1
|
Taylor A, Zhang S, Johannissen LO, Sakuma M, Phillips RS, Green AP, Hay S, Heyes DJ, Scrutton NS. Mechanistic implications of the ternary complex structural models for the photoenzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. FEBS J 2024; 291:1404-1421. [PMID: 38060334 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The photoenzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) is an important enzyme for understanding biological H-transfer mechanisms. It uses light to catalyse the reduction of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide, a key step in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Although a wealth of spectroscopic data have provided crucial mechanistic insight, a structural rationale for POR photocatalysis has proved challenging and remains hotly debated. Recent structural models of the ternary enzyme-substrate complex, derived from crystal and electron microscopy data, show differences in the orientation of the protochlorophyllide substrate and the architecture of the POR active site, with significant implications for the catalytic mechanism. Here, we use a combination of computational and experimental approaches to investigate the compatibility of each structural model with the hypothesised reaction mechanisms and propose an alternative structural model for the cyanobacterial POR ternary complex. We show that a strictly conserved tyrosine, previously proposed to act as the proton donor in POR photocatalysis, is unlikely to be involved in this step of the reaction but is crucial for Pchlide binding. Instead, an active site cysteine is important for both hydride and proton transfer reactions in POR and is proposed to act as the proton donor, either directly or through a water-mediated network. Moreover, a conserved glutamine is important for Pchlide binding and ensuring efficient photochemistry by tuning its electronic properties, likely by interacting with the central Mg atom of the substrate. This optimal 'binding pose' for the POR ternary enzyme-substrate complex illustrates how light energy can be harnessed to facilitate enzyme catalysis by this unique enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Taylor
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Shaowei Zhang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Linus O Johannissen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michiyo Sakuma
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Robert S Phillips
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anthony P Green
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Derren J Heyes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tatta J, Phillips RS, Ryder LR, Haberman A, Kakimi M, Miller OG. A Call to Action: Develop Physical Therapist Practice Guidelines to Affirm People Who Identify as LGBTQIA. Phys Ther 2024:pzae049. [PMID: 38531777 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzae049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Tatta
- Integrative Pain Science Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Arcadia University, Department of Physical Therapy, Glenside, Pennsylvania, USA
- PT Proud Special Interest Group, Academy of Leadership and Innovation, A Component of the American Physical Therapy Association, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert S Phillips
- PT Proud Special Interest Group, Academy of Leadership and Innovation, A Component of the American Physical Therapy Association, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
- Franklin Pierce University, Department of Physical Therapy, Goodyear, Arizona, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Rehabilitation Hospitals - Edwin Shaw, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Lee R Ryder
- PT Proud Special Interest Group, Academy of Leadership and Innovation, A Component of the American Physical Therapy Association, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | - Aviel Haberman
- PT Proud Special Interest Group, Academy of Leadership and Innovation, A Component of the American Physical Therapy Association, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
- California State University, Sacramento, Department of Physical Therapy, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mel Kakimi
- PT Proud Special Interest Group, Academy of Leadership and Innovation, A Component of the American Physical Therapy Association, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
- Pacific University, School of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, Forest Grove, Oregon, USA
| | - Olivia G Miller
- PT Proud Special Interest Group, Academy of Leadership and Innovation, A Component of the American Physical Therapy Association, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bisello G, Rossignoli G, Choi S, Phillips RS, Bertoldi M. Active site serine-193 modulates activity of human aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 679:6-14. [PMID: 37651872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the neurotransmitters, dopamine and serotonin. Here, by a combination of bioinformatic predictions and analyses, phosphorylation assays, spectroscopic investigations and activity measurements, we determined that Ser-193, a conserved residue located at the active site, can be phosphorylated, increasing catalytic efficiency. In order to determine the molecular basis for this functional improvement, we determined the structural and kinetic properties of the site-directed variants S193A, S193D and S193E. While S193A retains 27% of the catalytic efficiency of wild-type, the two acidic side chain variants are impaired in catalysis with efficiencies of about 0.15% with respect to the wild-type. Thus, even if located at the active site, Ser-193 is not essential for enzyme activity. We advance the idea that this residue is fundamental for the correct architecture of the active site in terms of network of interactions triggering catalysis. This role has been compared with the properties of the Ser-194 of the highly homologous enzyme histidine decarboxylase whose catalytic loop is visible in the spatial structure, allowing us to propose the validation for the effect of the phosphorylation. The effect could be interesting for AADC deficiency, a rare monogenic disease, whose broad clinical phenotype could be also related to post translational AADC modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bisello
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, Verona, Italy
| | - Giada Rossignoli
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, Verona, Italy
| | - Sarah Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Robert S Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Mariarita Bertoldi
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, Verona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Drago VN, Campos C, Hooper M, Collins A, Gerlits O, Weiss KL, Blakeley MP, Phillips RS, Kovalevsky A. Revealing protonation states and tracking substrate in serine hydroxymethyltransferase with room-temperature X-ray and neutron crystallography. Commun Chem 2023; 6:162. [PMID: 37532884 PMCID: PMC10397204 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes utilize a vitamin B6-derived cofactor to perform a myriad of chemical transformations on amino acids and other small molecules. Some PLP-dependent enzymes, such as serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), are promising drug targets for the design of small-molecule antimicrobials and anticancer therapeutics, while others have been used to synthesize pharmaceutical building blocks. Understanding PLP-dependent catalysis and the reaction specificity is crucial to advance structure-assisted drug design and enzyme engineering. Here we report the direct determination of the protonation states in the active site of Thermus thermophilus SHMT (TthSHMT) in the internal aldimine state using room-temperature joint X-ray/neutron crystallography. Conserved active site architecture of the model enzyme TthSHMT and of human mitochondrial SHMT (hSHMT2) were compared by obtaining a room-temperature X-ray structure of hSHMT2, suggesting identical protonation states in the human enzyme. The amino acid substrate serine pathway through the TthSHMT active site cavity was tracked, revealing the peripheral and cationic binding sites that correspond to the pre-Michaelis and pseudo-Michaelis complexes, respectively. At the peripheral binding site, the substrate is bound in the zwitterionic form. By analyzing the observed protonation states, Glu53, but not His residues, is proposed as the general base catalyst, orchestrating the retro-aldol transformation of L-serine into glycine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N Drago
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Claudia Campos
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tennessee Wesleyan University, Athens, TN, 37303, USA
| | - Mattea Hooper
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tennessee Wesleyan University, Athens, TN, 37303, USA
| | - Aliyah Collins
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tennessee Wesleyan University, Athens, TN, 37303, USA
| | - Oksana Gerlits
- Department of Natural Sciences, Tennessee Wesleyan University, Athens, TN, 37303, USA
| | - Kevin L Weiss
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Matthew P Blakeley
- Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Robert S Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Phillips RS, Bauer O. Characterization of aminoacrylate intermediates of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate dependent enzymes. Methods Enzymol 2023; 685:199-224. [PMID: 37245902 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) Schiff's bases of 2-aminoacrylate are intermediates in β-elimination and β-substitution reaction of PLP-dependent enzymes. These enzymes are found in two major families, the α-, or aminotransferase, superfamily, and the β-family. While the α-family enzymes primarily catalyze β-eliminations, the β-family enzymes catalyze both β-elimination and β-substitution reactions. Tyrosine phenol-lyase (TPL), which catalyzes the reversible elimination of phenol from l-tyrosine, is an example of an α-family enzyme. Tryptophan synthase catalyzes the irreversible formation of l-tryptophan from l-serine and indole, and is an example of a β-family enzyme. The identification and characterization of aminoacrylate intermediates in the reactions of both of these enzymes is discussed. The use of UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray and neutron crystallography, and NMR spectroscopy to identify aminoacrylate intermediates in these and other PLP enzymes is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.
| | - Olivia Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Phillips RS, Vaarwerk B, Morgan JE. Using Evidence-Based Medicine to Support Clinical Decision-Making in RMS. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010066. [PMID: 36612064 PMCID: PMC9817945 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The foundations of evidence-based practice are the triad of patient values and preferences, healthcare professional experience, and best available evidence, used together to inform clinical decision-making. Within the field of rhabdomyosarcoma, collaborative groups such as the European Paediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma Group (EpSSG) have worked to develop evidence to support this process. We have explored many of the key research developments within this review, including patient and public involvement, decision-making research, research into areas other than drug development, core outcome sets, reporting and dissemination of research, evidence synthesis, guideline development and clinical decision rules, research of research methodologies, and supporting research in RMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Phillips
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Leeds Children’s Hospital, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
| | - Bas Vaarwerk
- Department of Paediatrics, Amsterdam UMC—Emma Children’s Hospital, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica E. Morgan
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Leeds Children’s Hospital, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Phillips RS, Anderson KL, Gresham D. Corrigendum: His-163 is a stereospecific proton donor in the mechanism of d-glucosaminate-6-phosphate ammonia-lyase. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:3103. [PMID: 36281965 PMCID: PMC10117607 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
8
|
Phillips RS, Anderson KL, Gresham D. His-163 is a stereospecific proton donor in the mechanism of d-glucosaminate-6-phosphate ammonia-lyase. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2441-2448. [PMID: 35953460 PMCID: PMC9529869 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
d-Glucosaminate-6-phosphate ammonia-lyase (DGL) catalyzes the conversion of d-glucosaminate-6-phosphate to 2-keto-3-deoxyglutarate-6-phosphate, with stereospecific protonation of C-3 of the product. The crystal structure of DGL showed that His-163 could serve as the proton donor. H163A mutant DGL is fully active in the steady-state reaction, and the pre-steady-state kinetics are very similar to those of wild-type DGL. However, H163A DGL accumulates a transient intermediate with λmax at 293 nm during the reaction that is not seen with wild-type DGL. Furthermore, NMR analysis of the reaction of H163A DGL in D2 O shows that the product is a mixture of deuterated diastereomers at C-3. These results establish that His-163 is the proton donor in the reaction mechanism of DGL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Phillips
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| | | | - Declan Gresham
- Department of Cellular BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moriarty AS, Meader N, Snell KIE, Riley RD, Paton LW, Dawson S, Hendon J, Chew-Graham CA, Gilbody S, Churchill R, Phillips RS, Ali S, McMillan D. Predicting relapse or recurrence of depression: systematic review of prognostic models. Br J Psychiatry 2022; 221:448-458. [PMID: 35048843 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2021.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relapse and recurrence of depression are common, contributing to the overall burden of depression globally. Accurate prediction of relapse or recurrence while patients are well would allow the identification of high-risk individuals and may effectively guide the allocation of interventions to prevent relapse and recurrence. AIMS To review prognostic models developed to predict the risk of relapse, recurrence, sustained remission, or recovery in adults with remitted major depressive disorder. METHOD We searched the Cochrane Library (current issue); Ovid MEDLINE (1946 onwards); Ovid Embase (1980 onwards); Ovid PsycINFO (1806 onwards); and Web of Science (1900 onwards) up to May 2021. We included development and external validation studies of multivariable prognostic models. We assessed risk of bias of included studies using the Prediction model risk of bias assessment tool (PROBAST). RESULTS We identified 12 eligible prognostic model studies (11 unique prognostic models): 8 model development-only studies, 3 model development and external validation studies and 1 external validation-only study. Multiple estimates of performance measures were not available and meta-analysis was therefore not necessary. Eleven out of the 12 included studies were assessed as being at high overall risk of bias and none examined clinical utility. CONCLUSIONS Due to high risk of bias of the included studies, poor predictive performance and limited external validation of the models identified, presently available clinical prediction models for relapse and recurrence of depression are not yet sufficiently developed for deploying in clinical settings. There is a need for improved prognosis research in this clinical area and future studies should conform to best practice methodological and reporting guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Moriarty
- Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK and Hull York Medical School, University of York, UK
| | - Nicholas Meader
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, UK and Cochrane Common Mental Disorders, University of York, UK
| | - Kym I E Snell
- Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele University, UK
| | - Richard D Riley
- Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele University, UK
| | - Lewis W Paton
- Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK
| | - Sarah Dawson
- Cochrane Common Mental Disorders, University of York, UK and Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Jessica Hendon
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, UK and Cochrane Common Mental Disorders, University of York, UK
| | | | - Simon Gilbody
- Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK and Hull York Medical School, University of York, UK
| | - Rachel Churchill
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, UK and Cochrane Common Mental Disorders, University of York, UK
| | | | - Shehzad Ali
- Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, Canada
| | - Dean McMillan
- Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK and Hull York Medical School, University of York, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dinh T, Rahn KT, Phillips RS. Crystallographic snapshots of ternary complexes of thermophilic secondary alcohol dehydrogenase from
Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus
reveal the dynamics of ligand exchange and the proton relay network. Proteins 2022; 90:1570-1583. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.26339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tung Dinh
- Department of Chemistry University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - K. Troy Rahn
- Department of Chemistry University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Robert S. Phillips
- Department of Chemistry University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
- Center for Metalloenzyme Studies University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Szot JO, Slavotinek A, Chong K, Brandau O, Nezarati M, Cueto-González AM, Patel MS, Devine WP, Rego S, Acyinena AP, Shannon P, Myles-Reid D, Blaser S, Mieghem TV, Yavuz-Kienle H, Skladny H, Miller K, Riera MDT, Martínez SA, Tizzano EF, Dupuis L, James Stavropoulos D, McNiven V, Mendoza-Londono R, Elliott AM, Phillips RS, Chapman G, Dunwoodie SL. New cases that expand the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of Congenital NAD Deficiency Disorder. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:862-876. [PMID: 33942433 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential coenzyme involved in over 400 cellular reactions. During embryogenesis, mammals synthesize NAD de novo from dietary l -tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway. Biallelic, inactivating variants in three genes encoding enzymes of this biosynthesis pathway (KYNU, HAAO, and NADSYN1) disrupt NAD synthesis and have been identified in patients with multiple malformations of the heart, kidney, vertebrae, and limbs; these patients have Congenital NAD Deficiency Disorder HAAO and four families with biallelic variants in KYNU. These patients present similarly with multiple malformations of the heart, kidney, vertebrae, and limbs, of variable severity. We show that each variant identified in these patients results in loss-of-function, revealed by a significant reduction in NAD levels via yeast genetic complementation assays. For the first time, missense mutations are identified as a cause of malformation and shown to disrupt enzyme function. These missense and frameshift variants cause moderate to severe NAD deficiency in yeast, analogous to insufficient synthesized NAD in patients. We hereby expand the genotypic and corresponding phenotypic spectrum of Congenital NAD Deficiency Disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Szot
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anne Slavotinek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karen Chong
- Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Marjan Nezarati
- Genetics Program, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna M Cueto-González
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Millan S Patel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Walter P Devine
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shannon Rego
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alicia P Acyinena
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Patrick Shannon
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane Myles-Reid
- Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Blaser
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim V Mieghem
- Fetal Medicine Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Kristen Miller
- Genetics Program, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miereia D T Riera
- Metabolic Unit and Pediatric Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia A Martínez
- Fetal Medicine Unit and Obstetrics Department, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo F Tizzano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
- Medicine Genetics Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucie Dupuis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dimitri James Stavropoulos
- Genome Diagnostics, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanda McNiven
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roberto Mendoza-Londono
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison M Elliott
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert S Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Gavin Chapman
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sally L Dunwoodie
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moriarty AS, Meader N, Snell KI, Riley RD, Paton LW, Chew-Graham CA, Gilbody S, Churchill R, Phillips RS, Ali S, McMillan D. Prognostic models for predicting relapse or recurrence of major depressive disorder in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 5:CD013491. [PMID: 33956992 PMCID: PMC8102018 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013491.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relapse (the re-emergence of depressive symptoms after some level of improvement but preceding recovery) and recurrence (onset of a new depressive episode after recovery) are common in depression, lead to worse outcomes and quality of life for patients and exert a high economic cost on society. Outcomes can be predicted by using multivariable prognostic models, which use information about several predictors to produce an individualised risk estimate. The ability to accurately predict relapse or recurrence while patients are well (in remission) would allow the identification of high-risk individuals and may improve overall treatment outcomes for patients by enabling more efficient allocation of interventions to prevent relapse and recurrence. OBJECTIVES To summarise the predictive performance of prognostic models developed to predict the risk of relapse, recurrence, sustained remission or recovery in adults with major depressive disorder who meet criteria for remission or recovery. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Library (current issue); Ovid MEDLINE (1946 onwards); Ovid Embase (1980 onwards); Ovid PsycINFO (1806 onwards); and Web of Science (1900 onwards) up to May 2020. We also searched sources of grey literature, screened the reference lists of included studies and performed a forward citation search. There were no restrictions applied to the searches by date, language or publication status . SELECTION CRITERIA We included development and external validation (testing model performance in data separate from the development data) studies of any multivariable prognostic models (including two or more predictors) to predict relapse, recurrence, sustained remission, or recovery in adults (aged 18 years and over) with remitted depression, in any clinical setting. We included all study designs and accepted all definitions of relapse, recurrence and other related outcomes. We did not specify a comparator prognostic model. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened references; extracted data (using a template based on the CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS)); and assessed risks of bias of included studies (using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST)). We referred any disagreements to a third independent review author. Where we found sufficient (10 or more) external validation studies of an individual model, we planned to perform a meta-analysis of its predictive performance, specifically with respect to its calibration (how well the predicted probabilities match the observed proportions of individuals that experience the outcome) and discrimination (the ability of the model to differentiate between those with and without the outcome). Recommendations could not be qualified using the GRADE system, as guidance is not yet available for prognostic model reviews. MAIN RESULTS We identified 11 eligible prognostic model studies (10 unique prognostic models). Seven were model development studies; three were model development and external validation studies; and one was an external validation-only study. Multiple estimates of performance measures were not available for any of the models and, meta-analysis was therefore not possible. Ten out of the 11 included studies were assessed as being at high overall risk of bias. Common weaknesses included insufficient sample size, inappropriate handling of missing data and lack of information about discrimination and calibration. One paper (Klein 2018) was at low overall risk of bias and presented a prognostic model including the following predictors: number of previous depressive episodes, residual depressive symptoms and severity of the last depressive episode. The external predictive performance of this model was poor (C-statistic 0.59; calibration slope 0.56; confidence intervals not reported). None of the identified studies examined the clinical utility (net benefit) of the developed model. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Of the 10 prognostic models identified (across 11 studies), only four underwent external validation. Most of the studies (n = 10) were assessed as being at high overall risk of bias, and the one study that was at low risk of bias presented a model with poor predictive performance. There is a need for improved prognostic research in this clinical area, with future studies conforming to current best practice recommendations for prognostic model development/validation and reporting findings in line with the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) statement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Moriarty
- Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Nicholas Meader
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
- Cochrane Common Mental Disorders, University of York, York, UK
| | - Kym Ie Snell
- Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Richard D Riley
- Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Lewis W Paton
- Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Simon Gilbody
- Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Rachel Churchill
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
- Cochrane Common Mental Disorders, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Shehzad Ali
- Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Dean McMillan
- Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Phillips RS, Ting SCK, Anderson K. Structure and Mechanism of d-Glucosaminate-6-phosphate Ammonia-lyase: A Novel Octameric Assembly for a Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate-Dependent Enzyme, and Unprecedented Stereochemical Inversion in the Elimination Reaction of a d-Amino Acid. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1609-1618. [PMID: 33949189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
d-Glucosaminate-6-phosphate ammonia-lyase (DGL) is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme that produces 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate 6-phosphate (KDG-6-P) in the metabolism of d-glucosaminic acid by Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. We have determined the crystal structure of DGL by SAD phasing with selenomethionine to a resolution of 2.58 Å. The sequence has very low identity with most other members of the aminotransferase (AT) superfamily. The structure forms an octameric assembly as a tetramer of dimers that has not been observed previously in the AT superfamily. PLP is covalently bound as a Schiff base to Lys-213 in the catalytic dimer at the interface of two monomers. The structure lacks the conserved arginine that binds the α-carboxylate of the substrate in most members of the AT superfamily. However, there is a cluster of arginines in the small domain that likely serves as a binding site for the phosphate of the substrate. The deamination reaction performed in D2O gives a KDG-6-P product stereospecifically deuterated at C3; thus, the mechanism must involve an enamine intermediate that is protonated by the enzyme before product release. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis demonstrates that the deuterium is located in the pro-R position in the product, showing that the elimination of water takes place with inversion of configuration at C3, which is unprecedented for a PLP-dependent dehydratase/deaminase. On the basis of the crystal structure and the NMR data, a reaction mechanism for DGL is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Samuel C-K Ting
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Kaitlin Anderson
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Musa MM, Vieille C, Phillips RS. Secondary Alcohol Dehydrogenases from Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus and Thermoanaerobacter brockii as Robust Catalysts. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1884-1893. [PMID: 33594812 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) are an important type of enzyme that have significant applications as biocatalysts. Secondary ADHs from Thermoanaerobacter pseudoethanolicus (TeSADH) and Thermoanaerobacter brockii (TbSADH) are well-known as robust catalysts. However, like most other ADHs, these enzymes suffer from their high substrate specificities (i. e., limited substrate scope), which to some extent restricts their use as biocatalysts. This minireview discusses recent efforts to expand the substrate scope and tune the enantioselectivity of TeSADH and TbSADH by using site-directed mutagenesis and directed evolution. Various examples of asymmetric synthesis of optically active alcohols using both enzymes are highlighted. Moreover, the unique thermal stability and organic solvent tolerance of these enzymes is illustrated by their concurrent inclusion with other interesting reactions to synthesize optically active alcohols and amines. For instance, TeSADH has been used in quantitative non-stereoselective oxidation of alcohols to deracemize alcohols via cyclic deracemization and in the racemization of enantiopure alcohols to accomplish a bienzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Musa M Musa
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claire Vieille
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Robert S Phillips
- Department of Chemistry and, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Millen GC, Arnold R, Cazier JB, Curley H, Feltbower RG, Gamble A, Glaser AW, Grundy RG, Lee LYW, McCabe MG, Phillips RS, Stiller CA, Várnai C, Kearns PR. Severity of COVID-19 in children with cancer: Report from the United Kingdom Paediatric Coronavirus Cancer Monitoring Project. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:754-759. [PMID: 33299130 PMCID: PMC7884399 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with cancer are frequently immunocompromised. While children are generally thought to be at less risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection than adults, comprehensive population-based evidence for the risk in children with cancer is unavailable. We aimed to produce evidence of the incidence and outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 in children with cancer attending all hospitals treating this population across the UK. METHODS Retrospective and prospective observational study of all children in the UK under 16 diagnosed with cancer through data collection from all hospitals providing cancer care to this population. Eligible patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The primary end-point was death, discharge or end of active care for COVID-19 for those remaining in hospital. RESULTS Between 12 March 2020 and 31 July 2020, 54 cases were identified: 15 (28%) were asymptomatic, 34 (63%) had mild infections and 5 (10%) moderate, severe or critical infections. No patients died and only three patients required intensive care support due to COVID-19. Estimated incidence of hospital identified SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with cancer under 16 was 3%. CONCLUSIONS Children with cancer with SARS-CoV-2 infection do not appear at increased risk of severe infection compared to the general paediatric population. This is reassuring and supports the continued delivery of standard treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard C Millen
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK.
| | - Roland Arnold
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jean-Baptiste Cazier
- Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen Curley
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Richard G Feltbower
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ashley Gamble
- Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group (CCLG), Leicester, LE1 7GB, UK
| | - Adam W Glaser
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Professor of Paediatric Oncology and Late Effects Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard G Grundy
- Children's Cancer and Leukaemia Group (CCLG), Leicester, LE1 7GB, UK
- Children's Brain Tumour Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Lennard Y W Lee
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martin G McCabe
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, Public Health England, London, SE1 8UG, UK
| | - Robert S Phillips
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Charles A Stiller
- National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service, Public Health England, London, SE1 8UG, UK
| | - Csilla Várnai
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Pamela R Kearns
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham, B4 6NH, UK
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Phillips RS, Harris AP. Structural Basis of the Stereochemistry of Inhibition of Tryptophan Synthase by Tryptophan and Derivatives. Biochemistry 2021; 60:231-244. [PMID: 33428374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the reaction of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium tryptophan (Trp) synthase α2β2 complex with l-Trp, d-Trp, oxindolyl-l-alanine (OIA), and dioxindolyl-l-alanine (DOA) in the presence of disodium (dl)-α-glycerol phosphate (GP), using stopped-flow spectrophotometry and X-ray crystallography. All structures contained the d-isomer of GP bound at the α-active site. (3S)-OIA reacts with the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) of Trp synthase to form a mixture of external aldimine and quinonoid complexes. The α-carboxylate of OIA rotates about 90° to become planar with the PLP when the quinonoid complex is formed, resulting in a conformational change in the loop of residues 110-115. The COMM domain of the Trp synthase-OIA complex is found as a mixture of two conformations. The (3R)-diastereomer of DOA binds about 5-fold more tightly than (3S)-OIA and also forms a mixture of aldimine and quinonoid complexes. DOA forms an additional H-bond between the 3-OH of DOA and βLys-87. l-Trp does not form a covalent complex with the PLP of Trp synthase. However, d-Trp forms a mixture of two external aldimine complexes which differ in the orientation of the α-carboxylate. In one conformation, the α-carboxylate is in the plane of the PLP, while in the other conformation, the α-carboxylate is perpendicular to the PLP plane. These results confirm that the stereochemistry of the transient indolenine quinonoid intermediate in the mechanism of Trp synthase is (3S) and demonstrate the linkage between aldimine and quinonoid reaction intermediates in the β-active site and allosteric communications with the α-active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Austin P Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Morgan JE, Walker R, Harden M, Phillips RS. A systematic review of evidence for and against routine surveillance imaging after completing treatment for childhood extracranial solid tumors. Cancer Med 2020; 9:4949-4961. [PMID: 32431088 PMCID: PMC7367646 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular off-treatment imaging is often used to assess for recurrence of disease after childhood cancer treatment. It is unclear if this increases survival, or what burden surveillance places on patients, families, or health-care services. This systematic review examines the impact of routine surveillance imaging after treatment of pediatric extracranial solid tumors. METHODS Collaborative patient and public involvement informed the design and interpretation of this work. Thirteen electronic databases, conference proceedings, and trial registries were searched alongside reference list checking and forward citation searching from 1990 onwards. Studies were screened and data were extracted by two researchers. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified ROBINS-I tool. Relevant outcomes were overall survival, psychological distress indicators, number of imaging tests, cost-effectiveness, and qualitative data regarding experiences of surveillance programs. PROSPERO (CRD42018103764). RESULTS Of 17 727 records identified, 55 studies of 10 207 patients were included. All studies used observational methods. Risk of bias for all except one study was moderate, serious, or critical. Data were too few to conduct meta-analysis; however, narrative synthesis was performed. Surveillance strategies varied, and poorly reported, involving many scans and substantial radiation exposure (eg, neuroblastoma, median 133.5 mSv). For most diseases, surveillance imaging was not associated with increased overall survival, with the probable exception of Wilms tumor. No qualitative or psychological distress data were identified. CONCLUSIONS At present, there is insufficient evidence to evaluate the effects of routine surveillance imaging on survival in most pediatric extracranial solid tumors. More high-quality data are required, preferably through randomized controlled trials with well-conducted qualitative elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Morgan
- Centre for Reviews and DisseminationUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Department of Paediatric OncologyLeeds Children's HospitalLeedsUK
| | - Ruth Walker
- Centre for Reviews and DisseminationUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Melissa Harden
- Centre for Reviews and DisseminationUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Robert S. Phillips
- Centre for Reviews and DisseminationUniversity of YorkYorkUK
- Department of Paediatric OncologyLeeds Children's HospitalLeedsUK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Di Salvo ML, Fesko K, Phillips RS, Contestabile R. Editorial: PLP-Dependent Enzymes: Extraordinary Versatile Catalysts and Ideal Biotechnological Tools for the Production of Unnatural Amino Acids and Related Compounds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:52. [PMID: 32117932 PMCID: PMC7026007 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martino L Di Salvo
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Kateryna Fesko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert S Phillips
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Roberto Contestabile
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Phillips RS, Craig S, Kovalevsky A, Gerlits O, Weiss K, Iorgu AI, Heyes DJ, Hay S. Pressure and Temperature Effects on the Formation of Aminoacrylate Intermediates of Tyrosine Phenol-lyase Demonstrate Reaction Dynamics. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Steven Craig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Andrey Kovalevsky
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6475, United States
| | - Oksana Gerlits
- Tennessee Wesleyan University, Athens, Tennessee 37303, United States
| | - Kevin Weiss
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6475, United States
| | - Andreea I. Iorgu
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M17DN, U.K
| | - Derren J. Heyes
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M17DN, U.K
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M17DN, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Moriarty AS, Meader N, Gilbody S, Chew-Graham CA, Churchill R, Ali S, Phillips RS, Riley RD, McMillan D. Prognostic models for predicting relapse or recurrence of depression. Hippokratia 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Moriarty
- University of York; Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences; York UK
- University of York; Hull York Medical School; York UK
| | - Nicholas Meader
- University of York; Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; York UK YO10 5DD
- University of York; Cochrane Common Mental Disorders; York UK
| | - Simon Gilbody
- University of York; Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences; York UK
- University of York; Hull York Medical School; York UK
| | | | - Rachel Churchill
- University of York; Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; York UK YO10 5DD
- University of York; Cochrane Common Mental Disorders; York UK
| | - Shehzad Ali
- University of York; Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences; York UK
- Western University; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry; London ON Canada
| | - Robert S Phillips
- University of York; Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; York UK YO10 5DD
| | - Richard D Riley
- Keele University; School of Primary, Community and Social Care; Keele UK
| | - Dean McMillan
- University of York; Mental Health and Addiction Research Group, Department of Health Sciences; York UK
- University of York; Hull York Medical School; York UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Arif T, Phillips RS. Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the predictive value of serum biomarkers in the assessment and management of fever during neutropenia in children with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66:e27887. [PMID: 31250539 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Routinely measurable biomarkers as predictors for adverse outcomes in febrile neutropenia could improve management through risk stratification. This systematic review assesses the predictive role of biomarkers in identifying events such as bacteraemia, clinically documented infections, microbiologically documented infection, severe sepsis requiring intensive care or high dependency care and death. This review collates 8319 episodes from 4843 patients. C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and procalcitonin (PCT) consistently predict bacteraemia and severe sepsis; other outcomes have highly heterogeneous results. Performance of the biomarkers at admission using different thresholds demonstrates that PCT > 0.5 ng/mL offers the best compromise between sensitivity and specificity: sensitivity 0.67 (confidence interval [CI] 0.53-0.79) specificity 0.73 (CI 0.66-0.77). Seventeen studies describe the use of serial biomarkers, with PCT having the greatest discriminatory role. Biomarkers, potentially with serial measurements, may predict adverse outcomes in paediatric febrile neutropenia and their role in risk stratification is promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Arif
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Great North Children's Hospital, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S Phillips
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Aldiss S, Fern LA, Phillips RS, Callaghan A, Dyker K, Gravestock H, Groszmann M, Hamrang L, Hough R, McGeachy D, Morgan S, Smith S, Upadhyaya S, Veitch H, Veitch L, Williamson M, Whelan JS, Gibson F. Research priorities for young people with cancer: a UK priority setting partnership with the James Lind Alliance. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e028119. [PMID: 31383701 PMCID: PMC6688702 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To conduct a UK-wide survey of young people who have experienced cancer, carers and professionals, to identify and prioritise research questions to inform decisions of research funders and support the case for research with this unique cancer population. DESIGN James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership. SETTING UK health service and community. METHODS A steering group oversaw the initiative and partner organisations were recruited. Unanswered questions were collected in an online survey. Evidence searching verified uncertainties. An interim survey was used to rank questions prior to a final prioritisation workshop. PARTICIPANTS Young people aged 13-24 years with a current or previous cancer diagnosis, their families, friends, partners and professionals who work with this population. RESULTS Two hundred and ninety-two respondents submitted 855 potential questions. Following a refining process and removal of 'out of scope' questions, 208 unique questions remained. Systematic evidence checking identified seven answered questions and 16 were the subject of ongoing studies. The interim survey was completed by 174 participants. The top 30 questions were prioritised at a workshop attended by 25 young people, parents and multidisciplinary professionals. The top three priorities are: (1) What psychological support package improves psychological well-being, social functioning and mental health during and after treatment? (2) What interventions, including self-care, can reduce or reverse adverse short-term and long-term effects of cancer treatment? (3) What are the best strategies to improve access to clinical trials? The remaining questions reflect the complete cancer pathway: new therapies, life after cancer, support, education/employment, relapse and end-of-life care. CONCLUSIONS We have identified shared research priorities for young people with cancer using a rigorous, person-centred approach involving stakeholders typically not involved in setting the research agenda. The breadth of priorities suggest future research should focus on holistic and psychosocial care delivery as well as traditional drug/biology research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susie Aldiss
- School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Lorna A Fern
- Oncology Division, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Teenage, Young Adult and Germ Cell Clinical Studies Group, National Cancer Research Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Amy Callaghan
- Teenage and Young Adult Cancer Priority Setting Partnership steering group, London, UK
| | - Karen Dyker
- Oncology, Level 4, Bexley Wing, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Michael Groszmann
- Paediatric & Adolescent Division, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Leila Hamrang
- Teenage and Young Adult Cancer Priority Setting Partnership steering group, London, UK
| | - Rachael Hough
- Children and Young Peoples Cancer Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Demi McGeachy
- Teenage and Young Adult Cancer Priority Setting Partnership steering group, London, UK
| | - Sue Morgan
- Teenage and Young Adult Cancer Service, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - Sam Smith
- Service Delivery, Teenage Cancer Trust, London, UK
| | - Sheela Upadhyaya
- The James Lind Alliance, National Institute for Health Research Evaluation, Southampton, UK
| | - Helen Veitch
- Service Delivery, Teenage Cancer Trust, London, UK
| | - Lara Veitch
- Teenage, Young Adult and Germ Cell Clinical Studies Group, National Cancer Research Institute, London, UK
- Teenage and Young Adult Cancer Priority Setting Partnership steering group, London, UK
| | - Max Williamson
- Teenage, Young Adult and Germ Cell Clinical Studies Group, National Cancer Research Institute, London, UK
- Teenage and Young Adult Cancer Priority Setting Partnership steering group, London, UK
| | - Jeremy S Whelan
- Oncology Division, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Faith Gibson
- School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Centre for Outcomes and Experience Research in Children's Health, Illness and Disability (ORCHID), Great Ormond Street Hospital For Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Morgan JE, Harden M, Phillips RS. Does routine surveillance imaging after completing treatment for childhood solid tumours cause more harm than good? A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Syst Rev 2019; 8:168. [PMID: 31300033 PMCID: PMC6624999 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-1096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systemic review aims to synthesise the current literature surrounding off-therapy surveillance imaging in children and young people with extra-cranial solid tumours, with a view to establishing if routine imaging studies after treatment for childhood cancer increase overall survival, increase the psychological distress caused to patients and families, result in other harms to patients and are cost-effective strategies. Within this manuscript, we also describe how patient and public involvement has impacted upon the protocol. METHODS The search will cover thirteen different databases, key conference proceedings and trial registers, as well as reference lists and forward citations of included papers. Prominent authors/clinicians in the field will be contacted. A full search strategy is provided. The study designs to be included in the review will be added in an iterative way (RCTs, quasi-randomised trials, prospective cohorts and retrospective cohorts). Qualitative studies will also be eligible for inclusion. We will include studies which examine a programme of surveillance imaging that aims to detect relapse in children or young people up to age 25 years who have completed treatment for a malignant extracranial solid tumour and have no evidence of active and ongoing disease at end of treatment. The primary outcome is overall survival, with secondary outcomes including psychological distress indicators, number of imaging tests performed, other harms of imaging and cost-effectiveness measures. Studies will be screened and data extracted by two researchers. Studies will be critically appraised using a stratified version of the ROBINS-I tool. Where appropriate, data will be synthesised using a random effects meta-analysis. A detailed analysis plan, including assessment of heterogeneity and publication bias, is provided. DISCUSSION The aim of routine surveillance imaging is to detect recurrence of disease before clinical symptoms and signs develop. Some studies have suggested that most relapses of childhood cancer are detected due to clinical symptoms or signs, particularly in those with extra-cranial solid tumours, and when these relapses are detected by imaging, there is no increase in survival. This review aims to establish whether routine surveillance imaging is beneficial, as well as evaluating the potential negative impacts of surveillance programmes. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42018103764.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Morgan
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Melissa Harden
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
| | - Robert S. Phillips
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Phillips RS, Crocker M, Lin R, Idowu OE, McCannon DK, Lima S. The roles of Ser-36, Asp-132 and Asp-201 in the reaction of Pseudomonas fluorescens Kynureninase. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 2019; 1867:722-731. [PMID: 31100408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Kynureninase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pfkynase) catalyzes the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) dependent hydrolytic cleavage of L-kynurenine to give anthranilate and L-alanine. Asp-132 and Asp-201 are located in the structure near the pyridine NH of the PLP, with Asp-201 forming a hydrogen bond. Mutation of Asp-132 to alanine and glutamate and Asp-201 to glutamate results in reduced catalytic activity with L-kynurenine and β-benzoyl-L-alanine, but not O-benzoyl-l-serine. D132A, D132E D201E and S36A mutant Pfkynases all can form quinonoid and vinylogous amide intermediates with β-benzoyl-L-alanine, similar to wild-type enzyme. D132A, D132E, and D201E Pfkynase react more slowly with β-benzoyl-L-alanine and benzaldehyde to form an aldol product absorbing at 490 nm than wild-type, with D132E reacting the slowest. The 1H NMR spectra of wild-type and D201E Pfkynase are very similar in the low field region from 10 to 18 ppm, but that of D132A Pfkynase is missing a resonance at 13.1 ppm. These results show that these residues modulate the reactivity of the PLP at different stages during the reaction cycle. Ser-36 is located near the expected location of the carbonyl oxygen of the substrate. Mutation of Ser-36 to alanine results in a 230-fold reduction of kcat and 30-fold reduction in kcat/Km with L-kynurenine, but very little effect on the reaction of O-benzoyl-l-serine. Thus, the rate-determining step in the reaction of S36A Pfkynase is the Cβ-Cγ bond cleavage. These results support the hypothesis that Ser-36 together with Tyr-226 is part of an oxyanion hole that polarizes the carbonyl of the substrate in the catalytic mechanism of Pfkynase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America.
| | - Mori Crocker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Richard Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - O Elijah Idowu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - David K McCannon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Santiago Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kudlac M, Sabol J, Kaiser K, Kane C, Phillips RS. Reliability and Validity of the Berg Balance Scale in the Stroke Population: A Systematic Review. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02703181.2019.1631423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Kudlac
- Division of Physical Therapy, Walsh University, North Canton, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph Sabol
- Division of Physical Therapy, Walsh University, North Canton, Ohio, USA
| | - Katelynn Kaiser
- Division of Physical Therapy, Walsh University, North Canton, Ohio, USA
| | - Cecelia Kane
- Division of Physical Therapy, Walsh University, North Canton, Ohio, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Allaway Z, Phillips RS, Thursky KA, Haeusler GM. Nonneutropenic fever in children with cancer: A scoping review of management and outcome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66:e27634. [PMID: 30724005 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To date, very few studies have addressed nonneutropenic fever (NNF) in children with cancer, and there are no consensus guidelines. This scoping review aims to describe the rate of bacteremia, risk factors for infection and management, and outcomes of NNF in this population. Across 15 studies (n = 4106 episodes), the pooled-average bacteremia rate was 8.2%, and risk factors included tunneled external central venous catheter, clinical instability, and higher temperature. In two studies, antibiotics were successfully withheld in a subset of low-risk patients. Overall outcomes of NNF appear favorable; however, further research is required to determine its true clinical and economic impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Allaway
- The Paediatric Integrated Cancer Service, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,NHMRC National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert S Phillips
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.,Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - Karin A Thursky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,NHMRC National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabrielle M Haeusler
- The Paediatric Integrated Cancer Service, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,NHMRC National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,NHMRC National Centre for Antimicrobial Stewardship, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of General Paediatrics, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mozzarelli A, Phillips RS. Editorial: Enzymes Regulating the Homeostasis of Agonists and Antagonists of the N-Methyl D-Aspartate Receptors. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:37. [PMID: 31192218 PMCID: PMC6546922 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mozzarelli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Andrea Mozzarelli
| | - Robert S. Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Han
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences and Pharmacy, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Robert S Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dwamena AK, Phillips RS, Kim CS. Impact of Expanded Small Alkyl-Binding Pocket by Triple Point Mutations on Substrate Specificity of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus Secondary Alcohol Dehydrogenase. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 29:373-381. [DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1812.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
30
|
Phillips RS, Iradukunda EC, Hughes T, Bowen JP. Modulation of Enzyme Activity in the Kynurenine Pathway by Kynurenine Monooxygenase Inhibition. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:3. [PMID: 30800661 PMCID: PMC6376250 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway is the major route for tryptophan metabolism in mammals. Several of the metabolites in the kynurenine pathway, however, are potentially toxic, particularly 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, and quinolinic acid. Quinolinic acid (QUIN) is an excitotoxic agonist at the NMDA receptor, and has been shown to be elevated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease and Huntington's Disease. Thus, inhibitors of enzymes in the kynurenine pathway may be valuable to treat these diseases. Kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) is the ideal target for an inhibitor, since inhibition of it would be expected to decrease the toxic metabolites and increase kynurenic acid (KynA), which is neuroprotective. The first generation of KMO inhibitors was based on structural analogs of the substrate, L-kynurenine. These compounds showed reduction of QUIN and increased KynA in vivo in rats. After the determination of the x-ray crystal structure of yeast KMO, inhibitor design has been facilitated. Benzisoxazoles with sub-nM binding to KMO have been developed recently. Some KMO ligands promote the reaction of NADPH with O2 without hydroxylation, resulting in uncoupled formation of H2O2. This potentially toxic side reaction should be avoided in the design of drugs targeting the kynurenine pathway for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Tamera Hughes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - J Phillip Bowen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Phillips RS, Poteh P, Krajcovic D, Miller KA, Hoover TR. Crystal Structure of d-Ornithine/d-Lysine Decarboxylase, a Stereoinverting Decarboxylase: Implications for Substrate Specificity and Stereospecificity of Fold III Decarboxylases. Biochemistry 2019; 58:1038-1042. [PMID: 30699288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A newly discovered Fold III pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent decarboxylase, d-ornithine/lysine decarboxylase (DOKDC), catalyzes decarboxylation of d-lysine and d-ornithine with inversion of stereochemistry. The X-ray crystal structure of DOKDC has been determined to 1.72 Å. DOKDC has a low level of sequence identity (<30%) with meso-diaminopimelate decarboxylase (DAPDC) and l-lysine/ornithine decarboxylase (LODC), but its three-dimensional structure is very similar. The distal binding site of DAPDC contains a conserved arginine that forms an ion pair with the l-carboxylate end of DAP. In both LODC and DOKDC, this distal site is modified by replacement of the arginine with aspartate, changing the substrate specificity. l-Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and LODC have a conserved phenylalanine on the re-face of the PLP complex that has been found to play a key role in the decarboxylation mechanism. We have found that both DAPDC and DOKDC have tyrosine instead of phenylalanine at this position, which precludes the binding of l-amino acids. Because the PLP-binding lysine in ODC, LODC, DAPDC, and DOKDC is located on the re-face of the PLP, we propose that this is the acid group responsible for protonation of the product, thus resulting in the observed retention of configuration for decarboxylation of l-amino acids and inversion for decarboxylation of d-amino acids. The reactions of DAPDC and DOKDC are likely accelerated by positive electrostatics on the re-face by the lysine ε-ammonium ion and on the si-face by closure of the lid over the active site, resulting in desolvation and destabilization of the d-amino acid carboxylate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Phillips
- Department of Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Pafe Poteh
- Department of Microbiology , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Donovan Krajcovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Katherine A Miller
- Department of Microbiology , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Timothy R Hoover
- Department of Microbiology , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Keul ND, Oruganty K, Schaper Bergman ET, Beattie NR, McDonald WE, Kadirvelraj R, Gross ML, Phillips RS, Harvey SC, Wood ZA. The entropic force generated by intrinsically disordered segments tunes protein function. Nature 2018; 563:584-588. [PMID: 30420606 PMCID: PMC6415545 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein structures are dynamic and can explore a large conformational landscape1,2. Only some of these structural substates are important for protein function (such as ligand binding, catalysis and regulation)3-5. How evolution shapes the structural ensemble to optimize a specific function is poorly understood3,4. One of the constraints on the evolution of proteins is the stability of the folded 'native' state. Despite this, 44% of the human proteome contains intrinsically disordered peptide segments greater than 30 residues in length6, the majority of which have no known function7-9. Here we show that the entropic force produced by an intrinsically disordered carboxy terminus (ID-tail) shifts the conformational ensemble of human UDP-α-D-glucose-6-dehydrogenase (UGDH) towards a substate with a high affinity for an allosteric inhibitor. The function of the ID-tail does not depend on its sequence or chemical composition. Instead, the affinity enhancement can be accurately predicted based on the length of the intrinsically disordered segment, and is consistent with the entropic force generated by an unstructured peptide attached to the protein surface10-13. Our data show that the unfolded state of the ID-tail rectifies the dynamics and structure of UGDH to favour inhibitor binding. Because this entropic rectifier does not have any sequence or structural constraints, it is an easily acquired adaptation. This model implies that evolution selects for disordered segments to tune the energy landscape of proteins, which may explain the persistence of intrinsic disorder in the proteome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Keul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Krishnadev Oruganty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel R Beattie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Weston E McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Renuka Kadirvelraj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Stephen C Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zachary A Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Phillips RS, Craig S. Crystal Structures of Wild-Type and F448A Mutant Citrobacter freundii Tyrosine Phenol-Lyase Complexed with a Substrate and Inhibitors: Implications for the Reaction Mechanism. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6166-6179. [PMID: 30260636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine phenol-lyase (TPL; EC 4.1.99.2) is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydrolytic cleavage of l-tyrosine to phenol and ammonium pyruvate. We have shown previously that F448A TPL has kcat and kcat/ Km values for l-tyrosine reduced by ∼104-fold [Phillips, R. S., Vita, A., Spivey, J. B., Rudloff, A. P., Driscoll, M. D., and Hay, S. (2016) ACS Catal. 6, 6770-6779]. We have now obtained crystal structures of F448A TPL and complexes with l-alanine, l-methionine, l-phenylalanine, and 3-F-l-tyrosine at 2.05-2.27 Å and the complex of wild-type TPL with l-phenylalanine at 1.8 Å. The small domain of F448A TPL, where Phe-448 is located, is more disordered in chain A than in wild-type TPL. The complexes of F448A TPL with l-alanine and l-phenylalanine are in an open conformation in both chains, while the complex with l-methionine is a 52:48 open:closed equilibrium mixture in chain A. Wild-type TPL with l-alanine is closed in chain A and open in chain B, and the complex with l-phenylalanine is a 56:44 open:closed mixture in chain A. Thus, the Phe-448 to alanine mutation affects the conformational equilibrium of open and closed active sites. The structure of the 3-F-l-tyrosine quinonoid complex of F448A TPL is unstrained and in an open conformation, with a hydrogen bond from the phenolic OH to Thr-124. These results support our previous conclusion that ground-state strain plays a critical role in the mechanism of TPL.
Collapse
|
34
|
Phillips RS, Buisman AA, Choi S, Hussaini A, Wood ZA. The crystal structure of Proteus vulgaris tryptophan indole-lyase complexed with oxindolyl-L-alanine: implications for the reaction mechanism. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2018; 74:748-759. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798318003352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan indole-lyase (TIL) is a bacterial enzyme which catalyzes the reversible formation of indole and ammonium pyruvate from L-tryptophan. Oxindolyl-L-alanine (OIA) is an inhibitor of TIL, with a K
i value of about 5 µM. The crystal structure of the complex of Proteus vulgaris TIL with OIA has now been determined at 2.1 Å resolution. The ligand forms a closed quinonoid complex with the pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) cofactor. The small domain rotates about 10° to close the active site, bringing His458 into position to donate a hydrogen bond to Asp133, which also accepts a hydrogen bond from the heterocyclic NH of the inhibitor. This brings Phe37 and Phe459 into van der Waals contact with the aromatic ring of OIA. Mutation of the homologous Phe464 in Escherichia coli TIL to Ala results in a 500-fold decrease in k
cat/K
m for L-tryptophan, with less effect on the reaction of other nonphysiological β-elimination substrates. Stopped-flow kinetic experiments of F464A TIL show that the mutation has no effect on the formation of quinonoid intermediates. An aminoacrylate intermediate is observed in the reaction of F464A TIL with S-ethyl-L-cysteine and benzimidazole. A model of the L-tryptophan quinonoid complex with PLP in the active site of P. vulgaris TIL shows that there would be a severe clash of Phe459 (∼1.5 Å apart) and Phe37 (∼2 Å apart) with the benzene ring of the substrate. It is proposed that this creates distortion of the substrate aromatic ring out of plane and moves the substrate upwards on the reaction coordinate towards the transition state, thus reducing the activation energy and accelerating the enzymatic reaction.
Collapse
|
35
|
Hassan H, Rompola M, Glaser AW, Kinsey SE, Phillips RS. Systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the efficacy and safety of probiotics in people with cancer. Support Care Cancer 2018; 26:2503-2509. [PMID: 29704110 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Probiotics are living microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host when administered. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigates the efficacy and safety of probiotics in adult and paediatric patients diagnosed with cancer. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken (PROSPERO registration: CRD42016050252). Randomised controlled trials (RCT), identified through screening multiple databases were included for analysis of efficacy. Non-randomised controlled trials and case reports were included for safety analysis. Outcomes included the reduction in the incidence and severity of diarrhoea, and adverse events. Where possible, data were combined for meta-analysis using a random-effects model. Planned subgroup analyses were not possible through marked heterogeneity of study characteristics. RESULTS Twenty one studies (N = 2982 participants) were included for assessment of efficacy. Probiotics may reduce the incidence of diarrhoea in patients with cancer [odds ratio (OR) = 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34-0.78, 95% prediction interval (PI) 0.3-0.92, I-sq 36.9%, 5 studies] and the duration of pyrexia [standardised mean difference 0.39 days, 95% CI 0.35-0.43, I-sq 0.01%, 5 studies]. Twenty five studies (N = 2242) were included in the safety analysis. Five case reports showed probiotic-related bacteraemia/fungaemia/positive blood cultures. Definitions and reporting of adverse events were variable and inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS There remain insufficient studies to assess the true effect of probiotics in people with cancer. Meta-analysis suggests probiotics may be beneficial but further studies are still required. Improved reporting of outcomes and adverse events in clinical trials are required to improve accuracy and confidence of conclusions drawn in future updates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Hassan
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK. .,Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - M Rompola
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A W Glaser
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - S E Kinsey
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - R S Phillips
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK.,Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Phillips RS, Ting SC, Tetsadjio AG, Anderson KL, Friez KM, Miller KA, Hoover TR. Properties and mechanism of d-glucosaminate-6-phosphate ammonia-lyase: An aminotransferase family enzyme with d-amino acid specificity. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 2017; 1866:799-805. [PMID: 29277660 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium utilizes a wide range of growth substrates, some of which are relatively novel. One of these unusual substrates is d-glucosaminate, which is metabolized by the enzymes encoded in the dga operon. d-Glucosaminate is transported and converted to d-glucosaminate-6-phosphate (G6P) by a phosphotransferase system, composed of DgaABCD. The protein product of dgaE, d-glucosaminate-6-phosphate ammonia lyase (DGL), converts G6P to 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate-6-phosphate, which undergoes a retroaldol reaction catalyzed by the DgaF protein to give d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and pyruvate. We have now developed an improved synthesis of G6P which gives a higher yield. The DGL reaction is of mechanistic interest because it is one of only a few enzymes in the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) dependent aminotransferase superfamily known to catalyze reaction of a d-amino acid substrate. The pH dependence of DGL shows an optimum at 7.5-8.5, suggesting a requirement for a catalytic base. α-Glycerophosphate and inorganic phosphate are weak competitive inhibitors, with Ki values near 30mM, and d-serine is neither a substrate nor an inhibitor. We have found in rapid-scanning stopped-flow experiments that DGL reacts rapidly with its substrate to form a quinonoid intermediate with λmax=480nm, within the dead time (ca. 2msec), which then rapidly decays (k=279s-1) to an intermediate with absorption between 330 and 350nm, probably an aminoacrylate complex. We suggest a mechanism for DGL and propose that the unusual stereochemistry of the DGL reaction requires a catalytic base poised on the opposite face of the PLP-substrate complex from the other members of the aminotransferase superfamily.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Samuel C Ting
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ange G Tetsadjio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kaitlin L Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kyle M Friez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Katherine A Miller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Timothy R Hoover
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rossignoli G, Phillips RS, Astegno A, Menegazzi M, Voltattorni CB, Bertoldi M. Phosphorylation of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate enzymes: an intriguing and neglected topic. Amino Acids 2017; 50:205-215. [PMID: 29204749 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes catalyze a wide range of reactions of amino acids and amines, with the exception of glycogen phosphorylase which exhibits peculiar both substrate preference and chemical mechanism. They represent about 4% of the gene products in eukaryotic cells. Although structure-function investigations regarding these enzymes are copious, their regulation by post-translational modifications is largely unknown. Protein phosphorylation is the most common post-translational modification fundamental in mediating diverse cellular functions. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge on regulation of PLP enzymes by phosphorylation. Starting from the paradigmatic PLP-dependent glycogen phosphorylase, the first phosphoprotein discovered, we collect data in literature regarding functional phosphorylation events of eleven PLP enzymes belonging to different fold types and discuss the impact of the modification in affecting their activity and localization as well as the implications on the pathogenesis of diseases in which many of these enzymes are involved. The pivotal question is to correlate the structural consequences of phosphorylation among PLP enzymes of different folds with the functional modifications exerted in terms of activity or conformational changes or others. Although the literature shows that the phosphorylation of PLP enzymes plays important roles in mediating diverse cellular functions, our recapitulation of clue findings in the field makes clear that there is still much to be learnt. Besides mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses, further biochemical and structural studies on purified native proteins are imperative to fully understand and predict how phosphorylation regulates PLP enzymes and to find the relationship between addition of a phosphate moiety and physiological response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giada Rossignoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Robert S Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Alessandra Astegno
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Menegazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Carla Borri Voltattorni
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Mariarita Bertoldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Phillips RS, Poteh P, Miller KA, Hoover TR. STM2360 encodes a d-ornithine/d-lysine decarboxylase in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 634:83-87. [PMID: 29024617 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
STM2360 is a gene located in a small operon of undetermined function in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. The amino acid sequence of STM2360 shows significant similarity (∼30% identity) to diaminopimelate decarboxylase (DapDC), a Fold III pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) dependent enzyme involved in l-lysine biosynthesis. We have found that the protein coded by STM2360 has a previously undocumented catalytic activity, d-ornithine/d-lysine decarboxylase (DOKDC). The reaction products, cadaverine and putrescine, respectively, were identified by NMR and mass spectrometry. The substrate specificity of DOKDC is d-Lysine > d-Ornithine. This is the first pyridoxal-5'-phosphate dependent decarboxylase identified to act on d-amino acids. STM2358, located in the same operon, has ornithine racemase activity. This suggests that the physiological substrate of the decarboxylase and the operon is ornithine. Homologs of STM2360 with high sequence identity (>80%) are found in other common enterobacteria, including species of Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Vibrio and Hafnia, as well as Clostridium in the Firmicutes, and Pseudomonas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Pafe Poteh
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Katherine A Miller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Timothy R Hoover
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nealon CM, Kim CS, Dwamena AK, Phillips RS. Mutagenesis of Met-151 and Thr-153 to alanine in Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus secondary alcohol dehydrogenase changes substrate specificity for acetophenones. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 105:59-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
40
|
Abdelgadir IS, Phillips RS, Singh D, Moncreiff MP, Lumsden JL. Videolaryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in children (excluding neonates). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 5:CD011413. [PMID: 28539007 PMCID: PMC6481531 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011413.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct laryngoscopy is the method currently used for tracheal intubation in children. It occasionally offers unexpectedly poor laryngeal views. Indirect laryngoscopy involves visualizing the vocal cords by means other than obtaining a direct sight, with the potential to improve outcomes. We reviewed the current available literature and performed a meta-analysis to compare direct versus indirect laryngoscopy, or videolaryngoscopy, with regards to efficacy and adverse effects. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of indirect laryngoscopy, or videolaryngoscopy, versus direct laryngoscopy for intubation of children with regards to intubation time, number of attempts at intubation, and adverse haemodynamic responses to endotracheal intubation. We also assessed other adverse responses to intubation, such as trauma to oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal structures, and we assessed vocal cord view scores. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and trial registers (www.clinicaltrials.gov and www.controlledtrials) in November 2015. We reran the search in January 2017. We added new studies of potential interest to a list of 'Studies awaiting classification' and will incorporate them into formal review findings during the review update. We performed reference checking and citation searching and contacted the authors of unpublished data to ask for more information. We applied no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included only randomized controlled trials. Participants were children aged 28 days to 18 years. Investigators performed intubations using any type of indirect laryngoscopes, or videolaryngoscopes, versus direct laryngoscopes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used Cochrane standard methodological procedures. Two review authors independently reviewed titles, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. MAIN RESULTS We included 12 studies (803 children) in this review and meta-analysis. We identified three studies that are awaiting classification and two ongoing studies.Trial results show that a longer intubation time was required when indirect laryngoscopy, or videolaryngoscopy, was used instead of direct laryngoscopy (12 trials; n = 798; mean difference (MD) 5.49 seconds, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.37 to 9.60; I2 = 90%; very low-quality evidence). Researchers found no significant differences between direct and indirect laryngoscopy on assessment of success of the first attempt at intubation (11 trials; n = 749; risk ratio (RR) 0.96, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.02; I2 = 67%; low-quality evidence) and observed that unsuccessful intubation (five trials; n = 263) was significantly increased in the indirect laryngoscopy, or videolaryngoscopy, group (RR 4.93, 95% CI 1.33 to 18.31; I2 = 0%; low-quality evidence). Five studies reported the effect of intubation on oxygen saturation (n = 272; very low-quality evidence). Five children had desaturation during intubation: one from the direct laryngoscopy group and four from the indirect laryngoscopy, or videolaryngoscopy, group.Two studies (n = 100) reported other haemodynamic responses to intubation (very low-quality evidence). One study reported a significant increase in heart rate five minutes after intubation in the indirect laryngoscopy group (P = 0.007); the other study found that the heart rate change in the direct laryngoscopy group was significantly less than the heart rate change in the indirect laryngoscopy, or videolaryngoscopy, group (P < 0.001). A total of five studies (n = 244; very low-quality evidence) looked at evidence of trauma resulting from intubation. Investigators reported that only two children from the direct laryngoscopy group had trauma compared with no children in the indirect laryngoscopy, or videolaryngoscopy, group.Use of indirect laryngoscopy, or videolaryngoscopy, improved the percentage of glottic opening (five trials; n = 256). Studies noted no significant difference in Cormack and Lehane score (C&L) grade 1 (three trials; n = 190; RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.21; I2 = 59%). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests that indirect laryngoscopy, or videolaryngoscopy, leads to prolonged intubation time with an increased rate of intubation failure when compared with direct laryngoscopy (very low-quality evidence due to imprecision, inconsistency, and study limitations). Review authors had difficulty reaching conclusions on adverse haemodynamic responses and other adverse effects of intubation, as only a few children were reported to have these outcomes. Use of indirect laryngoscopy, or videolaryngoscopy, might lead to improved vocal cord view, but marked heterogeneity between studies made it difficult for review authors to reach conclusions on this outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert S Phillips
- University of YorkCentre for Reviews and DisseminationYorkUKYO10 5DD
| | - Davinder Singh
- Leeds General InfirmaryPaediatric Intensive Care Unit L47Great George StLeedsUKLS1 3EX
| | | | - Joanne L Lumsden
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals TrustPaediatric Intensive Care Unit L47PICU Office, D Floor Clarendon Wing, Leeds General InfirmaryLeedsUKLS2 9NS
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Reneker JC, Hassen A, Phillips RS, Moughiman MC, Donaldson M, Moughiman J. Feasibility of early physical therapy for dizziness after a sports-related concussion: A randomized clinical trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:2009-2018. [PMID: 28211600 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to (a) assess the feasibility of recruitment/retention of participants, protocol/resource management, and participant safety, and (b) estimate the size of the effect between the experimental and control groups. This was a feasibility study conducted as a prospective pilot double-blind randomized clinical trial. Subjects aged 10-23 years old with acute concussion and dizziness were enrolled from sports medicine centers. Forty-one participants were randomized into treatment and were seen for physical therapy beginning at 10 days post-concussion. Subjects in the experimental group received individually tailored, pragmatically delivered progressive interventions. Subjects in the control received prescriptive sham to minimally progressive interventions. The two primary outcomes were medical clearance for return-to-play and symptomatic recovery. The median number of days to medical clearance for the experimental group was 15.5 and for the control was 26. The median number of days to symptomatic recovery was 13.5 for the experimental group and was 17 for the control. According to Cox proportional hazards regression for time to medical release for return-to-play, the experimental group demonstrated a hazard ratio of 2.91 (95% CI: 1.01, 8.43) compared to the control. For time-to-symptomatic recovery, those in the experimental group demonstrated a hazard ratio of 1.99 (95% CI: 0.95, 4.15) compared to the control. The results indicate that it is feasible and safe to complete this type of intervention study. The results provide strong support for the allocation of resources to conduct well-powered randomized clinical trials of this intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Reneker
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Related Professions, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - A Hassen
- Walsh University, North Canton, OH, USA
| | | | - M C Moughiman
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Akron, OH, USA
| | | | - J Moughiman
- Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Akron, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Pini SA, Gibson F, Fern LA, Morgan SJ, Phillips RS, Stark DP. Multi-Professional Perspectives on Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology Across Europe: An e-Delphi Survey. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2017; 6:178-185. [PMID: 28080182 DOI: 10.1089/jayao.2016.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this article are to describe the ongoing development of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer services within the European Union (EU), and to develop consensus on key areas within the field. This survey used an e-Delphi design. An initial survey was distributed via email to professionals working in Europe. A snowball sampling technique was used to promote distribution. Consensus was sought over three rounds from October 2012 to April 2015. Consensus was defined as >80% agreement ("agree" or "strongly agree"). Sixty professionals participated in round 1, 106 in round 2, and 61 in round 3. Twenty-six countries were represented across all rounds. Consensus was achieved for: the need for national policy guidance, the importance of patient choice, the validity of the International Charter of Rights for Young People, and some aspects of multi-disciplinary working. There was 75% agreement on a single definition of the patient age range within AYA cancer care. European professionals with expertise in AYA cancer care reached consensus on key elements of care for this group. The optimal AYA age range remained an elusive topic on which to agree. The broad engagement and interest in AYA cancer across the EU through the European Network for Cancer in Children and Adolescents (ENCCA) network was also demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Faith Gibson
- 2 Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Foundation Trust and University of Surrey , London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna A Fern
- 3 University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Dan P Stark
- 1 St. James's Hospital , Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Phillips RS, Vita A, Spivey JB, Rudloff AP, Driscoll MD, Hay S. Ground-State Destabilization by Phe-448 and Phe-449 Contributes to Tyrosine Phenol-Lyase Catalysis. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Phillips
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Andrew Vita
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - J. Blaine Spivey
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Alexander P. Rudloff
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Max D. Driscoll
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Hay
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Miroddi M, Sterrantino C, Simmonds M, Caridi L, Calapai G, Phillips RS, Stewart LA. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk of severe and life-threatening thromboembolism in cancer patients receiving anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (cetuximab or panitumumab). Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2370-80. [PMID: 27450994 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated thromboembolism is a substantial problem in clinical practice. An increase in the level of fibrinopeptide A (a substance associated with hypercoagulable states) has been observed in humans exposed to fluorouracil. Anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab, which are now widely used in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, could prolong the uncovering of endothelial structures resulting from flouorouracil or other co-administered agents, thus favouring several factors leading to thromboembolism. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised, controlled trials assessing whether cancer patients receiving anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab are at increased risk of thromboembolic events. We searched electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Central) and reference lists. Phase II/III randomised, controlled trials comparing standard anti-cancer regimens with or without anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies and reporting serious venous thromboembolic events were included in the analysis. Seventeen studies (12,870 patients) were considered for quantitative analysis. The relative risk (RR) for venous thromboembolism (18 comparisons) was 1.46 (95% CI 1.26 to 1.69); the RR of pulmonary embolism, on the basis of eight studies providing nine comparisons, was 1.55 (1.20 to 2.00). Cancer patients receiving anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies-containing regimens are approximately 1.5 times more likely to experience venous or pulmonary embolism, compared to those treated with the same regimens without anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies. Clinicians should consider patient's baseline thromboembolic risk when selecting regimens that include cetuximab or panitumumab. Potential non-reporting of these important adverse events remains a concern. PROSPERO registration number is CRD42014009165.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Miroddi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Carmelo Sterrantino
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, United Kingdom. .,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Mark Simmonds
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Caridi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Robert S Phillips
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatric Oncology Haematology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley A Stewart
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Do Q, Nguyen GT, Phillips RS. Inhibition of tyrosine phenol-lyase by tyrosine homologues. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2243-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
46
|
Phillips RS, Sung L, Ammann RA, Riley RD, Castagnola E, Haeusler GM, Klaassen R, Tissing WJ, Lehrnbecher T, Chisholm J, Hakim H, Ranasinghe N, Paesmans M, Hann IM, Stewart LA. Predicting microbiologically defined infection in febrile neutropenic episodes in children: global individual participant data multivariable meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:e17. [PMID: 27228292 PMCID: PMC4984466 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
47
|
Mohammadi-Abdar H, Ridgel AL, Discenzo FM, Phillips RS, Walter BL, Loparo KA. Test and Validation of a Smart Exercise Bike for Motor Rehabilitation in Individuals With Parkinson's Disease. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2016; 24:1254-1264. [PMID: 27046905 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2016.2549030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To assess and validate the Smart Exercise Bike designed for Parkinson's Disease (PD) rehabilitation, 47 individuals with PD were randomly assigned to either the static or dynamic cycling group, and completed three sessions of exercise. Heart rate, cadence and power data were captured and recorded for each patient during exercise. Motor function for each subject was assessed with the UPDRS Motor III test before and after the three exercise sessions to evaluate the effect of exercise on functional abilities. Individuals who completed three sessions of dynamic cycling showed an average of 13.8% improvement in the UPDRS, while individuals in the static cycling group worsened by 1.6% in UPDRS. To distinguish the static and dynamic cycling groups by biomechanical and physiological features, the complexity of the recorded signals (cadence, power, and heart rate) was examined using approximate entropy (ApEn), sample entropy (SaEn) and spectral entropy (SpEn) as measures of variability. A multiple linear regression (MLR) model was used to relate these features to changes in motor function as measured by the UPDRS Motor III scale. Pattern variability in cadence was greater in the dynamic group when compared to the static group. In contrast, variability in power was greater for the static group. UPDRS Motor III scores predicted from the pattern variability data were correlated to measured scores in both groups. These results support our previous study which explained how variability analysis results for biomechanical and physiological parameters of exercise can be used to predict improvements in motor function.
Collapse
|
48
|
Phillips RS, Sung L, Amman RA, Riley RD, Castagnola E, Haeusler GM, Klaassen R, Tissing WJE, Lehrnbecher T, Chisholm J, Hakim H, Ranasinghe N, Paesmans M, Hann IM, Stewart LA. Predicting microbiologically defined infection in febrile neutropenic episodes in children: global individual participant data multivariable meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:623-30. [PMID: 26954719 PMCID: PMC4800297 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk-stratified management of fever with neutropenia (FN), allows intensive management of high-risk cases and early discharge of low-risk cases. No single, internationally validated, prediction model of the risk of adverse outcomes exists for children and young people. An individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis was undertaken to devise one. METHODS The 'Predicting Infectious Complications in Children with Cancer' (PICNICC) collaboration was formed by parent representatives, international clinical and methodological experts. Univariable and multivariable analyses, using random effects logistic regression, were undertaken to derive and internally validate a risk-prediction model for outcomes of episodes of FN based on clinical and laboratory data at presentation. RESULTS Data came from 22 different study groups from 15 countries, of 5127 episodes of FN in 3504 patients. There were 1070 episodes in 616 patients from seven studies available for multivariable analysis. Univariable analyses showed associations with microbiologically defined infection (MDI) in many items, including higher temperature, lower white cell counts and acute myeloid leukaemia, but not age. Patients with osteosarcoma/Ewings sarcoma and those with more severe mucositis were associated with a decreased risk of MDI. The predictive model included: malignancy type, temperature, clinically 'severely unwell', haemoglobin, white cell count and absolute monocyte count. It showed moderate discrimination (AUROC 0.723, 95% confidence interval 0.711-0.759) and good calibration (calibration slope 0.95). The model was robust to bootstrap and cross-validation sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS This new prediction model for risk of MDI appears accurate. It requires prospective studies assessing implementation to assist clinicians and parents/patients in individualised decision making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Phillips
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK,Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK,E-mail:
| | - Lillian Sung
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Program in Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roland A Amman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard D Riley
- Department of Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | | | - Gabrielle M Haeusler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and The Paediatric Integrated Cancer Service, Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Klaassen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Ottawa, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wim J E Tissing
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, University Of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Lehrnbecher
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Chisholm
- Department of Childrens and Young Peoples Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, London, UK
| | - Hana Hakim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Neil Ranasinghe
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Marianne Paesmans
- EORTC Data Centre and Hopitaux Universitaires Bordet-Erasme—Institut Jules Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ian M Hann
- Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Childrens Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lesley A Stewart
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Weber C, Schwieterman M, Fier K, Berni J, Swartz N, Phillips RS, Reneker JC. Reliability and Validity of the Functional Gait Assessment: A Systematic Review. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/02703181.2015.1128509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
50
|
Phillips RS, Friend AJ, Gibson F, Houghton E, Gopaul S, Craig JV, Pizer B. Antiemetic medication for prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2:CD007786. [PMID: 26836199 PMCID: PMC7073407 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007786.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nausea and vomiting remain a problem for children undergoing treatment for malignancies despite new antiemetic therapies. Optimising antiemetic regimens could improve quality of life by reducing nausea, vomiting, and associated clinical problems. This is an update of the original systematic review. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and adverse events of pharmacological interventions in controlling anticipatory, acute, and delayed nausea and vomiting in children and young people (aged less than 18 years) about to receive or receiving chemotherapy. SEARCH METHODS Searches included the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, PsycINFO, conference proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, International Society of Paediatric Oncology, Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, and ISI Science and Technology Proceedings Index from incept to December 16, 2014, and trial registries from their earliest records to December 2014. We examined references of systematic reviews and contacted trialists for information on further studies. We also screened the reference lists of included studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Two review authors independently screened abstracts in order to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared a pharmacological antiemetic, cannabinoid, or benzodiazepine with placebo or any alternative active intervention in children and young people (less than 18 years) with a diagnosis of cancer who were to receive chemotherapy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently extracted outcome and quality data from each RCT. When appropriate, we undertook meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS We included 34 studies that examined a range of different antiemetics, used different doses and comparators, and reported a variety of outcomes. The quality and quantity of included studies limited the exploration of heterogeneity to narrative approaches only.The majority of quantitative data related to the complete control of acute vomiting (27 studies). Adverse events were reported in 29 studies and nausea outcomes in 16 studies.Two studies assessed the addition of dexamethasone to 5-HT3 antagonists for complete control of vomiting (pooled risk ratio (RR) 2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.35 to 3.04). Three studies compared granisetron 20 mcg/kg with 40 mcg/kg for complete control of vomiting (pooled RR 0.93; 95% CI 0.80 to 1.07). Three studies compared granisetron with ondansetron for complete control of acute nausea (pooled RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.94 to 1.17; 2 studies), acute vomiting (pooled RR 2.26; 95% CI 2.04 to 2.51; 3 studies), delayed nausea (pooled RR 1.13; 95% CI 0.93 to 1.38; 2 studies), and delayed vomiting (pooled RR 1.13; 95% CI 0.98 to 1.29; 2 studies). No other pooled analyses were possible.Narrative synthesis suggests that 5-HT3 antagonists are more effective than older antiemetic agents, even when these agents are combined with a steroid. Cannabinoids are probably effective but produce frequent side effects. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Our overall knowledge of the most effective antiemetics to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in childhood is incomplete. Future research should be undertaken in consultation with children, young people, and families that have experienced chemotherapy and should make use of validated, age-appropriate measures. This review suggests that 5-HT3 antagonists are effective in patients who are to receive emetogenic chemotherapy, with granisetron or palonosetron possibly better than ondansetron. Adding dexamethasone improves control of vomiting, although the risk-benefit profile of adjunctive steroid remains uncertain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Phillips
- University of YorkCentre for Reviews and DisseminationYorkUKYO10 5DD
| | - Amanda J Friend
- Leeds Community HealthcareCommunity PaediatricsStockdale House, Headingley Office Park, Victoria RoadLeedsUKLS6 1PF
| | - Faith Gibson
- London South Bank UniversityDepartment of Children's Nursing103 Borough RoadLondonUKSE1 OAA
| | - Elizabeth Houghton
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation TrustPharmacyEaton RoadLiverpoolUKL12 2AP
| | - Shireen Gopaul
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine/Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre/St James University HospitalSection of Experimental OncologyBeckett StreetLeedsUKLS9 &TF
| | - Jean V Craig
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and PracticeUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUKNR4 7TJ
| | - Barry Pizer
- Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation TrustOncology UnitAlder HeyEaton RoadLiverpoolUKL12 2AP
| | | |
Collapse
|