construction or for all sorts of long-lived products is considered to contribute to reducing society's carbon footprint. However, as a natural, biological material, wood and wood products emit specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Therefore, the evaluation of possible health effects due to wood emissions is of major interest. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects of an exposure to multiple wood-related VOCs on asthma development. METHODS A murine asthma model was used to evaluate possible allergic and inflammatory effects on the lung after short- or long-term and perinatal exposure to pinewood or oriented strand board (OSB). In addition, wood-related VOCs were measured within the German prospective mother-child cohort LINA and their joint effect on early wheezing or asthma development in children until the age of 10 was estimated by Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) stratifying also for family history of atopy (FHA). RESULTS Our experimental data show that neither pinewood nor OSB emissions even at high total VOC levels and a long-lasting exposure period induce significant inflammatory or asthma-promoting effects in sensitized or non-sensitized mice. Moreover, an exposure during the vulnerable time window around birth was also without effect. Consistently, in our mother-child cohort LINA, an exposure to multiple wood-related VOCs during pregnancy or the first year of life was not associated with early wheezing or asthma development in children independent from their FHA. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that emissions from wood and wood products at levels commonly occurring in the living environment do not exert adverse effects concerning wheezing or asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Junge
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department of Environmental Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Buchenauer
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department of Environmental Immunology, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Leipzig University Medical Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elena Elter
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department of Environmental Immunology, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Leipzig University Medical Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Butter
- Thünen Institute of Wood Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tibor Kohajda
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunda Herberth
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department of Environmental Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Röder
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department of Environmental Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Borte
- Children's Hospital, Municipal Hospital "St. Georg", Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- University of Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents - Centre for Pediatric Research, Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan C Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Leipzig University Medical Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike E Rolle-Kampczyk
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Irina Lehmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Environmental Epigenetics and Lung Research Group, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Molecular Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Gminski
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Polte
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Department of Environmental Immunology, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Leipzig University Medical Center, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Pawliczak J, Kolb M, Bauer M, Gminski R, Dietz A, Wichmann G. Micronucleus Formation in Primary Oropharyngeal Epithelial Cells Reveals Mutagenicity of Cement Dusts. Anticancer Res 2021; 41:1849-1858. [PMID: 33813390 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.14951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Epidemiological studies showed an increased risk of developing laryngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) for employees working in the construction business. This suggested a causal link between exposure to cement particles and development of HNSCC but data were missing. MATERIALS AND METHODS We established an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline 487-conform micronucleus assay (MNA) using oropharyngeal mucosa-derived primary epithelial cells (OPCs) ex vivo. OPCs from healthy mucosa of 52 donors were cultured in vitro and incubated with serial concentrations of two common cement particles. Mitomycin C was used as a soluble positive control, and TiO2 and DQ12 were used as negative and positive particle controls. Bi-nucleated cells were counted and the mitotic index (MI) was determined. Subsequently, micronuclei-containing bi-nucleated cells (MN+) were counted. RESULTS Cement particles, in concentrations not significantly reducing ex vivo proliferation according to mitotic index, dose-dependently increased micronuclei formation. CONCLUSION Through the establishment of an OECD guideline 487 conform MNA, we demonstrate the mutagenic effects of cement on human OPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Pawliczak
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Krankenhaus Martha-Maria, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Marlen Kolb
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mario Bauer
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Richard Gminski
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Department of Environmental Toxicology and Nanotoxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunnar Wichmann
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany;
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Suntrup-Krueger S, Muhle P, Kampe I, Egidi P, Ruck T, Lenze F, Jungheim M, Gminski R, Labeit B, Claus I, Warnecke T, Gross J, Dziewas R. Effect of Capsaicinoids on Neurophysiological, Biochemical, and Mechanical Parameters of Swallowing Function. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:1360-1370. [PMID: 33449304 PMCID: PMC8423940 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00996-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal dysphagia is prevalent in age-related neurological disorders presenting with impaired efficacy and safety of swallowing due to a loss of muscle force and sensory deficits. Stimulating the oropharynx with capsaicin that mediates Substance P release is an emerging pharmacological treatment option which needs further scientific evidence. Our aim was to comprehensively evaluate the effect of capsaicin on biochemical, neurophysiological, and biomechanical parameters of swallowing function. In a randomized study on healthy individuals, the impact of orally administered capsaicinoids at different dosages and application durations in comparison to non-carbonated water was evaluated. Time course and magnitude of salivary Substance P increase were monitored. Magnetoencephalography was used to detect cortical swallowing network alterations. Modifications in swallowing biomechanics were measured applying high-resolution pharyngeal manometry. Capsaicinoids at 10 μmol/L improved swallowing efficacy as seen by a significant increase of pharyngeal contractile integral and upper esophageal sphincter activation and relaxation times in manometry. Significant improvement of precision in a challenging swallow task accompanied by a reduction in swallowing-related submental electromyographic power was observed with capsaicinoids preconditioning at 10 μmol/L over 5 min, but not with continuous stimulation. The cortical activation pattern remained unchanged after any intervention. A significant increase of salivary Substance P was not detected with 10 μmol/L but with 50 μmol/L and lasted for 15 min after application. Capsaicinoids mediate dose-dependent Substance P release and positively alter swallowing biomechanics in healthy subjects. The results provide supportive evidence for the value of natural capsaicinoids to improve swallowing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Suntrup-Krueger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University Hospital Muenster, Malmedyweg 15, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Paul Muhle
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A, 48149, Muenster, Germany
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University Hospital Muenster, Malmedyweg 15, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Isabella Kampe
- Pediatrics Department, St. Franziskus-Hospital Ahlen, Robert-Koch-Straße 55, 59227, Ahlen, Germany
| | - Paula Egidi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Clemenshospital Münster, Duesbergweg 124, 48153, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Frank Lenze
- Department of Medicine B for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Michael Jungheim
- Department of Phoniatrics and Pediatric Audiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Richard Gminski
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bendix Labeit
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A, 48149, Muenster, Germany
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University Hospital Muenster, Malmedyweg 15, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Inga Claus
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Tobias Warnecke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Joachim Gross
- Institute for Biomagnetism and Biosignalanalysis, University Hospital Muenster, Malmedyweg 15, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Rainer Dziewas
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1 A, 48149, Muenster, Germany
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Arif AT, Maschowski C, Khanaqa P, Garra P, Garcia-Käufer M, Wingert N, Mersch-Sundermann V, Gminski R, Trouvé G, Gieré R. Characterization and in vitro biological effects of ambient air PM 10 from a rural, an industrial and an urban site in Sulaimani City, Iraq. Toxicol Environ Chem 2018; 100:373-394. [PMID: 31534295 PMCID: PMC6750222 DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2018.1520234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High urban atmospheric pollution is caused by economic and industrial growth, especially in developing countries. The objective of this study was to assess possible relationships between in vitro effects on human alveolar epithelial cells of source-related dust types collected at Sulaimani City (Iraq), and to determine their mineralogical and chemical composition. A passive sampler was used to collect dust particles at a rural, an industrial and an urban sampling site during July and August 2014. The samples were size-fractionated by a low-pressure impactor to obtain respirable dust with aerodynamic diameters of less than 10 μm. The dust was mainly composed of quartz and calcite. Chrysotile fibres (white asbestos) were also found at the urban site. Dust from the industrial and urban sites triggered cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in the cells, whereas only minor effects were observed for the sample from the rural site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Talib Arif
- Sulaimani Polytechnic University (SPU), Technical College of health, Sulaimani, Iraq
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D- 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences-Geochemistry, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research (KISSR), Qirga - Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Christoph Maschowski
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences-Geochemistry, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Polla Khanaqa
- Sulaimani Polytechnic University (SPU), Technical College of health, Sulaimani, Iraq
- Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research (KISSR), Qirga - Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Patxi Garra
- Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement (LGRE), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
- Laboratoire Modélisation Intelligence des Procédés et des Systèmes (MIPS), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Garcia-Käufer
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D- 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Wingert
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D- 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Mersch-Sundermann
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D- 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard Gminski
- Institute for Infection Prevention and Hospital Epidemiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, D- 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gwenaëlle Trouvé
- Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement (LGRE), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Reto Gieré
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316, USA
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Arif AT, Maschowski C, Garra P, Garcia-Käufer M, Petithory T, Trouvé G, Dieterlen A, Mersch-Sundermann V, Khanaqa P, Nazarenko I, Gminski R, Gieré R. Cytotoxic and genotoxic responses of human lung cells to combustion smoke particles of Miscanthus straw, softwood and beech wood chips. Atmos Environ (1994) 2017; 163:138-154. [PMID: 30519142 PMCID: PMC6275551 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of particulate matter (PM) from residential biomass combustion is epidemiologically associated with cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. This study investigates PM0.4-1 emissions from combustion of commercial Miscanthus straw (MS), softwood chips (SWC) and beech wood chips (BWC) in a domestic-scale boiler (40 kW). The PM0.4-1 emitted during combustion of the MS, SWC and BWC were characterized by ICP-MS/OES, XRD, SEM, TEM, and DLS. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human alveolar epithelial A549 and human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were assessed by the WST-1 assay and the DNA-Alkaline Unwinding Assay (DAUA). PM0.4-1 uptake/translocation in cells was investigated with a new method developed using a confocal reflection microscope. SWC and BWC had a inherently higher residual water content than MS. The PM0.4-1 emitted during combustion of SWC and BWC exhibited higher levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), a greater variety of mineral species and a higher heavy metal content than PM0.4-1 from MS combustion. Exposure to PM0.4-1 from combustion of SWC and BWC induced cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in human alveolar and bronchial cells, whereby the strongest effect was observed for BWC and was comparable to that caused by diesel PM (SRM 2 975), In contrast, PM0.4-1 from MS combustion did not induce cellular responses in the studied lung cells. A high PAH content in PM emissions seems to be a reliable chemical marker of both combustion efficiency and particle toxicity. Residual biomass water content strongly affects particulate emissions and their toxic potential. Therefore, to minimize the harmful effects of fine PM on health, improvement of combustion efficiency (aiming to reduce the presence of incomplete combustion products bound to PM) and application of fly ash capture technology, as well as use of novel biomass fuels like Miscanthus straw is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Talib Arif
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
- Sulaimani Polytechnic University (SPU) and Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research (KISSR), Qirga - Sulaimani, Iraq
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences-Geochemistry, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Corresponding author. Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany., (A.T. Arif)
| | - Christoph Maschowski
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences-Geochemistry, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patxi Garra
- Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement (LGRE), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
- Laboratoire Modélisation Intelligence des Procédés et des Systèmes (MIPS), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Manuel Garcia-Käufer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tatiana Petithory
- Institut de Sciences des Materiaux de Mulhouse, CNRS UMR7361, Universite de Haute-Alsace, 15 rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Trouvé
- Laboratoire Gestion des Risques et Environnement (LGRE), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Alain Dieterlen
- Laboratoire Modélisation Intelligence des Procédés et des Systèmes (MIPS), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68093 Mulhouse Cedex, France
| | - Volker Mersch-Sundermann
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Polla Khanaqa
- Sulaimani Polytechnic University (SPU) and Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research (KISSR), Qirga - Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Irina Nazarenko
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richard Gminski
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reto Gieré
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6316, USA
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Huber R, Gminski R, Tang T, Weinert T, Schulz S, Linke-Cordes M, Martin I, Fischer H. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Seed Oil for Treating Menopausal Symptoms: An Individually Controlled Cohort Study. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 23:28-34. [PMID: 28323626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Context • In the folk medicine of Mediterranean countries and in ancient Ayurveda, Punica granatum seeds (ie, pomegranate seeds) have been used for treatment of various disorders, including those that nowadays are classified as menopausal symptoms (MSs). Pomegranate seed oil (PSO) from those seeds mainly contains unsaturated fatty acids such as γ-linoleic acid and linolenic acid, but it also includes phytoestrogens. It is, therefore, regarded as a promising option for treating MSs today. Objectives • The study intended to investigate the safety and effectiveness of PSO as a defined P granatum seed oil for patients with MSs. Design • The research team designed an individually controlled, investigator-initiated cohort study. Setting • The treatments were performed at 2 institutions: (1) the Center for Complementary Medicine at the University Medical Center Freiburg (Freiburg, Germany); and (2) in the medical practice of H. Fischer (Freiburg, Germany). Participants • Seventy-eight patients, who had a mean duration of MSs of 46 mo, participated in the study. Intervention • After 4 wk without treatment, which functioned as a period providing an individual control, each participant took 1000 mg of PSO daily in 2 capsules for 8 wk. Outcome Measures • The symptom severity was scored on the German version of the menopausal rating scale (MRS) at baseline, after 4 wk without treatment, after 4 wk of treatment, and postintervention, with 0 = absence of symptoms and 4 = very strong symptoms. The efficacy and tolerability were estimated on scales from 0-4. Each participant's 17ß estradiol was determined at baseline and after postintervention using the patient's sera. The content of the β-sitosterol was determined in the PSO preparations by gas chromatography. Results • The content of β-sitosterol in the PSO used in the study was 6.3 mg/1000 mg. In the intention to treat analysis, most MRS symptoms were significantly and relevantly reduced (eg, hot flushes changed from 2.32 ± 1.04 to 1.41 ± 1.07, P < .001). Remarkably, urogenital tract symptoms (ie, a dry vagina) also significantly improved, moving from 1.32 ± 1.43 to 0.85 ± 1.19, P < .001. Few patients reported gastrointestinal symptoms. The tolerability was excellent at 3.69 ± 0.71 after 4 wk of treatment and 3.71 ± 0.65 after 8 wk of treatment. The 17ß estradiol was unchanged. Conclusions • Participants showed significant improvements in all domains of the MRS, remarkably including the difficult-to-treat urogenital symptoms. No changes occurred in the 17ß-estradiol in patients' sera after the PSO treatment. The results are promising and encourage the investigation of PSO rich in β-sitosterol for treatment of MSs in placebo-controlled studies.
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Mumm R, Diaz-Monsalve S, Hänselmann E, Freund J, Wirsching M, Gärtner J, Gminski R, Vögtlin K, Körner M, Zirn L, Wittwer-Backofen U, Oni T, Kroeger A. Exploring urban health in Cape Town, South Africa: an interdisciplinary analysis of secondary data. Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:7-22. [PMID: 28093045 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2016.1275463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With modern information technology, an overwhelming amount of data is available on different aspects of societies. Our research investigated the feasibility of using secondary data sources to get an overview of determinants of health and health outcomes in different population strata of Cape Town, a large city of South Africa. METHODS The methodological approach of secondary-data analysis was similar in the different disciplines: Biological Anthropology, Public Health, Environmental Health, Mental Health, Palliative Care, Medical Psychology and Sociology at the University of Freiburg and Public Health at the University of Cape Town. The teams collected information on Cape Town through Internet searches and published articles. The information was extracted, analyzed, condensed, and jointly interpreted. RESULTS Data show the typical picture of a population in epidemiological and demographic transition exposed to often difficult social, mental, and physical environmental conditions. Comparison between low and higher socioeconomic districts demonstrated that the former had higher air pollution, poorer water quality, and deficient sanitary conditions in addition to sub-optimal mental health services and palliative care. CONCLUSION Although important information gaps were identified, the data draw attention to critical public health interventions required in poor health districts, and to motivate for pro-equity policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Mumm
- a Center for Medicine and Society , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b Faculty of Medicine, Biological Anthropology , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Sonia Diaz-Monsalve
- a Center for Medicine and Society , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Eva Hänselmann
- a Center for Medicine and Society , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,c Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine und Psychotherapy , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Johanna Freund
- a Center for Medicine and Society , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,c Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine und Psychotherapy , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Michael Wirsching
- a Center for Medicine and Society , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,c Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine und Psychotherapy , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Jan Gärtner
- a Center for Medicine and Society , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,d Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Palliative Care , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Richard Gminski
- a Center for Medicine and Society , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,e Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine and Hospital Hygiene , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Katrin Vögtlin
- a Center for Medicine and Society , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,e Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine and Hospital Hygiene , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Mirjam Körner
- a Center for Medicine and Society , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,f Faculty of Medicine, Medical Sociology and Psychology , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Lena Zirn
- a Center for Medicine and Society , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,f Faculty of Medicine, Medical Sociology and Psychology , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Ursula Wittwer-Backofen
- a Center for Medicine and Society , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b Faculty of Medicine, Biological Anthropology , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Tolu Oni
- g Division of Public Health Medicine, School of Public Health and Family Medicine , University of Cape Town , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Axel Kroeger
- a Center for Medicine and Society , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
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10
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Ferk F, Gminski R, Al-Serori H, Mišík M, Nersesyan A, Koller VJ, Angerer V, Auwärter V, Tang T, Arif AT, Knasmüller S. Genotoxic properties of XLR-11, a widely consumed synthetic cannabinoid, and of the benzoyl indole RCS-4. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:3111-3123. [PMID: 26856714 PMCID: PMC5104816 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1664-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this study was the investigation of the genotoxic properties of XLR-11 [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone, a widely consumed synthetic cannabinoid (SC), and of the benzoyl indole RCS-4 (4-methoxyphenyl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone). We characterized the DNA-damaging properties of these drugs in different experimental systems. No evidence for induction of gene mutations was detected in bacterial (Salmonella/microsome) tests, but clear dose-dependent effects were found in in vitro single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assays with human lymphocytes and with buccal- and lung-derived human cell lines (TR-146 and A-549). These experiments are based on the determination of DNA migration in an electric field and enable the detection of single- and double-strand breaks and apurinic sites. Furthermore, we found that both drugs induce micronuclei which are formed as a consequence of chromosomal aberrations. The lack of effects in SCGE experiments with lesion-specific enzymes (FPG, Endo III) shows that the DNA damage is not caused by formation of oxidatively damaged bases; experiments with liver enzyme homogenates and bovine serum albumin indicate that the drugs are not converted enzymatically to DNA-reactive intermediates. Furthermore, results with buccal- and lung-derived human cells show that gaseous treatment of the cells under conditions which reflect the exposure situation in drug users may cause damage of the genetic material in epithelia of the respiratory tract. Since DNA instability is involved in the etiology of cancer, these findings can be taken as an indication that consumption of the SCs may cause tumors in the respiratory tract of consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Ferk
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Gminski
- Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Halh Al-Serori
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miroslav Mišík
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armen Nersesyan
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena J Koller
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Angerer
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tao Tang
- Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ali Talib Arif
- Environmental Health Sciences and Hospital Infection Control, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Science - Geochemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Knasmüller
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Bergheim M, Gminski R, Spangenberg B, Debiak M, Bürkle A, Mersch-Sundermann V, Kümmerer K, Gieré R. Antibiotics and sweeteners in the aquatic environment: biodegradability, formation of phototransformation products, and in vitro toxicity. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:18017-18030. [PMID: 26169816 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, in vitro toxicity as well as biopersistence and photopersistence of four artificial sweeteners (acesulfame, cyclamate, saccharine, and sucralose) and five antibiotics (levofloxacin, lincomycin, linezolid, marbofloxacin, and sarafloxacin) and of their phototransformation products (PTPs) were investigated. Furthermore, antibiotic activity was evaluated after UV irradiation and after exposure to inocula of a sewage treatment plant. The study reveals that most of the tested compounds and their PTPs were neither readily nor inherently biodegradable in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)-biodegradability tests. The study further demonstrates that PTPs are formed upon irradiation with an Hg lamp (UV light) and, to a lesser extent, upon irradiation with a Xe lamp (mimics sunlight). Comparing the nonirradiated with the corresponding irradiated solutions, a higher chronic toxicity against bacteria was found for the irradiated solutions of linezolid. Neither cytotoxicity nor genotoxicity was found in human cervical (HeLa) and liver (Hep-G2) cells for any of the investigated compounds or their PTPs. Antimicrobial activity of the tested fluoroquinolones was reduced after UV treatment, but it was not reduced after a 28-day exposure to inocula of a sewage treatment plant. This comparative study shows that PTPs can be formed as a result of UV treatment. The study further demonstrated that UV irradiation can be effective in reducing the antimicrobial activity of antibiotics, and consequently may help to reduce antimicrobial resistance in wastewaters. Nevertheless, the study also highlights that some PTPs may exhibit a higher ecotoxicity than the respective parent compounds. Consequently, UV treatment does not transform all micropollutants into harmless compounds and may not be a large-scale effluent treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Bergheim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Section of Toxicology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 115B, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 23b, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Richard Gminski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Section of Toxicology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 115B, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Bernd Spangenberg
- Process Engineering and Environmental Technologies, University of Applied Sciences, Badstrasse 24, 77652, Offenburg, Germany.
| | - Malgorzata Debiak
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Molecular Toxicology Group, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Volker Mersch-Sundermann
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Section of Toxicology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 115B, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Section of Toxicology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Strasse 115B, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
- Institute of Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13, 21335, Lueneburg, Germany.
| | - Reto Gieré
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6316, USA.
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Speit G, Gminski R, Tauber R. Genotoxic effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in HL-60 cells are not reproducible. Mutat Res 2013; 755:163-166. [PMID: 23817106 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conflicting results have been published regarding the induction of genotoxic effects by exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). Various results indicating a genotoxic potential of RF-EMF were reported by the collaborative EU-funded REFLEX (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards From Low Energy Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods) project. There has been a long-lasting scientific debate about the reliability of the reported results and an attempt to reproduce parts of the results obtained with human fibroblasts failed. Another part of the REFLEX study was performed in Berlin with the human lymphoblastoid cell line HL-60; genotoxic effects of RF-EMF were measured by means of the comet assay and the micronucleus test. The plausibility and reliability of these results were also questioned. In order to contribute to a clarification of the biological significance of the reported findings, a repeat study was performed, involving scientists of the original study. Comet-assay experiments and micronucleus tests were performed under the same experimental conditions that had led to genotoxic effects in the REFLEX study. Here we report that the attempts to reproduce the induction of genotoxic effects by RF-EMF in HL-60 cells failed. No genotoxic effects of RF-EMF were measured in the repeat experiments. We could not find an explanation for the conflicting results. However, the negative repeat experiments suggest that the biological significance of genotoxic effects of RF-EMF reported by the REFLEX study should be re-assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Speit
- Universität Ulm, Institut für Humangenetik, D-89069 Ulm, Germany.
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13
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Könczöl M, Weiss A, Stangenberg E, Gminski R, Garcia-Käufer M, Gieré R, Merfort I, Mersch-Sundermann V. Cell-cycle changes and oxidative stress response to magnetite in A549 human lung cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:693-702. [PMID: 23607891 DOI: 10.1021/tx300503q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In a recent study, magnetite was investigated for its potential to induce toxic effects and influence signaling pathways. It was clearly demonstrated that ROS formation leads to mitochondrial damage and genotoxic effects in A549 cells. On the basis of these findings, we wanted to elucidate the origin of magnetite-mediated ROS formation and its influence on the cell cycle of A549 and H1299 human lung epithelial cells. Concentration- and size-dependent superoxide formation, measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), was observed. Furthermore, we could show that the GSH level decreased significantly after exposure to magnetite particles, while catalase (CAT) activity was increased. These effects were also dependent on particle size, albeit less pronounced than those observed with EPR. We were able to show that incubation of A549 cells prior to particle treatment with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a NADPH-oxidase (NOX) inhibitor, leads to decreased ROS formation, but this effect was not observed for the NOX inhibitor apocynin. Soluble iron does not contribute considerably to ROS production. Analysis of cell-cycle distribution revealed a pronounced sub-G1 peak, which cannot be linked to increased cell death. Western blot analysis did not show activation of p53 but upregulation of p21 in A549. Here, we were unexpectedly able to demonstrate that exposure to magnetite leads to p21-mediated G1-like arrest. This has been reported previously only for low concentrations of microtubule stabilization drugs. Importantly, the arrested sub-G1 cells were viable and showed no caspase 3/7 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Könczöl
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany.
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14
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Könczöl M, Goldenberg E, Ebeling S, Schäfer B, Garcia-Käufer M, Gminski R, Grobéty B, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Merfort I, Gieré R, Mersch-Sundermann V. Cellular uptake and toxic effects of fine and ultrafine metal-sulfate particles in human A549 lung epithelial cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2687-703. [PMID: 23116259 DOI: 10.1021/tx300333z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ambient airborne particulate matter is known to cause various adverse health effects in humans. In a recent study on the environmental impacts of coal and tire combustion in a thermal power station, fine crystals of PbSO(4) (anglesite), ZnSO(4)·H(2)O (gunningite), and CaSO(4) (anhydrite) were identified in the stack emissions. Here, we have studied the toxic potential of these sulfate phases as particulates and their uptake in human alveolar epithelial cells (A549). Both PbSO(4) and CaSO(4) yielded no loss of cell viability, as determined by the WST-1 and NR assays. In contrast, a concentration-dependent increase in cytotoxicity was observed for Zn sulfate. For all analyzed sulfates, an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assessed by the DCFH-DA assay and EPR, was observed, although to a varying extent. Again, Zn sulfate was the most active compound. Genotoxicity assays revealed concentration-dependent DNA damage and induction of micronuclei for Zn sulfate and, to a lower extent, for CaSO(4), whereas only slight effects could be found for PbSO(4). Moreover, changes of the cell cycle were observed for Zn sulfate and PbSO(4). It could be shown further that Zn sulfate increased the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) DNA binding activity and activated JNK. During our TEM investigations, no effect on the appearance of the A549 cells exposed to CaSO(4) compared to the nonexposed cells was observed, and in our experiments, only one CaSO(4) particle was detected in the cytoplasm. In the case of exposure to Zn sulfate, no particles were found in the cytoplasm of A549 cells, but we observed a concentration-dependent increase in the number and size of dark vesicles (presumably zincosomes). After exposure to PbSO(4), the A549 cells contained isolated particles as well as agglomerates both in vesicles and in the cytoplasm. Since these metal-sulfate particles are emitted into the atmosphere via the flue gas of coal-fired power stations, they may be globally abundant. Therefore, our study is of direct relevance to populations living near such power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Könczöl
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg , Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Tang T, Hurraß J, Gminski R, Mersch-Sundermann V. Fine and ultrafine particles emitted from laser printers as indoor air contaminants in German offices. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2012; 19:3840-3849. [PMID: 22095199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Various publications indicate that the operation of laser printers and photocopiers may be associated with health effects due to the release of gaseous components and fine and ultrafine particles (UFP). However, only sparse studies are available that evaluate the possible exposure of office workers to printer emissions under real conditions. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the exposure of office workers to particulate matter released from laser printers and photocopiers. METHODS Concentrations of fine particles and UFP were measured before, during, and after the operation of laser printing devices in 63 office rooms throughout Germany. Additionally, the particles were characterized by electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. RESULTS A significant increase of fine particles and UFP was identified in ambient workplace air during and after the printing processes. Particle fractions between 0.23 and 20 μm emitted by the office machines significantly affect particle mass concentrations while printing 500 pages, i.e., during the printing process, PM(0.23-20), PM(2.5), and PM(10) concentrations increased in 43 out of the evaluated 62 office rooms investigated. Additionally, a significant increase was observed in submicrometer particles, with median particle number concentrations of 6,503 particles/cm(3) before and 18,060 particles/cm(3) during the printing process. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that laser printers and photocopiers could be a relevant source of fine particles and particularly UFP in office rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115b, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Tang T, Hurraß J, Gminski R, Mersch-Sundermann V. Fine and ultrafine particles emitted from laser printers as indoor air contaminants in German offices. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2012; 19:3840-3849. [PMID: 22095199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Various publications indicate that the operation of laser printers and photocopiers may be associated with health effects due to the release of gaseous components and fine and ultrafine particles (UFP). However, only sparse studies are available that evaluate the possible exposure of office workers to printer emissions under real conditions. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the exposure of office workers to particulate matter released from laser printers and photocopiers. METHODS Concentrations of fine particles and UFP were measured before, during, and after the operation of laser printing devices in 63 office rooms throughout Germany. Additionally, the particles were characterized by electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. RESULTS A significant increase of fine particles and UFP was identified in ambient workplace air during and after the printing processes. Particle fractions between 0.23 and 20 μm emitted by the office machines significantly affect particle mass concentrations while printing 500 pages, i.e., during the printing process, PM(0.23-20), PM(2.5), and PM(10) concentrations increased in 43 out of the evaluated 62 office rooms investigated. Additionally, a significant increase was observed in submicrometer particles, with median particle number concentrations of 6,503 particles/cm(3) before and 18,060 particles/cm(3) during the printing process. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that laser printers and photocopiers could be a relevant source of fine particles and particularly UFP in office rooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 115b, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Garcia-Käufer M, Haddad T, Bergheim M, Gminski R, Gupta P, Mathur N, Kümmerer K, Mersch-Sundermann V. Genotoxic effect of ciprofloxacin during photolytic decomposition monitored by the in vitro micronucleus test (MNvit) in HepG2 cells. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2012; 19:1719-27. [PMID: 22161117 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0686-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a broad-spectrum, second-generation fluoroquinolone, has frequently been found in hospital wastewaters and effluents of sewage treatment plants. CIP is scarcely biodegradable, has toxic effects on microorganisms and is photosensitive. The aim of this study was to assess the genotoxic potential of CIP in human HepG2 liver cells during photolysis. METHODS Photolysis of CIP was performed in aqueous solution by irradiation with an Hg lamp, and transformation products were monitored by HPLC-MS/MS and by the determination of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of CIP and of the irradiated samples were determined after 24 h of exposure using the WST-1 assay and the in vitro micronucleus (MN) test in HepG2 cells. RESULTS The concentration of CIP decreased during photolysis, whereas the content of DOC remained unchanged. CIP and its transformation products were not cytotoxic towards HepG2 cells. A concentration-dependent increase of MN frequencies was observed for the parent compound CIP (lowest observed effect level, 1.2 μmol L(-1)). Furthermore, CIP and the irradiated samples were found to be genotoxic with a significant increase relative to the parent compound after 32 min (P < 0.05). A significant reduction of genotoxicity was found after 2 h of irradiation (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Photolytic decomposition of aqueous CIP leads to genotoxic transformation products. This proves that irradiated samples of CIP are able to exert heritable genotoxic effects on human liver cells in vitro. Therefore, photolysis as a technique for wastewater treatment needs to be evaluated in detail in further studies, not only for CIP but in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Garcia-Käufer
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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18
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Bauer M, Gräbsch C, Gminski R, Ollmann AIH, Borm P, Dietz A, Herbarth O, Wichmann G. Cement-related particles interact with proinflammatory IL-8 chemokine from human primary oropharyngeal mucosa cells and human epithelial lung cancer cell line A549. Environ Toxicol 2012; 27:297-306. [PMID: 20803486 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have shown that respirable exposure to emitted cement particulate matter is associated with adverse health risk for human. The underlying mechanisms, however, are poorly understood. To examine the effect of cement, nine blinded cement-related particulates (<10 μm) were assessed with regard to their induction of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 in human primary epithelial cells (pEC) from oropharyngeal mucosa as well as from nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma (non-SCLC) cells A549. It was demonstrated that the cement specimens did not act cytotoxic as assessed by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The basal and IL-1β-induced IL-8 expression was suppressed, in contrast to an unchanged IL-6. At the transcript level the basal and induced IL-6 and IL-8 gene expression was not influenced by cement dust. To discover the mechanism by which cement influenced the IL-8 expression the following experiments were performed. Submerse exposure experiments have shown that the release of IL-8 was suppressed by cement dust. Furthermore, the incubation of IL-8 with cement-related specimens under cell-free condition led to a loss of immunoreactive IL-8. An immunological masking of IL-8 by free soluble components of respiratory epithelial cells was excluded. Thus, the decrease of IL-8 protein content after cement exposure seems to be a result of the adsorption of IL-8 protein to cement particles and the inhibition of IL-8 release. In conclusion, due to absent cytotoxic and inflammatory effects of cement-related specimens in both human pEC and A549 cell models it remains open how cement exposure may lead to the respiratory adverse effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bauer
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Tang T, Gminski R, Könczöl M, Modest C, Armbruster B, Mersch-Sundermann V. Investigations on cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of laser printer emissions in human epithelial A549 lung cells using an air/liquid exposure system. Environ Mol Mutagen 2012; 53:125-135. [PMID: 22069140 DOI: 10.1002/em.20695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to emissions from laser printers during the printing process is commonplace worldwide, both in the home and workplace environment. In the present study, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the emission from five low to medium-throughput laser printers were investigated with respect to the release of ozone (O(3) ), volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and submicrometer particles (SMP) during standby and operation. Experiments were conducted in a 1 m(3) emission chamber connected to a Vitrocell® exposure system. Cytotoxicity was determined by the WST-1 assay and genotoxicity by the micronucleus test in human A549 lung cells. The five laser printers emitted varying but generally small amounts of O(3) , VOC, and PM. VOC emissions included 13 compounds with total VOC concentrations ranging from 95 to 280 μg/m(3) (e.g., 2-butanone, hexanal, m,p-xylene, and o-xylene). Mean PM concentrations were below 2.4 μg/m(3). SMP number concentration levels during standby ranged from 9 to 26 particles/cm(3). However, three of the printers generated a 90 to 16 × 10(3) -fold increase of SMP during the printing process (maximum 294,460 particles/cm(3)). Whereas none of the printer emissions were found to cause cytotoxicity, emissions from two printers induced formation of micronuclei (P < 0.001), thus providing evidence for genotoxicity. As yet, differences in biological activity cannot be explained on the basis of the specific emission characteristics of the different printers. Because laser printing technology is widely used, studies with additional cytogenetic endpoints are necessary to confirm the DNA-damaging potency and to identify emission components responsible for genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Freiburg University Medical Center, Institut für Umweltmedizin und Krankenhaushygiene, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Mersch-Sundermann V, Ebner W, Hurraß J, Gminski R. Effect of laser printer emission exposure on human health – Investigation of six patients including ESR measurements. Toxicol Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Könczöl M, Ebeling S, Goldenberg E, Treude F, Gminski R, Gieré R, Grobéty B, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Merfort I, Mersch-Sundermann V. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of size-fractionated iron oxide (magnetite) in A549 human lung epithelial cells: role of ROS, JNK, and NF-κB. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1460-75. [PMID: 21761924 DOI: 10.1021/tx200051s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) of varying size and composition is known to cause health problems in humans. The iron oxide Fe(3)O(4) (magnetite) may be a major anthropogenic component in ambient PM and is derived mainly from industrial sources. In the present study, we have investigated the effects of four different size fractions of magnetite on signaling pathways, free radical generation, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in human alveolar epithelial-like type-II cells (A549). The magnetite particles used in the exposure experiments were characterized by mineralogical and chemical techniques. Four size fractions were investigated: bulk magnetite (0.2-10 μm), respirable fraction (2-3 μm), alveolar fraction (0.5-1.0 μm), and nanoparticles (20-60 nm). After 24 h of exposure, the A549 cells were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study particle uptake. TEM images showed an incorporation of magnetite particles in A549 cells by endocytosis. Particles were found as agglomerates in cytoplasm-bound vesicles, and few particles were detected in the cytoplasm but none in the nucleus. Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as determined by the 2',7'-dichlorfluorescein-diacetate assay (DCFH-DA), as well as genotoxic effects, as measured by the cytokinesis block-micronucleus test and the Comet assay, were observed for all of the studied fractions after 24 h of exposure. Moreover, activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) without increased nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)-binding activity but delayed IκB-degradation was observed. Interestingly, pretreatment of cells with magnetite and subsequent stimulation with the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) led to a reduction of NF-κB DNA binding compared to that in stimulation with TNFα alone. Altogether, these experiments suggest that ROS formation may play an important role in the genotoxicity of magnetite in A549 cells but that activation of JNK seems to be ROS-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Könczöl
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Gminski R, Decker K, Heinz C, Seidel A, Könczöl M, Goldenberg E, Grobéty B, Ebner W, Gieré R, Mersch-Sundermann V. Genotoxic effects of three selected black toner powders and their dimethyl sulfoxide extracts in cultured human epithelial A549 lung cells in vitro. Environ Mol Mutagen 2011; 52:296-309. [PMID: 20872829 DOI: 10.1002/em.20621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Until now, the adverse effects of toner powders on humans have been considered to be minimal. However, several recent reports have suggested possible significant adverse health effects from toner dust inhalation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of black toner powders in vitro. For the study of DNA damage, A549 cells were exposed to toner-powder suspensions and to their DMSO extracts, and then subjected to the comet assay and to the in-vitro cytokinesis block micronucleus test (CB-MNvit). Cytotoxic effects of the toner samples were assessed by the erythrosin B assay. Furthermore, size, shape, and composition of the toner powders were investigated. None of the three toner powders or their DMSO extracts reduced cell viability; however, they did induce DNA damage and formed micronuclei at concentrations from 80 to 400 μg cm(-2) , although to a varying extent. All toner powders contain considerable amounts of the pigments carbon black and magnetite (Fe(3) O(4) ) as well as small amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The overall results of our in-vitro study suggest that the investigated toner-powder samples are not cytotoxic but genotoxic. From the results of the physical and chemical characterization, we conclude that metals and metalloids as components of magnetite, or PAHs as components of the carbon-bearing material, are responsible for the genotoxic effects. Further research is necessary to determine the relevance of these in-vitro observations for private and occupational toner powder exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gminski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Kevekordes S, Gminski R, Marutzky R, Fuhrmann F, Bürger W, Hauschke D, Ebner W, Mersch-Sundermann V. Humanstudie zum akuten Gefährdungspotenzial von flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen (VOC) aus Holz- und Holzwerkstoffen. Gesundheitswesen 2011. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1274472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Gminski R, Marutzky R, Kevekordes S, Fuhrmann F, Bürger W, Hauschke D, Ebner W, Mersch-Sundermann V. Chemosensory irritations and pulmonary effects of acute exposure to emissions from oriented strand board. Hum Exp Toxicol 2010; 30:1204-21. [PMID: 21071553 DOI: 10.1177/0960327110388537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the reduction of air change rates in low-energy houses, the contribution to indoor air quality of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitting from oriented strand boards (OSB) has become increasingly important. The aim of this study was to evaluate sensory irritations, pulmonary effects and odor annoyance of emissions from OSB in healthy human volunteers compared to clean air. Twenty-four healthy non-smokers were exposed to clean air and OSB emissions for 2 h under controlled conditions in a 48 m(3) test chamber at three different time points: to fresh OSB panels and to the same panels after open storage for 2 and 8 weeks. Chemosensory irritation, exhaled nitric oxide (NO) concentration, eye blink frequency, lung function and subjective perception of irritation of eyes, nose and throat were examined before, during and after exposure. Additionally, olfactory perception was investigated. Total VOC exposure concentrations reached 8.9 ± 0.8 mg/m(3) for the fresh OSB panels. Emissions consisted predominantly of α-pinene, Δ(3)-carene and hexanal. Two-hour exposure to high VOC concentrations revealed no irritating or pulmonary effects. All the subjective ratings of discomfort were at a low level and the medians did not exceed the expression 'hardly at all.' Only the ratings for smell of emissions increased significantly during exposure in comparison to clean air. In conclusion, exposure of healthy volunteers to OSB emissions did not elicit sensory irritations or pulmonary effects up to a VOC concentration of about 9 mg/m(3). Sensory intensity of OSB emissions in the chamber air was rated as 'neutral to pleasant.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gminski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Könczöl M, Gminski R, Goldenberg E, Ebeling S, Merfort I, Gieré R, Mersch-Sundermann V. Investigation of toxic effects of outdoor mineral dusts on human lung epithelial cells (A549) in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Gminski R, Tang T, Kuhn R, Könczöl M, Gründemann C, Mersch-Sundermann V. Toxicological investigation of laser printer emissions—Effects on human cells. Toxicol Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hutter HP, Wallner P, Hartl W, Uhl M, Lorbeer G, Gminski R, Mersch-Sundermann V, Kundi M. Higher blood concentrations of synthetic musks in women above fifty years than in younger women. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2010; 213:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang C, Gminski R, Lu W, Mersch-Sundermann V. Exposure to cement dusts (PM1–PM2.5) enhanced benzo(a)pyrene-induced micronucleus formation in human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gminski R, Decker K, Heinz C, Mersch-Sundermann V. Toner particles and their DMSO extracts caused mutagenicity and genotoxicity in human alveolar epithelial cells (A549). Toxicol Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Reifferscheid G, Ziemann C, Fieblinger D, Dill F, Gminski R, Grummt HJ, Hafner C, Hollert H, Kunz S, Rodrigo G, Stopper H, Selke D. Measurement of genotoxicity in wastewater samples with the in vitro micronucleus test—Results of a round-robin study in the context of standardisation according to ISO. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2008; 649:15-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Remondini D, Nylund R, Reivinen J, Poulletier de Gannes F, Veyret B, Lagroye I, Haro E, Trillo MA, Capri M, Franceschi C, Schlatterer K, Gminski R, Fitzner R, Tauber R, Schuderer J, Kuster N, Leszczynski D, Bersani F, Maercker C. Gene expression changes in human cells after exposure to mobile phone microwaves. Proteomics 2006; 6:4745-54. [PMID: 16878293 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Possible biological effects of mobile phone microwaves were investigated in vitro. In this study, which was part of the 5FP EU project REFLEX (Risk Evaluation of Potential Environmental Hazards From Low-Energy Electromagnetic Field Exposure Using Sensitive in vitro Methods), six human cell types, immortalized cell lines and primary cells, were exposed to 900 and 1800 MHz. RNA was isolated from exposed and sham-exposed cells and labeled for transcriptome analysis on whole-genome cDNA arrays. The results were evaluated statistically using bioinformatics techniques and examined for biological relevance with the help of different databases. NB69 neuroblastoma cells, T lymphocytes, and CHME5 microglial cells did not show significant changes in gene expression. In EA.hy926 endothelial cells, U937 lymphoblastoma cells, and HL-60 leukemia cells we found between 12 and 34 up- or down-regulated genes. Analysis of the affected gene families does not point towards a stress response. However, following microwave exposure, some but not all human cells might react with an increase in expression of genes encoding ribosomal proteins and therefore up-regulating the cellular metabolism.
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Schlatterer K, Gminski R, Schlatterer J, Hecker E, Chandra P, Schlatterer B, Krauter G, Chandra A. 12-O-retinoylphorbol-13-acetate (RPA) behaves like a retinoid-derivative in binding to retinol-binding-protein: a correlation with its specific action as an incomplete tumor promoter? Anticancer Res 2005; 25:3355-65. [PMID: 16101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
12-O-retinoylphorbol-13-acetate (RPA), an incomplete tumor promoter of the phorbol ester type and protein kinase C (PKC) activator, consists of two characteristic structural elements: the phorbol body and the retinoyl ester chain. Therefore, possible binding of the incomplete tumor promoter RPA to the human transport protein retinol-binding-protein (RBP) has been examined by molecular modeling methods and experimental binding studies. The calculated prediction of binding properties was primarily based on a comparative geometrical approach. It was shown that the beta-ionone-ring of RPA was not altered within the binding pocket of RBP (molecular modeling) compared to retinoic acid (X-ray crystallographic data). The torsion angle C5'-C6'-C7'-C8', determining the conformation of the RBP-beta-ionone-ring relative to the isoprene tail, is rotated by 42 degrees for RPA compared to retinol and to retinoic acid, respectively. Combining all the results from force field calculations, MD simulations and geometrical comparisons, the conclusion could be drawn that RPA should be able to bind to RBP. This interaction should be less strong than that with its natural ligand retinol or with retinoic acid. This prediction was proven experimentally. RPA was able to compete with retinoic acid for binding at RBP in human plasma. The binding properties were investigated using 3H-labeled retinoic acid in homologous and heterologous competition studies in a one-dimensional native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis system. An approximately 2000-fold weaker binding of RPA to RBP as compared to retinoic acid was determined experimentally, confirming the prediction of the molecular modeling approach. The characteristic behaviour of RPA as an incomplete promoter, due to possible binding to PKC and RBP, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schlatterer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Berlin, Germany.
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Stendel R, Scheurer L, Schlatterer K, Gminski R, Möhler H. Taurolidine-Fibrin-Sealant-Matrix using spray application for local treatment of brain tumors. Anticancer Res 2004; 24:631-8. [PMID: 15161005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas tend to recur in the vast majority of cases. Recurrent gliomas may arise from vital tumor cells present in this zone around the resection margin. It appears promising to combine tumor resection with local chemotherapy using an antineoplastic, but non-toxic agent. Taurolidine exerts a selective antineoplastic effect by induction of programmed cell death and has anti-angiogenic activity. Fibrin sealant is completely degradable and firmly adheres to brain tissue, suggesting that it would provide a suitable matrix for taurolidine delivery--a Taurolidine-Fibrin-Sealant-Matrix (TFM)--in the local treatment of brain tumors. The potential of local delivery of taurolidine out of a fibrin sealant matrix was investigated. Taurolidine could be suspended homogeneously in both the thrombin and the procoagulant protein components of the fibrin sealant. The fibrin sealant matrix was a suitable carrier for the suspension of taurolidine at a concentration that ensured the release of therapeutically effective amounts of the drug over a period of 2 weeks in vitro. The antineoplastic action of taurolidine was not affected by embedding in the fibrin sealant matrix. The described drug delivery system may be suitable for local taurolidine treatment of brain tumors following complete or partial resection or of tumors that are non-resectable because of their location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruediger Stendel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Germany.
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Lamy E, Kassie F, Gminski R, Schmeiser HH, Mersch-Sundermann V. 3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA) induced micronucleus formation and DNA damage in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Toxicol Lett 2004; 146:103-9. [PMID: 14643962 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), identified in diesel exhaust and in airborne particulate matter, is a potent mutagen in Salmonella, induces micronuclei formation in mice and in human cells and DNA adducts in rats. In the present study, we investigated the genotoxic potency of 3-NBA in human HepG2 cells using the micronucleus (MN) assay and the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). 3-NBA caused a genotoxic effect at concentrations > or =12 nM in both assays. In the micronucleus assay, we found 98.7+/-10.3 MN/1000 BNC at a concentration of 100 nM 3-NBA in comparison to 27.3+/-0.6 MN/1000 BNC with the negative control. At the same concentration, the DNA-migration (SCGE) showed an Olive tail moment (OTM) of 2.7+/-0.45 and %DNA in the tail of 8.28+/-0.76; OTM and %DNA in the tail of cells treated with the negative control were 0.73+/-0.08 and 2.81+/-0.30, respectively. The results are discussed under consideration of former studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Lamy
- Department of Indoor and Environmental Toxicology, University of Giessen, University Hospital, Aulweg 123, 35385 Giessen, Germany
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Kassie F, Laky B, Gminski R, Mersch-Sundermann V, Scharf G, Lhoste E, Kansmüller S. Effects of garden and water cress juices and their constituents, benzyl and phenethyl isothiocyanates, towards benzo(a)pyrene-induced DNA damage: a model study with the single cell gel electrophoresis/Hep G2 assay. Chem Biol Interact 2003; 142:285-96. [PMID: 12453666 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(02)00123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the chemoprotective effects of water and garden cress juices towards benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P)-induced DNA damage using the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/Hep G2 test system. This experimental model combines the advantages of the SCGE assay with that of human derived cells possessing inducible phase I and phase II enzymes. Treatment of Hep G2 cells with small amounts of water cress or garden cress juice (0.1-1.25 microl/ml) and B(a)P reduced the genotoxic effect of the latter in a dose-dependent manner. Contrary to the results with the juices, unexpected synergistic effects were observed with benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC, 0.6 microM), a breakdown product of glucotropaeolin contained abundantly in garden cress. Although these concentrations of BITC did not cause DNA damage per se, at higher concentrations (> or = 2.5 microM), the compound caused a pronounced dose-dependent DNA damage by itself. With phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), the breakdown product of gluconasturtin contained in water cress, no synergistic effects with B(a)P were seen; however, significant induction of DNA damage was observed when the cells were exposed to the pure compound at concentrations > or = 5 microM. In experiments with (+/-)-anti-benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE, 5.0 microM), the ultimate genotoxic metabolite of B(a)P, and the juices, only moderate protective effects were seen indicating that detoxification of BPDE is not the main mechanism behind the protective effect of the juices against B(a)P-induced DNA damage. In conclusion, our findings show that garden and water cress juices are highly protective against B(a)P-induced DNA damage in human derived cells and that their effects can not be explained by their isothiocyanate contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekadu Kassie
- Institute of Cancer Research, University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Laky B, Knasmüller S, Gminski R, Mersch-Sundermann V, Scharf G, Verkerk R, Freywald C, Uhl M, Kassie F. Protective effects of Brussels sprouts towards B[a]P-induced DNA damage: a model study with the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/Hep G2 assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40:1077-83. [PMID: 12067567 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the chemoprotective effects of Brussels sprouts juice towards benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P)-induced DNA damage in the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE)/Hep G2 test system. This assay combines the advantages of the SCGE assay with that of the use of human-derived cells possessing inducible phase I and phase II enzymes. Co-treatment of Hep G2 cells with small amounts of Brussels sprouts juice (0.25-2.0 microl/ml) and B(a)P reduced the genotoxic effect of the latter in a dose-dependent manner. Contrary to the results with the crude juice, unexpected synergistic effects were observed with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC, 1.0-6.0 microM), a breakdown product of sinigrin, which is the most abundant glucosinolate in Brussels sprouts. Although these concentrations of AITC did not cause DNA damage per se, at higher concentrations (> or =25 microM), the compound caused a pronounced dose-dependent DNA damage by itself. Mechanistic studies showed that Brussels sprouts juice causes induction of activities of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) at dose levels which were protective towards B(a)P. In combined treatment experiments with (+/-)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE, 5.0 microM), the main genotoxic metabolite of B(a)P, and Brussels sprouts juice, only weak protection was found indicating that the mechanism of chemoprotection of Brussels sprouts is not mediated through inactivation of this metabolite. In conclusion, our findings show that Brussels sprouts are highly protective against B(a)P-induced DNA damage in human-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Laky
- Insitute of Cancer Research, University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8A, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Lu WQ, Chen XN, Yue F, Jenter C, Gminski R, Li XY, Xie H, Mersch-Sundermann V. Studies on the in vivo and in vitro mutagenicity and the lipid peroxidation of chlorinated surface (drinking) water in rats and metabolically competent human cells. Mutat Res 2002; 513:151-7. [PMID: 11719100 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(01)00307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, DNA damaging and mutagenic effects of chlorinated drinking water (CDW) extracts obtained from polluted raw water resources were examined in metabolically competent human Hep G2 hepatoma cells using the in vitro micronucleus assay and the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE, comet assay). Additionally, the in vivo induction of micronuclei (MN) was studied in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCEs) derived from bone marrow of CDW-treated Wistar rats. Furthermore, we examined the influence of CDW on the lipid peroxidation (LpO) in blood, liver, kidney and testicle of rats. The results demonstrated significant increases of micronucleated PCEs in the bone marrow of rats fed with relatively low CDW doses (33.3ml/kg body weight per day). Similar effects, i.e. increases of MN frequencies, were found in Hep G2 hepatoma cells after CDW treatment (41 MN/1000 binucleated cells (BNCs) for 167ml CDW) in comparison to the vehicle control (24 MN/1000 BNC). Additionally, DNA damages caused by CDW were observed in the comet assay. As a product of LpO, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly enhanced almost in all animals and organs tested after CDW treatment. In livers and serum of rats dose-dependent increases of MDA were observed. The data indicated that extracts from CDW obtained from polluted raw water were able to cause oxidative damages and to induce various biological effects in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro, i.e. clastogenicity and/or aneugenicity, DNA strand breaks and/or alkali-labile damages. The consistency of the results among the various biological systems and endpoints led to the conclusion that the consumption of chlorinated drinking water obtained from polluted raw water may enhance the body burden with mutagenic and/or carcinogenic substances and therefore, means a potential genetic hazard for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Q Lu
- Department of Environmental Health, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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Abstract
Among the nitro musks, musk ketone (MK) as a synthetic compound with a typical musk odor is widely used in cosmetics. In the European Community the total amount used in fragrances has been reported to be 110 tons/a. Additionally, relevant amounts of MK are used in Indian joss sticks. As a result of its inherently low biodegradability MK has been detected in the aquatic environment (surface water, sediments, edible fish). Moreover, it has been shown that MK concentrates in human fatty tissue and breast milk, indicating that humans are constantly exposed. Several studies provided convincing evidence of lack of a genotoxic potential for MK. However, MK was identified as a strong inducer of phase I enzymes in rodents and a cogenotoxicant in vitro in human derived cells in rather low doses, suggesting that exposure to MK might increase the susceptibility to health hazards caused by carcinogens in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Schmeiser
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, P.O. Box 100023, D-68135 Mannheim, Germany
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39
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Zayed SM, Farghaly M, Taha H, Gminski R, Hecker E. Dietary cancer risk from conditional cancerogens in produce of livestock fed on species of spurge (Euphorbiaceae). III. Milk of lactating goats fed on the skin irritant herb Euphorbia peplus is polluted by tumor promoters of the ingenane diterpene ester type. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1998; 124:301-6. [PMID: 9692836 DOI: 10.1007/s004320050173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Special procedures were developed to investigate poisonous milk of lactating goats fed experimentally on aerial parts of the herb Euphorbia peplus L. In extracts of the milk, weakly irritant in the mouse-ear assay, three diterpene ester toxins were detected by techniques of high-performance liquid chromatography. They are of the ingenane structural type: Euphorbia factor Pel (ingenol 20-acetate 3-angelate), Euphorbia factor Pe2 (20-deoxyingenol 3-angelate) and Euphorbia factor Pe4 (20-deoxyingenol-6alpha,7alpha-epoxide 3-angelate). From goats milk collected 15 days after cessation of the experimental feeding period, extracts were completely free of diterpene ester toxins. The toxins polluting the milk are identical to diterpene ester entities occurring in the aerial parts of E. peplus. Of these, Euphorbia factors Pel and Pe2 are known as promoters of tumors of mouse skin. Apart from the toxic Euphorbia factors, the non-toxic parent alcohol ingenol was also detected in the milk. It is absent in the plant, and may have been generated metabolically from a certain portion of the toxic diterpene esters picked up by the goats from their fodder. The results presented here provide, for the first time, data for a novel interpretation of the locally high incidence of esophageal cancer observed in certain areas in the Caspian littoral of Iran, associated with a greater consumption of goat's (and sheep's) milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Zayed
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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40
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Gminski R, Sorg B, Hecker E. Quantitative Determination of Polyfunctional Diterpene Esters of the Ingenane Type in Euphorbia lathyris by HPLC. Planta Med 1988; 54:580. [PMID: 17265381 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-962594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Gminski
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Institut für Biochemie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-6900 Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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