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Eddicks M, Gründl J, Seifert A, Eddicks L, Reese S, Tabeling R, Swam H, Strutzberg-Minder K, Ritzmann M, Fux R. Examination on the Occurrence of Coinfections in Diagnostic Transmittals in Cases of Stillbirth, Mummification, Embryonic Death, and Infertility (SMEDI) Syndrome in Germany. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1675. [PMID: 37512848 PMCID: PMC10383851 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI) syndrome is most commonly associated with porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) infections. Little is known about the occurrence of coinfections with SMEDI-associated pathogens and the associations among these pathogens. In our study, we included 40 SMEDI-affected litters from 18 different farms. In total, 158 out of 358 available fetuses from diagnostic transmittals were selected by systematic random sampling and examined for PCV2, PCV3, PPV1, and Leptospira spp. by q-PCR. Results from diagnostic materials showed the following results: in eleven farms, PCV2 was present; in nine farms, PPV1 was present; in five farms, PCV3 was present; and in two farms, Leptospira spp. was present. The detection of Leptospira spp. was significantly associated with a PCV2 coinfection (OR: 26.3; p < 0.001). PCV3 positivity resulted in a reduced probability of detecting PCV2 in the corresponding fetus (OR: 0.078; p = 0.008). Fetal maceration was associated with Leptospira spp. detection (OR: 8.6; p = 0.003), whereas mummification (p = 0.047), reduced crown-rump length (p < 0.001), and bodyweight (p = 0.001) of fetuses were significantly associated with PPV1 and PCV2 coinfection and thus, presumably, a shorter time to death after infection, indicating an enhanced negative effect on the development of fetuses with PCV2 + PPV1 coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Julia Gründl
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Annika Seifert
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Lina Eddicks
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Sven Reese
- Institute for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Robert Tabeling
- MSD Animal Health, Intervet Deutschland GmbH, 85716 Unterschleissheim, Germany
| | - Hanny Swam
- Intervet International B.V., 5831 AK Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Strutzberg-Minder
- IVD Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics (IVD GmbH), DVG-Consiliary Laboratory for Leptospira spp., 30926 Seelze, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
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2
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Langenmayer MC, Luelf-Averhoff AT, Marr L, Jany S, Freudenstein A, Adam-Neumair S, Tscherne A, Fux R, Rojas JJ, Blutke A, Sutter G, Volz A. Newly Designed Poxviral Promoters to Improve Immunogenicity and Efficacy of MVA-NP Candidate Vaccines against Lethal Influenza Virus Infection in Mice. Pathogens 2023; 12:867. [PMID: 37513714 PMCID: PMC10383309 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza, a respiratory disease mainly caused by influenza A and B, viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae, is still a burden on our society's health and economic system. Influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate in mammalian and avian populations, causing seasonal outbreaks with high numbers of cases. Due to the high variability in seasonal IAV triggered by antigenic drift, annual vaccination is necessary, highlighting the need for a more broadly protective vaccine against IAV. The safety tested Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is licensed as a third-generation vaccine against smallpox and serves as a potent vector system for the development of new candidate vaccines against different pathogens. Here, we generated and characterized recombinant MVA candidate vaccines that deliver the highly conserved internal nucleoprotein (NP) of IAV under the transcriptional control of five newly designed chimeric poxviral promoters to further increase the immunogenic properties of the recombinant viruses (MVA-NP). Infections of avian cell cultures with the recombinant MVA-NPs demonstrated efficient synthesis of the IAV-NP which was expressed under the control of the five new promoters. Prime-boost or single shot immunizations in C57BL/6 mice readily induced circulating serum antibodies' binding to recombinant IAV-NP and the robust activation of IAV-NP-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Moreover, the MVA-NP candidate vaccines protected C57BL/6 mice against lethal respiratory infection with mouse-adapted IAV (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934/H1N1). Thus, further studies are warranted to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of these recombinant MVA-NP vaccines in other IAV challenge models in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Langenmayer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Marr
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnberg, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Jany
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Freudenstein
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Silvia Adam-Neumair
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Alina Tscherne
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Juan J Rojas
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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3
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Reinhardt NP, Köster J, Thomas A, Arnold J, Fux R, Straubinger RK. Bacterial and Viral Pathogens with One Health Relevance in Invasive Raccoons ( Procyon lotor, Linné 1758) in Southwest Germany. Pathogens 2023; 12:389. [PMID: 36986312 PMCID: PMC10054312 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Europe, raccoons are invasive neozoons with their largest population in Germany. Globally, this mesocarnivore acts as a wildlife reservoir for many (non-)zoonotic (re-)emerging pathogens, but very little epidemiological data is available for southwest Germany. This exploratory study aimed to screen free-ranging raccoons in Baden-Wuerttemberg (BW, Germany) for the occurrence of selected pathogens with One Health relevance. Organ tissue and blood samples collected from 102 animals, obtained by hunters in 2019 and 2020, were subsequently analysed for two bacterial and four viral pathogens using a qPCR approach. Single samples were positive for the carnivore protoparvovirus-1 (7.8%, n = 8), canine distemper virus (6.9%, n = 7), pathogenic Leptospira spp. (3.9%, n = 4) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum (15.7%, n = 16). West Nile virus and influenza A virus were not detected. Due to their invasive behaviour and synanthropic habit, raccoons may increase the risk of infections for wildlife, domestic animals, zoo animals and humans by acting as a link between them. Therefore, further studies should be initiated to evaluate these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico P. Reinhardt
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Köster
- Aulendorf State Veterinary Diagnostic Centre (STUA), 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Astrid Thomas
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Janosch Arnold
- Wildlife Research Unit, Agricultural Centre Baden-Wuerttemberg (LAZBW), 88326 Aulendorf, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard K. Straubinger
- Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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4
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Reif J, Renzhammer R, Brunthaler R, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Auer A, Kreutzmann H, Fux R, Ladinig A, Unterweger C. Reproductive failure in an Austrian piglet-producing farm due to porcine circovirus genotype 2d. Acta Vet Hung 2022. [PMID: 35895490 DOI: 10.1556/004.2022.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Infections of pigs with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can lead to various clinical conditions including reproductive disorders (PCV2-RD). In general, a transplacental infection of fetuses leads to mummification and stillbirth. So far, PCV2-RD has mainly been described in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) herds or farms with a high proportion of gilts. From December 2018 to February 2019, a high abundance of mummified fetuses (15.5%) was observed in two farrowing groups in an Austrian piglet-producing farm. PCV2 DNA was detected using qPCR in organs of all six investigated fetuses (2.07 × 108-1.09 × 1012 PCV2) genome equivalents/g tissue and via in situ hybridisation in organs from five fetuses, while histologic lesions were not observed in a single fetal heart. All isolates were sequenced and identified as PCV2d. After the implementation of a regular vaccination of all sows against PCV2, the abundance of mummified fetuses dropped to 3.5% in May 2019. In contrast to previous reports about PCV2-RD, this farm was neither an SPF herd nor a start-up herd with a high proportion of gilts. The implementation of regular PCV2 vaccination helped to reduce the abundance of mummified fetuses substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Reif
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - René Renzhammer
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - René Brunthaler
- 2 Institute of Pathology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- 2 Institute of Pathology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Auer
- 3 Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kreutzmann
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Fux
- 4 Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Unterweger
- 1 University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Pohl S, Habermann D, Link EK, Fux R, Boldt CL, Franz CM, Hölzel C, Klempt M. Detection of DNA sequences attributed to bovine meat and milk factors (BMMF/SPHINX) in food-related samples. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Langenmayer MC, Jung S, Fux R, Wittlinger C, Tschoner T, Majzoub-Altweck M, Knubben-Schweizer G, Fries R, Hermanns W, Trefz FM. Macrophages in dermal disease progression of phospholipase D4-deficient Fleckvieh calves. Vet Pathol 2022; 59:319-327. [PMID: 34856834 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211062629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new gene defect in Fleckvieh calves leads to a syndrome with partial phenotype overlap with bovine hereditary zinc deficiency. A mutation in a gene encoding phospholipase D4 (PLD4), an endosomal exonuclease, causes the disorder. In mice, PLD4 activity indirectly regulates the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) pathway via degradation of microbial DNA. PLD4 absence thus results in visceral macrophage activation comparable to human macrophage activation syndrome. In this study, disease progression and the role of macrophages in affected calves were monitored clinically, clinicopathologically, and histologically over time. Breeding data identified 73 risk matings of heterozygous carriers resulting in 54 potentially PLD4-deficient calves born on farms. PLD4 status was examined via 5'-exonuclease assay, detecting 6 calves carrying the defect. These were purchased and monitored daily until final necropsy. The calves developed progressive skin lesions starting with small scaling areas terminating in severe crusting dermatitis, especially in areas with mechanical exposure. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses indicated that macrophages with cytoplasmic vacuolation increased considerably in skin sections obtained weekly during the disease course. Macrophage increase correlated with increased dermal lesion severity. Macrophage activation was confirmed by prominent phagocytic activity in the superficial dermis using electron microscopy. Dermal mRNA abundance of CCL2 and CCL3 measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction verified macrophage activation. Further increase in mRNA of downstream molecule MyD88 and cytokine IL12b connected bovine PLD4 deficiency to increased TLR9 pathway activation. In contrast to human macrophage activation syndrome, the main feature of bovine PLD4 deficiency was local disease in organs with contact to microbial DNA (skin, intestine, lungs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Langenmayer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Specialty Practice for Veterinary Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Jung
- Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Bayern-Genetik GmbH, Grub, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruedi Fries
- Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Florian M Trefz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Eddicks M, Müller M, Fux R, Ritzmann M, Stadler J. Detection of porcine circovirus type 3 DNA in serum and semen samples of boars from a German boar stud. Vet J 2021; 279:105784. [PMID: 34902587 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is regularly reported in association with various clinical presentations, including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)-like lesions, respiratory signs, congenital tremor, and reproductive disorders. To investigate the epidemiology of PCV3 in a boar stud, we analysed fresh boar semen and matching sera from 181 boars from a German stud supplying semen for artificial insemination (AI) to approximately 740 breeder farms for PCV3 DNA. PCV3 DNA was detected in 1.7% semen samples and 24.3% sera. Spearman rho correlation demonstrated a significant positive correlation between boar age and quantitative DNA (by PCR quantification cycles [Cq] values) in serum samples (r = 0.636; P < 0.001). Sera from boars up to 12 months of age had higher viral loads (P < 0.001) and were PCV3-positive significantly more often (P < 0.01) than older boars. Detection of PCV3 DNA was not associated with breed (P> 0.05). PCV3 DNA was detected sporadically in fresh boar semen. Based on the assumption that processing fresh semen reduces viral load in semen used for AI, it is likely that the risk of sexual transmission of PCV3 during AI in is low. However, young boars may contribute to the maintenance of PCV3 infection in boar studs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Michael Müller
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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8
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Riederer S, Fux R, Lehmann MH, Volz A, Sutter G, Rojas JJ. Activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 by replication-competent vaccinia viruses improves antitumor efficacy mediated by T cell responses. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 22:399-409. [PMID: 34553028 PMCID: PMC8430050 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, oncolytic vaccinia viruses (VACVs) have shown their potential to provide for clinically effective cancer treatments. The reason for this clinical usefulness is not only the direct destruction of infected cancer cells but also activation of immune responses directed against tumor antigens. For eliciting a robust antitumor immunity, a dominant T helper 1 (Th1) cell differentiation of the response is preferred, and such polarization can be achieved by activating the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) signaling pathway. However, current VACVs used as oncolytic viruses to date still encode several immune evasion proteins involved in the inhibition of this signaling pathway. By inactivating genes of selected regulatory virus proteins, we aimed for a candidate virus with increased potency to activate cellular antitumor immunity but at the same time with a fully maintained replicative capacity in cancer cells. The removal of up to three key genes (C10L, N2L, and C6L) from VACV did not reduce the strength of viral replication, both in vitro and in vivo, but resulted in the rescue of IRF3 phosphorylation upon infection of cancer cells. In syngeneic mouse tumor models, this activation translated to enhanced cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses directed against tumor-associated antigens and neo-epitopes and improved antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Riederer
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael H Lehmann
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Juan J Rojas
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.,Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapies, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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9
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Samoilowa S, Giessler KS, Torres CEM, Hussey GS, Allum A, Fux R, Jerke C, Kiupel M, Matiasek K, Sledge DG, Goehring LS. Equid herpesvirus-1 Distribution in Equine Lymphoid and Neural Tissues 70 Days Post Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060707. [PMID: 34198884 PMCID: PMC8228440 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and myeloencephalopathy in horses worldwide. As member of the Alphaherpesvirinae, latency is key to EHV-1 epidemiology. EHV-1 latent infection has been detected in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), respiratory associated lymphoid tissue (RALT) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but additional locations are likely. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of viral DNA throughout the equine body. Twenty-five horses divided into three groups were experimentally infected via intranasal instillation with one of three EHV-1 viruses and euthanized on Day 70, post infection. During necropsy, TG, various sympathetic/parasympathetic ganglia of head, neck, thorax and abdomen, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, RALT, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and PBMC of each horse were collected. Genomic viral loads and L-(late) gene transcriptional activity in each tissue and PBMC were measured using qPCR. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was applied on neural parenchyma tissue sections. EHV-1 DNA was detected in many neural and lymphoid tissue sections, but not in PBMC. L-gene transcriptional activity was not detected in any sample, and translational activity was not apparent on IHC. Tissue tropism differed between the Ab4 wild type and the two mutant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Samoilowa
- Equine Hospital, Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.S.G.); (C.E.M.T.); (C.J.); (L.S.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kim S. Giessler
- Equine Hospital, Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.S.G.); (C.E.M.T.); (C.J.); (L.S.G.)
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (G.S.H.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Carlos E. Medina Torres
- Equine Hospital, Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.S.G.); (C.E.M.T.); (C.J.); (L.S.G.)
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (G.S.H.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Allison Allum
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (G.S.H.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Robert Fux
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Christin Jerke
- Equine Hospital, Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.S.G.); (C.E.M.T.); (C.J.); (L.S.G.)
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (G.S.H.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Dodd G. Sledge
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Lutz S. Goehring
- Equine Hospital, Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.S.G.); (C.E.M.T.); (C.J.); (L.S.G.)
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10
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Link EK, Eddicks M, Nan L, Ritzmann M, Sutter G, Fux R. Discriminating the eight genotypes of the porcine circovirus type 2 with TaqMan-based real-time PCR. Virol J 2021; 18:70. [PMID: 33827614 PMCID: PMC8028161 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is divided into eight genotypes including the previously described genotypes PCV2a to PCV2f and the two new genotypes PCV2g and PCV2h. PCV2 genotyping has become an important task in molecular epidemiology and to advance research on the prophylaxis and pathogenesis of PCV2 associated diseases. Standard genotyping of PCV2 is based on the sequencing of the viral genome or at least of the open reading frame 2. Although, the circovirus genome is small, classical sequencing is time consuming, expensive, less sensitive and less compatible with mass testing compared with modern real-time PCR assays. Here we report about a new PCV2 genotyping method using qPCR. Methods Based on the analysis of several hundred PCV2 full genome sequences, we identified PCV2 genotype specific sequences or single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We designed six TaqMan PCR assays that are specific for single genotypes PCV2a to PCV2f and two qPCRs targeting two genotypes simultaneously (PCV2g/PCV2d and PCV2h/PCV2c). To improve specific binding of oligonucleotide primers and TaqMan probes, we used locked nucleic acid technology. We evaluated amplification efficiency, diagnostic sensitivity and tested assay specificity for the respective genotypes. Results All eight PCV2 genotype specific qPCRs demonstrated appropriate amplification efficiencies between 91 and 97%. Testing samples from an epidemiological field study demonstrated a diagnostic sensitivity of the respective genotype specific qPCR that was comparable to a highly sensitive pan-PCV2 qPCR system. Genotype specificity of most qPCRs was excellent. Limited unspecific signals were obtained when a high viral load of PCV2b was tested with qPCRs targeting PCV2d or PCV2g. The same was true for the PCV2a specific qPCR when high copy numbers of PCV2d were tested. The qPCR targeting PCV2h/PCV2c showed some minor cross-reaction with PCV2d, PCV2f and PCV2g. Conclusion Genotyping of PCV2 is important for routine diagnosis as well as for epidemiological studies. The introduced genotyping qPCR system is ideal for mass testing and should be a valuable complement to PCV2 sequencing, especially in the case of simultaneous infections with multiple PCV2 genotypes, subclinically infected animals or research studies that require large sample numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Kathrin Link
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Liangliang Nan
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Division of Virology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
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11
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Unterweger C, Brunthaler R, Auer A, Fux R, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Ladinig A. Reconsideration of the diagnostic criteria required for PCV2 reproductive disease. Vet J 2021; 272:105660. [PMID: 33941334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes a variety of clinical conditions including PCV2-associated reproductive disease (PCV2-RD) characterized by late term abortions and mummifications. The generally accepted diagnostic triad includes the presence of reproductive disorders, the histopathological finding of myocarditis, and detection of moderate to high viral loads within the heart tissue. A new threshold of 109 PCV2 genome equivalents (GE)/g heart tissue is suggested to fulfil the third criterion using the diagnostic settings of quantitative real time PCR and in situ hybridization of 30 fetal heart tissues. The need to identify histopathological lesions in fetal heart tissue appears to be invalid or overestimated in confirming a diagnosis of PCV2-RD, at least at the individual fetus level. The highest viral loads (1012 GE/g tissue) were detected in autolyzed and mummified piglets and were identified as PCV2d, although concurrent detection of PCV2d + a and PCV2d + b also occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Unterweger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - R Brunthaler
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Auer
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - R Fux
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department for Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - C Weissenbacher-Lang
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Giessler KS, Samoilowa S, Soboll Hussey G, Kiupel M, Matiasek K, Sledge DG, Liesche F, Schlegel J, Fux R, Goehring LS. Viral Load and Cell Tropism During Early Latent Equid Herpesvirus 1 Infection Differ Over Time in Lymphoid and Neural Tissue Samples From Experimentally Infected Horses. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:621. [PMID: 33102556 PMCID: PMC7499125 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper respiratory tract infections with Equid Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) typically result in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-associated viremia, which can lead to vasculopathy in the central nervous system. Primary EHV-1 infection also likely establishes latency in trigeminal ganglia (TG) via retrograde axonal transport and in respiratory tract-associated lymphatic tissue. However, latency establishment and reactivation are poorly understood. To characterize the pathogenesis of EHV-1 latency establishment and maintenance, two separate groups of yearling horses were experimentally infected intranasally with EHV-1, strain Ab4, and euthanized 30 days post infection (dpi), (n = 9) and 70 dpi (n = 6). During necropsy, TG, sympathetic trunk (ST), retropharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes (RLn, MesLn) and kidney samples were collected. Viral DNA was detected by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in TG, ST, RLn, and MesLn samples in horses 30 and 70 dpi. The number of positive TG, RLn and MesLn samples was reduced when comparing horses 30 and 70 dpi and the viral copy number in TG and RLn significantly declined from 30 to 70 dpi. EHV-1 late gene glycoprotein B reverse transcriptase PCR and IHC results for viral protein were consistently negative, thus lytic replication was excluded in the present study. Mild inflammation could be detected in all neural tissue samples and inflammatory infiltrates mainly consisted of CD3+ T-lymphocytes (T-cells), frequently localized in close proximity to neuronal cell bodies. To identify latently infected cell types, in situ hybridization (ISH, RNAScope®) detecting viral DNA was used on selected qPCR- positive neural tissue sections. In ganglia 30 dpi, EHV-1 ISH signal was located in the neurons of TG and ST, but also in non-neuronal support or interstitial cells surrounding the neuron. In contrast, distinct EHV-1 signal could only be observed in neurons of TG 70 dpi. Overall, detection of latent EHV-1 in abdominal tissue samples and non-neuronal cell localization suggests, that EHV-1 uses T-cells during viremia as alternative route toward latency locations in addition to retrograde neuronal transport. We therefore hypothesize that EHV-1 follows the same latency pathways as its close relative human pathogen Varicella Zoster Virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Giessler
- Equine Hospital, Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Susanna Samoilowa
- Equine Hospital, Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dodd G Sledge
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Friederike Liesche
- Department of Neuropathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schlegel
- Department of Neuropathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Veterinary Science Department, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lutz S Goehring
- Equine Hospital, Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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13
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Koch T, Dahlke C, Fathi A, Kupke A, Krähling V, Okba NMA, Halwe S, Rohde C, Eickmann M, Volz A, Hesterkamp T, Jambrecina A, Borregaard S, Ly ML, Zinser ME, Bartels E, Poetsch JSH, Neumann R, Fux R, Schmiedel S, Lohse AW, Haagmans BL, Sutter G, Becker S, Addo MM. Safety and immunogenicity of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector vaccine candidate for Middle East respiratory syndrome: an open-label, phase 1 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20:827-838. [PMID: 32325037 PMCID: PMC7172913 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes a respiratory disease with a case fatality rate of up to 35%. Given its potential to cause a public health emergency and the absence of efficacious drugs or vaccines, MERS is one of the WHO priority diseases warranting urgent research and development of countermeasures. We aimed to assess safety and tolerability of an anti-MERS-CoV modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vaccine candidate that expresses the MERS-CoV spike glycoprotein, MVA-MERS-S, in healthy adults. METHODS This open-label, phase 1 trial was done at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (Hamburg, Germany). Participants were healthy men and women aged 18-55 years with no clinically significant health problems as determined during medical history and physical examination, a body-mass index of 18·5-30·0 kg/m2 and weight of more than 50 kg at screening, and a negative pregnancy test for women. A key exclusion criterion was a previous MVA vaccination. For the prime immunisation, participants received doses of 1 × 107 plaque-forming unit (PFU; low-dose group) or 1 × 108 PFU (high-dose group) MVA-MERS-S intramuscularly. A second identical dose was administered intramuscularly as a booster immunisation 28 days after first injection. As a control group for immunogenicity analyses, blood samples were drawn at identical study timepoints from six healthy adults, who did not receive any injections. The primary objectives of the study were safety and tolerability of the two dosage levels and reactogenicity after administration. Immunogenicity was assessed as a secondary endpoint by ELISA and neutralisation tests. T-cell immunity was evaluated by interferon-γ-linked enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot assay. All participants who were vaccinated at least once were included in the safety analysis. Immunogenicity was analysed in the participants who completed 6 months of follow-up. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03615911, and EudraCT, 2014-003195-23 FINDINGS: From Dec 17, 2017, to June 5, 2018, 26 participants (14 in the low-dose group and 12 in the high-dose group) were enrolled and received the first dose of the vaccine according to their group allocation. Of these, 23 participants (12 in the low-dose group and 11 in the high-dose group) received a second dose of MVA-MERS-S according to their group allocation after a 28-day interval and completed follow-up. Homologous prime-boost immunisation with MVA-MERS-S revealed a benign safety profile with only transient mild-to-moderate reactogenicity. Participants had no severe or serious adverse events. 67 vaccine-related adverse events were reported in ten (71%) of 14 participants in the low-dose group, and 111 were reported in ten (83%) of 12 participants in the high-dose group. Solicited local reactions were the most common adverse events: pain was observed in 17 (65%; seven in the low-dose group vs ten in the high-dose group) participants, swelling in ten (38%; two vs eight) participants, and induration in ten (38%; one vs nine) participants. Headaches (observed in seven participants in the low-dose group vs nine in the high-dose group) and fatigue or malaise (ten vs seven participants) were the most common solicited systemic adverse events. All adverse events resolved swiftly (within 1-3 days) and without sequelae. Following booster immunisation, nine (75%) of 12 participants in the low-dose group and 11 (100%) participants in the high-dose group showed seroconversion using a MERS-CoV S1 ELISA at any timepoint during the study. Binding antibody titres correlated with MERS-CoV-specific neutralising antibodies (Spearman's correlation r=0·86 [95% CI 0·6960-0·9427], p=0·0001). MERS-CoV spike-specific T-cell responses were detected in ten (83%) of 12 immunised participants in the low-dose group and ten (91%) of 11 immunised participants in the high-dose group. INTERPRETATION Vaccination with MVA-MERS-S had a favourable safety profile without serious or severe adverse events. Homologous prime-boost immunisation induced humoral and cell-mediated responses against MERS-CoV. A dose-effect relationship was demonstrated for reactogenicity, but not for vaccine-induced immune responses. The data presented here support further clinical testing of MVA-MERS-S in larger cohorts to advance MERS vaccine development. FUNDING German Center for Infection Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Koch
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Christine Dahlke
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Anahita Fathi
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kupke
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Verena Krähling
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sandro Halwe
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Rohde
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Eickmann
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, University of Munich LMU, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - My L Ly
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Madeleine E Zinser
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Etienne Bartels
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Joseph S H Poetsch
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Reza Neumann
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, University of Munich LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmiedel
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerd Sutter
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, University of Munich LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- German Center for Infection Research, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany; Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- First Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany.
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14
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Arndt D, Fux R, Blutke A, Schwaiger J, El-Matbouli M, Sutter G, Langenmayer MC. Proliferative Kidney Disease and Proliferative Darkening Syndrome are Linked with Brown Trout ( Salmo trutta fario) Mortalities in the Pre-Alpine Isar River. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040177. [PMID: 31590460 PMCID: PMC6963635 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) mortalities within the pre-alpine Isar River in Germany were reported by the Bavarian Fisheries Association (Landesfischereiverband Bayern e.V.) and local recreational anglers during August and September. Moribund fish seemed to be affected by proliferative darkening syndrome (PDS). In addition, proliferative kidney disease (PKD) caused by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae was discussed. To investigate this phenomenon, the present field study monitored brown trout mortalities by daily river inspection in 2017 and 2018. Moribund brown trout (n = 31) were collected and examined using histology, immunohistochemistry, qPCR, and quantitative stereology. Our investigations identified 29 (93.5%) brown trout affected by PKD. Four brown trout (12.9%) displayed combined hepatic and splenic lesions fitting the pathology of PDS. The piscine orthoreovirus 3, suspected as causative agent of PDS, was not detectable in any of the samples. Quantitative stereological analysis of the kidneys revealed a significant increase of the renal tissue volumes with interstitial inflammation and hematopoietic hyperplasia in PKD-affected fish as compared to healthy brown trout. The identified T. bryosalmonae strain was classified as part of the North American clade by phylogenetical analysis. This study highlights PKD and PDS as contributing factors to recurrent autumnal brown trout mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Arndt
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Julia Schwaiger
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Unit Aquatic Toxicology, 82407 Wielenbach, Germany.
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Martin C Langenmayer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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15
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Veit S, Jany S, Fux R, Sutter G, Volz A. CD8+ T Cells Responding to the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Delivered by Vaccinia Virus MVA in Mice. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120718. [PMID: 30558354 PMCID: PMC6316859 DOI: 10.3390/v10120718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), a novel infectious agent causing severe respiratory disease and death in humans, was first described in 2012. Antibodies directed against the MERS-CoV spike (S) protein are thought to play a major role in controlling MERS-CoV infection and in mediating vaccine-induced protective immunity. In contrast, relatively little is known about the role of T cell responses and the antigenic targets of MERS-CoV that are recognized by CD8+ T cells. In this study, the highly conserved MERS-CoV nucleocapsid (N) protein served as a target immunogen to elicit MERS-CoV-specific cellular immune responses. Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a safety-tested strain of vaccinia virus for preclinical and clinical vaccine research, was used for generating MVA-MERS-N expressing recombinant N protein. Overlapping peptides spanning the whole MERS-CoV N polypeptide were used to identify major histocompatibility complex class I/II-restricted T cell responses in BALB/c mice immunized with MVA-MERS-N. We have identified a H2-d restricted decamer peptide epitope in the MERS-N protein with CD8+ T cell antigenicity. The identification of this epitope, and the availability of the MVA-MERS-N candidate vaccine, will help to evaluate MERS-N-specific immune responses and the potential immune correlates of vaccine-mediated protection in the appropriate murine models of MERS-CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Veit
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sylvia Jany
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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16
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Eddicks M, Beuter B, Stuhldreier R, Nolte T, Reese S, Sutter G, Ritzmann M, Fux R. Cross-sectional study on viraemia and shedding of porcine circovirus type 2 in a subclinically infected multiplier sow herd. Vet Rec 2018; 184:189. [PMID: 30413676 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vertical and horizontal transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) plays an important role for the spread of PCV2 within piglet-producing farms and following production steps. Further information is crucial to learn about the principles of PCV2 circulation among sows in piglet-producing farms to improve preventive healthcare concerning porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD) in downstream production steps. The present study was conducted as a cross-sectional study in a 400 sow multiplier herd in Germany with no PCV2 vaccination. Blood, faeces and saliva of the sows in all stages of production were tested for PCV2-DNA by real-time PCR. Results were analysed under respect of the parity and stage of production of the sows. PCV2-DNA in faeces or saliva was observed especially in young sows. Highest rates of viraemia in productive sows were found in the early stages of pregnancy. The results revealed that particularly gilts from the quarantine and rearing area and sows up to the second parity play a major role for the spread of PCV2 and thus for the maintenance of PCV2 infection in sow herds. Furthermore, the stage of production had a significant influence on the detection rate of PCV2-DNA in serum, saliva or faeces of the sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Bettina Beuter
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Sven Reese
- Institute for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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17
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Langenmayer MC, Lülf-Averhoff AT, Adam-Neumair S, Fux R, Sutter G, Volz A. Distribution and absence of generalized lesions in mice following single dose intramuscular inoculation of the vaccine candidate MVA-MERS-S. Biologicals 2018; 54:58-62. [PMID: 29759890 PMCID: PMC7128986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated and replication-deficient virus serving as vaccine against infectious diseases. Here, we assessed the in vivo distribution of a recombinant MVA candidate vaccine against the Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MVA-MERS-S) in mice. Intramuscularly inoculated mice were necropsied at different time points and examined by histology, immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR. We detected inflammation and myonecrosis at the parenteral site and hyperplasia of the draining lymph nodes. MVA-MERS-S did not result in detectable lesions in tissues peripheral to the parenteral site and draining lymph nodes. Real-time PCR analysis of >240 tissue samples detected MVA-DNA predominantly at the injection site and in the draining lymph nodes, and suggested continuous clearance of the candidate vaccine during the observation period. Levels of parenteral site inflammation and hyperplasia of draining lymph nodes were considered in line with immunological responses to vaccine inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Langenmayer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Germany
| | - Anna-Theresa Lülf-Averhoff
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Germany
| | | | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Germany.
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Germany
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Wernike K, Mundt A, Link EK, Aebischer A, Schlotthauer F, Sutter G, Fux R, Beer M. N-terminal domain of Schmallenberg virus envelope protein Gc delivered by recombinant equine herpesvirus type 1 and modified vaccinia virus Ankara: Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in cattle. Vaccine 2018; 36:5116-5123. [PMID: 30049630 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV), which emerged in 2011 in Central Europe and subsequently spread very rapidly throughout the continent, affects predominantly ruminants. SBV is transmitted by insect vectors, and therefore vaccination is one of the major tools of disease control. Only recently, a domain connected to virus neutralization has been identified at the amino-terminal part of the viral envelope protein Gc. Here, this Gc domain delivered by recombinant EHV-1 or MVA vector viruses was tested in a vaccination-challenge trial in cattle, one of the major target species of SBV. The EHV-1-based vaccine conferred protection in two of four animals, whereas immunization using the MVA vector vaccine efficiently induced an SBV-specific antibody response and full protection against SBV challenge infection in all the vaccinated animals. Moreover, due to the absence of antibodies against SBVs N-protein, both vector vaccines enable the differentiation between vaccinated and field-infected animals making them to a promising tool to control SBV spread as well as to prevent disease in domestic ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Alice Mundt
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Centre, Bemeroder Str. 31, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ellen Kathrin Link
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Aebischer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Felicia Schlotthauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Centre, Bemeroder Str. 31, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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Fux R, Söckler C, Link EK, Renken C, Krejci R, Sutter G, Ritzmann M, Eddicks M. Full genome characterization of porcine circovirus type 3 isolates reveals the existence of two distinct groups of virus strains. Virol J 2018; 15:25. [PMID: 29378597 PMCID: PMC5789634 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of the novel porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) was reported from the Americas, Asia and Europe. Although this virus was detected in association with various clinical syndromes in pigs, its role as possible swine pathogen remains unclear. PCV3 was detected with high prevalence in Polish farms, but to date no genome sequences were available from European PCV3 strains. METHODS We collected 1060 serum samples from piglets at the age of 20-24 weeks from 53 farms distributed all over Germany. PCV3 DNA was detected using a real-time PCR and subsequently complete PCV3 genome sequences were obtained after multiply primed rolling circle amplification and sequencing of overlapping PCR products. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by neighbor-joining method and maximum likelihood method. RESULTS We obtained 15 complete PCV3 genome sequences as well as nine partial sequences including the putative ORFs 1, 2 and 3 from PCV3 viremic animals in German pig farms. Phylogenetic analysis of these German as well as 30 full genome sequences received from GenBank divided the PCV3 strains into two main groups and several subclusters. Furthermore, we were able to define group specific amino acid patterns in open reading frame 1 and 2. CONCLUSION PCV3 is distributed with high prevalence in German pig industry. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two clearly separated groups of PCV3 strains, which might be considered as PCV3 genotypes. Specific nucleotide and amino acid marker positions may serve for easy and fast intraspecies classification and genotyping of PCV3 strains. No correlation between PCV3 variants with their geographical origin was evident. We found the same diversity of PCV3 strains in Germany as in other countries. We hypothesize that PCV3 is not a newly emerging virus in the German pig population. Future studies will have to show, if PCV3 genotype specific biological properties are evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Christina Söckler
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Ellen Kathrin Link
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Renken
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Roman Krejci
- CEVA, La Ballastiere - BP 126, 33501, Libourne, France
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Eddicks
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Stadler J, Moser L, Numberger J, Rieger A, Strutzberg-Minder K, Stellberger T, Ladinig A, Ritzmann M, Fux R. Investigation of three outbreaks of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea in Germany in 2016 demonstrates age dependent differences in the development of humoral immune response. Prev Vet Med 2017; 150:93-100. [PMID: 29406090 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has reemerged in Europe since 2014. Characterized by a rapid onset of diarrhea in pigs of all ages, morbidity can reach up to 100% whereas mortality is variable. The virus strains involved in the recent European outbreaks all cluster together with US strains (S INDEL) that lead to less severe clinical signs. In this study, fattening pigs and suckling piglets (n = 105) on farms with no prior PED history were monitored after an acute outbreak of the disease, caused by an S INDEL strain of PED virus (PEDV). For diagnostic investigations in the affected farms, real time RT-PCR was performed to detect PEDV RNA in individually taken fecal samples, and two commercial ELISA kits, both based on the N protein of PEDV, were used to detect IgG in serum samples of pigs experiencing acute signs of the disease. PEDV RNA could be detected in fecal samples up to 14 days after initial sampling. Comparing both ELISAs by Cohens Kappa showed substantial agreement (κ = 0,771). Antibodies were detectable in all fattening pigs (100%) within 10 days after the occurrence of first clinical signs and remained detectable for about two months at least in 20.6% (farm 1) and 45.7% (farm 2) of the animals, respectively. In contrast, only 18 of 34 (52.9%) suckling piglets seroconverted. Although, PEDV RNA was found in fecal samples of all piglets, 13 piglets did not demonstrate antibodies at any sampling day. PCR to detect PEDV RNA in fecal samples seems to be a reliable diagnostic tool during and after the acute outbreak. In the present study, IgG ELISA kits proved to be a feasible diagnostic tool, but age dependent differences in detection rate and persistence of antibodies need to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Lisa Moser
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Jasmin Numberger
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Anna Rieger
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Katrin Strutzberg-Minder
- IVD Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics Laboratory, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 5, 30926, Seelze, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Stellberger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Veterinaerstrasse 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstrasse 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
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21
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Blutke A, Renner S, Flenkenthaler F, Backman M, Haesner S, Kemter E, Ländström E, Braun-Reichhart C, Albl B, Streckel E, Rathkolb B, Prehn C, Palladini A, Grzybek M, Krebs S, Bauersachs S, Bähr A, Brühschwein A, Deeg CA, De Monte E, Dmochewitz M, Eberle C, Emrich D, Fux R, Groth F, Gumbert S, Heitmann A, Hinrichs A, Keßler B, Kurome M, Leipig-Rudolph M, Matiasek K, Öztürk H, Otzdorff C, Reichenbach M, Reichenbach HD, Rieger A, Rieseberg B, Rosati M, Saucedo MN, Schleicher A, Schneider MR, Simmet K, Steinmetz J, Übel N, Zehetmaier P, Jung A, Adamski J, Coskun Ü, Hrabě de Angelis M, Simmet C, Ritzmann M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Blum H, Arnold GJ, Fröhlich T, Wanke R, Wolf E. The Munich MIDY Pig Biobank - A unique resource for studying organ crosstalk in diabetes. Mol Metab 2017; 6:931-940. [PMID: 28752056 PMCID: PMC5518720 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and associated complications is steadily increasing. As a resource for studying systemic consequences of chronic insulin insufficiency and hyperglycemia, we established a comprehensive biobank of long-term diabetic INSC94Y transgenic pigs, a model of mutant INS gene-induced diabetes of youth (MIDY), and of wild-type (WT) littermates. METHODS Female MIDY pigs (n = 4) were maintained with suboptimal insulin treatment for 2 years, together with female WT littermates (n = 5). Plasma insulin, C-peptide and glucagon levels were regularly determined using specific immunoassays. In addition, clinical chemical, targeted metabolomics, and lipidomics analyses were performed. At age 2 years, all pigs were euthanized, necropsied, and a broad spectrum of tissues was taken by systematic uniform random sampling procedures. Total beta cell volume was determined by stereological methods. A pilot proteome analysis of pancreas, liver, and kidney cortex was performed by label free proteomics. RESULTS MIDY pigs had elevated fasting plasma glucose and fructosamine concentrations, C-peptide levels that decreased with age and were undetectable at 2 years, and an 82% reduced total beta cell volume compared to WT. Plasma glucagon and beta hydroxybutyrate levels of MIDY pigs were chronically elevated, reflecting hallmarks of poorly controlled diabetes in humans. In total, ∼1900 samples of different body fluids (blood, serum, plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and synovial fluid) as well as ∼17,000 samples from ∼50 different tissues and organs were preserved to facilitate a plethora of morphological and molecular analyses. Principal component analyses of plasma targeted metabolomics and lipidomics data and of proteome profiles from pancreas, liver, and kidney cortex clearly separated MIDY and WT samples. CONCLUSIONS The broad spectrum of well-defined biosamples in the Munich MIDY Pig Biobank that will be available to the scientific community provides a unique resource for systematic studies of organ crosstalk in diabetes in a multi-organ, multi-omics dimension.
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Key Words
- Biobank
- CE, cholesterol ester
- CPT1, carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FFA, free fatty acids
- Hyperglycemia
- Insulin insufficiency
- MIDY
- MIDY, mutant INS gene-induced diabetes of youth
- Metabolomics
- PC, phosphatidylcholine
- PCA, principal component analysis
- Pig model
- Proteomics
- Random systematic sampling
- SM, sphingomyelin
- Stereology
- TAG, triacylglycerol
- Transcriptomics
- WT, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Blutke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Renner
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Flenkenthaler
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mattias Backman
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Serena Haesner
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Erik Ländström
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Braun-Reichhart
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Albl
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Streckel
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Mouse Clinic (GMC), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Genome Analysis Center (GAC), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alessandra Palladini
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michal Grzybek
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauersachs
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstr. 2, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bähr
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Brühschwein
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Experimental Ophthalmology, Philipps University of Marburg, Baldingerstr., D-35033 Marburg, Germany; Chair for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Erica De Monte
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michaela Dmochewitz
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Eberle
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Emrich
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Frauke Groth
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Gumbert
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, D-85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Antonia Heitmann
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Arne Hinrichs
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Keßler
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mayuko Kurome
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam Leipig-Rudolph
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany; Munich Center of NeuroSciences - Brain & Mind, Großhaderner Str. 2, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hazal Öztürk
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane Otzdorff
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Myriam Reichenbach
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Dieter Reichenbach
- Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture - Institute for Animal Breeding, Prof.-Dürrwaechter-Platz 1, D-85586 Grub-Poing, Germany
| | - Alexandra Rieger
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Birte Rieseberg
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Marco Rosati
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Nicolas Saucedo
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Schleicher
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Simmet
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Judith Steinmetz
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Nicole Übel
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, D-85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Patrizia Zehetmaier
- Chair for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 36, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Genome Analysis Center (GAC), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ünal Coskun
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Mouse Clinic (GMC), Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Sonnenstr. 16, D-85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Georg J Arnold
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Wanke
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, and Center for Innovative Medical Models (CiMM), LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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Link EK, Hoferer M, Strobel B, Rigbers K, Langenmayer MC, Sutter G, Fux R. Sus scrofa papillomavirus 2 - genetic characterization of a novel suid papillomavirus from wild boar in Germany. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2113-2117. [PMID: 28758619 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a novel papillomavirus, Sus scrofa papillomavirus 2 (SsPV2), which is the first papillomavirus associated with papillomas in pigs. In skin alterations of a German wild boar, showing typical gross and histological appearance of papillomas, papillomavirus-like particles were demonstrated by electron microscopy. Degenerate papillomavirus-specific primers were used to amplify and sequence parts of the viral DNA. Subsequently, the complete genomic DNA was cloned and sequenced. The SsPV2 genome had a length of 8218 bp, encoded the early proteins E6, E7, E1 and E2, the late proteins L1 and L2 and contained an upstream regulatory region. Genomic characterization demonstrated papillomavirus-typical characteristics as well as unique features. For example, the E2 protein was significantly larger than in every other known papillomavirus species. Phylogenetic analysis was not able to relate SsPV2 unambiguously with other papillomavirus species or existing genera. Therefore, it might be representative of a new papillomavirus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Kathrin Link
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Hoferer
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Schaflandstrasse 3/3, D-70736 Fellbach, Germany
| | - Birte Strobel
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rigbers
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
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Hanke D, Pohlmann A, Sauter-Louis C, Höper D, Stadler J, Ritzmann M, Steinrigl A, Schwarz BA, Akimkin V, Fux R, Blome S, Beer M. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea in Europe: In-Detail Analyses of Disease Dynamics and Molecular Epidemiology. Viruses 2017; 9:E177. [PMID: 28684708 PMCID: PMC5537669 DOI: 10.3390/v9070177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an acute and highly contagious enteric disease of swine caused by the eponymous virus (PEDV) which belongs to the genus Alphacoronavirus within the Coronaviridae virus family. Following the disastrous outbreaks in Asia and the United States, PEDV has been detected also in Europe. In order to better understand the overall situation, the molecular epidemiology, and factors that might influence the most variable disease impact; 40 samples from swine feces were collected from different PED outbreaks in Germany and other European countries and sequenced by shot-gun next-generation sequencing. A total of 38 new PEDV complete coding sequences were generated. When compared on a global scale, all investigated sequences from Central and South-Eastern Europe formed a rather homogeneous PEDV S INDEL cluster, suggesting a recent re-introduction. However, in-detail analyses revealed two new clusters and putative ancestor strains. Based on the available background data, correlations between clusters and location, farm type or clinical presentation could not be established. Additionally, the impact of secondary infections was explored using the metagenomic data sets. While several coinfections were observed, no correlation was found with disease courses. However, in addition to the PEDV genomes, ten complete viral coding sequences from nine different data sets were reconstructed each representing new virus strains. In detail, three pasivirus A strains, two astroviruses, a porcine sapelovirus, a kobuvirus, a porcine torovirus, a posavirus, and an enterobacteria phage were almost fully sequenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Hanke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Carola Sauter-Louis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Epidemiology, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Adi Steinrigl
- Österreichische Agentur für Gesundheit und Ernährungssicherheit GmbH, A-2340 Mödling, Austria.
| | | | - Valerij Akimkin
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Stuttgart, Fellbach, D-70736 Fellbach, Germany, .
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Eddicks M, Szikora F, Walhöfer N, Sauter Louis C, Reese S, Banholzer E, Reiner G, Sutter G, Ritzmann M, Fux R. [Occurrence of genotypes of porcine circovirus (PCV2) in pig farms using different vaccination strategies against PCV2]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2017; 45:90-97. [PMID: 28327779 DOI: 10.15653/tpg-160547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since 2004/2005 a worldwide shift of the detection rate of porcine circovirus (PCV) has been observed from PCV2a towards PCV2b. Currently commercially available vaccines are based on genotype PCV2a. The study was conducted as a pilot study to evaluate the occurrence of PCV2a and PCV2b in farms with different vaccination strategies against PCV2. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this purpose a total of 405 piglets originating from nine farms (three farms with sow vaccination [SI], piglet vaccination [FI] and no vaccination [NI] against PCV2, respectively) were enrolled and followed from day 3 of life until slaughter. Serum of the piglets was examined for PCV2-DNA by quantitative PCR, genotype differentiating duplex PCR, and after sequencing of the total genome, PCV2 isolates were phylogenetically assigned. The evaluation included the data from 383 animals. RESULTS In eight farms PCV2 could be detected (1x PCV2a; 6x PCV2b; 1x PCV2a and PCV2b). PCV2b was found in SI-, NI- and FI-farms, whereas PCV2a was only detected in SI- and NI-farms. A proportion of 55.4% was PCV2-positive at least once during the entire study period (FI: 7.8%, SI: 65.4%, NI: 93.7%). Of these samples 4.7% were PCV2a-, 92.2% PCV2b- and 2.4% PCV2a- and PCV2b-positive. The mean content of PCV2-DNA in the serum of PCV2b positive animals was significantly higher than from PCV2a positive animals. PCV2 isolates were identified as PCV2b-1A (5/9 farms), PCV2b-1B (1/9 farms) und PCV2a-2D (2/9 farms). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The increased detection rate of PCV2b in comparison to PCV2a could be confirmed. The present study gives hint that the vaccination of piglets using PCV2a-based vaccines may lead to a further shift of the detection rate from PCV2a to PCV2b. To assess the clinical relevance of this observation, extensive comparative studies should be taken into account, which also evaluate the efficacy of PCV2a-based vaccines in PCV2a- and PCV2b-positive farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Eddicks
- Dr. Matthias Eddicks, Klinik für Schweine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstraße 16, 85764 Oberschleißheim, E-Mail:
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25
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Doenges SJ, Weber K, Dorsch R, Fux R, Hartmann K. Comparison of real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, serum and cell-free body cavity effusion for the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 19:344-350. [PMID: 26787293 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15625354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) remains challenging, especially in cats without effusions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detecting feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum in comparison with the same real-time RT-PCR in cell-free body cavity effusion. Methods This prospective case-control study included 92 cats. Forty-three cats had a definitive diagnosis of FIP, established either by histopathological examination (n = 28) or by positive immunofluorescence staining of FCoV antigen in macrophages of effusions (n = 11), or by both methods (n = 4). Forty-nine control cats had other diseases but similar clinical signs. Real-time RT-PCR was performed on PBMCs of 37 cats (21 cats with FIP, 16 controls), on serum of 51 cats (26 cats with FIP, 25 controls) and on cell-free body cavity effusion of 69 cats (36 cats with FIP, 33 controls). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, including 95% confidence intervals (CI), were calculated. Results Real-time RT-PCR of PBMCs, serum and cell-free body cavity effusion showed a specificity of 100% (95% CI 79.4-100% in PBMCs, 86.3-100% in serum, 89.4-100% in cell-free body cavity effusion) and a sensitivity of 28.6% (95% CI 11.3-52.2%) in PBMCs, 15.4% (95% CI 4.4-34.9%) in serum and 88.9% (95% CI 73.9-96.9%) in cell-free body cavity effusion to diagnose FIP. Conclusions and relevance Although it is known that RT-PCR can often provide false-positive results in healthy cats, this real-time RT-PCR was shown to be a specific tool for the diagnosis of FIP when applied in a clinical setting. Sensitivity in cell-free body cavity effusion was high but low in PBMCs and serum. PBMC samples showed a higher sensitivity than serum samples, and are therefore a better choice if no effusion is present.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Weber
- 1 Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Germany
| | - Roswitha Dorsch
- 1 Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- 2 Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- 1 Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Germany
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26
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Stalin Raj V, van den Brand J, Volz A, Wohlsein P, Smits S, Okba N, Fux R, Moise Bensaid A, Solanes Foz D, Kuiken T, Baumgärtner W, Segalés J, Sutter G, Osterhaus A, L Haagmans B. A poxvirus-based vaccine reduces virus excretion after MERS coronavirus infection in dromedary camels. Int J Infect Dis 2016. [PMCID: PMC7128089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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27
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Haagmans BL, van den Brand JMA, Raj VS, Volz A, Wohlsein P, Smits SL, Schipper D, Bestebroer TM, Okba N, Fux R, Bensaid A, Solanes Foz D, Kuiken T, Baumgärtner W, Segalés J, Sutter G, Osterhaus ADME. An orthopoxvirus-based vaccine reduces virus excretion after MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels. Science 2015; 351:77-81. [PMID: 26678878 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections have led to an ongoing outbreak in humans, which was fueled by multiple zoonotic MERS-CoV introductions from dromedary camels. In addition to the implementation of hygiene measures to limit further camel-to-human and human-to-human transmissions, vaccine-mediated reduction of MERS-CoV spread from the animal reservoir may be envisaged. Here we show that a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine expressing the MERS-CoV spike protein confers mucosal immunity in dromedary camels. Compared with results for control animals, we observed a significant reduction of excreted infectious virus and viral RNA transcripts in vaccinated animals upon MERS-CoV challenge. Protection correlated with the presence of serum neutralizing antibodies to MERS-CoV. Induction of MVA-specific antibodies that cross-neutralize camelpox virus would also provide protection against camelpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | | | - V Stalin Raj
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Asisa Volz
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Saskia L Smits
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Debby Schipper
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nisreen Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert Fux
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Albert Bensaid
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal [CReSA, IRTA-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)], Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Solanes Foz
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal [CReSA, IRTA-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)], Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, CReSA, (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain. Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Gerd Sutter
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. Artemis One Health, Utrecht, Netherlands. Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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28
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Fux R, Langenmayer MC, Jörgens D, Schubert C, Heckel JO, Sutter G. Rusa alfredi papillomavirus 1 - a novel deltapapillomavirus inducing endemic papillomatosis in the endangered Visayan spotted deer. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:128-133. [PMID: 26555294 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a novel papillomavirus - Rusa alfredi papillomavirus 1 (RalPV1) - which causes endemic fibropapillomatosis in the European conservation breeding population of the highly endangered Visayan spotted deer (Rusa alfredi). Degenerated papillomavirus-specific primers were used to amplify and sequence parts of the viral DNA. Subsequently, the complete genomic DNA was cloned and the sequence was determined. The RalPV1 genome has a length of 8029 bp, encodes the early proteins E6, E7, E1, E2 and E5, the two late proteins L1 and L2 and contains an upstream regulatory region. Highest sequence identities were observed with two deltapapillomaviruses, the Capreolus capreolus PV1 and Cervus elaphus PV1. Pairwise comparisons and phylogenetic analysis based on the ORF L1 suggested that RalPV1 is a putative new type of the papillomavirus species Deltapapillomavirus 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin C Langenmayer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Jörgens
- Zoo Landau in der Pfalz, Hindenburgstrasse 12, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Christina Schubert
- Zoo Landau in der Pfalz, Hindenburgstrasse 12, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Jens-Ove Heckel
- Zoo Landau in der Pfalz, Hindenburgstrasse 12, D-76829 Landau in der Pfalz, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, Veterinärstrasse 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany
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29
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Volz A, Fux R, Langenmayer MC, Sutter G. [Modified vaccinia virus ankara (MVA)--development as recombinant vaccine and prospects for use in veterinary medicine]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2015; 128:464-472. [PMID: 26697713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Poxviruses as expression vectors are widely used in medical research for the development of recombinant vaccines and molecular therapies. Here we review recent accomplishments in vaccine research using recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara (MVA). MVA is a highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain that originated from serial tissue culture passage in chicken embryo fibroblasts more than 40 years ago. Growth adaptation to avian host cells caused deletions and mutations in the viral genome affecting about 15% of the original genetic information. In consequence, MVA is replication-deficient in cells of mammalian origin and fails to produce many of the virulence factors encoded by conventional vaccinia virus. Because of its safety for the general environment MVA can be handled under conditions of biosafety level one. Non-replicating MVA can enter any target cell and activate its molecular life cycle to express all classes of viral and recombinant genes. Therefore, recombinant MVA have been established as an extremely safe and efficient vector system for vaccine development in medical research. By now, various recombinant MVA vaccines have been found safe and immunogenic when used for phase I/II clinical testing in humans, and suitable for industrial scale production following good practice of manufacturing. Thus, there is an obvious usefulness of recombinant MVA vaccines for novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches also in veterinary medicine. Results from first studies in companion and farm animals are highly promising.
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Stadler J, Zoels S, Fux R, Hanke D, Pohlmann A, Blome S, Weissenböck H, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Ritzmann M, Ladinig A. Emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in southern Germany. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:142. [PMID: 26135732 PMCID: PMC4487554 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last years, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused devastating enteric diseases in the US and several countries in Asia, while outbreaks in Europe have only been reported sporadically since the 1980s. At present, only insufficient information is available on currently circulating PEDV strains in Europe and their impact on the European swine industry. In this case report, we present epidemic outbreaks of porcine epidemic diarrhea in three farms in South-Western Germany. CASE PRESENTATION Epidemic outbreaks of diarrhea affecting pigs of all age groups were reported in three farms, one fattening farm and two piglet producing farms, in South-Western Germany between May and November 2014. In the fattening farm yellowish, watery diarrhea without evidence of mucus or blood was associated with a massive reduction of feed consumption. Severity of clinical signs and mortality in young suckling pigs varied significantly between the two affected sow farms. While mortality in suckling piglets reached almost 70 % in one sow herd, no increase in suckling piglet mortality was observed in the second sow farm. In all three cases, PEDV was confirmed in feces and small intestines by RT-qPCR. Phylogenetic analyses based on full-length PEDV genomes revealed high identity among strains from all three herds. Moreover, the German strains showed very high nucleotide identity (99.4 %) with a variant of PEDV (OH851) that was isolated in the United States in January 2014. This strain with insertions and deletions in the S-gene (so called INDEL strains) was reported to show lower virulence. Slightly lower identities were found with other strains from the US and Asia. CONCLUSION Phylogenetic information on the distribution of PEDV strains in Europe is severely lacking. In this case report we demonstrate that acute outbreaks of PEDV occurred in southern Germany in 2014. Current strains were clearly different from isolates found in the 1980s and were closely related to a PEDV variant found in the US in 2014. Moreover, the present case report indicates that variant strains of PEDV, containing insertions and deletions in the S gene, which were reported to be of lower virulence, might be able to cause high mortality in suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stadler
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Susanne Zoels
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Dennis Hanke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Mathias Ritzmann
- Clinic for Swine at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Doenges SJ, Weber K, Dorsch R, Fux R, Fischer A, Matiasek LA, Matiasek K, Hartmann K. Detection of feline coronavirus in cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis in cats with and without neurological signs. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 18:104-9. [PMID: 25736448 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15574757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) detecting feline coronavirus (FCoV) RNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of cats with and without neurological and/or ocular signs for the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). METHODS This prospective case-control study included 34 cats. Nineteen cats had a definitive histopathological diagnosis of FIP (seven of these with neurological and/or ocular signs), and 15 cats had other diseases but similar clinical signs (three of these with neurological and/or ocular signs). Real-time RT-PCR was performed on the CSF of all cats, and sensitivity, specificity, and positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were calculated. RESULTS Real-time RT-PCR of CSF showed a specificity of 100% in diagnosing FIP, a sensitivity of 42.1%, a PPV of 100% and an NPV of 57.7%. The sensitivity of the real-time RT-PCR of CSF in cats with neurological and/or ocular signs was 85.7%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although it is known that RT-PCR can give false positive results, especially if performed using serum or plasma, this real-time RT-PCR detecting FCoV RNA in CSF can be considered a reliable specific tool for the diagnosis of FIP. If only cats with neurological involvement are evaluated, the sensitivity of this real-time RT-PCR in CSF is also high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roswitha Dorsch
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Fischer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara A Matiasek
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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32
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Schulz B, Klinkenberg C, Fux R, Anderson T, de Benedictis P, Hartmann K. Prevalence of canine influenza virus A (H3N8) in dogs in Germany. Vet J 2014; 202:184-5. [PMID: 25155218 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of CIV H3N8 in dogs in Germany. Blood samples from 272 clinically healthy dogs and 35 dogs with acute respiratory signs were screened for antibodies against influenza virus by ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay; positive samples were further tested by fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and subtype-specific HI assay. Nasal and pharyngeal swabs from all sick dogs were submitted for real-time (RT)-PCR for influenza virus RNA; PCR results were negative in all cases. One healthy and one sick dog tested positive for antibodies against influenza virus nucleoprotein by ELISA, but both were negative by subtype-specific HI assay and FAT, and were therefore considered false positive results. Thus, antibody prevalence against CIV H3N8 was 0% (0-1.24%, 95% CI). Currently, the risk for CIV H3N8 infection in the German dog population seems very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Germany.
| | | | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, Germany
| | - Tara Anderson
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | - Paola de Benedictis
- FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Animal-Human Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale, Venice, Italy
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, LMU University of Munich, Germany
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Altenburg AF, Kreijtz JHCM, de Vries RD, Song F, Fux R, Rimmelzwaan GF, Sutter G, Volz A. Modified vaccinia virus ankara (MVA) as production platform for vaccines against influenza and other viral respiratory diseases. Viruses 2014; 6:2735-61. [PMID: 25036462 PMCID: PMC4113791 DOI: 10.3390/v6072735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses infections caused by influenza viruses, human parainfluenza virus (hPIV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and coronaviruses are an eminent threat for public health. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines available for hPIV, RSV and coronaviruses, and the available seasonal influenza vaccines have considerable limitations. With regard to pandemic preparedness, it is important that procedures are in place to respond rapidly and produce tailor made vaccines against these respiratory viruses on short notice. Moreover, especially for influenza there is great need for the development of a universal vaccine that induces broad protective immunity against influenza viruses of various subtypes. Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) is a replication-deficient viral vector that holds great promise as a vaccine platform. MVA can encode one or more foreign antigens and thus functions as a multivalent vaccine. The vector can be used at biosafety level 1, has intrinsic adjuvant capacities and induces humoral and cellular immune responses. However, there are some practical and regulatory issues that need to be addressed in order to develop MVA-based vaccines on short notice at the verge of a pandemic. In this review, we discuss promising novel influenza virus vaccine targets and the use of MVA for vaccine development against various respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwen F Altenburg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost H C M Kreijtz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Fei Song
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
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Schade B, Schmitt F, Böhm B, Alex M, Fux R, Cattoli G, Terregino C, Monne I, Currie RJW, Olias P. Adenoviral gizzard erosion in broiler chickens in Germany. Avian Dis 2013; 57:159-63. [PMID: 23678748 DOI: 10.1637/10330-082312-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Avian adenovirus infections cause important disease complexes in chickens, but many of the viruses also infect chickens without resulting in overt disease. Previously several outbreaks of gizzard erosions caused by a fowl adenovirus A serotype-1 (FAdV-1) were reported from Japan. Here we report an outbreak of gizzard erosions in 12 broiler flocks in Germany in 2011. Chickens had a reduced daily weight gain and a higher total mortality rate of up to 8%. The birds showed a severe detachment of the koilin layer and ulcerative to necrotizing lesions of the underlying mucosa. Histopathologically, necrotizing ventriculitis with basophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodies in epithelial cells was diagnosed. Immunohistochemistry, egg culture, and electron microscopic examination revealed adenovirus-like particles in the samples. No concurrent infectious agent could be identified. The virus was genotyped as FAdV-1 by PCR and subsequent sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the hexon loop L1 gene yielded 100% sequence identity to the chicken embryo lethal orphan strain. These findings suggest that outbreaks of adenoviral gizzard erosion can lead to significant economic losses in Germany and may be caused by an unusual virulent FAdV-1 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schade
- Bavarian Animal Health Service, Senator-Gerauer-Str. 23, 85586 Poing, Germany
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Kremer M, Volz A, Kreijtz JHCM, Fux R, Lehmann MH, Sutter G. Easy and efficient protocols for working with recombinant vaccinia virus MVA. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 890:59-92. [PMID: 22688761 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-876-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated and replication-deficient strain of vaccinia virus that is increasingly used as vector for expression of recombinant genes in the research laboratory and in biomedicine for vaccine development. Major benefits of MVA include the clear safety advantage compared to conventional vaccinia viruses, the longstanding experience in the genetic engineering of the virus, and the availability of established procedures for virus production at an industrial scale. MVA vectors can be handled under biosafety level 1 conditions, and a multitude of recombinant MVA vaccines has proven to be immunogenic and protective when delivering various heterologous antigens in animals and humans. In this chapter we provide convenient state-of-the-art protocols for generation, amplification, and purification of recombinant MVA viruses. Importantly, we include methodology for rigid quality control to obtain best possible vector viruses for further investigations including clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kremer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, University of Munich LMU, Munich, Germany
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36
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Fux R, Schimpl G. Verbrennung durch elementares Kalium. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-010-2275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Fux R, Mörike K, Gleiter CH. [Unwanted side effects of antibacterials--a diagnostic challenge]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2008; 133:F4. [PMID: 19097002 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1082824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We present three cases of rare side effects which appeared to be attributable to antibacterial drug treatment. A 57-year-old female patient was admitted to hospital due to increasing dyspnea. Computed tomography revealed interstitial lung fibrosis which was attributed to the toxic effects of nitrofurantoin (50 mg/d) that the patient used for approximately one year for recurrent urinary tract infection. She died two weeks after hospital admission due to acute respiratory failure. A 20-year-old male patient presented with most intense headache and psychomotor deceleration. Pseudotumor cerebri, which was suspected to be the underlying cause, is described as a rare side effect of minocyclin which the patient has taken for acne pustulosa (100 mg single dose). After dechallenge of minocyclin, neurological symptoms quickly subsided. A 82-year-old female patient used moxifloxacin (400 mg/d) for febrile bronchopulmonary infection for one week. During this therapy, confusion and severe dementia presented and remained for more than two months after discontinuation. The demential syndrome appears to be possibly related to the fluoroquinolone use. In summary, adverse drug effects not pertaining to the primary physician's field are especially difficult to identify. Most importantly, rare side effects must be borne in mind by the prescribing physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fux
- Abteilung Klinische Pharmakologie, Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen.
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Mörike K, Kivistö KT, Schaeffeler E, Jägle C, Igel S, Drescher S, Fux R, Marx C, Hofmann U, Engel C, Wagner F, Delabar U, Meisner C, Bail D, Böhm JO, Gleiter CH, Ziemer G, Rein JG, Hellberg KD, Eichelbaum M, Schwab M. Propafenone for the Prevention of Atrial Tachyarrhythmias After Cardiac Surgery: A Randomized, Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008; 84:104-10. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fux R, Greiner D, Geldmacher M, Mörike K, Gleiter CH. Multiple drug prescribing by general practitioners in a German region: implications for drug interactions and patient safety. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006; 44:539-47. [PMID: 17176620 DOI: 10.5414/cpp44539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An increased number of drugs used by patients enhances the risk of potentially hazardous drug interactions. So far, no representative data are available about how common this problem is in German general practices. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis using a prescription database for a German region. The 50 general practitioners (out of 1,457) who wrote the most prescriptions during January to March 2003 were included. Data on 4,153 patients who were prescribed at least 10 drugs were analyzed for 92 predefined Drug Combinations Prone to Interact (DCPI) to a clinically relevant extent and possible contraindications. RESULTS From 92 DCPIs, 71 occurred in the analyzed population between 1 and 275 times. The total number of DCPI cases was 1,295, which included 10% (n = 129) of contraindicated combinations. Among 4,153 analyzed patients, 822 patients (19.8%) were affected by at least 1 DCPI. In 268 patients (6.5%), multiple DCPIs occurred. The most frequently found drug pairs were digitalis/diuretics, digitalis/calcium channel blockers, and theophylline/quinolones. Among contraindicated combinations, tricyclic antidepressants, St. John's wort and antiarrhythmic drugs were most frequently involved. In about 1/3 of patients treated for chronic heart failure, pharmacotherapy appeared not to be guideline-adherent. CONCLUSION Drug interactions, especially in polypharmacotherapy, represent a potential hazard which must be taken into account by the prescribing physician. Our study is the first to use a prescription database for the evaluation of drug prescriptions within a German region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fux
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Fux R, Kloor D, Hermes M, Röck T, Proksch B, Grenz A, Delabar U, Bücheler R, Igel S, Mörike K, Gleiter CH, Osswald H. Effect of acute hyperhomocysteinemia on methylation potential of erythrocytes and on DNA methylation of lymphocytes in healthy male volunteers. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 289:F786-92. [PMID: 15855656 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00465.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine is a precursor of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and a metabolite of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy). The ratio of AdoMet to AdoHcy, defined as the methylation potential (MP), indicates the flow of methyl groups within the cells. Chronic elevations of total homocysteine (tHcy) in plasma correlate with increased AdoHcy concentrations, decreased MP, and impaired DNA methylation. However, the influence of acute hyperhomocysteinemia on MP is unknown. We induced acute hyperhomocysteinemia in 14 healthy volunteers by oral administration of l-homocysteine (65.1 μmol/kg body wt) in an open, randomized, placebo-controlled two-period crossover study. The kinetics of tHcy in blood and urine, MP in blood, and global DNA methylation in lymphocytes were studied systematically during 48 h. Plasma tHcy concentrations reached a peak at 34 ± 11 min after an oral load with l-homocysteine and decreased with a half-life of 257 ± 41 min (means ± SD). Only 2.3% of the homocysteine dose were recovered in urine. AdoHcy concentrations and MP in whole blood and erythrocytes were not affected by the oral homocysteine load. Furthermore, global DNA methylation in lymphocytes did not change under these conditions. We found no difference between the genotypes of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in response to the homocysteine load. However, AdoMet content in erythrocytes was significantly higher in the C677T carriers (CT; n = 7) compared with the CC genotype ( n = 7). Although chronic elevation of tHcy has been shown to affect MP and DNA methylation, acute elevation of plasma tHcy above 20 μmol/l for 8 h is not sufficient to change MP and to induce DNA hypomethylation in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fux
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Div. of Experimental Pharmacology, Univ. Hospital Tübingen, Wilhelmstr. 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
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Fux R, Mörike K, Gleiter CH. [Celecoxib]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2002; 127:803-4. [PMID: 11951138 DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-25051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Fux
- Abteilung Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Germany.
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Wagner CA, Huber SM, Wärntges S, Zempel G, Kaba NK, Fux R, Orth N, Busch GL, Waldegger S, Lambert I, Nilius B, Heinle H, Lang F. Effect of urea and osmotic cell shrinkage on Ca2+ entry and contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells. Pflugers Arch 2000; 440:295-301. [PMID: 10898530 DOI: 10.1007/s004240000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to elucidate the effects of urea on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). Addition of urea (20, 50, 100 mM) to physiological salt solution blunted the vasoconstrictory effect of phenylephrine (by 17, 25 and 30%, respectively) and of an increased extracellular K+ concentration (by 7, 14 and 19%, respectively) without affecting the basal tone of rabbit arterial rings. According to Fura-2 fluorescence in cultured SMC (A7r5), urea had no effect on basal intracellular calcium activity ([Ca2+]i), but significantly blunted the increase of [Ca2+]i following an increase of extracellular K+. Whole-cell patch-clamp studies revealed that the Ca2+ current through voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels is significantly inhibited in the presence of urea. As evident from calcein fluorescence, addition of urea leads to sustained cell shrinkage. The effects of urea on vascular tone, [Ca2+]i activity, voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and cell volume are mimicked by addition of raffinose or NaCl. However, the cell shrinkage induced by urea is sustained, whereas the addition of equiosmolar NaCl is only transient and followed by a regulatory cell volume increase. Moreover, hypertonic NaCl increases, whereas urea decreases, the transcription of cell-volume-regulated kinase hsgk. In conclusion, urea leads to sustained shrinkage of vascular smooth muscle cells, which is followed by inhibition of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, a decrease of [Ca2+]i and thus blunts the vasoconstrictory action of phenylephrine and increased extracellular K+ concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Wagner
- Physiologisches Institut, der Universität Tübingen, Germany
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Wagner C, Huber S, Wärntges S, Zempel G, Kaba N, Fux R, Orth N, Busch G, Waldegger S, Lambert I, Nilius B, Heinle H, Lang F. Effect of urea and osmotic cell shrinkage on Ca. Pflugers Arch 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/s004240051051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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