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Smith LN, Bonde RK, Nau MR, Ball RL. PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF SYMMETRIC DIMETHYLARGININE AS A BIOMARKER OF RENAL INSUFFICIENCY IN WILD AND REHABILITATED FLORIDA MANATEES ( TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2023; 54:319-325. [PMID: 37428694 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are limited antemortem tests available to evaluate renal function in Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Although few reports of renal pathology in manatees exist in the veterinary literature, debilitated animals that present to rehabilitation centers are frequently dehydrated, may have sustained renal trauma secondary to watercraft injury, and may experience ischemic events related to coagulation disorders leading to renal compromise. Clinicians remain limited to the analysis of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine levels, and urinalysis (if urine is obtained) to determine the extent of renal insufficiency, which may not accurately reflect renal function. This poses a diagnostic challenge for clinicians in discerning how critical renal compromise is to the animal's overall health and prognosis. For the first phase of this study, retrospective symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) values were determined from banked serum or plasma samples from 14 wild Florida manatees that had been collected while the animals were under rehabilitation in zoological institutions prior to their deaths. Values of SDMA for nine samples from eight manatees with known renal disease, as determined by histopathology, were compared to SDMA values for seven samples from six manatees with no reported renal lesions on histopathology. Values of SDMA from wild Florida manatees with known renal disease (mean 33.56 µg/dl ± 13.15, P= 0.017) were statistically significantly elevated when compared to SDMA values from manatees with no reported renal lesions (mean = 18.71 µg/dl ± 6.9) on histopathology. For the second phase of the study, serum or plasma samples were obtained from wild manatee populations from two geographically separate presumed-healthy wild manatee populations (n = 57). Although the upper limit was higher, serum SDMA concentrations from presumed-healthy wild manatees were comparable to those reported in small animal and equine medicine at 5.88-16.97 µg/dl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ray L Ball
- ZooTampa at Lowry Park, Tampa, FL 33604, USA
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Takoukam Kamla A, Gomes DGE, Beck CA, Keith‐Diagne LW, Hunter ME, Francis‐Floyd R, Bonde RK. Diet composition of the African manatee: Spatial and temporal variation within the Sanaga River Watershed, Cameroon. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15833-15845. [PMID: 34824793 PMCID: PMC8601922 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the diet of African manatees in Cameroon to better inform conservation decisions within protected areas. A large knowledge gap on diet and seasonal changes in forage availability limits the ability to develop informed local management plans for the African manatee in much of its range. This research took place in the Sanaga River Watershed, which includes two protected areas in the Littoral Region of Cameroon: the Douala-Edea National Park and the Lake Ossa Wildlife Reserve. We analyzed 113 manatee fecal samples and surveyed shoreline emergent and submerged vegetation within the Sanaga River Watershed. We used microhistological analyses to determine the relative contribution of each plant species to African manatee diets and compared across locations and across seasons (wet vs. dry season). We found that the shoreline vegetation is diverse with over 160 plant species, unevenly distributed across space and season, and dominated by emergent vegetation mostly represented by the antelope grass (Echinochloa pyramidalis). We recorded a total of 36 plant species from fecal samples with a spatial and temporal distribution mostly reflecting that of the corresponding shoreline vegetation. African manatees appear to be primarily opportunistically feeding on available vegetation across the seasons and habitat. This work documents the current, but changing, state of plant availability in the Sanaga River Watershed and reports the African manatee diet in Cameroon for the first time. This information can play a critical role in successfully managing the species and these protected areas. If we wish to protect the African manatee and the aquatic ecosystems within the Sanaga River Watershed, we must understand how forage availability changes over time, especially as its waters become nutrient enriched, eutrophic, and exposed to invasive species of plants in a changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristide Takoukam Kamla
- African Marine Mammal Conservation OrganizationEdeaCameroon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Dylan G. E. Gomes
- African Marine Mammal Conservation OrganizationEdeaCameroon
- Department of Biological SciencesBoise State UniversityBoiseIdahoUSA
- Present address:
Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources StudiesHatfield Marine Science CenterOregon State UniversityNewportOregonUSA
| | - Cathy A. Beck
- U.S. Geological SurveyWetland and Aquatic Research CenterGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Margaret E. Hunter
- U.S. Geological SurveyWetland and Aquatic Research CenterGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Ruth Francis‐Floyd
- Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Robert K. Bonde
- Clearwater Marine Aquarium Research InstituteClearwaterFloridaUSA
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3
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Takoukam AK, Gomes DGE, Hoyer MV, Keith‐Diagne LW, Bonde RK, Francis‐Floyd R. African manatee ( Trichechus senegalensis) habitat suitability at Lake Ossa, Cameroon, using trophic state models and predictions of submerged aquatic vegetation. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:15212-15224. [PMID: 34765172 PMCID: PMC8571629 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aims at investigating the past and current trophic status of Lake Ossa and evaluating its potential impact on African manatee health. Lake Ossa is known as a refuge for the threatened African manatees in Cameroon. Little information exists on the water quality and health of the ecosystem as reflected by its chemical and biological characteristics. Aquatic biotic and abiotic parameters including water clarity, nitrogen, phosphorous, and chlorophyll concentrations were measured monthly during four months at each of 18 water sampling stations evenly distributed across the lake. These parameters were then compared with historical values obtained from the literature to examine the dynamic trophic state of Lake Ossa. Results indicate that Lake Ossa's trophic state parameters doubled in only three decades (from 1985 to 2016), moving from a mesotrophic to a eutrophic state. The decreasing nutrient gradient moving from the mouth of the lake (in the south) to the north indicates that the flow of the adjacent Sanaga River is the primary source of nutrient input. Further analysis suggests that the poor transparency of the lake is not associated with chlorophyll concentrations but rather with the suspended sediments brought-in by the Sanaga River. Consequently, our model demonstrated that despite nutrient enrichment, less than 5% of the lake bottom surface sustained submerged aquatic vegetation. Thus, shoreline emergent vegetation is the primary food available for the local manatee population. During the dry season, water recedes drastically and disconnects from the dominant shoreline emergent vegetation, decreasing accessibility for manatees. The current study revealed major environmental concerns (eutrophication and sedimentation) that may negatively impact habitat quality for manatees. The information from the results will be key for the development of the management plan of the lake and its manatee population. Efficient land use and water management across the entire watershed may be necessary to mitigate such issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristide K. Takoukam
- African Marine Mammal Conservation OrganizationEdeaCameroon
- Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Dylan G. E. Gomes
- African Marine Mammal Conservation OrganizationEdeaCameroon
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources StudiesHatfield Marine Science CenterOregon State UniversityNewportOregonUSA
| | - Mark V. Hoyer
- UF/IFAS School of Forest Resources and ConservationFisheries and Aquatic SciencesFlorida LAKEWATCHGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | | | - Robert K. Bonde
- Clearwater Marine Aquarium Research InstituteClearwaterFloridaUSA
| | - Ruth Francis‐Floyd
- Department of Large Animal Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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Castelblanco-Martínez DN, Slone DH, Landeo-Yauri SS, Ramos EA, Alvarez-Alemán A, Attademo FLN, Beck CA, Bonde RK, Butler SM, Cabrias-Contreras LJ, Caicedo-Herrera D, Galves J, Gómez-Camelo IV, González-Socoloske D, Jiménez-Domínguez D, Luna FO, Mona-Sanabria Y, Morales-Vela JB, Olivera-Gómez LD, Padilla-Saldívar JA, Powell J, Reid JP, Rieucau G, Mignucci-Giannoni AA. Analysis of body condition indices reveals different ecotypes of the Antillean manatee. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19451. [PMID: 34593916 PMCID: PMC8484672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the body condition of wild animals is necessary to monitor the health of the population and is critical to defining a framework for conservation actions. Body condition indices (BCIs) are a non-invasive and relatively simple means to assess the health of individual animals, useful for addressing a wide variety of ecological, behavioral, and management questions. The Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus) is an endangered subspecies of the West Indian manatee, facing a wide variety of threats from mostly human-related origins. Our objective was to define specific BCIs for the subspecies that, coupled with additional health, genetic and demographic information, can be valuable to guide management decisions. Biometric measurements of 380 wild Antillean manatees captured in seven different locations within their range of distribution were obtained. From this information, we developed three BCIs (BCI1 = UG/SL, BCI2 = W/SL3, BCI3 = W/(SL*UG2)). Linear models and two-way ANCOVA tests showed significant differences of the BCIs among sexes and locations. Although our three BCIs are suitable for Antillean manatees, BCI1 is more practical as it does not require information about weight, which can be a metric logistically difficult to collect under particular circumstances. BCI1 was significantly different among environments, revealing that the phenotypic plasticity of the subspecies have originated at least two ecotypes-coastal marine and riverine-of Antillean manatees.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Castelblanco-Martínez
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Mexico city, Mexico. .,Universidad de Quintana Roo, Chetumal, Mexico. .,Fundación Internacional Para la Naturaleza y la Sustentabilidad, Chetumal, Mexico.
| | - D H Slone
- U.S. Geological Survey, Sirenia Project, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, USA
| | - S S Landeo-Yauri
- Fundación Internacional Para la Naturaleza y la Sustentabilidad, Chetumal, Mexico
| | - E A Ramos
- Fundación Internacional Para la Naturaleza y la Sustentabilidad, Chetumal, Mexico
| | - A Alvarez-Alemán
- Clearwater Marine Aquarium Research Institute, Clearwater, USA.,Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de la Habana, Havana, Cuba
| | - F L N Attademo
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade/Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Aquáticos, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - C A Beck
- U.S. Geological Survey, Sirenia Project, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, USA.,Clearwater Marine Aquarium Research Institute, Clearwater, USA
| | - R K Bonde
- Clearwater Marine Aquarium Research Institute, Clearwater, USA
| | - S M Butler
- U.S. Geological Survey, Sirenia Project, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, USA
| | - L J Cabrias-Contreras
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | | | - J Galves
- Clearwater Marine Aquarium Research Institute, Clearwater, USA
| | | | | | | | - F O Luna
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade/Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Aquáticos, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - J Powell
- Clearwater Marine Aquarium Research Institute, Clearwater, USA
| | - J P Reid
- U.S. Geological Survey, Sirenia Project, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, USA
| | - G Rieucau
- Fundación Internacional Para la Naturaleza y la Sustentabilidad, Chetumal, Mexico.,Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin, USA
| | - A A Mignucci-Giannoni
- Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamon, Puerto Rico.,Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Bassetterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Harvey JW, Harr KE, Murphy D, Walsh MT, de Wit M, Deutsch CJ, Bonde RK. Serum Iron Analytes in Healthy and Diseased Florida Manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). J Comp Pathol 2019; 173:58-70. [PMID: 31812174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Serum iron concentration is usually decreased in true iron deficiency and with inflammatory disease in man and domestic animals. Serum total iron binding capacity (TIBC) may be increased in true iron deficiency and decreased with inflammatory disease. This prospective study was designed to measure serum iron analytes in healthy free-ranging and housed Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) of both sexes and various ages and to evaluate the effects of diseases common to manatees on these analytes. Blood samples were collected without anticoagulant from 137 healthy free-ranging manatees, 90 healthy housed manatees and 74 free-ranging diseased manatees, and serum was prepared by centrifugation. Serum iron concentration and unsaturated iron binding capacity were measured colourimetrically, and TIBC and percent transferrin saturation with iron were calculated. Serum amyloid A (SAA) was measured to assist in the health assessment of manatees and provide evidence of inflammation in diseased manatees. Based on the serum iron analytes, iron availability was lower in immature manatees compared with adults, and it was lower in housed manatees compared with free-ranging manatees. In contrast to other mammals studied, serum iron concentration was elevated rather than depressed in late pregnancy. Serum iron concentrations and transferrin saturation with iron percentages were significantly lower, and SAA concentrations were significantly higher, in diseased (ill and injured) manatees compared with healthy manatees. Serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation with iron values were negatively correlated with SAA concentrations, and manatees with the highest SAA concentrations had lower serum TIBC values. These findings indicate that inflammation is the major factor responsible for alterations in iron analytes in diseased manatees. Consequently, hypoferraemia may be used as supportive evidence of inflammatory disease in manatees (unless haemorrhage is also present). A decision threshold of ≤13.8 μmol/l was determined for hypoferraemia using receiver operating curve analysis. Based on studies in man and domestic animals, iron therapy is unnecessary for manatees with hypoferraemia associated with inflammation and has the potential for causing tissue damage and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Harvey
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
| | - K E Harr
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | | | | | - M de Wit
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Marine Mammal Pathobiology Laboratory, Saint Petersburg, USA
| | - C J Deutsch
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Wildlife Research Laboratory, Gainesville, USA
| | - R K Bonde
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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6
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Wetzel DL, Reynolds JE, Bonde RK, Schloesser RW, Schwierzke-Wade L, Roudebush WE. Enhancing reproductive assessments of the Florida manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris by establishing optimal time period and inhibin B baseline concentrations. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Littles CJ, Bonde RK, Butler SM, Jacoby CA, Notestein SK, Reid JP, Slone DH, Frazer TK. COASTAL HABITAT CHANGE AND MARINE MEGAFAUNA BEHAVIOR: FLORIDA MANATEES ENCOUNTERING REDUCED FOOD PROVISIONS IN A PROMINENT WINTER REFUGE. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2019; 38:29-43. [PMID: 31105796 DOI: 10.3354/esr00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A decline in submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) within Florida's spring-fed, thermal refuges raises questions about how these systems support winter foraging of Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). We analyzed telemetry data for 12 manatees over seven years to assess their use of Kings Bay, a winter refuge with diminished SAV. After accounting for the effect of water temperature, we hypothesized that the number of trips out of Kings Bay would increase and the time wintering manatees spent in Kings Bay would decrease. Trips out of and into Kings Bay also were compared to assess potential influences on exiting or entering. There were no detectable differences in the number of trips out of the bay or overall time manatees spent in Kings Bay across winters. The percentage of time water temperatures were below 20°C was the single best predictor of increased time spent in Kings Bay. Trips out of Kings Bay were more likely to occur after 12:00 h and during a high but ebbing tide, compared to trips into the bay. Nine manatees tracked for longer than 75 days in winter spent 7-57% of their time in the Gulf of Mexico, and three of these manatees spent 7-65% of the winter >80 km from the mouth of Kings Bay. Results suggest the low amount of SAV in Kings Bay does not obviate its use by manatees, though there are likely tradeoffs for manatees regularly foraging elsewhere. Accounting for movements of Florida manatees through a network of habitats may improve management strategies and facilitate desirable conservation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanda J Littles
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Robert K Bonde
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA
| | - Susan M Butler
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA
| | - Charles A Jacoby
- Soil and Water Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sky K Notestein
- Southwest Florida Water Management District, Brooksville, FL 34606, USA
| | - James P Reid
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA
| | - Daniel H Slone
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA
| | - Thomas K Frazer
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Palmer K, Bangma JT, Reiner JL, Bonde RK, Korte JE, Boggs ASP, Bowden JA. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in plasma of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 140:610-615. [PMID: 30803684 PMCID: PMC6529203 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous, synthetic anthropogenic chemicals known to infiltrate and persist in biological systems as a result of their stability and bioaccumulation potential. This study investigated 15 PFAS, including short-chain carboxylic and sulfonic acids, and their presence in a threatened herbivore, the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). Seven of the 15 PFAS examined were detected in manatee plasma. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (ranging from 0.13 to 166 ng/g ww) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) (ranging from 0.038 to 3.52 ng/g ww) were detected in every manatee plasma sample examined (n = 69), with differing medians across sampling sites in Florida, Crystal River (n = 39), Brevard County (n = 18), Everglades National Park (n = 8), and four samples (n = 4) from Puerto Rico. With an herbivorous diet and long life-span, the manatee provides a new perspective to monitoring PFAS contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kady Palmer
- Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, 205 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, United States.
| | - Jacqueline T Bangma
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 221 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - Jessica L Reiner
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, United States.
| | - Robert K Bonde
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, United States.
| | - Jeffrey E Korte
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 135 Cannon Street, Suite 303, Charleston, SC 29425, United States.
| | - Ashley S P Boggs
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, United States
| | - John A Bowden
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Chemical Sciences Division, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412, United States; University of Florida, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32601, United States.
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9
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Wyrosdick H, Chapman A, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Rivera-Pérez CI, Bonde RK. Internal parasites of the two subspecies of the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus. Dis Aquat Organ 2018; 130:145-152. [PMID: 30198489 DOI: 10.3354/dao03270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus is divided into 2 subspecies: the Antillean (T. m. manatus) and Florida (T. m. latirostris) manatees. This study reports sample prevalence of manatee parasites from populations of these 2 subspecies in different geographical locations. Although necropsy is a valuable diagnostic tool for parasite infections, the need for antemortem diagnostic techniques is important. Fecal samples collected during necropsies of Antillean manatees (n = 3) in Puerto Rico and Florida manatees (n = 10) in Crystal River, Florida, as well as from live-captured Florida manatees (n = 11) were evaluated using centrifugal flotation with sucrose and ethyl acetate sedimentation to compare parasites from each of the populations. Although both fecal examination methods provided similar results, the centrifugal flotation method required less time for diagnosis. The most common parasite eggs found in both populations included the trematodes Pulmonicola cochleotrema and Nudacotyle undicola, oocysts of the coccidian Eimeria spp., and eggs of the ascarid Heterocheilus tunicatus. Eggs of the trematode Chiorchis groschafti were found in both populations of manatees; however, eggs of a related species, Chiorchis fabaceus, were abundant in the Florida samples, but not found in Puerto Rico populations. Trematode eggs of Moniligerum blairi were found in both populations, but were more common in the Florida manatee (42%) than the Antillean manatee (33%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of both Eimeria manatus and Eimeria nodulosa oocysts in Antillean manatees from Puerto Rico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Wyrosdick
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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10
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Meyer WK, Jamison J, Richter R, Woods SE, Partha R, Kowalczyk A, Kronk C, Chikina M, Bonde RK, Crocker DE, Gaspard J, Lanyon JM, Marsillach J, Furlong CE, Clark NL. Ancient convergent losses of Paraoxonase 1 yield potential risks for modern marine mammals. Science 2018; 361:591-594. [PMID: 30093596 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap7714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mammals diversified by colonizing drastically different environments, with each transition yielding numerous molecular changes, including losses of protein function. Though not initially deleterious, these losses could subsequently carry deleterious pleiotropic consequences. We have used phylogenetic methods to identify convergent functional losses across independent marine mammal lineages. In one extreme case, Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) accrued lesions in all marine lineages, while remaining intact in all terrestrial mammals. These lesions coincide with PON1 enzymatic activity loss in marine species' blood plasma. This convergent loss is likely explained by parallel shifts in marine ancestors' lipid metabolism and/or bloodstream oxidative environment affecting PON1's role in fatty acid oxidation. PON1 loss also eliminates marine mammals' main defense against neurotoxicity from specific man-made organophosphorus compounds, implying potential risks in modern environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynn K Meyer
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jerrica Jamison
- Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Richter
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stacy E Woods
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raghavendran Partha
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Kowalczyk
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Charles Kronk
- Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert K Bonde
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA
| | | | - Janet M Lanyon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Judit Marsillach
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Clement E Furlong
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathan L Clark
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Pittsburgh Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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11
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Breaux B, Hunter ME, Cruz-Schneider MP, Sena L, Bonde RK, Criscitiello MF. The Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) T cell receptor loci exhibit V subgroup synteny and chain-specific evolution. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 85:71-85. [PMID: 29649552 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) has limited diversity in the immunoglobulin heavy chain. We therefore investigated the antigen receptor loci of the other arm of the adaptive immune system: the T cell receptor. Manatees are the first species from Afrotheria, a basal eutherian superorder, to have an in-depth characterization of all T cell receptor loci. By annotating the genome and expressed transcripts, we found that each chain has distinct features that correlates to their individual functions. The genomic organization also plays a role in modulating sequence conservation between species. There were extensive V subgroup synteny blocks in the TRA and TRB loci between T. m. latirostris and human. Increased genomic locus complexity correlated to increased locus synteny. We also identified evidence for a VHD pseudogene for the first time in a eutherian mammal. These findings emphasize the value of including species within this basal eutherian radiation in comparative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna Breaux
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Margaret E Hunter
- Sirenia Project, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA.
| | | | - Leonardo Sena
- Laboratory of Medical and Human Genetics, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Robert K Bonde
- Sirenia Project, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA.
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Breaux BL, Hunter ME, Cruz-Schneider MP, Sena L, Bonde RK, Criscitiello MF. The Florida manatee ( Trichechus manatus latirostris) T cell receptor loci exhibit V segment locus synteny and chain-specific evolution. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.59.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Manatees are a vulnerable, charismatic sentinel species from the evolutionarily divergent order Afrotheria. We have previously described the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) and found limited antigen receptor diversity in this humoral arm of the adaptive immune system. We therefore investigated the antigen receptor loci of the cellular arm: the T cell receptor. Manatees are the first species from either Afrotheria or Xenarthra, the most basal eutherian taxonomic groups, to have an in-depth characterization of all T cell receptor loci and expressed repertoires. We manually annotated the three TR loci on the T. m. latirostris genomic scaffolds using BLAST and RSSsite, and compared the segments and overall genomic organization to the human TR loci. We identified the human V segment subgroups that are conserved in T. m. latirostris and found that TRADV are most conserved, TRBV are moderately conserved, and TRGV are the least conserved. The V segment order in the TRAD and TRB loci also showed synteny between the two species. The TRAD locus had five V segment subgroup synteny blocks that showed long-range duplications in the T. m. latirostris locus. The TRB locus had three V segment subgroup synteny blocks that showed short-range duplications. The conservation of V segment sequence and order correlated to the locus complexity, emphasizing the role of genomic organization on gene evolution. We also identified evidence for a VHδ pseudogene for the first time in a eutherian mammal. These novel findings underline the value of including species within the basal radiation of eutherian evolution in comparative studies.
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Wyrosdick HM, Gerhold R, Su C, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Bonde RK, Chapman A, Rivera-Pérez CI, Martinez J, Miller DL. Investigating seagrass in Toxoplasma gondii transmission in Florida (Trichechus manatus latirostris) and Antillean (T. m. manatus) manatees. Dis Aquat Organ 2017; 127:65-69. [PMID: 29256429 DOI: 10.3354/dao03181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a feline protozoan reported to cause morbidity and mortality in manatees and other marine mammals. Given the herbivorous nature of manatees, ingestion of oocysts from contaminated water or seagrass is presumed to be their primary mode of infection. The objectives of this study were to investigate oocyst contamination of seagrass beds in Puerto Rico and determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii in Antillean (Trichechus manatus manatus) and Florida (T. m. latirostris) manatees. Sera or plasma from Antillean (n = 5) and Florida (n = 351) manatees were tested for T. gondii antibodies using the modified agglutination test. No T. gondii DNA was detected via PCR in seagrass samples (n = 33) collected from Puerto Rico. Seroprevalence was 0%, suggesting a lower prevalence of T. gondii in these manatee populations than previously reported. This was the first study to investigate the potential oocyst contamination of the manatee diet, and similar studies are important for understanding the epidemiology of T. gondii in herbivorous marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Wyrosdick
- University of Tennessee, Center for Wildlife Health, Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Breaux B, Deiss TC, Chen PL, Cruz-Schneider MP, Sena L, Hunter ME, Bonde RK, Criscitiello MF. The Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) immunoglobulin heavy chain suggests the importance of clan III variable segments in repertoire diversity. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 72:57-68. [PMID: 28131767 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Manatees are a vulnerable, charismatic sentinel species from the evolutionarily divergent Afrotheria. Manatee health and resistance to infectious disease is of great concern to conservation groups, but little is known about their immune system. To develop manatee-specific tools for monitoring health, we first must have a general knowledge of how the immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) chain locus is organized and transcriptionally expressed. Using the genomic scaffolds of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), we characterized the potential IgH segmental diversity and constant region isotypic diversity and performed the first Afrotherian repertoire analysis. The Florida manatee has low V(D)J combinatorial diversity (3744 potential combinations) and few constant region isotypes. They also lack clan III V segments, which may have caused reduced VH segment numbers. However, we found productive somatic hypermutation concentrated in the complementarity determining regions. In conclusion, manatees have limited IGHV clan and combinatorial diversity. This suggests that clan III V segments are essential for maintaining IgH locus diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna Breaux
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Thaddeus C Deiss
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Patricia L Chen
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | | | - Leonardo Sena
- Laboratory of Medical and Human Genetics, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Margaret E Hunter
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA.
| | - Robert K Bonde
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA.
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Tighe RL, Bonde RK, Avery JP. Seasonal response of ghrelin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor I in the free-ranging Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Mamm Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Walsh CJ, Butawan M, Yordy J, Ball R, Flewelling L, de Wit M, Bonde RK. Sublethal red tide toxin exposure in free-ranging manatees (Trichechus manatus) affects the immune system through reduced lymphocyte proliferation responses, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Aquat Toxicol 2015; 161:73-84. [PMID: 25678466 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The health of many Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) is adversely affected by exposure to blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis. K. brevis blooms are common in manatee habitats of Florida's southwestern coast and produce a group of cyclic polyether toxins collectively referred to as red tide toxins, or brevetoxins. Although a large number of manatees exposed to significant levels of red tide toxins die, several manatees are rescued from sublethal exposure and are successfully treated and returned to the wild. Sublethal brevetoxin exposure may potentially impact the manatee immune system. Lymphocyte proliferative responses and a suite of immune function parameters in the plasma were used to evaluate effects of brevetoxin exposure on health of manatees rescued from natural exposure to red tide toxins in their habitat. Blood samples were collected from rescued manatees at Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa, FL and from healthy, unexposed manatees in Crystal River, FL. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) isolated from whole blood were stimulated with T-cell mitogens, ConA and PHA. A suite of plasma parameters, including plasma protein electrophoresis profiles, lysozyme activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and reactive oxygen/nitrogen (ROS/RNS) species, was also used to assess manatee health. Significant decreases (p<0.05) in lymphocyte proliferation were observed in ConA and PHA stimulated lymphocytes from rescued animals compared to non-exposed animals. Significant correlations were observed between oxidative stress markers (SOD, ROS/RNS) and plasma brevetoxin concentrations. Sublethal exposure to brevetoxins in the wild impacts some immune function components, and thus, overall health, in the Florida manatee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Walsh
- Marine Immunology Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA.
| | - Matthew Butawan
- Marine Immunology Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA.
| | - Jennifer Yordy
- Marine Immunology Program, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL 34236, USA.
| | - Ray Ball
- Lowry Park Zoo, 1101 W Sligh Ave, Tampa, FL 33604, USA.
| | - Leanne Flewelling
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 8th Ave SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Martine de Wit
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 100 8th Ave SE, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - Robert K Bonde
- U.S. Geological Survey, Sirenia Project, 7920 NE 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA.
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17
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Merson SD, Ouwerkerk D, Gulino LM, Klieve A, Bonde RK, Burgess EA, Lanyon JM. Variation in the hindgut microbial communities of the Florida manatee,Trichechus manatus latirostrisover winter in Crystal River, Florida. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 87:601-15. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D. Merson
- Marine Vertebrate Ecology Research Group; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Diane Ouwerkerk
- Rumen Ecology Unit; Agri-Science Queensland; Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry; Ecosciences Precinct; Brisbane Qld Australia
- Centre for Animal Science; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Lisa-Maree Gulino
- Rumen Ecology Unit; Agri-Science Queensland; Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry; Ecosciences Precinct; Brisbane Qld Australia
- Centre for Animal Science; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Athol Klieve
- Centre for Animal Science; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
- School of Agricultural and Food Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Robert K. Bonde
- Sirenia Project, U.S. Geological Survey; Southeast Ecological Science Centre; Gainesville FL USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Burgess
- Marine Vertebrate Ecology Research Group; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Janet M. Lanyon
- Marine Vertebrate Ecology Research Group; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
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Tucker KP, Hunter ME, Bonde RK, Austin JD, Clark AM, Beck CA, McGuire PM, Oli MK. Low genetic diversity and minimal population substructure in the endangered Florida manatee: implications for conservation. J Mammal 2012. [DOI: 10.1644/12-mamm-a-048.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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19
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Bossart GD, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Rivera-Guzman AL, Jimenez-Marrero NM, Camus AC, Bonde RK, Dubey JP, Reif JS. Disseminated toxoplasmosis in Antillean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus from Puerto Rico. Dis Aquat Organ 2012; 101:139-144. [PMID: 23135141 DOI: 10.3354/dao02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Necropsies were conducted on 4 Antillean manatees Trichechus manatus manatus that were stranded in single events on the coastal beaches of Puerto Rico from August 2010 to August 2011. Three manatees were emaciated and the gastrointestinal tracts were devoid of digesta. Microscopically, all manatees had severe widespread inflammatory lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and heart with intralesional tachyzoites consistent with Toxoplasma gondii identified by histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical techniques. The gastrointestinal lesions included severe, multifocal to diffuse, chronic-active enteritis, colitis and/or gastritis often with associated ulceration, necrosis and hemorrhage. Enteric leiomyositis was severe and locally extensive in all cases and associated with the most frequently observed intralesional protozoans. Moderate to severe, multifocal, chronic to chronic-active, necrotizing myocarditis was also present in all cases. Additionally, less consistent inflammatory lesions occurred in the liver, lung and a mesenteric lymph node and were associated with fewer tachyzoites. Sera (n = 30) collected from free-ranging and captive Puerto Rican manatees and a rehabilitated/released Puerto Rican manatee from 2003 to 2012 were tested for antibodies for T. gondii. A positive T. gondii antibody titer was found in 2004 in 1 (3%) of the free-ranging cases tested. Disease caused by T. gondii is rare in manatees. This is the first report of toxoplasmosis in Antillean manatees from Puerto Rico. Additionally, these are the first reported cases of disseminated toxoplasmosis in any sirenian. The documentation of 4 cases of toxoplasmosis within one year and the extremely low seroprevalence to T. gondii suggest that toxoplasmosis may be an emerging disease in Antillean manatees from Puerto Rico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Bossart
- Georgia Aquarium, 225 Baker Street Northwest, Atlanta, Georgia 30313, USA.
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Hunter ME, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Tucker KP, King TL, Bonde RK, Gray BA, McGuire PM. Puerto Rico and Florida manatees represent genetically distinct groups. CONSERV GENET 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-012-0414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Sulzner K, Kreuder Johnson C, Bonde RK, Auil Gomez N, Powell J, Nielsen K, Luttrell MP, Osterhaus ADME, Aguirre AA. Health assessment and seroepidemiologic survey of potential pathogens in wild Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus). PLoS One 2012; 7:e44517. [PMID: 22984521 PMCID: PMC3440391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus), a subspecies of the West Indian manatee, inhabits fresh, brackish, and warm coastal waters distributed along the eastern border of Central America, the northern coast of South America, and throughout the Wider Caribbean Region. Threatened primarily by human encroachment, poaching, and habitat degradation, Antillean manatees are listed as endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. The impact of disease on population viability remains unknown in spite of concerns surrounding the species' ability to rebound from a population crash should an epizootic occur. To gain insight on the baseline health of this subspecies, a total of 191 blood samples were collected opportunistically from wild Antillean manatees in Belize between 1997 and 2009. Hematologic and biochemical reference intervals were established, and antibody prevalence to eight pathogens with zoonotic potential was determined. Age was found to be a significant factor of variation in mean blood values, whereas sex, capture site, and season contributed less to overall differences in parameter values. Negative antibody titers were reported for all pathogens surveyed except for Leptospira bratislava, L. canicola, and L. icterohemorrhagiae, Toxoplasma gondii, and morbillivirus. As part of comprehensive health assessment in manatees from Belize, this study will serve as a benchmark aiding in early disease detection and in the discernment of important epidemiologic patterns in the manatees of this region. Additionally, it will provide some of the initial tools to explore the broader application of manatees as sentinel species of nearshore ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Sulzner
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Kreuder Johnson
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Bonde
- Sirenia Project, United States Geological Survey, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nicole Auil Gomez
- Sea to Shore Alliance, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - James Powell
- Sea to Shore Alliance, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Klaus Nielsen
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Nepean, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Page Luttrell
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - A. Alonso Aguirre
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, Front Royal, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, United States of America
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Wilson RC, Reynolds JE, Wetzel DL, Schwierzke-Wade L, Bonde RK, Breuel KF, Roudebush WE. Secretion of anti-Müllerian hormone in the Florida manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris, with implications for assessing conservation status. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2011. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Tripp KM, Verstegen JP, Deutsch CJ, Bonde RK, de Wit M, Manire CA, Gaspard J, Harr KE. Evaluation of adrenocortical function in Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Zoo Biol 2010; 30:17-31. [PMID: 20187090 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The study objectives were to determine the predominant manatee glucocorticoid; validate assays to measure this glucocorticoid and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); determine diagnostic thresholds to distinguish physiological vs. pathological concentrations; identify differences associated with sex, age class, female reproductive status, capture time, and lactate; and determine the best methods for manatee biologists and clinicians to diagnose stress. Cortisol is the predominant manatee glucocorticoid. IMMULITE 1000 assays for cortisol and ACTH were validated. Precision yielded intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation for serum cortisol: ≤23.5 and ≤16.7%; and ACTH: ≤6.9 and ≤8.5%. Accuracy resulted in a mean adjusted R(2)≥0.87 for serum cortisol and ≥0.96 for ACTH. Assay analytical sensitivities for cortisol (0.1 µg/dl) and ACTH (10.0 pg/ml) were verified. Methods were highly correlated with another IMMULITE 1000 for serum cortisol (r=0.97) and ACTH (r=0.98). There was no significant variation in cortisol or ACTH with sex or age class and no correlation with female progesterone concentrations. Cortisol concentrations were highest in unhealthy manatees, chronically stressed by disease or injury. ACTH was greatest in healthy free-ranging or short-term rehabilitating individuals, peracutely stressed by capture and handling. Cortisol concentrations ≥1.0 µg/dl were diagnostic of chronic stress; ACTH concentrations ≥87.5 pg/ml were diagnostic of peracute stress. In healthy long-term captive manatees, cortisol (0.4±0.2 µg/dl) and ACTH (47.7±15.9 pg/ml) concentrations were lower than healthy free-ranging, short-term rehabilitated or unhealthy manatees. Capture time was not significantly correlated with cortisol; ACTH correlation was borderline significant. Cortisol and ACTH were positively correlated with lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Tripp
- University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Aquatic Animal Health Program, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Harvey JW, Harr KE, Murphy D, Walsh MT, Nolan EC, Bonde RK, Pate MG, Deutsch CJ, Edwards HH, Clapp WL. Hematology of healthy Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus). Vet Clin Pathol 2009; 38:183-93. [PMID: 19490571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2009.00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hematologic analysis is an important tool in evaluating the general health status of free-ranging manatees and in the diagnosis and monitoring of rehabilitating animals. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate diagnostically important hematologic analytes in healthy manatees (Trichechus manatus) and to assess variations with respect to location (free ranging vs captive), age class (small calves, large calves, subadults, and adults), and gender. METHODS Blood was collected from 55 free-ranging and 63 captive healthy manatees. Most analytes were measured using a CELL-DYN 3500R; automated reticulocytes were measured with an ADVIA 120. Standard manual methods were used for differential leukocyte counts, reticulocyte and Heinz body counts, and plasma protein and fibrinogen concentrations. RESULTS Rouleaux, slight polychromasia, stomatocytosis, and low numbers of schistocytes and nucleated RBCs (NRBCs) were seen often in stained blood films. Manual reticulocyte counts were higher than automated reticulocyte counts. Heinz bodies were present in erythrocytes of most manatees. Compared with free-ranging manatees, captive animals had slightly lower MCV, MCH, and eosinophil counts and slightly higher heterophil and NRBC counts, and fibrinogen concentration. Total leukocyte, heterophil, and monocyte counts tended to be lower in adults than in younger animals. Small calves tended to have higher reticulocyte counts and NRBC counts than older animals. CONCLUSIONS Hematologic findings were generally similar between captive and free-ranging manatees. Higher manual reticulocyte counts suggest the ADVIA detects only reticulocytes containing large amounts of RNA. Higher reticulocyte and NRBC counts in young calves probably reflect an increased rate of erythropoiesis compared with older animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Harvey
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Univeristy of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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25
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Stavros HCW, Bonde RK, Fair PA. Concentrations of trace elements in blood and skin of Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Mar Pollut Bull 2008; 56:1221-1225. [PMID: 18468646 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen W Stavros
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, 219 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412-9110, USA.
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Harvey JW, Harr KE, Murphy D, Walsh MT, Chittick EJ, Bonde RK, Pate MG, Deutsch CJ, Edwards HH, Haubold EM. Clinical biochemistry in healthy manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). J Zoo Wildl Med 2007; 38:269-79. [PMID: 17679511 DOI: 10.1638/1042-7260(2007)038[0269:cbihmt]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) are endangered aquatic mammals living in coastal and riverine waterways of Florida and adjacent states. Serum or plasma biochemical analyses are important tools in evaluating the health of free-ranging and captive manatees. The purpose of this study was to measure diagnostically important analytes in the plasma of healthy manatees and to determine whether there was significant variation with respect to location (free-ranging versus captive), age class (small calves, large calves, subadults, adults), and gender. No significant differences in plasma sodium, potassium, bilirubin, glucose, alanine aminotransferase, or creatine kinase were found among these classes of animals. Compared to free-ranging manatees, captive animals had significantly lower mean concentrations of plasma chloride, phosphate, magnesium, triglycerides, anion gap, and lactate. Captive manatees had significantly higher mean values of total CO2, calcium, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, total protein, albumin, and albumin/globulin ratio than did free-ranging animals. Differences in the environments of these two groups, including diet, temperature, salinity, and stress, might account for some of these results. The higher plasma lactate and anion gap concentrations and lower total CO2 concentrations of free-ranging manatees were probably due to greater exertion during capture, but the lack of elevated plasma creatine kinase activity relative to captive animals indicates that there was no serious muscle injury associated with capture. Plasma phosphate decreased and total globulins increased with age. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were highest in small calves. Plasma aspartate aminotransferase was higher in large calves than in adults and subadults, and the albumin/ globulin ratio was higher in subadults than in adults. Plasma total CO2 was higher and chloride was slightly lower in females than in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Harvey
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Col lege of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100144, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
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Abstract
Published cytogenetic data for extant cetacean species remain incomplete. In a review of the literature, we found karyotypic information for 6 of the 13 tentatively recognized species of the suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales). Among those yet to be described is the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). Herein, we describe and propose a first-generation G-banded karyotype and ideogram for this species (2n = 42), obtained from peripheral blood chromosome preparations from a stranded male calf. This information may prove useful for future genetic mapping projects and for interspecific and intraspecific genomic comparisons by techniques such as zoo-FISH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly C Pause
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Box 100245 University of Florida Health Science Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Vianna JA, Bonde RK, Caballero S, Giraldo JP, Lima RP, Clark A, Marmontel M, Morales-Vela B, De Souza MJ, Parr L, Rodríguez-Lopez MA, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Powell JA, Santos FR. Phylogeography, phylogeny and hybridization in trichechid sirenians: implications for manatee conservation. Mol Ecol 2006; 15:433-47. [PMID: 16448411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The three living species of manatees, West Indian (Trichechus manatus), Amazonian (Trichechus inunguis) and West African (Trichechus senegalensis), are distributed across the shallow tropical and subtropical waters of America and the western coast of Africa. We have sequenced the mitochondrial DNA control region in 330 Trichechus to compare their phylogeographic patterns. In T. manatus we observed a marked population structure with the identification of three haplotype clusters showing a distinct spatial distribution. A geographic barrier represented by the continuity of the Lesser Antilles to Trinidad Island, near the mouth of the Orinoco River in Venezuela, appears to have restricted the gene flow historically in T. manatus. However, for T. inunguis we observed a single expanding population cluster, with a high diversity of very closely related haplotypes. A marked geographic population structure is likely present in T. senegalensis with at least two distinct clusters. Phylogenetic analyses with the mtDNA cytochrome b gene suggest a clade of the marine Trichechus species, with T. inunguis as the most basal trichechid. This is in agreement with previous morphological analyses. Mitochondrial DNA, autosomal microsatellites and cytogenetic analyses revealed the presence of hybrids between the T. manatus and T. inunguis species at the mouth of the Amazon River in Brazil, extending to the Guyanas and probably as far as the mouth of the Orinoco River. Future conservation strategies should consider the distinct population structure of manatee species, as well as the historical barriers to gene flow and the likely occurrence of interspecific hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Vianna
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Molecular Evolution (LBEM), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Woodruff RA, Bonde RK, Bonilla JA, Romero CH. Molecular Identification of a Papilloma Virus from Cutaneous Lesions of Captive and Free-ranging Florida Manatees. J Wildl Dis 2005; 41:437-41. [PMID: 16107681 DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-41.2.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous papillomatous lesions were biopsied from three captive Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) at Homosassa Springs State Wildlife Park (HSSWP), Homosassa, Florida, USA, and from six free-ranging Florida manatees from Crystal and Homosassa rivers, Florida. Total DNA extracted from these lesions was assayed for the presence of papilloma virus genomes using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers that target the L1 capsid protein gene. The amplification generated DNA fragments 458 base pairs in length that encompassed a highly conserved domain within the L1 capsid protein and translated into identical polypeptides of 152 amino acids, suggesting the involvement of a single papilloma virus genotype. Multiple amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the L1 fragment indicated that the Florida manatee papilloma virus is a unique and quite distinct papillomavirus from other known papilloma viruses. The emergence of this new pathogen raises concerns about its potential impact on the already endangered Florida manatee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Woodruff
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Montoya-Ospina RA, Jiménez-Marrero NM, Rodr&íguez-López MA, Williams EH, Bonde RK. Manatee Mortality in Puerto Rico. Environ Manage 2000; 25:189-198. [PMID: 10594192 DOI: 10.1007/s002679910015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
/ The most pressing problem in the effective management of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) in Puerto Rico is mortality due to human activities. We assessed 90 cases of manatee strandings in Puerto Rico based on historical data and a coordinated carcass salvage effort from 1990 through 1995. We determined patterns of mortality, including type of event, condition of carcasses, spatial and temporal distribution, gender, size/age class, and the cause of death. The spatial distribution of stranding events was not uniform, with the north, northeast, and south coasts having the highest numbers. Six clusters representing the highest incidence included the areas of Fajardo and Ceiba, Bahía de Jobos, Toa Baja, Guayanilla, Cabo Rojo, and Rio Grande to Luquillo. The number of reported cases has increased at an average rate of 9.6%/yr since 1990. The seasonality of stranding events showed a bimodal pattern, from February through April and in August and September. Most identified causes of death were due to human interaction, especially captures and watercraft collisions. Natural causes usually involved dependent calves. From 1990 through 1995, most deaths were attributed to watercraft collisions. A reduction in anthropogenic mortality of this endangered species can be accomplished only through education and a proactive management and conservation plan that includes law enforcement, mortality assessment, scientific research, rescue and rehabilitation, and inter- and intraagency cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- AA Mignucci-Giannoni
- Red Caribeña de Varamientos (Caribbean Stranding Network) and Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad Metropolitana, SUAGM, PO Box 361715, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-1715
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Garcia-Rodriguez AI, Bowen BW, Domning D, Mignucci-Giannoni A, Marmontel M, Montoya-Ospina A, Morales-Vela B, Rudin M, Bonde RK, McGuire PM. Phylogeography of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus): how many populations and how many taxa? Mol Ecol 1998; 7:1137-49. [PMID: 9734072 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To resolve the population genetic structure and phylogeography of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region sequences were compared among eight locations across the western Atlantic region. Fifteen haplotypes were identified among 86 individuals from Florida, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Columbia, Venezuela, Guyana and Brazil. Despite the manatee's ability to move thousands of kilometers along continental margins, strong population separations between most locations were demonstrated with significant haplotype frequency shifts. These findings are consistent with tagging studies which indicate that stretches of open water and unsuitable coastal habitats constitute substantial barriers to gene flow and colonization. Low levels of genetic diversity within Florida and Brazilian samples might be explained by recent colonization into high latitudes or bottleneck effects. Three distinctive mtDNA lineages were observed in an intraspecific phylogeny of T. manatus, corresponding approximately to: (i) Florida and the West Indies; (ii) the Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean rivers of South America; and (iii) the northeast Atlantic coast of South America. These lineages, which are not concordant with previous subspecies designations, are separated by sequence divergence estimates of d = 0.04-0.07, approximately the same level of divergence observed between T. manatus and the Amazonian manatee (T. inunguis, n = 16). Three individuals from Guyana, identified as T. manatus, had mtDNA haplotypes which are affiliated with the endemic Amazon form T. inunguis. The three primary T. manatus lineages and the T. inunguis lineage may represent relatively deep phylogeographic partitions which have been bridged recently due to changes in habitat availability (after the Wisconsin glacial period, 10 000 B P), natural colonization, and human-mediated transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Garcia-Rodriguez
- U.S.G.S., Biological Resources Division, Sirenia Project, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA
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Watson AG, Bonde RK. Congenital malformations of the flipper in three West Indian manatees, Trichechus manatus, and a proposed mechanism for development of ectrodactyly and cleft hand in mammals. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1986:294-301. [PMID: 3955962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Three cases of congenital ectrodactyly of the flipper in the manatee are described, including one case of bilaterally-symmetrical cleft hand. A hypothesis assumes that a defect in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) in the developing hand plate of the early embryo is the initiating factor in the development of ectrodactylous and cleft hand malformations in man and other mammals. Variations in the site, extent, and time of the AER defect will account for many of the morphologic variations observed in these congenital malformations.
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Buergelt CD, Bonde RK, Beck CA, O'Shea TJ. Pathologic findings in manatees in Florida. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1984; 185:1331-4. [PMID: 6511576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Necropsy and microscopic examinations of 16 West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) revealed that the mortality of many of the animals was associated with environmental factors such as human-inflicted trauma and cold winters. Natural disease processes accounted for the death of only 1 manatee. In 3 manatees, the cause of death could not be determined.
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Buergelt CD, Bonde RK. Toxoplasmic meningoencephalitis in a West Indian manatee. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983; 183:1294-6. [PMID: 6643252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Medway W, Dodds WJ, Moynihan AC, Bonde RK. Blood coagulation of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). Cornell Vet 1982; 72:120-7. [PMID: 7083860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Blood was obtained from 10 clinically normal West Indian manatees. Many coagulation screening tests were performed on the blood as well as specific clotting factor assays. All clotting factors were present and their activities compared to those of the dog. The clotting factor activities of the intrinsic system of the manatee are much higher than those of the dog. Factor X activity is about the same as that of the dog. The clotting factor activities of the extrinsic system seems to be less than that of the the dog.
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