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Rosenzweig B, Recabal P, Gluck C, Coleman JA, Susztak K, Hakimi AA, Jaimes EA, Weiss RH. Can kidney parenchyma metabolites serve as prognostic biomarkers for long-term kidney function after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma? A preliminary study. Clin Kidney J 2021; 14:656-664. [PMID: 35261758 PMCID: PMC8894921 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Nephrectomy, the standard of care for localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC), may lead to kidney function loss. Our goal was to identify prognostic biomarkers of postoperative renal function using metabolomics. Methods Metabolomics data from benign kidney parenchyma were collected prospectively from 138 patients with RCC who underwent nephrectomy at a single institution. The primary endpoint was the difference between the postoperative and preoperative estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) rate divided by the elapsed time (eGFR slope). eGFR slope was calculated ∼2 years post-nephrectomy (GFR1), and at last follow-up (GFR2). A multivariate regularized regression model identified clinical characteristics and abundance of metabolites in baseline benign kidney parenchyma that were significantly associated with eGFR slope. Findings were validated by associating gene expression data with eGFR slope in an independent cohort (n = 58). Results Data were compiled on 78 patients (median age 62.6 years, 65.4% males). The mean follow-up was 25 ± 3.4 months for GFR1 and 69.5 ± 23.5 months for GFR2 and 17 (22%) and 32 (41%) patients showed eGFR recovery, respectively. Nephrectomy type, blood lipids, gender and 23 metabolites from benign parenchyma were significantly associated with eGFR slope. Some metabolites associated with eGFR slope overlapped with previously reported chronic kidney disease-related processes. Subgroup analysis identified unique ‘metabolite signatures’ by older age, nephrectomy type and preoperative eGFR. Conclusions Nephrectomy type, gender, blood lipids and benign parenchyma metabolites at nephrectomy were associated with long-term kidney function. On further study, these metabolites may be useful as potential biomarkers and to identify novel therapeutic targets for malignancy-associated renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Rosenzweig
- Department of Surgery, Urology Services, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel, Affiliated to Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- The Dr. Pinchas Borenstein Talpiot Medical Leadership Program 2013, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Pedro Recabal
- Department of Surgery, Urology Services, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Urology Service, Fundacion Arturo Lopez Perez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caroline Gluck
- Department of Medicine, Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Coleman
- Department of Surgery, Urology Services, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Department of Medicine, Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A Ari Hakimi
- Department of Surgery, Urology Services, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edgar A Jaimes
- Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Trott JF, Abu Aboud O, McLaughlin B, Anderson KL, Modiano JF, Kim K, Jen KY, Senapedis W, Chang H, Landesman Y, Baloglu E, Pili R, Weiss RH. Anti-Cancer Activity of PAK4/NAMPT Inhibitor and Programmed Cell Death Protein-1 Antibody in Kidney Cancer. Kidney360 2020; 1:376-388. [PMID: 35224510 PMCID: PMC8809296 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000282019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney cancer (or renal cell carcinoma, RCC) is the sixth most common malignancy in the United States and is increasing in incidence. Despite new therapies, including targeted therapies and immunotherapies, most RCCs are resistant to treatment. Thus, several laboratories have been evaluating new approaches to therapy, both with single agents as well as combinations. Although we have previously shown efficacy of the dual PAK4/nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitor KPT-9274, and the immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) have shown utility in the clinic, there has been no evaluation of this combination either clinically or in an immunocompetent animal model of kidney cancer. METHODS In this study, we use the renal cell adenocarcinoma (RENCA) model of spontaneous murine kidney cancer. Male BALB/cJ mice were injected subcutaneously with RENCA cells and, after tumors were palpable, they were treated with KPT-9274 and/or anti-programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1; PD1) antibody for 21 days. Tumors were measured and then removed at animal euthanasia for subsequent studies. RESULTS We demonstrate a significant decrease in allograft growth with the combination treatment of KPT-9274 and anti-PD1 antibody without significant weight loss by the animals. This is associated with decreased (MOUSE) Naprt expression, indicating dependence of these tumors on NAMPT in parallel to what we have observed in human RCC. Histology of the tumors showed substantial necrosis regardless of treatment condition, and flow cytometry of antibody-stained tumor cells revealed that the enhanced therapeutic effect of KPT-9274 and anti-PD1 antibody was not driven by infiltration of T cells into tumors. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of the RENCA model for evaluating immunologic responses to KPT-9274 and checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) and suggests that therapy with this combination could improve efficacy in RCC beyond what is achievable with CPI alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine F. Trott
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Omran Abu Aboud
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Bridget McLaughlin
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Katie L. Anderson
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jaime F. Modiano
- Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Kuang-Yu Jen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - William Senapedis
- Research and Translational Development, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, Massachusetts
| | - Hua Chang
- Research and Translational Development, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, Massachusetts
| | - Yosef Landesman
- Research and Translational Development, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, Massachusetts
| | - Erkan Baloglu
- Research and Translational Development, Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Newton, Massachusetts
| | - Roberto Pili
- Simon Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Robert H. Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California
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3
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Høeg TB, Chmiel K, Warrick AE, Taylor SL, Weiss RH. Ultramarathon Plasma Metabolomics: Phosphatidylcholine Levels Associated with Running Performance. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8040044. [PMID: 32244618 PMCID: PMC7240692 DOI: 10.3390/sports8040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify plasma metabolites associated with superior endurance running performance. In 2016, participants at the Western States Endurance Run (WSER), a 100-mile (161-km) foot race, underwent non-targeted metabolomic testing of their post-race plasma. Metabolites associated with faster finish times were identified. Based on these results, runners at the 2017 WSER underwent targeted metabolomics testing, including lipidomics and choline levels. The 2017 participants’ plasma metabolites were correlated with finish times and compared with non-athletic controls. In 2016, 427 known molecules were detected using non-targeted metabolomics. Four compounds, all phosphatidylcholines (PCs) were associated with finish time (False Discovery Rate (FDR) < 0.05). All were higher in faster finishers. In 2017, using targeted PC analysis, multiple PCs, measured pre- and post-race, were higher in faster finishers (FDR < 0.05). The majority of PCs was noted to be higher in runners (both pre- and post-race) than in controls (FDR < 0.05). Runners had higher choline levels pre-race compared to controls (p < 0.0001), but choline level did not differ significantly from controls post-race (p = 0.129). Choline levels decreased between the start and the finish of the race (p < 0.0001). Faster finishers had lower choline levels than slower finishers at the race finish (p = 0.028).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy B. Høeg
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
- Mountain View Rehabilitation Medical Associates, Grass Valley, CA 95945, USA
- Napa Medical Research Foundation, Napa, CA 94558, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Kenneth Chmiel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA; (K.C.); (R.H.W.)
| | - Alexandra E. Warrick
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of California, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Sandra L. Taylor
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Robert H. Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95817, USA; (K.C.); (R.H.W.)
- Medical Service, VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA 95655, USA
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Asawa RR, Danchik C, Zahkarov A, Chen Y, Voss T, Jadhav A, Wallace DP, Trott JF, Weiss RH, Simeonov A, Martinez NJ. A high-throughput screening platform for Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) drug repurposing utilizing murine and human ADPKD cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4203. [PMID: 32144367 PMCID: PMC7060218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is one of the most common inherited monogenic disorders, characterized by a progressive decline in kidney function due in part to the formation of fluid-filled cysts. While there is one FDA-approved therapy, it is associated with potential adverse effects, and all other clinical interventions are largely supportive. Insights into the cellular pathways underlying ADPKD have revealed striking similarities to cancer. Moreover, several drugs originally developed for cancer have shown to ameliorate cyst formation and disease progression in animal models of ADPKD. These observations prompted us to develop a high-throughput screening platform of cancer drugs in a quest to repurpose them for ADPKD. We screened ~8,000 compounds, including compounds with oncological annotations, as well as FDA-approved drugs, and identified 155 that reduced the viability of Pkd1-null mouse kidney cells with minimal effects on wild-type cells. We found that 109 of these compounds also reduced in vitro cyst growth of Pkd1-null cells cultured in a 3D matrix. Moreover, the result of the cyst assay identified therapeutically relevant compounds, including agents that interfere with tubulin dynamics and reduced cyst growth without affecting cell viability. Because it is known that several ADPKD therapies with promising outcomes in animal models failed to be translated to human disease, our platform also incorporated the evaluation of compounds in a panel of primary ADPKD and normal human kidney (NHK) epithelial cells. Although we observed differences in compound response amongst ADPKD and NHK cell preparation, we identified 18 compounds that preferentially affected the viability of most ADPKD cells with minimal effects on NHK cells. Our study identifies attractive candidates for future efficacy studies in advanced pre-clinical models of ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita R Asawa
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Carina Danchik
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Alexey Zahkarov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Yuchi Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ty Voss
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Darren P Wallace
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Josephine F Trott
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Natalia J Martinez
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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5
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Sinha S, Dwivedi N, Tao S, Jamadar A, Kakade VR, Neil MO, Weiss RH, Enders J, Calvet JP, Thomas SM, Rao R. Targeting the vasopressin type-2 receptor for renal cell carcinoma therapy. Oncogene 2020; 39:1231-1245. [PMID: 31616061 PMCID: PMC7007354 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and its type-2 receptor (V2R) play an essential role in the regulation of salt and water homeostasis by the kidneys. V2R activation also stimulates proliferation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines in vitro. The current studies investigated V2R expression and activity in human RCC tumors, and its role in RCC tumor growth. Examination of the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database, and analysis of human RCC tumor tissue microarrays, cDNA arrays and tumor biopsy samples demonstrated V2R expression and activity in clear cell RCC (ccRCC). In vitro, V2R antagonists OPC31260 and Tolvaptan, or V2R gene silencing reduced wound closure and cell viability of 786-O and Caki-1 human ccRCC cell lines. Similarly in mouse xenograft models, Tolvaptan and OPC31260 decreased RCC tumor growth by reducing cell proliferation and angiogenesis, while increasing apoptosis. In contrast, the V2R agonist dDAVP significantly increased tumor growth. High intracellular cAMP levels and ERK1/2 activation were observed in human ccRCC tumors. In mouse tumors and Caki-1 cells, V2R agonists reduced cAMP and ERK1/2 activation, while dDAVP treatment had the reverse effect. V2R gene silencing in Caki-1 cells also reduced cAMP and ERK1/2 activation. These results provide novel evidence for a pathogenic role of V2R signaling in ccRCC, and suggest that inhibitors of the AVP-V2R pathway, including the FDA-approved drug Tolvaptan, could be utilized as novel ccRCC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Sinha
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Nidhi Dwivedi
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Shixin Tao
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Abeda Jamadar
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Vijayakumar R Kakade
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Maura O' Neil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Medical Service, VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Enders
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - James P Calvet
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Sufi M Thomas
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Reena Rao
- The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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6
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Kim K, Trott JF, Gao G, Chapman A, Weiss RH. Plasma metabolites and lipids associate with kidney function and kidney volume in hypertensive ADPKD patients early in the disease course. BMC Nephrol 2019; 20:66. [PMID: 30803434 PMCID: PMC6388487 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1249-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common hereditary kidney disease and is characterized by gradual cyst growth and expansion, increase in kidney volume with an ultimate decline in kidney function leading to end stage renal disease (ESRD). Given the decades long period of stable kidney function while cyst growth occurs, it is important to identify those patients who will progress to ESRD. Recent data from our and other laboratories have demonstrated that metabolic reprogramming may play a key role in cystic epithelial proliferation resulting in cyst growth in ADPKD. Height corrected total kidney volume (ht-TKV) accurately reflects cyst burden and predicts future loss of kidney function. We hypothesize that specific plasma metabolites will correlate with eGFR and ht-TKV early in ADPKD, both predictors of disease progression, potentially indicative of early physiologic derangements of renal disease severity. Methods To investigate the predictive role of plasma metabolites on eGFR and/or ht-TKV, we used a non-targeted GC-TOF/MS-based metabolomics approach on hypertensive ADPKD patients in the early course of their disease. Patient data was obtained from the HALT-A randomized clinical trial at baseline including estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and measured ht-TKV. To identify individual metabolites whose intensities are significantly correlated with eGFR and ht-TKV, association analyses were performed using linear regression with each metabolite signal level as the primary predictor variable and baseline eGFR and ht-TKV as the continuous outcomes of interest, while adjusting for covariates. Significance was determined by Storey’s false discovery rate (FDR) q-values to correct for multiple testing. Results Twelve metabolites significantly correlated with eGFR and two triglycerides significantly correlated with baseline ht-TKV at FDR q-value < 0.05. Specific significant metabolites, including pseudo-uridine, indole-3-lactate, uric acid, isothreonic acid, and creatinine, have been previously shown to accumulate in plasma and/or urine in both diabetic and cystic renal diseases with advanced renal insufficiency. Conclusions This study identifies metabolic derangements in early ADPKD which may be prognostic for ADPKD disease progression. Clinical trial HALT Progression of Polycystic Kidney Disease (HALT PKD) Study A; Clinical www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00283686; first posted January 30, 2006, last update posted March 19, 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12882-019-1249-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmi Kim
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Josephine F Trott
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Building, Room 6311, 451 Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Guimin Gao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arlene Chapman
- Nephrology Section, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Building, Room 6311, 451 Health Sciences Dr, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. .,Medical Service, VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Kidney cancer, or renal cell carcinoma (RCC), is a disease of increasing incidence that commonly is seen in the general practice of nephrology. Despite this state of affairs, this fascinating and highly morbid disease frequently is under-represented, or even absent, from the curriculum of nephrologists in training and generally is underemphasized in national nephrology meetings, both scientific as well as clinical. Although classic concepts in cancer research in general had led to the concept that cancer is a disease resulting from mutations in the control of growth-regulating pathways, reinforced by the discovery of oncogenes, more contemporary research, particularly in kidney cancer, has uncovered changes in metabolic pathways mediated by those same genes that control tumor energetics and biosynthesis. This adaptation of classic biochemical pathways to the tumor's advantage has been labeled metabolic reprogramming. For example, in the case of kidney cancer there exists a near-universal presence of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor (pVHL) inactivation in the most common form, clear cell RCC (ccRCC), leading to activation of hypoxia-relevant and other metabolic pathways. Studies of this and other pathways in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) have been particularly revealing, leading to the concept that ccRCC can itself be considered a metabolic disease. For this reason, the relatively new method of metabolomics has become a useful technique in the study of ccRCC to tease out those pathways that have been reprogrammed by the tumor to its maximum survival advantage. Furthermore, identification of the nodes of such pathways can lead to novel areas for drug intervention in a disease for which such targets are seriously lacking. Further research and dissemination of these concepts, likely using omics techniques, will lead to clinical trials of therapeutics specifically targeted to tumor metabolism, rather than those generally toxic to all proliferating cells. Such novel agents are highly likely to be more effective than existing drugs and to have far fewer adverse effects. This review provides a general overview of the technique of metabolomics and then discusses how it and other omics techniques have been used to further our understanding of the basic biology of kidney cancer as well as to identify new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, Davis, CA and Medical Service, VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA.
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8
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Aboud OA, Weiss RH. Translating L-2-HG to kidney cancer at the bench and bedside. Ann Transl Med 2018; 6:S103. [DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.11.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Trott JF, Hwang VJ, Ishimaru T, Chmiel KJ, Zhou JX, Shim K, Stewart BJ, Mahjoub MR, Jen KY, Barupal DK, Li X, Weiss RH. Arginine reprogramming in ADPKD results in arginine-dependent cystogenesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F1855-F1868. [PMID: 30280600 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00025.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into metabolic reprogramming in cancer has become commonplace, yet this area of research has only recently come of age in nephrology. In light of the parallels between cancer and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), the latter is currently being studied as a metabolic disease. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is now considered a metabolic disease, we and others have shown derangements in the enzyme arginosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1), resulting in RCC cells becoming auxotrophic for arginine and leading to a new therapeutic paradigm involving reducing extracellular arginine. Based on our earlier finding that glutamine pathways are reprogrammed in ARPKD, and given the connection between arginine and glutamine synthetic pathways via citrulline, we investigated the possibility of arginine reprogramming in ADPKD. We now show that, in a remarkable parallel to RCC, ASS1 expression is reduced in murine and human ADPKD, and arginine depletion results in a dose-dependent compensatory increase in ASS1 levels as well as decreased cystogenesis in vitro and ex vivo with minimal toxicity to normal cells. Nontargeted metabolomics analysis of mouse kidney cell lines grown in arginine-deficient versus arginine-replete media suggests arginine-dependent alterations in the glutamine and proline pathways. Thus, depletion of this conditionally essential amino acid by dietary or pharmacological means, such as with arginine-degrading enzymes, may be a novel treatment for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine F Trott
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Vicki J Hwang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Tatsuto Ishimaru
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Kenneth J Chmiel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Julie X Zhou
- Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Kyuhwan Shim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Moe R Mahjoub
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kuang-Yu Jen
- Department of Pathology, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Dinesh K Barupal
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California , Davis, California.,Cancer Center, University of California , Davis, California.,Medical Service, VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California
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Baek HB, Lombard AP, Libertini SJ, Fernandez-Rubio A, Vinall R, Gandour-Edwards R, Nakagawa R, Vidallo K, Nishida K, Siddiqui S, Wettersten H, Landesman Y, Weiss RH, Ghosh PM, Mudryj M. XPO1 inhibition by selinexor induces potent cytotoxicity against high grade bladder malignancies. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34567-34581. [PMID: 30349650 PMCID: PMC6195388 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for high grade urothelial cancers are limited and have remained largely unchanged for several decades. Selinexor (KPT-330), a first in class small molecule that inhibits the nuclear export protein XPO1, has shown efficacy as a single agent treatment for numerous different malignancies, but its efficacy in limiting bladder malignancies has not been tested. In this study we assessed selinexor-dependent cytotoxicity in several bladder tumor cells and report that selinexor effectively reduced XPO1 expression and limited cell viability in a dose dependent manner. The decrease in cell viability was due to an induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. These results were recapitulated in in vivo studies where selinexor decreased tumor growth. Tumors treated with selinexor expressed lower levels of XPO1, cyclin A, cyclin B, and CDK2 and increased levels of RB and CDK inhibitor p27, a result that is consistent with growth arrest. Cells expressing wildtype RB, a potent tumor suppressor that promotes growth arrest and apoptosis, were most susceptible to selinexor. Cell fractionation and immunofluorescence studies showed that selinexor treatment increased nuclear RB levels and mechanistic studies revealed that RB ablation curtailed the response to the drug. Conversely, limiting CDK4/6 dependent RB phosphorylation by palbociclib was additive with selinexor in reducing bladder tumor cell viability, confirming that RB activity has a role in the response to XPO1 inhibition. These results provide a rationale for XPO1 inhibition as a novel strategy for the treatment of bladder malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bit Baek
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alan P Lombard
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Group and Biotechnology Program, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Libertini
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Aleida Fernandez-Rubio
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ruth Vinall
- California Northstate College of Pharmacy, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Regina Gandour-Edwards
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Nakagawa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Vidallo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kristine Nishida
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Salma Siddiqui
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA
| | - Hiromi Wettersten
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert H Weiss
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paramita M Ghosh
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Maria Mudryj
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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11
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Hu SL, Weiss RH. Management of the Incidental Kidney Mass in the Nephrology Clinic. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 13:1407-1409. [PMID: 29653957 PMCID: PMC6140565 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.00860118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susie L. Hu
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Robert H. Weiss
- Division of Nephrology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California; and
- Nephrology Division, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California
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12
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Huang C, Xu J, Wu Y, Weiss RH, Chen CH. Abstract 4482: MTAP regulates cell malignancy and is novel prognostic factor for kidney cancer. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-4482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the 6th most common cancer in the US, is now considered a metabolic disease, which is increasing in incidence and demonstrates resistance usually within 2 years to all available therapies. Given that patients with metastatic RCC have unusually poor prognosis, it is urgent to discover potential molecules for predicting malignant changes that will lead to RCC. Herein, we have identified S-methyl- 5'-thioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) and its substrate methylthioadenosine (MTA) as a possible biomarker for early detection of RCC. In a screen of patients with RCC, we found that low MTAP expression is accompanied by high MTA level in RCC specimens, whereas concomitant high level of MTAP and low MTA abundance are detected in adjacent normal kidney tissues. Datasets for RCC (n=538) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) showed that the patients with low MTAP levels have a significantly shorter overall survival as compared to the high MTAP group. Immunohistochemistry staining of normal kidney tissues confirmed an increase of MTAP protein expression compared to RCC tissues, and MTAP gene expression is inversely proportional to tumor grade. Accumulation of the metabolite MTA, a major substrate of MTAP, was observed in high-grade tumors showing high malignant potential. MTAP-knockout RCC cells displayed an elongated, spindle-like morphology with extended pseudopodial branches. Genetic manipulation of MTAP studies demonstrated that MTAP expression inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and migration of RCC cells. Loss of MTAP resulted in an activation of IGF1R signaling in RCC cells. Taken together, our findings indicate a major contribution of MTAP loss to kidney cancer cell malignancy and provide a viable biomarker for tumor detections.
Citation Format: Carissa Huang, Jihao Xu, Yichin Wu, Robert H. Weiss, Ching-Hsien Chen. MTAP regulates cell malignancy and is novel prognostic factor for kidney cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4482.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jihao Xu
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Yichin Wu
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie L Hu
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Medical Service, VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA, USA
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14
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Chaker M, Minden A, Chen S, Weiss RH, Chini EN, Mahipal A, Azmi AS. Rho GTPase effectors and NAD metabolism in cancer immune suppression. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 22:9-17. [PMID: 29207896 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1413091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sustained proliferative signaling and de-regulated cellular bioenergetics are two of the chief hallmarks of cancer. Alterations in the Ras pathway and its downstream effectors are among the major drivers for uncontrolled cell growth in many cancers. The GTPases are one of the signaling molecules that activate crucial signal transducing pathways downstream of Ras through several effector proteins. The GTPases (GTP bound) interact with several effectors and modulate a number of different biological pathways including those that regulate cytoskeleton, cellular motility, cytokinesis, proliferation, apoptosis, transcription and nuclear signaling. Similarly, the altered glycolytic pathway, the so-called 'Warburg effect', rewires tumor cell metabolism to support the biosynthetic requirements of uncontrolled proliferation. There exists strong evidence for the critical role of the glycolytic pathway's rate limiting enzymes in promoting immunosuppression. Areas covered: We review the emerging roles of GTPase effector proteins particularly the p21 activated kinase 4 (PAK4) and nicotinamide biosynthetic pathway enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) as signaling molecules in immune surveillance and the immune response. Expert opinion: In this expert opinion article we highlight the recent information on the role of GTPases and the metabolic enzymes on the immune microenvironment and propose some unique immune therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Chaker
- a Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Audrey Minden
- b Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology , Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - Suzie Chen
- b Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Chemical Biology , Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway , NJ , USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- c Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of California , Davis , CA , USA.,d Cancer Center , University of California , Davis , CA , USA.,e Medical Service , VA Northern California Health Care System , Mather , CA , USA
| | - Eduardo N Chini
- f Signal Transduction Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology , Oncology Research, GI Signaling Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Amit Mahipal
- f Signal Transduction Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology , Oncology Research, GI Signaling Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine , Rochester , MN , USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- a Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , MI , USA
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15
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Abu Aboud O, Habib SL, Trott J, Stewart B, Liang S, Chaudhari AJ, Sutcliffe J, Weiss RH. Glutamine Addiction in Kidney Cancer Suppresses Oxidative Stress and Can Be Exploited for Real-Time Imaging. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6746-6758. [PMID: 29021138 PMCID: PMC5791889 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many cancers appear to activate intrinsic antioxidant systems as a means to counteract oxidative stress. Some cancers, such as clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), require exogenous glutamine for growth and exhibit reprogrammed glutamine metabolism, at least in part due to the glutathione pathway, an efficient cellular buffering system that counteracts reactive oxygen species and other oxidants. We show here that ccRCC xenograft tumors under the renal capsule exhibit enhanced oxidative stress compared with adjacent normal tissue and the contralateral kidney. Upon glutaminase inhibition with CB-839 or BPTES, the RCC cell lines SN12PM-6-1 (SN12) and 786-O exhibited decreased survival and pronounced apoptosis associated with a decreased GSH/GSSG ratio, augmented nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2, and increased 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, a marker of DNA damage. SN12 tumor xenografts showed decreased growth when treated with CB-839. Furthermore, PET imaging confirmed that ccRCC tumors exhibited increased tumoral uptake of 18F-(2S,4R)4-fluoroglutamine compared with the kidney in the orthotopic mouse model. This technique can be utilized to follow changes in ccRCC metabolism in vivo Further development of these paradigms will lead to new treatment options with glutaminase inhibitors and the utility of PET to identify and manage patients with ccRCC who are likely to respond to glutaminase inhibitors in the clinic. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6746-58. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omran Abu Aboud
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Samy L Habib
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System and Cellular and Structural Biology Department, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Josephine Trott
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Sitai Liang
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System and Cellular and Structural Biology Department, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Abhijit J Chaudhari
- Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
- Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Julie Sutcliffe
- Center for Molecular and Genomic Imaging, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
- Medical Service, VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California
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16
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Abstract
In the age of bioinformatics and with the advent of high-powered computation over the past decade or so the landscape of biomedical research has become radically altered. Whereas a generation ago, investigators would study their "favorite" protein or gene and exhaustively catalog the role of this compound in their disease of interest, the appearance of omics has changed the face of medicine such that much of the cutting edge (and fundable!) medical research now evaluates the biology of the disease nearly in its entirety. Couple this with the realization that kidney cancer is a "metabolic disease" due to its multiple derangements in biochemical pathways [1, 2], and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) becomes ripe for data mining using multiple omics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omran Abu Aboud
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert H. Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Medical Service, VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA, USA
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17
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Taylor SL, Ruhaak LR, Kelly K, Weiss RH, Kim K. Effects of imputation on correlation: implications for analysis of mass spectrometry data from multiple biological matrices. Brief Bioinform 2017; 18:312-320. [PMID: 26896791 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With expanded access to, and decreased costs of, mass spectrometry, investigators are collecting and analyzing multiple biological matrices from the same subject such as serum, plasma, tissue and urine to enhance biomarker discoveries, understanding of disease processes and identification of therapeutic targets. Commonly, each biological matrix is analyzed separately, but multivariate methods such as MANOVAs that combine information from multiple biological matrices are potentially more powerful. However, mass spectrometric data typically contain large amounts of missing values, and imputation is often used to create complete data sets for analysis. The effects of imputation on multiple biological matrix analyses have not been studied. We investigated the effects of seven imputation methods (half minimum substitution, mean substitution, k-nearest neighbors, local least squares regression, Bayesian principal components analysis, singular value decomposition and random forest), on the within-subject correlation of compounds between biological matrices and its consequences on MANOVA results. Through analysis of three real omics data sets and simulation studies, we found the amount of missing data and imputation method to substantially change the between-matrix correlation structure. The magnitude of the correlations was generally reduced in imputed data sets, and this effect increased with the amount of missing data. Significant results from MANOVA testing also were substantially affected. In particular, the number of false positives increased with the level of missing data for all imputation methods. No one imputation method was universally the best, but the simple substitution methods (Half Minimum and Mean) consistently performed poorly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Taylor
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - L Renee Ruhaak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, CA, USA
| | - Karen Kelly
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center , Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, CA, USA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California , California, USA
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18
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Hoffman MD, Weiss RH. The Presented Evidence to Support Symptomatic Hypovolemic-Associated EAH Is Not Convincing. Curr Sports Med Rep 2017; 16:464-466. [PMID: 29135648 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Hoffman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, Ultra Sports Science Foundation, El Dorado Hills, CA. Departments of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, and Division of Nephrology; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA
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19
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Hwang VJ, Zhou X, Chen X, Trott J, Abu Aboud O, Shim K, Dionne LK, Chmiel KJ, Senapedis W, Baloglu E, Mahjoub MR, Li X, Weiss RH. Anticystogenic activity of a small molecule PAK4 inhibitor may be a novel treatment for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2017; 92:922-933. [PMID: 28545714 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a common hereditary renal disease with no currently available targeted therapies. Based on the established connection between β-catenin signaling and renal ciliopathies, and on data from our and other laboratories showing striking similarities of this disease and cancer, we evaluated the use of an orally bioavailable small molecule, KPT-9274 (a dual inhibitor of the protein kinase PAK4 and nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase), for treatment of ADPKD. Treatment of PKD-derived cells with this compound not only reduces PAK4 steady-state protein levels and regulates β-catenin signaling, but also inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase, the rate-limiting enzyme in a key NAD salvage pathway. KPT-9274 can attenuate cellular proliferation and induce apoptosis associated with a decrease in active (phosphorylated) PAK4 and β-catenin in several Pkd1-null murine cell lines, with a less pronounced effect on the corresponding phenotypically normal cells. Additionally, KPT-9274 shows inhibition of cystogenesis in an ex vivo model of cyclic AMP-induced cystogenesis as well as in the early stage Pkd1flox/flox:Pkhd1-Cre mouse model, the latter showing confirmation of specific anti-proliferative, apoptotic, and on-target effects. NAD biosynthetic attenuation by KPT-9274, while critical for highly proliferative cancer cells, does not appear to be important in the slower growing cystic epithelial cells during cystogenesis. KPT-9274 was not toxic in our ADPKD animal model or in other cancer models. Thus, this small molecule inhibitor could be evaluated in a clinical trial as a viable therapy of ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki J Hwang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Xia Zhou
- Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Josephine Trott
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Omran Abu Aboud
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kyuhwan Shim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lai Kuan Dionne
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kenneth J Chmiel
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - William Senapedis
- Department of Biology, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erkan Baloglu
- Department of Biology, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Moe R Mahjoub
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Kidney Institute, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Medical Service, VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, California, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Research in many cancers has uncovered changes in metabolic pathways that control tumour energetics and biosynthesis, so-called metabolic reprogramming. Studies in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have been particularly revealing, leading to the concept that ccRCC is a metabolic disease. ccRCC is generally accompanied by reprogramming of glucose and fatty acid metabolism and of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Metabolism of tryptophan, arginine and glutamine is also reprogrammed in many ccRCCs, and these changes provide opportunities for new therapeutic strategies, biomarkers and imaging modalities. In particular, metabolic reprogramming facilitates the identification of novel and repurposed drugs that could potentially be used to treat ccRCC, which when metastatic has currently limited long-term treatment options. Further research and dissemination of these concepts to nephrologists and oncologists will lead to clinical trials of therapeutics specifically targeted to tumour metabolism, rather than generally toxic to all proliferating cells. Such novel agents are highly likely to be more effective and to have far fewer adverse effects than existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi I Wettersten
- University of California, San Diego, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, Room 4810, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, La Jolla, California 92037-0695, USA
| | - Omran Abu Aboud
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Davis, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, Room 6311, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Primo N Lara
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, 4501 X Street, Suite 3003, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, University of California Davis, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, Room 6311, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, USA
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki J Hwang
- a Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of California , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- a Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of California , Davis , CA , USA.,b Cancer Center , University of California , Davis , CA , USA.,c Medical Service , VA Northern California Health Care System , Sacramento , CA , USA
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22
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Habib SL, Yadav A, Kidane D, Weiss RH, Liang S. Novel protective mechanism of reducing renal cell damage in diabetes: Activation AMPK by AICAR increased NRF2/OGG1 proteins and reduced oxidative DNA damage. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:3048-3059. [PMID: 27611085 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1231259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of renal cells to high glucose (HG) during diabetes has been recently proposed to be involved in renal injury. In the present study, we investigated a potential mechanism by which AICAR treatment regulates the DNA repair enzyme, 8-oxoG-DNA glycosylase (OGG1) in renal proximal tubular mouse cells exposed to HG and in kidney of db/db mice. Cells treated with HG for 2 days show inhibition in OGG1 promoter activity as well as OGG1 and Nrf2 protein expression. In addition, activation of AMPK by AICAR resulted in an increase raptor phosphorylation at Ser792 and leads to increase the promoter activity of OGG1 through upregulation of Nrf2. Downregulation of AMPK by DN-AMPK and raptor and Nrf2 by siRNA resulted in significant decease in promoter activity and protein expression of OGG1. On the other hand, downregulation of Akt by DN-Akt and rictor by siRNA resulted in significant increase in promoter activity and protein expression of Nrf2 and OGG1. Moreover, gel shift analysis shows reduction of Nrf2 binding to OGG1 promoter in cells treated with HG while cells treated with AICAR reversed the effect of HG. Furthermore, db/db mice treated with AICAR show significant increased in AMPK and raptor phosphroylation as well as OGG1 and Nrf2 protein expression that associated with significant decrease in oxidative DNA damage (8-oxodG) compared to non-treated mice. In summary, our data provide a novel protective mechanism by which AICAR prevents renal cell damage in diabetes and the consequence complications of hyperglycemia with a specific focus on nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samy L Habib
- a Department of Cellular and Structural Biology , University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio , TX , USA.,b Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Department , South Texas Veterans Health Care System , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Anamika Yadav
- a Department of Cellular and Structural Biology , University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Dawit Kidane
- c Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute , Austin , TX , USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- d Division of Nephrology and Cancer Center, University of California at Davis , Davis , CA , USA
| | - Sitai Liang
- a Department of Cellular and Structural Biology , University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio , TX , USA
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23
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Taylor SL, Ruhaak LR, Weiss RH, Kelly K, Kim K. Multivariate two-part statistics for analysis of correlated mass spectrometry data from multiple biological specimens. Bioinformatics 2016; 33:17-25. [PMID: 27592710 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btw578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION High through-put mass spectrometry (MS) is now being used to profile small molecular compounds across multiple biological sample types from the same subjects with the goal of leveraging information across biospecimens. Multivariate statistical methods that combine information from all biospecimens could be more powerful than the usual univariate analyses. However, missing values are common in MS data and imputation can impact between-biospecimen correlation and multivariate analysis results. RESULTS We propose two multivariate two-part statistics that accommodate missing values and combine data from all biospecimens to identify differentially regulated compounds. Statistical significance is determined using a multivariate permutation null distribution. Relative to univariate tests, the multivariate procedures detected more significant compounds in three biological datasets. In a simulation study, we showed that multi-biospecimen testing procedures were more powerful than single-biospecimen methods when compounds are differentially regulated in multiple biospecimens but univariate methods can be more powerful if compounds are differentially regulated in only one biospecimen. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION We provide R functions to implement and illustrate our method as supplementary information CONTACT: sltaylor@ucdavis.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Taylor
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - L Renee Ruhaak
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Karen Kelly
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Examine whether the acute kidney injury (AKI) commonly observed among ultramarathon participants places the individual at risk for subsequent AKI of worse magnitude. DESIGN Observational. SETTING Western States Endurance Run. PARTICIPANTS Race finishers with postrace blood studies. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE Acute kidney injury after 1 race. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Extent of AKI in subsequent race. RESULTS Among 627 finishes in which serum creatinine values were known, 36.2% met "risk" or "injury" criterion with this group characterized by having faster finish times, greater body weight loss during the race, and higher postrace serum creatine kinase and urea nitrogen concentrations when compared with those not meeting the criteria. We identified 38 runners who had undergone postrace blood analyses at multiple races among which 16 (42.1%) met the risk or injury criterion at the first race. Of those 16 runners, 12 (75%) met the criteria at a subsequent race, an incidence that was higher (P = 0.0026) than the overall 36.2% incidence. For most (56.2%) of the 16 runners meeting the criteria at the first race, the subsequent race caused less increase in serum creatinine concentration and decrement in estimated glomerular filtration rate than the first race. CONCLUSIONS Mild AKI is common in 161-km ultramarathons, but there was no evidence that previous AKI caused greater renal dysfunction from a subsequent exercise stimulus of similar magnitude. This offers some reassurance to runners and their physicians that mild to moderate AKI in the setting of an ultramarathon is not cumulative or without complete recovery of kidney function when stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D. Hoffman
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, and University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Robert H. Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Health Care System, and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Abstract
Kidney cancer, or renal cell carcinoma (RCC), is a disease of increasing incidence that is commonly seen in the general practice of nephrology. However, RCC is under-recognized by the nephrology community, such that its presence in curricula and research by this group is lacking. In the most common form of RCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor is nearly universal; thus, the biology of ccRCC is characterized by activation of hypoxia-relevant pathways that lead to the associated paraneoplastic syndromes. Therefore, RCC is labeled the internist's tumor. In light of this characterization and multiple other metabolic abnormalities recently associated with ccRCC, it can now be viewed as a metabolic disease. In this review, we discuss the basic biology, pathology, and approaches for treatment of RCC. It is important to distinguish between kidney confinement and distant spread of RCC, because this difference affects diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and patient survival, and it is important to recognize the key interplay between RCC, RCC therapy, and CKD. Better understanding of all aspects of this disease will lead to optimal patient care and more recognition of an increasingly prevalent nephrologic disease, which we now appropriately label the nephrologist's tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susie L Hu
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark A Perazella
- Division of Nephrology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Medical Service Veterans Affairs Connecticut, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Mark D Okusa
- Division of Nephrology and Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Edgar A Jaimes
- Renal Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Renal Division, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California; and Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, California
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Weiss RH, Abu Aboud O, Baloglu E, Senapedis W, Shacham S. Abstract 3799: The PAK4 allosteric modulator (KPT-9274) attenuates the growth of renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an increasingly prevalent cancer type that is frequently asymptomatic on presentation and is associated with poor responses and resistance even to the current targeted therapies. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches to treat this disease are urgently needed. P21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is a mediator of filopodia formation and stabilizes β-catenin transcriptional activity, both of which are integral to nephrogenesis and cancer. We hypothesized that inhibitors of the PAK4 signaling pathway would result in salutary effects on RCC. To test this, we evaluated the in vitro response of several human RCC cells and normal kidney proximal epithelial cells (NHKs) to the specific PAK4 Allosteric Modulators (PAMs; KPT-8752 and KPT-9274). 786-O (VHL-mutant RCC) and caki-1 (VHL-wt RCC) cells showed decreases in cell viability (MTT), induction of apoptosis and arrest in G2/M phase when incubated with these inhibitors. These responses were diminished in NHK cells which served as a “normal” control cell line. Target and specific pathway proteins (phospho-PAK4, Phospho-β-catenin, c-Myc and cyclin D1) were reduced after RCC, but not NHK, were incubated with KPT-8752 and KPT-9274. To confirm specificity of the inhibitor to PAK4, all these responses were reproduced in RCC cells using specific PAK4 siRNA. Since ∼85% of RCC cases are associated with mutation in vhl we used 786-0 xenograft mouse model to evaluate the clinical candidate KPT-9274. KPT-9274 was orally administered at 100 and 200 mg/kg BIDX5 for 4 weeks, resulting in clear attenuation of tumor growth at both doses. There was no obvious change in the health or weight of any of the animals when compared to vehicle group suggesting manageable tolerability. We are currently evaluating combination therapy and plan to test this inhibitor on a metastatic RCC model. In summary, PAK4 inhibitors show considerable promise as novel treatments of RCC as a single agent and warrants further investigation.
Citation Format: Robert H. Weiss, Omran Abu Aboud, Erkan Baloglu, William Senapedis, Sharon Shacham. The PAK4 allosteric modulator (KPT-9274) attenuates the growth of renal cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3799.
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Trott J, Anderson K, Kim J, Graef A, Shacham S, Landesman Y, Sarver A, Modiano J, Weiss RH. Abstract LB-086: Combination therapy of immune checkpoint and nuclear exporter inhibitors in a renal cell carcinoma mouse model. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-lb-086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) compounds represent a novel class of drugs that have shown therapeutic equivalence to multiple kinase inhibitors in pre-clinical studies of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and are currently in phase I/II clinical trials for patients with advanced malignancies including RCC. Immune checkpoint blockade using antibodies against PD-1 or PD-L1 has also shown promising results in phase I/II/III clinical trials for RCC, with objective tumor responses of around 20% that rise to 40-50% with the combination of antibodies against CTLA-4. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the oral SINE compound, selinexor (KPT-330), would induce rapid death of RCC tumor cells and prime the tumor microenvironment for a response to checkpoint inhibition with antibodies against PD-1 or CTLA-4. Groups of 10, six-week old, male, syngeneic (Balb/c) mice were injected heterotopically (subcutaneous) with 500,000 RENCA cells. After visible tumors appeared seven days later, mice were treated every three days with vehicle (controls), selinexor, anti-PD-1, or anti-CTLA4 alone, or with selinexor in combination with either antibody. Mice were euthanized 10 days after the initiation of treatment when the control groups reached the tumor endpoint. Tumor volume, tumor size, and tumor growth rate were determined by physical measurements; the composition of the tumor immune environment was determined by multi-parameter flow cytometry. As expected, selinexor significantly reduced the overall tumor burden (P<0.05) and the checkpoint inhibitors had only modest effects on tumor growth in this acute 10-day treatment setting, both when used alone alone or in combination with selinexor. Consistent with the hypothesis, selinexor altered the local immune environment, increasing the relative number of T cells and NKT cells with a concomitant reduction in Gr1+ and CD11b+ myeloid cells, and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD-1 alone led to comparable increases in the relative number of T cells and NKT cells, but with an additional increase in the proportion of effector and activated T cells. The combination of selinexor with either checkpoint blockade antibody resulted in similar reorganization of the tumor immune landscape, with increases in the total number of T cells, effector and activated T cells, and NKT cells and reductions in myeloid cells and Tregs. The data suggest that treatment with selinexor promotes a rapid reduction in tumor burden, while priming the inflammatory and immune environment to potentially maximize the therapeutic effects of checkpoint inhibition. Additional pre-clinical assessments of dose and schedule for this combination can and will be feasibly done in the RENCA model of RCC.
Citation Format: Josephine Trott, Katie Anderson, Jeffrey Kim, Ashley Graef, Sharon Shacham, Yosef Landesman, Aaron Sarver, Jaime Modiano, Robert H. Weiss. Combination therapy of immune checkpoint and nuclear exporter inhibitors in a renal cell carcinoma mouse model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-086.
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Abu Aboud O, Chen CH, Senapedis W, Baloglu E, Argueta C, Weiss RH. Dual and Specific Inhibition of NAMPT and PAK4 By KPT-9274 Decreases Kidney Cancer Growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2119-29. [PMID: 27390344 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kidney cancer (or renal cell carcinoma, RCC) is the sixth most common malignancy in the United States and one of the relatively few whose incidence is increasing. Because of the near universal resistance which occurs with the use of current treatment regimens, reprogrammed metabolic pathways are being investigated as potential targets for novel therapies of this disease. Borrowing from studies on other malignancies, we have identified the PAK4 and NAD biosynthetic pathways as being essential for RCC growth. We now show, using the dual PAK4/NAMPT inhibitor KPT-9274, that interference with these signaling pathways results in reduction of G2-M transit as well as induction of apoptosis and decrease in cell invasion and migration in several human RCC cell lines. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that inhibition of the PAK4 pathway by KPT-9274 attenuates nuclear β-catenin as well as the Wnt/β-catenin targets cyclin D1 and c-Myc. Furthermore, NAPRT1 downregulation, which we show occurs in all RCC cell lines tested, makes this tumor highly dependent on NAMPT for its NAD requirements, such that inhibition of NAMPT by KPT-9274 leads to decreased survival of these rapidly proliferating cells. When KPT-9274 was administered in vivo to a 786-O (VHL-mut) human RCC xenograft model, there was dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth with no apparent toxicity; KPT-9274 demonstrated the expected on-target effects in this mouse model. KPT-9274 is being evaluated in a phase I human clinical trial in solid tumors and lymphomas, which will allow this data to be rapidly translated into the clinic for the treatment of RCC. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2119-29. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omran Abu Aboud
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Ching-Hsien Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | | | | | | | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California. Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California. Medical Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Sacramento, California.
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Kim J, Ulu A, Wan D, Yang J, Hammock BD, Weiss RH. Addition of DHA Synergistically Enhances the Efficacy of Regorafenib for Kidney Cancer Therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:890-8. [PMID: 26921392 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Kidney cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the United States, and its incidence is increasing. The treatment of this malignancy took a major step forward with the recent introduction of targeted therapeutics, such as kinase inhibitors. Unfortunately, kinase inhibition is associated with the onset of resistance after 1 to 2 years of treatment. Regorafenib, like many multikinase inhibitors, was designed to block the activities of several key kinase pathways involved in oncogenesis (Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK) and tumor angiogenesis (VEGF-receptors), and we have recently shown that it also possesses soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitory activity, which may be contributing to its salutary effects in patients. Because sEH inhibition results in increases in the DHA-derived epoxydocosapentaenoic acids that we have previously described to possess anticancer properties, we asked whether the addition of DHA to a therapeutic regimen in the presence of regorafenib would enhance its beneficial effects in vivo We now show that the combination of regorafenib and DHA results in a synergistic effect upon tumor invasiveness as well as p-VEGFR attenuation. In addition, this combination showed a reduction in tumor weights, greater than each agent alone, in a mouse xenograft model of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC), yielding the expected oxylipin profiles; these data were supported in several RCC cell lines that showed similar results in vitro Because DHA is the predominant component of fish oil, our data suggest that this nontoxic dietary supplement could be administered with regorafenib during therapy for advanced RCC and could be the basis of a clinical trial. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 890-8. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Arzu Ulu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Debin Wan
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California. Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California. Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California. Medical Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Sacramento, California.
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Berthelot CC, Kamita SG, Sacchi R, Yang J, Nording ML, Georgi K, Hegedus Karbowski C, German JB, Weiss RH, Hogg RJ, Hammock BD, Zivkovic AM. Changes in PTGS1 and ALOX12 Gene Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Are Associated with Changes in Arachidonic Acid, Oxylipins, and Oxylipin/Fatty Acid Ratios in Response to Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144996. [PMID: 26672987 PMCID: PMC4681469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a high degree of inter-individual variability among people in response to intervention with omega-3 fatty acids (FA), which may partly explain conflicting results on the effectiveness of omega-3 FA for the treatment and prevention of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study we sought to evaluate whether part of this inter-individual variability in response is related to the regulation of key oxylipin metabolic genes in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods Plasma FA and oxylipin profiles from 12 healthy individuals were compared to PBMC gene expression profiles following six weeks of supplementation with fish oil, which delivered 1.9 g/d eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1.5 g/d docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Fold changes in gene expression were measured by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results Healthy individuals supplemented with omega-3 FA had differential responses in prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (PTGS1), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase (ALOX12), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) gene expression in isolated PBMCs. In those individuals for whom plasma arachidonic acid (ARA) in the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) lipid class decreased in response to omega-3 intervention, there was a corresponding decrease in gene expression for PTGS1 and ALOX12. Several oxylipin product/FA precursor ratios (e.g. prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)/ARA for PTGS1 and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE)/ARA for ALOX12) were also associated with fold change in gene expression, suggesting an association between enzyme activity and gene expression. The fold-change in PTGS1 gene expression was highly positively correlated with ALOX12 gene expression but not with PTGS2, whereas IL-8 and PTGS2 were positively correlated. Conclusions The regulation of important oxylipin metabolic genes in PBMCs varied with the extent of change in ARA concentrations in the case of PTGS1 and ALOX12 regulation. PBMC gene expression changes in response to omega-3 supplementation varied among healthy individuals, and were associated with changes in plasma FA and oxylipin composition to different degrees in different individuals. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov NCT01838239
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C. Berthelot
- University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens - Somme, France
- University of Technology in Compiègne, Compiègne—Oise, France
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States Of America
| | - Shizuo George Kamita
- Department of Entomology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States Of America
| | - Romina Sacchi
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States Of America
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States Of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States Of America
| | - Malin L. Nording
- Department of Entomology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States Of America
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Katrin Georgi
- Department of Entomology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States Of America
| | | | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States Of America
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States Of America
| | - Robert H. Weiss
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States Of America
- Medical Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States Of America
| | - Ronald J. Hogg
- Scott & White Clinic, Temple, TX, United States Of America
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Department of Entomology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States Of America
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States Of America
| | - Angela M. Zivkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States Of America
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States Of America
- * E-mail:
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Abu Aboud O, Senapedis W, Landesman Y, Baloglu E, Weiss RH. Abstract 2644: Inhibition of PAK4 attenuates renal cell carcinoma (RCC) growth. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an increasingly prevalent cancer type that is frequently asymptomatic on presentation and is associated with poor responses and resistance even to the current targeted therapies. Thus, novel therapeutic approaches to treat this disease are urgently needed. P21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is a mediator of filopodia formation and stabilizes β-catenin transcriptional activity. PAK4 lies in a pathway integral to both nephrogenesis and cancer. We hypothesized that inhibitors of the PAK4 signaling pathway would result in salutary effects on RCC. To test this, we evaluated the in vitro response of RCC cells to the specific PAK4 Allosteric Modulators (PAMs; KPT-8752 and KPT-9274). Similar to cells of other cancer types, 786-O (VHL-mutant RCC) showed decreases of both Phospho-PAK4 and Phospho-β-catenin after 24 h of incubation with 10 μM KPT-8752. In addition, both 786-O and ACHN (VHL-wildtype RCC cells) showed a marked time-dependent decrease in cell viability from 24 to 72 h of incubation from 2 to 10 μM of KPT-8752. KPT-9274 was orally administered at 25 and 100 mg/kg twice a day for 5 days/week to Caki-1 (VHL-wildtype RCC) and 786-O subcutaneous nude mouse xenograft models. In these studies the tumor growth rate was attenuated at both doses in the 786-O cells and at the higher dose for Caki-1 cells. There was no obvious change in the health of any of the animals suggesting manageable tolerability. We are currently evaluating combination therapy in our laboratory. In summary, PAK4 inhibitors show considerable promise as novel treatments of RCC as a single agent and warrant further investigation.
Citation Format: Omran Abu Aboud, William Senapedis, Yosef Landesman, Erkan Baloglu, Robert H. Weiss. Inhibition of PAK4 attenuates renal cell carcinoma (RCC) growth. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2644. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2644
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Hwang VJ, Kim J, Rand A, Yang C, Sturdivant S, Hammock B, Bell PD, Guay-Woodford LM, Weiss RH. The cpk model of recessive PKD shows glutamine dependence associated with the production of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F492-8. [PMID: 26155843 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00238.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since polycystic kidney disease (PKD) was first noted over 30 years ago to have neoplastic parallels, there has been a resurgent interest in elucidating neoplasia-relevant pathways in PKD. Taking a nontargeted metabolomics approach in the B6(Cg)-Cys1(cpk/)J (cpk) mouse model of recessive PKD, we have now characterized metabolic reprogramming in these tissues, leading to a glutamine-dependent TCA cycle shunt toward total 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) production in cpk compared with B6 wild-type kidney tissue. After confirmation of increased 2-HG expression in immortalized collecting duct cpk cells as well as in human autosomal recessive PKD tissue using targeted analysis, we show that the increase in 2-HG is likely due to glutamine-sourced α-ketoglutarate. In addition, cpk cells require exogenous glutamine for growth such that inhibition of glutaminase-1 decreases cell viability as well as proliferation. This study is a demonstration of the striking parallels between recessive PKD and cancer metabolism. Our data, once confirmed in other PKD models, suggest that future therapeutic approaches targeting this pathway, such as using glutaminase inhibitors, have the potential to open novel treatment options for renal cystic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki J Hwang
- Graduate Group in Integrative Genetics and Genomics, University of California, Davis, California; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jeffrey Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Amy Rand
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Chaozhe Yang
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Bruce Hammock
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California; Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - P Darwin Bell
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina and Ralph Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina; and
| | - Lisa M Guay-Woodford
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Graduate Group in Integrative Genetics and Genomics, University of California, Davis, California; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California; Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California; Medical Service, Sacramento Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Sacramento, California
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Mirzayans R, Andrais B, Scott A, Wang YW, Weiss RH, Murray D. Spontaneous γH2AX Foci in Human Solid Tumor-Derived Cell Lines in Relation to p21WAF1 and WIP1 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:11609-28. [PMID: 26006237 PMCID: PMC4463719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160511609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of H2AX on Ser139 (γH2AX) after exposure to ionizing radiation produces nuclear foci that are detectable by immunofluorescence microscopy. These so-called γH2AX foci have been adopted as quantitative markers for DNA double-strand breaks. High numbers of spontaneous γH2AX foci have also been reported for some human solid tumor-derived cell lines, but the molecular mechanism(s) for this response remains elusive. Here we show that cancer cells (e.g., HCT116; MCF7) that constitutively express detectable levels of p21WAF1 (p21) exhibit low numbers of γH2AX foci (<3/nucleus), whereas p21 knockout cells (HCT116p21−/−) and constitutively low p21-expressing cells (e.g., MDA-MB-231) exhibit high numbers of foci (e.g., >50/nucleus), and that these foci are not associated with apoptosis. The majority (>95%) of cells within HCT116p21−/− and MDA-MB-231 cultures contain high levels of phosphorylated p53, which is localized in the nucleus. We further show an inverse relationship between γH2AX foci and nuclear accumulation of WIP1, an oncogenic phosphatase. Our studies suggest that: (i) p21 deficiency might provide a selective pressure for the emergence of apoptosis-resistant progeny exhibiting genomic instability, manifested as spontaneous γH2AX foci coupled with phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of p53; and (ii) p21 might contribute to positive regulation of WIP1, resulting in dephosphorylation of γH2AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razmik Mirzayans
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Bonnie Andrais
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - April Scott
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Ying W Wang
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Mather VA Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95655, USA.
| | - David Murray
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
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Wettersten HI, Hakimi AA, Morin D, Bianchi C, Johnstone ME, Donohoe DR, Trott JF, Aboud OA, Stirdivant S, Neri B, Wolfert R, Stewart B, Perego R, Hsieh JJ, Weiss RH. Grade-Dependent Metabolic Reprogramming in Kidney Cancer Revealed by Combined Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2541-52. [PMID: 25952651 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Kidney cancer [or renal cell carcinoma (RCC)] is known as "the internist's tumor" because it has protean systemic manifestations, suggesting that it utilizes complex, nonphysiologic metabolic pathways. Given the increasing incidence of this cancer and its lack of effective therapeutic targets, we undertook an extensive analysis of human RCC tissue employing combined grade-dependent proteomics and metabolomics analysis to determine how metabolic reprogramming occurring in this disease allows it to escape available therapeutic approaches. After validation experiments in RCC cell lines that were wild-type or mutant for the Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor, in characterizing higher-grade tumors, we found that the Warburg effect is relatively more prominent at the expense of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative metabolism in general. Further, we found that the glutamine metabolism pathway acts to inhibit reactive oxygen species, as evidenced by an upregulated glutathione pathway, whereas the β-oxidation pathway is inhibited, leading to increased fatty acylcarnitines. In support of findings from previous urine metabolomics analyses, we also documented tryptophan catabolism associated with immune suppression, which was highly represented in RCC compared with other metabolic pathways. Together, our results offer a rationale to evaluate novel antimetabolic treatment strategies being developed in other disease settings as therapeutic strategies in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi I Wettersten
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - A Ari Hakimi
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Dexter Morin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Cristina Bianchi
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Megan E Johnstone
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Dallas R Donohoe
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Josephine F Trott
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Omran Abu Aboud
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Roberto Perego
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - James J Hsieh
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California. Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California. Medical Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Sacramento, California.
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Abu Aboud O, Donohoe D, Bultman S, Fitch M, Riiff T, Hellerstein M, Weiss RH. PPARα inhibition modulates multiple reprogrammed metabolic pathways in kidney cancer and attenuates tumor growth. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 308:C890-8. [PMID: 25810260 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00322.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Kidney cancer [renal cell carcinoma (RCC)] is the sixth-most-common cancer in the United States, and its incidence is increasing. The current progression-free survival for patients with advanced RCC rarely extends beyond 1-2 yr due to the development of therapeutic resistance. We previously identified peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor-α (PPARα) as a potential therapeutic target for this disease and showed that a specific PPARα antagonist, GW6471, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 in RCC cell lines associated with attenuation of cell cycle regulatory proteins. We now extend that work and show that PPARα inhibition attenuates components of RCC metabolic reprogramming, capitalizing on the Warburg effect. The specific PPARα inhibitor GW6471, as well as a siRNA specific to PPARα, attenuates the enhanced fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation associated with glycolysis inhibition, and PPARα antagonism also blocks the enhanced glycolysis that has been observed in RCC cells; this effect did not occur in normal human kidney epithelial cells. Such cell type-specific inhibition of glycolysis corresponds with changes in protein levels of the oncogene c-Myc and has promising clinical implications. Furthermore, we show that treatment with GW6471 results in RCC tumor growth attenuation in a xenograft mouse model, with minimal obvious toxicity, a finding associated with the expected on-target effects on c-Myc. These studies demonstrate that several pivotal cancer-relevant metabolic pathways are inhibited by PPARα antagonism. Our data support the concept that targeting PPARα, with or without concurrent inhibition of glycolysis, is a potential novel and effective therapeutic approach for RCC that targets metabolic reprogramming in this tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omran Abu Aboud
- Graduate Group in Comparative Pathology, University of California, Davis, California; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Dallas Donohoe
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Scott Bultman
- Department of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mark Fitch
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Tim Riiff
- KineMed, Inc., Emeryville, California; and
| | - Marc Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Graduate Group in Comparative Pathology, University of California, Davis, California; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California; Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California; Medical Service, Sacramento Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Sacramento, California
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Wettersten HI, Landesman Y, Friedlander S, Shacham S, Kauffman M, Weiss RH. Specific inhibition of the nuclear exporter exportin-1 attenuates kidney cancer growth. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113867. [PMID: 25461627 PMCID: PMC4252068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the advent of FDA-approved therapeutics to a limited number of available targets (kinases and mTOR), PFS of kidney cancer (RCC) has been extended only one to two years due to the development of drug resistance. Here, we evaluate a novel therapeutic for RCC which targets the exportin-1 (XPO1) inhibitor. MATERIALS AND METHODS RCC cells were treated with the orally available XPO1 inhibitor, KPT-330, and cell viability and Annexin V (apoptosis) assays, and cell cycle analyses were performed to evaluate the efficacy of KPT-330 in two RCC cell lines. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analysis were performed to validate mechanisms of XPO1 inhibition. The efficacy and on-target effects of KPT-330 were further analyzed in vivo in RCC xenograft mice, and KPT-330-resistant cells were established to evaluate potential mechanisms of KPT-330 resistance. RESULTS KPT-330 attenuated RCC viability through growth inhibition and apoptosis induction both in vitro and in vivo, a process in which increased nuclear localization of p21 by XPO1 inhibition played a major role. In addition, KPT-330 resistant cells remained sensitive to the currently approved for RCC multi-kinase inhibitors (sunitinib, sorafenib) and mTOR inhibitors (everolimus, temsirolimus), suggesting that these targeted therapeutics would remain useful as second line therapeutics following KPT-330 treatment. CONCLUSION The orally-available XPO1 inhibitor, KPT-330, represents a novel target for RCC whose in vivo efficacy approaches that of sunitinib. In addition, cells resistant to KPT-330 retain their ability to respond to available RCC therapeutics suggesting a novel approach for treatment in KPT-330-naïve as well as -resistant RCC patients.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Drug Approval
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrazines/administration & dosage
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Nude
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Triazoles/administration & dosage
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- United States
- United States Food and Drug Administration
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi I. Wettersten
- Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Yosef Landesman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sharon Friedlander
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sharon Shacham
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Kauffman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc., Natick, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Medical Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Sacramento, California, United States of America
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Abstract
IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis and presents with gross hematuria and upper respiratory infection, with slow progression to end-stage renal disease in up to 50% of affected patients. Kidney biopsies are the gold standard method of diagnosis and frequently are not performed as the majority of individuals are asymptomatic. Thus, there is a need to discover and validate prognostic and predictive biomarkers that can be noninvasively obtained and are specific to this disease. Here we discuss the current state of research in this area and examine validated and clinically promising biofluid and tissue biomarkers of IgA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki J Hwang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Genome & Biomedical Sciences Building, Room 6312, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Integrative Genetics & Genomics Graduate Group, 227 Life Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Arzu Ulu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Genome & Biomedical Sciences Building, Room 6312, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Justin van Hoorebeke
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Genome & Biomedical Sciences Building, Room 6312, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology, 227 Life Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Genome & Biomedical Sciences Building, Room 6312, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Integrative Genetics & Genomics Graduate Group, 227 Life Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology, 227 Life Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Medical Service, Mather VA Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Tan M, Wettersten HI, Chu K, Huso DL, Watnick T, Friedlander S, Landesman Y, Weiss RH. Novel inhibitors of nuclear transport cause cell cycle arrest and decrease cyst growth in ADPKD associated with decreased CDK4 levels. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F1179-86. [PMID: 25234309 PMCID: PMC4254973 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00406.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a progressive, proliferative renal disease. Kidneys from ADPKD patients are characterized by the presence of cysts that are marked by enhanced proliferation and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. Current treatment of this disease is supportive, as there are few if any clinically validated targeted therapeutics. Given the parallels between cystic disease and cancer, and in light of our findings of the efficacy of the nuclear transport inhibitors in kidney cancer, which has similarities to ADPKD, we asked whether such inhibitors show utility in ADPKD. In this study, we tested selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) in two human ADPKD cell lines and in an in vivo mouse model of ADPKD. After effective downregulation of a nuclear exporter, exportin 1 (XPO1), with KPT-330, both cell lines showed dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation through G₀/G₁ arrest associated with downregulation of CDK4, with minimal apoptosis. To analyze mechanisms of CDK4 decrease by XPO1 inhibition, localization of various XPO1 target proteins was examined, and C/EBPβ was found to be localized in the nucleus by XPO1 inhibition, resulting in an increase of C/EBPα, which activates degradation of CDK4. Furthermore, inhibition of XPO1 with the parallel inhibitor KPT-335 attenuated cyst growth in vivo in the PKD1 mutant mouse model Pkd1(v/v). Thus, inhibition of nuclear export by KPT-330, which has shown no adverse effects in renal serum chemistries and urinalyses in animal models, and which is already in phase 1 trials for cancers, will be rapidly translatable to human ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristy Chu
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David L Huso
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Terry Watnick
- Division of Nephrology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | - Robert H Weiss
- Graduate Group in Comparative Pathology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, and Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California; Medical Service, Sacramento Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Sacramento, California
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Wecksler AT, Hwang SH, Wettersten HI, Gilda JE, Patton A, Leon LJ, Carraway KL, Gomes AV, Baar K, Weiss RH, Hammock BD. Novel sorafenib-based structural analogues: in-vitro anticancer evaluation of t-MTUCB and t-AUCMB. Anticancer Drugs 2014; 25:433-46. [PMID: 24525589 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the current work, we carried out a mechanistic study on the cytotoxicity of two compounds, trans-4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-N-methyl-benzamide (t-AUCMB) and trans-N-methyl-4-{4-[3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-ureido]-cyclohexyloxy}-benzamide (t-MTUCB), that are structurally similar to sorafenib. These compounds show strong cytotoxic responses in various cancer cell lines, despite significant differences in the induction of apoptotic events such as caspase activation and lactate dehydrogenase release in hepatoma cells. Both compounds induce autophagosome formation and LC3I cleavage, but there was little observable effect on mTORC1 or the downstream targets, S6K1 and 4E-binding protein. In addition, there was an increase in the activity of upstream signaling through the IRS1/PI3K/Akt-signaling pathway, suggesting that, unlike sorafenib, both compounds induce mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-independent autophagy. The autophagy observed correlates with mitochondrial membrane depolarization, apoptosis-inducing factor release, and oxidative stress-induced glutathione depletion. However, there were no observable changes in the endoplasmic reticulum-stress markers such as binding immunoglobulin protein, inositol-requiring enzyme-α, phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2, and the lipid peroxidation marker, 4-hydroxynonenal, suggesting endoplasmic reticulum-independent oxidative stress. Finally, these compounds do not have the multikinase inhibitory activity of sorafenib, which may be reflected in their difference in the ability to halt cell cycle progression compared with sorafenib. Our findings indicate that both compounds have anticancer effects comparable with sorafenib in multiple cell lines, but they induce significant differences in apoptotic responses and appear to induce mTOR-independent autophagy. t-AUCMB and t-MTUCB represent novel chemical probes that are capable of inducing mTOR-independent autophagy and apoptosis to differing degrees, and may thus be potential tools for further understanding the link between these two cellular stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron T Wecksler
- Departments of aEntomology and Nematology bNeurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis cUC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center dDepartment of Internal Medicine, Davis Medical Center, Division of Nephrology, University of California eDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine fUS Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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Han J, Tan M, Sudheendra L, Weiss RH, Kennedy IM. On-chip detection of a single nucleotide polymorphism without polymerase amplification. Nano Res 2014; 7:1302-1310. [PMID: 25580203 PMCID: PMC4286159 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-014-0494-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A nanoparticle-assembled photonic crystal (PC) array was used to detect single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The assay platform with PC nanostructure enhanced the fluorescent signal from nanoparticle-hybridized DNA complexes due to phase matching of excitation and emission. Nanoparticles coupled with probe DNA were trapped into nanowells in an array by using an electrophoretic particle entrapment system. The PC/DNA assay platform was able to identify a 1 base pair (bp) difference in synthesized nucleotide sequences that mimicked the mutation seen in a feline model of human autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD) with a sensitivity of 0.9 fg/mL (50 aM)-sensitivity, which corresponds to 30 oligos/array. The reliability of the PC/DNA assay platform to detect SNP in a real sample was demonstrated by using genomic DNA (gDNA) extracted from the urine and blood of two PKD- wild type and three PKD positive cats. The standard curves for PKD positive (PKD+) and negative (PKD-) DNA were created using two feline-urine samples. An additional three urine samples were analyzed in a similar fashion and showed satisfactory agreement with the standard curve, confirming the presence of the mutation in affected urine. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.005 ng/mL which corresponds to 6 fg per array for gDNA in urine and blood. The PC system demonstrated the ability to detect a number of genome equivalents for the PKD SNP that was very similar to the results reported with real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The favorable comparison with quantitative PCR suggests that the PC technology may find application well beyond the detection of the PKD SNP, into areas where a simple, cheap and portable nucleic acid analysis is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Han
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Matthew Tan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Lakshmana Sudheendra
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA ; Medical Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Sacramento, California, 95655, USA
| | - Ian M Kennedy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin D Hoffman
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System and University of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento, CA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Department of Medicine Department of Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine University of California Davis Medical Center Sacramento, CA
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Abstract
AIM miRNAs are showing utility as biomarkers in urologic disease, however, a rigorous evaluation of their stability in urine is lacking. Here, we evaluate the stability of miRNAs in urine under clinically relevant storage procedures. MATERIALS & METHODS Eight healthy individuals provided clean catch urine samples that were stored at room temperature or at 4°C for 5 days, or subjected to ten freeze-thaw cycles at -80°C. For each condition, two miRNAs, miR-16 and miR-21, were quantitated by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS All conditions demonstrated a surprising degree of stability of miRNAs in the urine: by the end of ten freeze-thaw cycles, 23-37% of the initial amount remained; over the 5-day period of storage at room temperature, 35% of the initial amount remained; and at 4°C, 42-56% of the initial amount remained. Both miRNAs also showed degradation at approximately the same rate. CONCLUSION miRNAs are relatively stable in urine under a variety of storage conditions, which supports their utility as urinary biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mall
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Genome & Biomedical Sciences Building, Room 6312, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Metabolomics is one of the newcomers among the "omics" techniques, perhaps also constituting the most relevant for the study of pathophysiological conditions. Metabolomics may indeed yield not only disease-specific biomarkers but also profound insights into the etiology and progression of a variety of human disorders. Various metabolomic approaches are currently available to study oncogenesis and tumor progression in vivo, in murine tumor models. Many of these models rely on the xenograft of human cancer cells into immunocompromised mice. Understanding how the metabolism of these cells evolves in vivo is critical to evaluate the actual pertinence of xenograft models to human pathology. Here, we discuss various tumor xenograft models and methods for their metabolomic profiling to provide a short guide to investigators interested in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi I Wettersten
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Sheila Ganti
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert H Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA; Medical Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA.
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Abu Aboud O, Wettersten HI, Weiss RH. Inhibition of PPARα induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and synergizes with glycolysis inhibition in kidney cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71115. [PMID: 23951092 PMCID: PMC3737191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the sixth most common cancer in the US. While RCC is highly metastatic, there are few therapeutics options available for patients with metastatic RCC, and progression-free survival of patients even with the newest targeted therapeutics is only up to two years. Thus, novel therapeutic targets for this disease are desperately needed. Based on our previous metabolomics studies showing alteration of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) related events in both RCC patient and xenograft mice materials, this pathway was further examined in the current study in the setting of RCC. PPARα is a nuclear receptor protein that functions as a transcription factor for genes including those encoding enzymes involved in energy metabolism; while PPARα has been reported to regulate tumor growth in several cancers, it has not been evaluated in RCC. A specific PPARα antagonist, GW6471, induced both apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 in VHL(+) and VHL(-) RCC cell lines (786-O and Caki-1) associated with attenuation of the cell cycle regulatory proteins c-Myc, Cyclin D1, and CDK4; this data was confirmed as specific to PPARα antagonism by siRNA methods. Interestingly, when glycolysis was blocked by several methods, the cytotoxicity of GW6471 was synergistically increased, suggesting a switch to fatty acid oxidation from glycolysis and providing an entirely novel therapeutic approach for RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omran Abu Aboud
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Comparative Pathology Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Hiromi I. Wettersten
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Comparative Pathology Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Medical Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Inoue H, Kauffman M, Shacham S, Landesman Y, Yang J, Evans CP, Weiss RH. CRM1 blockade by selective inhibitors of nuclear export attenuates kidney cancer growth. J Urol 2013; 189:2317-26. [PMID: 23079374 PMCID: PMC4593314 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Renal cell carcinoma often presents asymptomatically and patients are commonly diagnosed at the metastatic stage, when treatment options are limited and survival is poor. Since progression-free survival using current therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma is only 1 to 2 years and existing drugs are associated with a high resistance rate, new pharmacological targets are needed. We identified and evaluated the nuclear exporter protein CRM1 as a novel potential therapy for renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested the efficacy of the CRM1 inhibitors KPT-185 and 251 in several renal cell carcinoma cell lines and in a renal cell carcinoma xenograft model. Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest were quantified and localization of p53 family proteins was assessed using standard techniques. RESULTS KPT-185 attenuated CRM1 and showed increased cytotoxicity in renal cell carcinoma cells in vitro with evidence of increased apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest. KPT-185 caused p53 and p21 to remain primarily in the nucleus in all renal cell carcinoma cell lines, suggesting that the mechanism of action of these compounds depends on tumor suppressor protein localization. Furthermore, when administered orally in a high grade renal cell carcinoma xenograft model, the bioavailable CRM1 inhibitor KPT-251 significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo with the expected on target effects and no obvious toxicity. CONCLUSIONS The CRM1 inhibitor protein family is a novel therapeutic target for renal cell carcinoma that deserves further intensive investigation for this and other urological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Inoue
- Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 95616
- Comparative Pathology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 95616
| | | | | | | | - Joy Yang
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 95616
| | - Christopher P. Evans
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 95616
- Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 95616
| | - Robert H. Weiss
- Division of Nephrology, Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 95616
- Comparative Pathology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 95616
- Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 95616
- Medical Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA, 95655
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Weiss RH, Wettersten H, Aboud OA, Mall C, Tan M, Alexander D. Abstract 3226: Validation of novel RCC targets discovered by global metabolomics. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Of the omics sciences, metabolomics is one of the newer methodologies. In this technique, all of the small molecule substances produced during bodily processes are measured. This includes endogenous metabolites as well as small peptides, amino acids, and (usually) body flora and drug metabolites. Rather than being participators in these processes, as are genes and transcripts, the metabolites produced are sentinels of “what is actually happening” in an organism. The so-called “cancer metabolome” is loosely defined as the entire suite of relatively low molecular weight (∼<1.5 kD) metabolites germane to cancer and includes their changes relative to a control non-cancerous group of subjects or tissues. Using a human Caki-1 xenograft subcapsular mouse model of RCC (Ca. Res., 2012), we have performed non-targeted metabolomics of tumor tissue, blood, and urine. By correlation of this data with non-targeted metabolomics analysis from RCC patient urine (Int. J. Ca., 2012), we have identified three novel therapeutic targets for RCC: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), and the tryptophan metabolic enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). We have performed in vitro validation of these potential targets using specific inhibitors. Incubation of RCC cells with inhibitors of PPARα (GW6471 and MK886) and CPT-1 (etomoxir) yields dose-dependent decreases in viability and/or cell cycle progression using multiple and disparate human RCC cell lines. In the case of IDO, selected downstream tryptophan metabolites had no effect on RCC viability when added directly to RCC cells, yet when incubated with CD3/CD28 stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), these metabolites decreased PBMC proliferation, suggesting that tryptophan metabolites may indeed attenuate immune surveillance in RCC. Furthermore, addition of the IDO inhibitor 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT) to RCC/PBMC co-cultures showed an 1-MT dose-dependent increase in proliferation of PBMCs. In vivo validation of all of these potential targets is currently underway in our laboratory. In summary, in this study we have used global, non-targeted metabolomics analysis to identify and begin to validate novel therapeutic targets which decrease RCC cell viability and proliferation (PPARα and CPT-1 inhibitor) or potentially enhance immunosurveillance (the IDO inhibitor 1-MT). This work shows for the first time the tremendous power of metabolomics starting from urine analysis to discovery to validation of new targets for RCC therapy.
Citation Format: Robert H. Weiss, Hiromi Wettersten, Omran Abu Aboud, Christine Mall, Matthewe Tan, Danny Alexander. Validation of novel RCC targets discovered by global metabolomics. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3226. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3226
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Martin KS, Soldi C, Candee KN, Wettersten HI, Weiss RH, Shaw JT. From bead to flask: Synthesis of a complex β-amido-amide for probe-development studies. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:260-4. [PMID: 23400429 PMCID: PMC3566855 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A concise synthesis of benzimidazole-substituted β-amido-amide LLW62 is presented. The original synthesis of compounds related to LLW62 was developed on Rink resin as part of a “one-bead, one-compound” combinatorial approach for on-bead screening purposes. The current synthesis is carried out in solution and is amenable to scale-up for follow-up studies on LLW62 and investigations of related structures. The key step involves the use of a β-amino acid-forming three-component reaction (3CR), the scope of which defines its role in the synthetic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA ; Comparative Pathology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Wettersten HI, Hee Hwang S, Li C, Shiu EY, Wecksler AT, Hammock BD, Weiss RH. A novel p21 attenuator which is structurally related to sorafenib. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:278-85. [PMID: 23298903 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.23374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
p21 is a member of the cyclin kinase inhibitor family of proteins and plays pivotal roles in cellular proliferation as well as in the regulation of apoptosis, and thus has diverse functions in diseases as varied as cancer and atherosclerosis. In light of its pleiotropic effects and potential clinical relevance, new methods of attenuation of p21 protein levels by selective inhibitors are therefore powerful tools to probe malignant, infectious and other diseases. Here we introduce a novel p21 attenuator, UC2288, which possesses consistent and relatively selective activity for p21. UC2288 was synthesized based on the chemical model of sorafenib, a multikinase inhibitor that also attenuates p21, but unlike sorafenib, UC2288 did not inhibit Raf kinases or alter p-ERK protein levels. UC2288 decreased p21 mRNA expression independently of p53, and attenuated p21 protein levels with minimal effect on p21 protein stability. In addition, UC2288 inhibits cell growth in the kidney cancer cell lines (GI50 = approximately 10 µM) as well as multiple other cancer cell lines. Thus, this novel p21 inhibitor will be indispensable for exploring the function of p21, and upon further study may be translatable to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi I Wettersten
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Abstract
Metabolomics is one of the relative newcomers of the omics techniques and is likely the one most closely related to actual real-time disease pathophysiology. Hence, it has the power to yield not only specific biomarkers but also insight into the pathophysiology of disease. Despite this power, metabolomics as applied to kidney disease is still in its early adolescence and has not yet reached the mature stage of clinical application, i.e., specific biomarker and therapeutic target discovery. On the other hand, the insight gained from hints into what makes these diseases tick, as is evident from the metabolomics pathways which have been found to be altered in kidney cancer, are now beginning to bear fruit in leading to potential therapeutic targets. It is quite likely that, with greater numbers of clinical materials and with more investigators jumping into the field, metabolomics may well change the course of kidney disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi I Wettersten
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Zivkovic AM, Yang J, Georgi K, Hegedus C, Nording ML, O’Sullivan A, German JB, Hogg RJ, Weiss RH, Bay C, Hammock BD. Serum oxylipin profiles in IgA nephropathy patients reflect kidney functional alterations. Metabolomics 2012; 8:1102-1113. [PMID: 23833568 PMCID: PMC3700377 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-012-0417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease, frequently associated with hypertension and renal inflammation. ω-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in fish oil (FO) improve kidney function in animal models, but have inconsistent metabolic effects in humans. Oxylipin profiles in serum from IgAN patients supplemented with either FO or corn oil (CO) placebo were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. EPA cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolites, and EPA and DHA epoxides and diols were increased in response to FO supplementation, as were total epoxides and epoxide/diol ratios. Several of these metabolites were drivers of separation as assessed by multivariate analysis of FO patients pre- vs. post-supplementation, including 17,18-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid, prostaglandin D3, prostagalandin E3, Resolvin E1, 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid, and 10(11)-epoxydocosapentaenoic acid. In patients whose proteinuria improved, plasma total oxylipins as well as several hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, and leukotriene B4 metabolites were among the metabolites that were significantly lower than in patients whose proteinuria either did not improve or worsened. These data support the involvement of oxylipins in the inflammatory component of IgAN as well as the potential use of oxylipin profiles as biomarkers and for assessing responsiveness to ω-3 fatty acid supplementation in IgAN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M. Zivkovic
- Foods for Health Institute, Department of Entomology, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, phone: 530-752-9211; Fax: 530-752-4759
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Katrin Georgi
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | | | | | | | - J. Bruce German
- Foods for Health Institute, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA
| | | | - Robert H. Weiss
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Curt Bay
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, Arizona School of Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ
| | - Bruce D. Hammock
- Foods for Health Institute, Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA
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